Volume V Number 41 August 2010

Biogas, L&CNG

NG variations forAsian transport

NG vessels

Availability and comparisons CNGcylinders and LNG tanks

NGV and station markets to grow by 13%

August 20102

Summary4 LNG and biomethane are taking

stage, yet CNG remain strong

Minor Chinese carmaker, Shaanxi Auto,is collaborating with CNOOC Gas andPower Group to develop an LNG vehicle business. Shaanxi Auto will ...

18Which CNG cylinder sizes are available?How do the different types of cylindermaterial translate to weight reductionand benefits for vehicle ...

24

26 Increased CNG price in China

27 From safety to global NGV business

28 Yearly NGV fleet augmentation inPakistan

30 A 13% growth in the vehicle andstation segments

32 From other regions: USA and Tanzania

34 IANGV Technical Tour to ATACRoma bus and filling station

35 NGVI to produce LNG

Copies distribution

The global cylinder market, prediction for 2010-2015

Asian NGV Communications is a publicationof NGV Communications Group, publishinghouse and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvgroup.comIn Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, theInternational NGV Guide. In Argentina, the Group publishes PrensaVehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,books and brochures while in Brazil, Folhado GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps andposters, among others. In Peru PrensaVehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.comThe signed articles are exclusive responsibility ofthe authors, as well as advertising companies andagencies are responsible for the published ads.

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Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital FederalTel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 info@prensavehicular.comwww.prensavehicular.com

is member of the ANGVA (Asia Pacific NGV Association)

22 ANGVA CNG cylinder inspectioncourses

The ANGVA CNG Cylinder InspectionCourse in Bangkok, Thailand and KualaLumpur, Malaysia were successfullyconcluded last June ...

We print and mail to 24countries about 4.000 copiesaddressed to governmental related offices, OEM and Oil &Gas companies, associations,related NGV industries, refuellingstations,workshops and suppliers,according the following list (somefigures rounded):

Armenia: 0.3%Australia: 4.1%Azerbaijan: 0.2%Bangladesh: 5.0%China: 10.9%Egypt: 1.9%India: 9.5%

Indonesia: 1.6%Iran: 7.0%Israel: 0.1%Japan: 10.2%Korea: 5.1%Malaysia: 6.6%Myanmar: 0.5%New Zealand: 1.0%Pakistan: 11.4%Philippines: 3.6%Russia:4.3%Singapore: 3.1%Taiwan: 0.2%Thailand: 5.8%Turkey: 5.5%United Arab Emirates: 2.1%Vietnam: 0.1%

In addition, the magazine issent to over 19.300 readers in94 countries by e-mail (.pdf) andis also online inwww.ngvgroup.comIf your NGV business is in Asia,advertise with us.

Asian NGV Communications300-14, Changchon-Ri,Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do,200-911 KOREATel : +82 33 260 3419e-mail: asia@ngvgroup.com

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PERU

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ARGENTINA

BRASIL

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Printed: Rigraph S.R.L.• Constitución 4, 28.511 Madrid - España• Tilcara 3.146, Buenos Aires

CNG and LNG vessels - availabilityand comparison

August 20104

ChinaMinor Chinese carmaker, Shaanxi Auto, iscollaborating with CNOOC Gas and PowerGroup to develop an LNG vehicle business.Shaanxi Auto will develop LNG heavy-dutytrucks for long-distance transportationproviders, while CNOOC Gas and PowerGroup will provide the necessary LNG fillingstations along the operating routes of thetrucks. The CNOOC Gas and Power Groupis a wholly-owned subsidiary of the CNOOCGroup, China’s biggest offshore oil producer,which is also the parent company ofCNOOC Ltd. The group has also signed adeal with Yancheng city of Jiangsu provinceto invest 12 billion Yuan in building an LNGterminal.The carmaker’s proposal to industry regulators is to include LNG heavy-dutytrucks in the central government’s new-energy vehicle subsidy program.According to the vehicle industry prognosis,30% of total vehicles in this country will bepowered by NG by 2020.Local industry executives indicated that gassupply and future price changes would bethe biggest challenges in developing theNGV segment in China, as under government control NG may lose its priceadvantage over petroleum.

JapanIn order to reduce CO2 emission andincrease NGV adoption and cost efficiency ofCNG filling stations, the Japan gas industryhas adopted a policy to support the development of “high-efficiency CNG trucks”for long distances. Long-distance goods vehicles (trucks) andother freight transportation accounts forabout one-third of Japan’s total CO2emissions in the transport sector, and theexecution of measures to reduce these emissions is lagging. According to estimations, 7 million tons/year of CO2 emission can be reduced by 2020 whenCNG-powered long-distance trucks are usedto replace diesel trucks. CNG cargo trucks are already widely usedfor short distances (intra city usage). Majorretailers and manufacturers are considering aswitch to CNG trucks for long-distance intercity routes as well, but not muchprogress has been made in the developmentof CNG models by truck producers. The Japan Gas Association has thereforedecided to support this development. In taking this step Japan will also be following the example of its neighbour, SouthKorea. In Seoul, 95% of municipal/publicbuses run on CNG. Nationwide, the CNGbus occupies 75% of the market share.

Each CNG filling station supplies from 10 to30 million cubic meters of gas annually,showing the huge demand associated withCNG vehicles.

KoreaRecently, President Lee Myung Bak’s secretary of the Environment held a meetingwith the President of NGVI Inc. Kevin Park,representatives of a cargo truck associationand the largest bank in South Korea. Themain issue addressed during the meetingwas the possibility of South Korea having 3million trucks powered by biomethane andnatural gas with leadership and support fromthe government. In June, NGVI also presented the same proposal to ViceMinister of the Environment, anticipating thatthe minister would endorse the project, andthat the company will fully support him.

NGVI has proposed 3 million (medium-size)cargo trucks, as the use of biomethane inthese vehicles could replace 365 million barrels of oil per year. This would mean ayearly oil replacement of USD 26.5 billion toUSD 73 billion (with an oil price at 100-200USD/barrel respectively).

ThailandThe Thai National Energy Policy Council has decided to extend the subsidy on the retail prices of LPG and CNG for another six months. Initially, the subsidywould have ceased at the end of August2010, but should now be extended toFebruary 2011. The policy still needs to be approved by the Cabinet before it isimplemented. Retail prices of LPG and CNG are currentlyfixed at 18.13 THB/kg and 8.50 THB/kgrespectively.

IndiaOn June 28th, New Delhi was elected asone of the top four global cities at the inaugural Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize inSingapore and during the World CitiesSummit 2010. Other winners elected fromthe 72 participating cities include, along withMelbourne of Australia, Curitiba of Brazil andthe prize winner Bilbao of Spain. On the same occasion, Chief Minister Sheila Diksit was appreciated for her “charismatic and determined leadership” for improving the living environment of this city. She was also praised for her capability to increase the green cover in Delhi from 26 km² in 1997 to nearly 300 km²to date, and was the key supporter in converting all public transport to the “cleaner” CNG system that has led to a

marked improvement in the air quality of thecity. Apart from (New) Delhi, the RegionalTransport Authority in Thane is keen to seenearly 15,000 more autos and public transport vehicles in the region to run onCNG in the next six months. The challenge so far is the provision of sufficient filling stations.Thane-Navi Mumbai has almost 50,000autos in total, of which nearly 35,000 or 70%have been switched to CNG. TransportCommissioner Dilip Jadhav indicated that thelocal authority aims to have 100% of publictransport in Thane powered by CNG as inMumbai City.

PakistanLandi Renzo Pakistan, a branch of the ItalianLandi Renzo (LR) SpA, is planning to exportits CNG conversion kits for 4 wheeled vehicles. The Italian headquarters alreadyexports 30% of its kits to Brazil, China, FarEastern and European nations. According tothe CEO of LR Pakistan Alberto Barbiery,with a total revenues of around Rs 1,660 million/year, the firm caters for around 90%of the CNG kit demand for cars and vans inPakistan, and supplies both individual customers and automakers such as IndusMotors for Toyota and Daihatsu cars andPak Suzuki Motor Company. Barbiery alsoindicated that the company has yet toexpand into the Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs)market, which includes buses, trucks andvans, and is considered to have a hugepotential. This plan could have been inspiredby the government’s recent announcementthat 400 out of 8,000 CNG buses for 9major cities in the country will soon be delivered to Karachi City. Federal Minister forthe Environment, Hameedullah Jan Afridieven informed that a total of 800 CNG buseshave so far been procured and that therequired funding is being processed by StateBank of Pakistan. To ensure safety and quality, LR set up atesting laboratory to check each componentbefore assembling. The laboratory is locatedon the same site as its assembly and production plant in SITE. At present, 20% ofthe components are produced locally inPakistan, and the firm plans to gradually addlocal components until it reaches 100%. Nationwide, Pakistan increased its daily gasproduction by 1.56% from 3,986.5 millioncubic feet (mcf) in July-March 2008-2009 to4,048.8 mcf over the same period in 2009-2010. Around 43.7% of the total energy mixin 2008-2009 consisted of gas, followed byoil 29.0%, electricity 15.3%, coal 10.4% andLPG 1.5%.

LNG and biomethane are taking stage, yet CNG remain strong

August 2010 5

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Compressors for CNG refuelling

August 20106

LNG、生物沼气登上舞台，CNG势头依然强劲中国陕西汽车集团有限责任公司（Shaanxi Auto）目前正在与中海石油气电集团有限责任公司（CNOOC Gas and Power Group）合作开发LNG汽车项目。陕西汽车集团将生产一款LNG长途运输重型卡车，中海石油气电集团则沿卡车的既定运输路线提供必要的天然气供给。中海石油气电集团有限责任公司是中国海洋石油总公司（CNOOC Group）的全资附属公司，是中国最大的海上石油生产商，它也是中国海洋石油总公司的前身。同时，中海石油气电集团还在江苏省盐城投资120亿元兴建一座LNG接收站。汽车生产商建议行业监管部门把LNG重型卡车纳入政府新能源汽车补贴计划。展望汽车工业发展前景，到2020年，中国将有30%的汽车使用天然气驱动。业内高管表示，天然气供给和未来的价格浮动将成为中国NGV产业发展的最大挑战。由于政府的价格调控，天然气可能丧失其对于汽油的价格优势。

日本为了降低二氧化碳排放量，提高NGV汽车的使用率和CNG加气站的成本效益，日本天然气行业已采取了新的政策支持“高效率CNG卡车”长期发展。长途货运汽车（卡车）和其它货运交通工具的二氧化碳排放量约占日本全国排放量的三分之一，并且减排措施被一再延迟。据估计，如果用CNG长途货运卡车代替柴油卡车，到2020年，每年将减少700万吨二氧化碳排放。目前，CNG货运短途卡车在市内已广泛应用。主要零售商和生产商正在考虑生产CNG长途货运卡车用于城市间的运输，但卡车制造商还没有投入大量精力生产该车的CNG车型。日本天然气协会已决定支持该项目的研发。在这点上，日本应当借鉴邻居韩国的经验，在首尔，95%的政府汽车或公共汽车都使用CNG作为燃料。日本全国范围内，CNG公共汽车将占有75%的市场份额。每一座CNG加气站每年将供气1000万到3000万立方米，可以满足CNG汽车产业的发展需求。

韩国最近，韩国总统李明博的环境秘书和货运卡车协会及韩国最大的银行的代表—NGVI Inc的主席Kevin Park举行会晤。会议的主要议题为韩国政府是否支持300万辆生物沼气和天然气卡车计划。六月，NGVI已向环境部副部长递交了同样的计划书，希望得到部长的认可，这样公司将会全力支持该项目的发展。

NGVI已经提议了300万辆（中型）货运卡车计划，该计划每年将减少使用3亿6500万桶石油。这意味着每年将减少石油开支2650亿美元到7300亿美元（石油价格在每桶100-200美元间浮动）。

泰国泰国国家能源政策委员会决定延长补贴LPG和CNG零售价格六个月。起初，补贴计划于2010年8月底终止，但是目前已被推迟到2011年2月。该政策在正式生效前仍需经过内阁批准。目前泰国的LPG和CNG零售价格分别为18.13 THB/kg 和8.50 THB/kg。

印度6月28日，在新加坡2010世界城市峰会期间，新德里荣获李光耀世界城市奖，被选为世界四大世界城市之一。在72座参加竞选的城市当中，澳大利亚的墨尔本、巴西的库里提巴和西班牙的毕尔巴鄂也获此殊荣。与此同时，印度首席部长Sheila Diksit也因她在新德里环境发展中的 “极具魅力和坚定的领导力”而受到广泛赞誉。她还因增加城市绿地面积—从1997年的26平方公里到今天的近300平方公里，顶力支持把所有的公共交通都改为清洁的CNG能源，从而显著提高城市空气质量而得到大家的肯定。除新德里外，塞恩地方交通管理局期望在未来的6个月有超过15,000辆汽车和公共交通汽车可以使用CNG清洁能源。

目前，加气站的有效供给面临着空前的压力。塞恩—新孟买已拥有汽车50,000辆，其中约35,000辆或70%的车辆已经改使用CNG清洁能源。交通委员会专员Dilip Jadhav表示政府决定将塞恩境内的所有公共交通100%改换成CNG清洁能源，就像孟买一样。

巴基斯坦据LR巴基斯坦CEO Alberto Barbiery透露，该公司年收入可达Rs 16.6亿，他们的目标是90%巴基斯坦汽车和卡车的CNG燃料转换系统，并且供给巴基斯坦汽车的个人消费者和汽车生产商，如丰田印度汽车公司（Indus Motors for Toyota）、大发汽车（Daihatsu cars）、巴基斯坦铃木汽车公司（Pak Suzuki Motor Company）。Barbiery还表示公司还将进军重型汽车(HDVs)市场，包括公共汽车、卡车、和有蓬货车，因为该市场发展潜力巨大。此项计划得益于近期政府公告的启发。巴基斯坦政府近期宣布9座主要城市的8000辆CNG公共汽车中的400辆将很快被运到卡拉奇。联邦环境部长Hameedullah Jan Afridi指出目前800辆CNG公共汽车已整装待发，所需资金由巴基斯坦国家银行提供。为了确保安全和质量，LR建立了测试实验室，在组装前对每个零部件进行检测。实验室紧临组装生产厂。目前，20%的零部件在巴基斯坦本地生产，公司计划逐步增加本地零部件产量直至达到100%。巴基斯坦全国范围内日天然气产量在2008年7月到2009年3月为39.865亿立方英尺，到2009-2010年同期增长了1.56%。在2008-2009年间，巴基斯坦的能源构成包括天然气约43.7%、汽油29.0%、电力15.3%、煤10.4%以及LPG1.5%。

Fornovo Gas S.r.l.Registered Office

Via P.M. Curie, 14

42122 - Reggio Emilia - Italy

Head Office

Via Carbognani, 5

43029 - Traversetolo (PR) - Italy

Tel. +39.0521.842506

Fax +39.0522.550112

info@fornovogas.it

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August 20108

중국중국의 한 자동차제작사인 ShaanxiAuto는 CNOOC 가스전력그룹과 함께LNG차량 사업을 개발하기 위해 협력하고 있다. Shaanxi Auto는 장거리 운송업체를 위한 LNG 대형트럭을 개발하고 있으며, CNOOC 가스전력그룹은트럭의 운행 노선을 따라 LNG충전소를 설립할 것이다. CNOOC 가스전력그룹은 중국에서 가장 큰 해양석유 생산자이며 CNOOC Ltd.의 모기업인CNOOC그룹의 100%투자 자회사이다.이 그룹은 또한 장쑤성(강소성)의 옌청시와 LNG터미널을 구축하기 위해 120억 위안을 투자하는 계약을 체결했다.

자동차제작사는 중앙 정부의 신-에너지 자동차 보조프로그램에 LNG 대형트럭을 포함시키도록 제안하고 있다.자동차업계의 예상에 따르면, 2020년까지 이 나라의 전체 차량의 30% 가량이 천연가스로 운행하게 될 것이라고한다.

지역 산업의 중역들은 중국에서 NGV사업분야를 개발하는 데에 있어 가장큰 도전과제는 가스 공급과 미래의 가격 변화일 것이라고 지적했다.

일본CO2 배출량을 감축하고 NGV채택과CNG 충전소의 비용효율성을 증대시키기 위해, 일본가스산업은 장거리용 “고효율 CNG 트럭”의 개발을 지원하는정책을 채택했다.

수송부문에서 장거리화물차량(트럭)과기타 선박이 배출하는 CO2는 일본의전체 CO2 배출양의 약 1/3가량을 차지하는 데, 이 배출량을 감소시키기 위한 방책이 지체되고 있다. 추정에 의하면, 디젤 트럭을 CNG로 구동하는 장거리용 트럭으로 교체했을 시2020년까지 연간 CO2 배출량을 7백만 톤 가량줄일 수 있다.

CNG 화물트럭은 이미 단거리용(시내주행)으로는 널리 사용 되고 있다. 많은 소매자와 제조업체들은 대도시를노선으로 운행하는 장거리용 CNG 트럭으로 교체하는 것을 고려하고 있으나, 트럭제조사의 CNG 모델의 개발이큰 진척이 없는 상태였다. 따라서, 일본가스협회는 이 개발을 지원을 하기로 결정했다.

일본은 이 단계를 진척시키기 위하여이웃나라인 한국을 모델로 하고 있으며, 서울은 시내 대중 버스의 95%가CNG로 운행하고 있는 도시이다. 전국

적으로는 약 75%가 CNG 버스이다. 각각의 CNG 충전소는 연간 1000만-3000만 큐빅미터의 가스를 공급하고있으며, 이는 CNG차량의 엄청난 수요를 보여주는 것이다.

한국최근 한국의 NGVI의 대표와 화물트럭협회의 대표 및 은행이 함께 이명박 대통령의 환경 비서관을 만나 회의를 가졌다. 이 회의의 주요 핵심은 한국의300만대의 화물트럭을 바이오메탄을사용하여 운행하는 것에 대한 정부의지원 가능성 여부였다. NGVI는 6월,환경부 차관에게도 위와 같은 제안을했으며, 이에 대하여 긍정적인 반응과검토가 기대되며, NGVI업체는 이 프로젝트를 위해 충분히 지원을 할 것이다.

NGVI는 300만대의 화물트럭이 바이오메탄을 사용할 경우 연간 365백만 배럴의 석유를 대체할 수 있다고 제안했다. 이는 연간 265억 달러~730억 달러의 석유를 대체 가능할 것으로 판단된다(석유가격이 배럴당100~200달러일 때)

태국태국국가에너지정책위원회는 향후 6개월간 LPG 와 CNG의 소매 가격에 대한보조금을 연장하기로 결정했다. 초기에 보조금 지급은 2010년 8월말에 중단하려고 했으나, 2011년 2월로 연장할 계획이다. 이 정책이 실행되려면 내각의 승인을 얻어야 한다.

LPG와 CNG의 소매가는 현재 각각18.13바트/kg와 8.50바트/kg이다.

인도6월 28일, 뉴델리는 싱가포르에서 열린 2010 세계도시정상회의 기간에Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize에서4대 글로벌 도시 중 하나로 선정되었다. 참가한 72개 도시 중, 뉴델리와 함께 선정된 도시는 호수의 멜버른, 브라질의 쿠리치바와 스페인의 빌바오이다.또한, 주총리인 Sheila Diksit는 도시의생활환경 개선을 위한 “카리스마 있고결단력 있는 리더쉽”으로 평가를 받았다. 그녀는 델리 지역의 그린지역을1997년 26km2 에서 현재 300km² 가까이 확장시킨 공을 인정받았으며, 모든 대중운송수단을 “청정” CNG시스템으로 교체한 것이 이 도시의 대기질을개선하는데 큰 역할을 했다.

뉴델리에서 떨어진 Thane지역교통당국은 이 지역에 향후 6개월 안에 CNG

로 운행하는 자동차와 대중교통차량을15,000대 이상으로 늘리기 위해 노력중이다.

현재까지는 충분한 충전시설의 공급문제가 남아 있다.

Thane-Navi 뭄바이 지역은 전체50,000대에 가까운 차량을 보유하고있으며, 이중 70%에 가까운 35,000대가 현재 CNG로 교체되고 있다. 교통부장관인 Dilip Jadhav는 뭄바이시Thane지역에 대중교통의 100%를CNG로 운행하는 것이 목표라고 밝혔다.

파키스탄LR 파키스탄의 CEO인 AlbertoBarbiery에 따르면, 이 회사는 총 매출액이 연간 1660백만 루피이며, 파키스탄에서 승용 및 밴용 CNG 키트 수요의약 90%를 충족시키고, 개인 소비자는물론, Toyota의 Indus Motors와Daihatsu자동차 및 Pak Suzuki자동차회사와 같은 자동차제작사에도 공급하고 있다.

환경 연방총리인 Hameedullah JanAfridi는 현재까지 도입된 800대의CNG 버스와 소요되는 자금지원을 파키스탄주은행에서 진행하고 있다고 밝혔다. Barbiery는 또한, 회사가 버스,트럭 및 밴 등 큰 잠재성을 가지고 있는 대형 차량 시장으로 사업을 확장해야 한다고 지적했다. 이러한 계획은 최근 이 국가의 주요 9개 도시에 도입될 8,000대의 CNG 버스 중 400대가 Karachi시에 곧 도입될것이라는 정부의 발표에 힘을 얻고 있다.

안전성과 품질을 보장하기 위해 LR은조립 전에 각각의 부품을 확인하는 테스트 시험실을 설립했다. 시험실이 조립과 생산공장과 같은 곳에 위치한다.

현재, 부품의 20%가 파키스탄 현지 생산되고 있으며 회사는 100%에 도달할때까지 지역 부품을 추가할 계획이다.

파키스탄은 전국적으로 2008년 7월~2009년 3월 동안 일일 가스생산량이3,986.5백만 cubic feet(mcf)였으나,2009년-2010년 같은 기간에는4,048.8mcf로 약 1.56%증가했다.

2008년-2009년 총 에너지 배합의43.7%를 가스가 차지했고, 석유가29.0%, 전기 15.3%, 석탄10.4%, LPG가 1.5%를 차지했다.

LNG, Biomethane 사업 본격 추진, 아직은 CNG 강세

August 201010

ＬＮＧとバイオメタンの登場！が、主役は依然ＣＮＧ！中国中小自動車メーカーである陝西自動車はＬＮＧ車ビジネスを開発するために中国海洋石油総公司ガス電力グループと協力をしている。陝西自動車は長距離輸送用のＬＮＧ重量トラックを開発し、中国海洋石油公司ガス電力グループはトラックの走行ルート上に必要なＬＮＧスタンドを設置する。中国海洋石油公司ガス電力グループは中国海洋石油総公司の完全子会社で、中国最大の海洋石油採掘会社である中国海洋石油の系列会社である。また、江蘇省塩城市にＬＮＧ基地を建設するために１２０億元を投資する契約に調印した。業界への陝西自動車の提案は中央政府の新エネルギー自動車補助プログラムにＬＮＧ重量トラックを入れることである。

自動車産業の予想によると、中国の全車両の３０％が２０２０年までにＮＧＶになるだろうとしている。ガス供給と将来の価格変化は、政府の統制下では天然ガスが石油に対する価格優位性を失うように中国でのＮＧＶ普及に対して最大の課題になるだろうと地元の業界の経営幹部は示唆した。

日本ＣＯ２削減、ＮＧＶ普及やＣＮＧスタンドの利益率を増加させるために日本のガス産業は長距離用の「高効率ＣＮＧトラック」の開発をサポートする方針を採用した。

トラックの長距離輸送や他の貨物輸送は輸送用分野において日本の総ＣＯ２排出量の約３分の１を占める。また、このＣＯ２排出を削減する手段の実行は遅れている。推定値ではあるが、ＣＯ２排出量の内、年間７００万トンを長距離トラックにおいてＣＮＧトラックに換えることで２０２０年までに削減することができる。

ＣＮＧトラックは既に市内の短距離輸送においては広く利用されている。主要小売業者や製造業でも長距離都市間輸送をＣＮＧトラックに切り換える検討を行なっているが、トラックメーカーによるＣＮＧモデルの開発があまり進んでいない。日本ガス協会は結局、この開発を支援することを決定した。

この段階を経ることで隣国である韓国の例に続くことになるだろう。ソウルでは、公営バスの９５％がＣＮＧバスである。全国的にＣＮＧバスは７５％の市場占有率である。各ＣＮＧスタンドはＣＮＧ車による大きな需要があり、年間１千万から３千万立方メートルのＣＮＧを供給している。

韓国最近、李明博大統領の環境補佐官がＮＧＶＩ社のケビン・パク社長、トラック協会の代表、韓国最大手の銀行と会合を持った。議題は、政府の主導と補助策でバイオメタンと天然ガスのトラックを３百万台普及させる可能性についてであった。６月にＮＧＶＩ社は同じ提案を環境副大臣に行なった。これは、大臣がこのプロジェクトを承認することや逆にＮＧＶＩ社が大臣を支援することを期待してのものである。

ＮＧＶＩ社は３百万台の中量トラックを提案し、バイオメタンを利用することで年間３億６５００万バレルの石油を削減できるだろう。これは２６５億米ドルから７３０億米ドルの年間石油代替になることを示している。

タイタイのNational Energy Policy CouncilはＬＰＧとＣＮＧ小売価格に対する補助を６ヶ月間延長することを決定した。当初、この補助策は２０１０年８月末で終了する予定であったが、２０１１年２月末まで延長された。ただし、この政策は実行前に内閣に承認される必要がある。ＬＰＧとＣＮＧの小売価格はそれぞれ現在、１ｋｇあたり１８.１３バーツ、８.５０バーツである。

インド６月２８日にシンガポールで行われた世界都市サミット２０１０においてニューデリーがinaugural Lee Kuan YewWorld City賞で世界の上位４都市の一つに選出された。参加した７２都市から選ばれた他の都市は、オーストラリア・メルボルン、ブラジル・クリチバ、そしてスペインのビバオが賞を受賞した。

同時にシェイラ・ディクシット主席長官はデリーの住環境改善のために発揮したカリスマ的なそして堅実なリーダーシップを感謝された。また、１９９７年に２６平方キロメートルから現在、約３００キロメートルにデリーにおける緑化を増加させたことも賞賛された。そして、大気環境改善に効果があったクリーンなＣＮＧをすべての公営交通に導入したキーパーソンでもあった。デリー、ニューデリーの他にターネーの交通局では６ヶ月以内に約１万５千台の公共交通機関をＣＮＧにしたいとしている。課題は充分なスタンドが設置できるかにある。ターネー・ナビ・ムンバイでは合計５万台の自動車があり、その内の７０％、３万５千台がＣＮＧ車になった。ディリップ・ジャヴ交通局長はムンバイのようにターネーで公営交通を１００％ＣＮＧ化することを目的にしていると示唆した。

パキスタンLandi Renzo Pakistan社のＣＥＯアルベルト・バビエリーによると、年間売上げは約１６億６千万ルピーで、パキスタンにおけるＣＮＧ改造キットの約９０％を提供し、個人にもトヨタやダイハツのインダス自動車、パクスズキ自動車のような自動車メーカーにもキットを供給している。バビエリーＣＥＯはバス、トラック、バンを含む重量車市場に手を広げる計画を示唆し、大きな可能性があると考えている。この計画は主要９都市の８千台のバスＣＮＧ化の内、４百台がカラチ市にまもなく納入されるという最近の政府発表に刺激されたものである。ハメデューラー・ヤン・アフリディ環境大臣はこれまでに８百台のＣＮＧバスが納入され、パキスタン銀行により必要な資金が調達されたと語った。

安全と品質を確保するためにＬＲ社は組立て前に各部品を検査する試験所を設けた。試験所は組立て、生産工場と同じ場所にある。現在、部品の２０％がパキスタンでの現地生産で、計画では徐々に現地生産の割合を高め、最終的に１００％の現地生産を計画している。全国的にパキスタンでの１日あたりのガス生産は、２００８年７月から２００９年３月までに３９億８,６５０万立方フィートから２００９年から２０１０年の同時期の４０億４,８８０万立方フィートへと１.５６％増加した。２００８年から２００９年の全エネルギーの約４３.７％が天然ガスで、他のエネルギーは石油が２９.０％、電力が１５.３％、石炭が１０.４％、ＬＰＧが１.５％であった。

August 201012

August 2010 13

www.zavoli.comwww.zavoli.com

August 201014

กาซธรรมชาตเหลว LNG และกาซชวภาพ Biomethaneเรมเขามามบทบาทในตลาด แตกาซ NGV กยงคงความแขงแกรงสาธารณรฐประชาชนจนShaanxi Auto ผผลตรถยนตรายเลกของจนไดรวมมอกบกลมบรษท CNOOC Gas and Power พฒนาธรกจรถยนตทใชกาซธรรมชาตเหลว (Liquid Natural Gas หรอ LNG) เปนเชอเพลง โดย Shaanxi Autoจะพฒนารถบรรทกขนาดใหญทใช LNG เปนเชอเพลง สำหรบผประกอบการขนสงสนคาระยะทางไกล และ CNOOC Gas and Power จะกอสรางสถาน LNG ตามเสนทางของรถบรรทกสำหรบกลมบรษท CNOOC Gas and Power นน เปนบรษทในเครอ และถอหน 100% โดยกลมบรษท CNOOC ซงเปนบรษทผผลตนำมนทใหญทสดของจน และเปนบรษทแมของบรษท CNOOC จำกดอกดวยนอกจากน กลมบรษท CNOOC ยงไดลงนามขอตกลงกบเมองเหยยนเฉง มณฑลเจยงซ เพอลงทนสรางสถานรบ-จาย LNG โดยมมลคาการลงทน 12 พนลานหยวนทงน Shaanxi Auto ไดเสนอใหคณะผกำกบกจการอตสาหกรรมรถยนตของจนพจารณารวมรถบรรทก LNGเขาไปในแผนงานของรฐบาลกลางเพอใหความชวยเหลอทางการเงนแกรถยนตทใชพลงงานทางเลอกเปนเชอเพลง ซงคาดวา ในป 2563 น รอยละ 30ของรถยนตในประเทศจนจะใชกาซธรรมชาตเปนเชอเพลง โดยผบรหารอตสาหกรรมรถยนตของจนกลาววาการเปลยนแปลงปรมาณสำรองและราคากาซธรรมชาตในอนาคตจะทำใหเกดความทาทายในการพฒนาอตสาหกรรมกาซธรรมชาตสำหรบยานยนต (NGV) ในจนโดยกาซธรรมชาตอาจเสยเปรยบเชอเพลงปโตรเลยมในดานราคา เนองจากกาซธรรมชาตเปนเชอเพลงทถกควบคมโดยรฐบาล

ประเทศญปนอตสาหกรรมกาซธรรมชาตของญปนไดกำหนดนโยบายสนบสนนการพฒนารถบรรทก NGV ประสทธภาพสงสำหรบวงระยะทางไกล เพอลดปรมาณกาซคารบอนไดออกไซด และเพมการใช NGVรวมทงเพมประสทธผลตอตนทนคากอสรางสถานบรการ NGV ในญปน รถบรรทกสนคาทวงระยะทางไกล รวมทงรถยนตขนสงสนคาอนๆ มสวนในการปลอยกาซคารบอนดไดออกไซดถง 1 ใน 3 ของกาซคารบอนไดออกไซดทมาจากภาคการคมนาคมขนสงแตมาตรการลดการปลอยกาซดงกลาวยงคงลาชาอย ทงน คาดวาการนำรถบรรทก NGV ทวงระยะทางไกลมาใชแทนรถบรรทกดเซล จะสามารถลดการปลอยกาซคารบอดไดออกไซดได 7 ลานตนตอป ภายในป2563ทงน ไดมการนำรถบรรทกสนคา NGV ทวงระยะทางสน มาใชอยางแพรหลายในเขตเมองชนใน โดยผประกอบการคาปลกและผผลตสนคารายใหญของญปนกำลงพจารณานำรถบรรทก NGVมาใชขนสงสนคาระหวางเมองในระยะทางไกลเชนกน แตเนองจากการพฒนารถ NGV ของผผลตรถบรรทกยงไมคบหนามากนก สมาคมกาซธรรมชาตของญปน หรอ Japan Gas Associationจงรบเปนผสนบสนนการพฒนารถ NGVในการพฒนาอตสาหกรรมรถยนต NGV ญปนไดศกษาแนวทางจากประเทศเพอนบานอยางเกาหลใตเปนแบบอยาง ทงน ในกรงโซล รอยละ 95 ของรถโดยสารในทองถน และรถโดยสารสาธารณะใช NGVเปนเชอเพลง โดยรถโดยสาร NGV มสวนครองตลาดรถยนตรอยละ 75 รวมทงสถานบรการ NGV แตละสถาน จายกาซ NGV ปละ 10-30 ลานลกบาศกเมตร ซงแสดงใหเหนถงความตองการใช NGVทมปรมาณมาก

สาธารณรฐเกาหลเลขาธการกระทรวงสงแวดลอมของประธานาธบด Lee Myung Bak ของประเทศเกาหลใตไดประชมกบนาย Kevin Park ประธานบรษท NGVI ผแทนของสมาคมรถบรรทกสนคาและธนาคารขนาดใหญทสดของเกาหลใต โดยประเดนหลกในการประชม คอ ความเปนไปไดทรฐบาลจะสนบสนนใหเกาหลใตใชรถบรรทกทใชกาซชวภาพ และ NGV เปนเชอเพลงจำนวน 3 ลานคน ทงนเมอเดอนมถนายน NGVI ไดนำเรยนขอเสนอดงกลาวแกรองรฐมนตรวาการกระทรวงสงแวดลอม โดยบรษทหวงวารฐมนตรจะอนมตโครงการดงกลาว และบรษทยนดใหการสนบสนนอยางเตมทNGVI ไดเสนอรถบรรทกสนคาขนาดกลางทใชกาซชวภาพเปนเชอเพลงจำนวน 3 ลานคน ซงจะชวยทดแทนนำมนได 365 ลานบารเรลตอป หรอ 26,500 - 73,000 ลานเหรยญสหรฐตอป(คดทราคานำมนบารเรลละ 100-200 เหรยญสหรฐ ตามลำดบ)

ประเทศไทยคณะรฐมนตรไดประกาศขยายระยะเวลาชดเชยราคาขายปลกของกาซปโตรเลยมเหลว (LPG) และ NGV อก 6 เดอน จากเดมปลายเดอนสงหาคม 2553 เปนเดอนกมภาพนธ 2554 แลว โดยปจจบน LPGมราคาขายปลก กโลกรมละ 18.13 บาทและ NGV มราคาขายปลกกดลกรมละ 8.50 บาท

ประเทศอนเดย เมอวนท 28 มถนายน 2553 กรงนวเดล ประเทศอนเดย ไดรบเลอกเปน 1 ใน 4 เมองทไดรบความนยมของโลก ในพธเปดงานประกาศรางวล Lee Kuan Yew World City ซงจดขนระหวางการประชม WorldCities Summit 2010 ประเทศสงคโปร ซงคดเลอกจากเมองตางๆ 72 เมองทเขารวม โดยเมองอนๆ ทไดรบรางวล ไดแก กรงบลเบา ประเทศสเปน (รางวลชนะเลศ) กรงเมลเบรน ประเทศออสเตรเลยและกรงกรตบา ประเทศบราซลและในโอกาสเดยวกนน นางศลา ดกษต มขมนตรประเทศอนเดย ไดรบการยกยองวาเปนผนำทมเสนหและมความมงมนในการปรบปรงสภาพแวดลอมของเมอง รวมทงไดรบการสรรเสรญจากการทนางศลาไดสนบสนนใหกรงนวเดล มพนทสเขยวเพมขนจาก 26 ตารางกโลเมตรในป 2540 เปนเกอบ 300 ตารางกโลเมตรในปจจบน นอกจากน นางศลายงเปนผสนบสนนหลกใหรถโดยสารสาธารณะทกคนใช NGVซงเปนเชอเพลงสะอาด และนำไปสการปรบปรงคณภาพอากาศของเมองอยางเดนชดนอกจากกรงนวเดลแลว หนวยงานขนสงภมภาค เมองธานา ไดตงใจจะใหมการนำรถยนตและรถโดยสารสาธารณะ NGV มาใชเพมขนอกประมาณ 15,000 คนในอก 6 เดอนขางหนา ซงความทาทาย ณขณะน คอ การมสถานบรการ NGV ใหเพยงพอกบความตองการเมองธานา-นาวมมไบ มรถยนตเกอบ 50,000 คน ซงรถยนต 35,000 คน หรอรอยละ 70 ใช NGV เปนเชอเพลง นาย Dilip Jadhav กรรมาธการการขนสง กลาววา หนวยงานขนสงภมภาค ตงเปาหมายใหรถโดยสารสาธารณะทกคนในเมองธานาใช NGV เชนเดยวกบเมองมมไบ

ประเทศปากสถานซงนาย Alberto Barbiery ประธานเจาหนาทบรหารบรษท Landi Renzo สาขาปากสถาน กลาววา บรษทจำหนายอปกรณเครองยนต NGV แกรถยนต และรถต ประมาณรอยละ 90ของความตองการในประเทศปากสถาน รวมทงจำหนายอปกรณเครองยนต NGV แกลกคาทวไปและผผลตรถยนต อาท โตโยตา ไดฮทส และ ซซก ดวยรายไดประมาณปละ 1,660 ลานรป นอกจากน นายAlberto ไดกลาวเพมวา บรษทจะตองขยายธรกจไปยงตลาดรถยนตขนาดใหญ ไดแก รถโดยสาร รถบรรทก และรถต ซงเปนตลาดทมศกยภาพสง ทงน จากการทรฐบาลไดประกาศใหมการใชรถโดยสาร NGV8,000 คนใน 9 เมองหลกของประเทศ เฉพาะเมองการาจจะมการใชรถโดยสาร NGV 400 คนในไมชา ทงน นาย Hameedullah Jan Afridi รฐมนตรกระทรวงสงแวดลอม กลาววาไดมการจดซอรถโดยสาร NGV800 คนแลว และงบประมาณในการจดซอดงกลาวอยระหวางการดำเนนการกบธนาคารกลางแหงปากสถานนอกจากน Landi Renzo ไดสรางหองทดลองสำหรบตรวจสอบชนสวนอปกรณกอนการประกอบ เพอเปนการรบรองความปลอดภยและคณภาพโดยหองทดลองดงกลาวตงอยในบรเวณเดยวกบโรงงานผลตและประกอบอปกรณเครองยนต NGV ปจจบน รอยละ 20 ของสวนประกอบผลตในปากสถานและบรษทมแผนจะใหมการผลตสวนประกอบทงหมดในปากสถาน ทงน ปากสถานมการผลตกาซธรรมชาตเพมขนรอยละ 1.56 กลาวคอ จาก 3,986.5 ลานลกบาศกฟต ในเดอนกรกฎาคม 2551-มนาคม2552 เปน 4,048.8 ลานลกบาศกฟตในชวงเดอนเดยวกนของป 2552-2553โดยในป 2551-2553 ปากสถานมการใชเชอเพลงกาซธรรมชาตรอยละ 43.7 รองลงมา คอ นำมนรอยละ 29 ไฟฟารอยละ 15.3 ถานหนรอยละ 10.4 และ LPG รอยละ 1.5

August 2010 15

%&!%&!%&!%&!�'�()*!� %&!) +)�, -.�&�)�&, Shaanxi /���0 �, ��1 LNG 2)! �3�4) �����. ���. CNOOC +3)4 ��� 5 �6�)� 7 �8� 4�9 collaborate:; � Shaanxi /���0 � CNOOC +3)4)� 4(� long-distance 8����� <=)!�)�&,�� > !3 LNG heavy-duty trucks �����. ���� ��� 5 �6�)� trucks�� 5 8)��1� +(!8? ��)�� <��)> !&� LNG filling :@ �! :> )+)! :=��� CNOOC +3)4 ��� 5 �6�)� 7 8 CNOOC 7 8, %&�!� �A�B( offshore :.# <�2)> ��� ��1 wholly-owned 4C D��, :21 ��1 LNG E)�(F!)# �!(F)� ���. GH ���#�! Yuan ���!��)+ ���. Jiangsu <�=��� Yancheng ����� 4�9 CNOOC Ltd. :I�& ��1 :=�=)� � �)�J� KL FM :�)C )�! " " 4* ������ ��N regulators:. carmaker’s <O)� (63 4��)��� new-energy 2)! subsidy 5 !�$ )�! LNG heavy-duty trucks 5 PQ�FR ���.� 2)! ��N prognosis 5 !�4)��, �* :=�� :()E +)�, � ST%1 HTHT�� (�63 NG�� (�63 5 �6�)�) ���� M)!&� ��N �)2F��& :4* +3)41 4���)� �!�=F� �����# ��� Q ��U3� =)( 8���.F! %&�! NGV :4+�(V �����. ���. �A�B( <�.W�X .) ���, 4��)� �!�Y� NG�� 5 6&�! ���4�� :8�Z)�#�)�(� "8� �� =)( �4 ���6) �)�)�. 8)����> )8)!> )8)!> )8)!> )8)! :CNG filling :@ ��!� CO2 emission ��� �A�[ NGV adoption ��� (D#3 efficiency ��(�. 5 \F)�� , > )8)! +3)4 ��N =&]F =D�� � > !3 “high-efficiency CNG trucks”�� K_�.4)6! 4(?F! ���. ��1 !&�. 5 �#`! ������ Long-distance 4)(�& +)�, (trucks) 8����� :4a �� > )8)�!� :()E CO2 emissions�� one-third�� 4`�b � > !3 ��� 5 !3)!3 freight 8����� 5 3)�)KV , �* emissions+ ��# ��(�. 8��()�8� ��� �)2F�� ��) lag:; � estimations 5 !�4)�� , CO2 emission�� c =� #d tons/year HTHT�� (�63 �() 2)�� 2 ! 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Kevin 8)��F� �)l 8�.� 4�9 ��1 �(1� 6����#, =�d � :�)���)�. ��1 ()# truck 4�(�. ��� �A�B( .&��� representatives� <6)! ��U� :!.A� � 4�9 biomethane ��� <)�A�.� +3)�4� (�63 =�d � :�)���) S =� #d trucks�� �(1� 4m)�!)� 4(� 4� )6! ����# 5 �6�)���# ��� 4��)� :?�� 4(?F! �� �!� > ��!, NGVI 8�����, anticipating�� 5 6(F (Y&�. ��* <O)� " K8M)8! �����# :2 (Y& <�N endorse:� , ��� :2 :�)C )�! .)�� 4C D�FQ )�� 4(?F! ����� NGVI S =� #d <O)� ����� (medium-size) ()# trucks, �* +)�, �. biomethane�� �3��)� ���4�� :.# <�. ����� Sn j =� #d barrels <�.M)8! ���. 8)��� �*1 USD cS ���#��! 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Ht.�(, !�) �=u& 8A�?�& !+�& �� � HTGT�� 4(� �49)8 �� ����. inaugural #& Kuan r �%�4� �> �Ad ����U 8A�?�& �41 8 ��v )�� 4��F)w %)� 4)��F� !+�&� ��1 ���4�� �!�F)�%. ��) �����#� 5 !3)!3 ��> �& cH 5 ������)�& !+�& :?�� �!�F)�%. �����# 5 PQ�FR �����#, 5 �x �#�)� :(#��!F� 4�9 ��)�� , y)�> �#� Curitiba ��� :z �!� 8 ��v )� ��> �& ��#�)"� ��* occasion:q , ( � 3 (Y& Sheila Diksit .)��� > !3 (D#3)�! ��) �����# " charismatic ��� �[ 8���� :!.A " �* ����� > &�!2)8! 8����� K_�. ��)� > !31� .)�� .)�� �. <)� STT km²:. Giic:. Hn km² :?�� �=u&�. 4� �> <; = �A�[ ���. .)� 4d (.)� > !3 " <��4) ��) �����#, ��� “cleaner” CNG 8[ �.�. 4(O > !+� 8����� �D8)P� ���. (D 3 supporter ��# :2 ����� �)� � + �!()�! ��1 �%�{ . K_�.�. :!.A �=����� :?�� 8A?�Q )�� (!.� !) �=u&, Thane:. g | �#� 8����� �.AF8d 8��.} �� ()�4 CNG�%)#)�. 5 | �# <)� Gj, TTT g �" :��� /���0 � ��� > !+� 8����� +)�, := �. keen� <�.W�~ .) 2�?p filling :@ ��!� 4���)� � !" 82F� �. Thane-Navi ( � )*�q� :()�E <)� jT, TTT /���0 � �����,:q� :21 <)� Sj, TTT 5 ?�) cT% CNG:. 8���.F! ��) ������ 8����� ��(�!)� Dilip Jadhav �!�=F� �����# :2 M)!&� �.AF8d ( � )* �41�. ���4�� CNG�� (�63 Thane:. > !+� 8������� GTT% �) �. #d 3 ��) �� 5 �6�)�) ��� �8)��O)!8)��O)!8)��O)!8)��O)! : Landi Renzo 8)��O)!, *.)�#� Landi Renzo�� ��1 �) ) (LR) SpA, � +)�, %)�)� > !3 �� CNG �D8)P� ��E �e)�! ���. 8���N!) ����� *E3)�#-:=�&� 4=� y)�> #, %&!, =D� 8D�F ��� *K��)8&� > )�.�. �� ���E� ST% *�.(�63 �e)�! ���� LR 8)��O)! g #���.F) Barbiery�� CEO 5 !�4)��, E)�) G, n n T million/year�� 6)���)�� :q� ��1 :()E �)> �/� 4�9 , 4�M) 8)��O)�! +)�, ��� Q 3)�!� > !3 CNG ��E %)��=)� iT%�� 6)���)�� 8�����! �� > !3�, ��� Toyota ��� Daihatsu +)�, ��� Pak Suzuki Motor :�)C )�!� > !3 KQ � /.Y �� � ��� automakers :2(! �4b � Motors 4�)��)� ���� Barbiery " �!�=F� �����# :2 :�)C )�!� Heavy-Duty +)�, � �=�� 4k 4)�� ���. � !" ����� (HDVs) �)> )� , :21 �)4, trucks ��� Q 3)! 5 PQ�FR ��� , ��� ��1 ���)# 4m)�!) �) �. ����%!) ��) ��� �* 8���N!)1 government’s 4)k �.� :])U�)� W)�) 5 !�<)��. ��) :2. :2 �TT �)*�� �� t, :=�� i <6)! !+�&� > !3 TTT CNG �)4 ��)�% �41�. �&�* ���# ��) ���� 8������� > !3 :�� &� (Y&, Hameedullah > )!��)�& Afridi �(!�� > )�!����# :2 tTT CNG �)�4� ��1 :()E ��� � !" 82FP procure"�) ����� :2 <��)> !&� funding 8)��O)�!� �)> 3 �3)�� � (�63 <�44 ��) ��; � �!�)8B) ��� + �!()! �!�� .��� ���., LR assembleq)� 8D��F <�.3� K8)=)! 8�&d ) ���. K8� ��1 8�&d )��� laboratory �!2 �R �����#� laboratory 4)*�E �� ��6)!4Q ) ��� K����� +)�8)#) ���4�� ��* 4)*�E 5 �M)! �!�F� ��) ��� �.F()�!, K8)=)�!� HT% 8)��O)�! M)!&�Q )�� -.�� ��) �� , ��� �*1 82FP M)!&� K8)=)! 6&�� 6&�� :2)+ ���. 4�M) 8���N!)4(D� GTT% :8����� Nationwide, 8)��O)! S, 986 5 =� #d cubic r� E :?�� 1 56%�� (�63 �� <�.�=! +3)4 K����� �A�[ �����# (mcf) HTTi-HTGT:. ��* 82F)��)�#� "8� July-March HTTt-HTTi :?�� �, 048 8 mcf:.� +3)�4� HTTt-HTTi +� . ��. :()E ��R �(�I� 43 7%�� 6)���)��, :.# 29 0%, .�, � 15 3%, ��#) 10 4% ��� LPG 1 5%�� (�63 5 !�4�� �����#� ��������������� ����

������������������������������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��������������� �� ��������� �� ��������� �� ��������� �� ������������������������ �� �� �� ������������������ !"� !"� !"� !"������#$��#$��#$��#$ ����

August 201016

CinaPabrik mobil Cina, Shaanxi Auto, berkolaborasi untuk membangun bisnis kendaraan LNG dengan CNOOC Gas danPower Group. Shaanxi Auto akan memproduksi truk beratberbahan bakar LNG yang dapat digunakan bagi transportasijarak jauh. CNOOC Gas dan Power Group akan menyediakanfasilitas tank stasiun LNG sepanjang rute-rute pengoperasiantruk-truk ini. CNOOC Gas dan Power Group adalah anakperusahaan dari CNOOC Group, produser minyak lepas pantai terbesar di Cina yang juga merupakan induk perusahaan dari CNOOC Ltd. Group ini juga telah menandatangani kontrak dengan kota Yancheng di ProvinsiJiangsu untuk menginvestasikan 12 billion Yuan yang akandigunakan untuk membangun sebuah terminal LNG.Shanxi Auto juga mengajukan proposal kepada pemerintahdengan tujuan agar pihak wewenang di industri ini akanmemasukkan truk berat LNG di program “kendaraan berenerjibaru” dari pemerintah pusat. Menurut prognosis dari industriautomotive, 30% dari total kendaraan di Cina akan menggunakan bahan bakar gas pada tahun 2020.Eksekutif industri domestik mengindikasikan bahwa supplydan perubahan harga gas di masa mendatang akan menjaditantangan terbesar dalam pengembangan industri NGV diCina karena jika harga NG (gas natural) dikontrol oleh pemerintah, gap dari harga BBG dan minyak akan menurun.

JepangGas industri di Jepang mengadopsi kebijaksaaan baru untukmenyuport pengembangan dari “truk-truk CNG berefisiensitinggi” bagi transport jarak jauh. Hal ini dilakukan dengantujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat emisi CO2, meningkatkanadopsi NGV dan efisiensi dari biaya pengoperasian stasiun BBG. Truk-truk barang (komersil) dan freight transport lainnyaadalah pengkontribusi dari 1/3 emisi CO2 dari transport sektor di Jepang. Sementara itu, penalti sehubungan denganpenurunan emisi ini tidaklah dijalankan sengan aktif. Menurutestimasi, 7 juta ton emisi CO2 tiap tahunnya dapat dikurangipada tahun 2020 jika truk jarak jauh tersebut menggunakanCNG dan bukan diesel.Cargo truk CNG sudah banyak digunakan di Jepang. Tetapitruk-truk ini hanya digunakan bagi jarak dekat. Perusahaan-perusahaan besar tertarik untuk menggunakantruk CNG bagi jarak jauh tetapi model kendaraan ini tidaklahbanyak tersedia di negara ini. Oleh karena itu, Asosiasi GasJepang memutuskan untuk menyuport pengembangna sektor ini. Dalam hal ini, Jepang juga belajar dari negaratetangganya, Korea Selatan. Di Seoul, 95% dari bis umumdan milik pemerintah menggunakan BBG. Secara Total, sharedari bis CNG di Korea Selatan mencapai 75%. Tiap stasiunBBG menyuply 10 sampai 30 juta meter kubik gas tiaptahunnya. Hal ini menunjukkan demand besar di segmenkendarran berbahan bakar CNG.

KoreaAkhir-akhir ini, Sekertaris Lingkungan Hidup dari PresidentLee Myung Bak bertemu dengan President dari NGVI Inc.Kevin Park, representatives dari asosiasi cargo truk dan bank

terbesar di Korea Selatan. Di kesempatan ini mereka membicarakan tentang kemungkinan pengadopsian 3 jutatruk berbahan bakar biometan dan NG dengan support daripihak pemerintah. Di bulan Juni, NGVI juga mengajukan proposal yang sama kepada Perdana Menteri LingkunganHidup supaya kementrian ini dapat membacking proyek inidan NGVI akan menyalurkan supportnya 100%.NGVI mengajukan proposal bagi pengadaan 3 juta (medium)cargo truk, karena penggunaan biometan di truk-truk tersebut akan dapat menggantikan penggunaan minyaksebesar 365 juta barel per tahunnya. Hal ini berarti bahwapenggunaan/pembelian minyak tahunannya dapat dikurangisebanyak USD 26.5 billion- USD 73 billion (dengan ahrgaminyak sekitar 100-200 USD/barel).

TailandKonsel Kebijaksanaa Enerji Nasional Tailand memutuskanuntuk memperpanjang subsidi dari harga retail LPG dan CNGselama 6 bulan lebih lama. Awalnya, subsidi ini akan dihentikan pada akhir bulan Agustus 2010 tetapi sekarangakan diteruskan sampai bulan Februari 2011. Keputusan inimasih harus disetujui oleh Kabinet Negara sebelum pengimplementasiannya. Saat ini, harga LPG dan CNGadalah sebanyak 18.13 THB/kg dan 8.50 THB/kg.

IndiaPada tanggal 28 Juni, New Delhi dipilih sebagai salah satudari empat “kota global” terbaik pada inagurasi Lee KuanYew World City Prize di Singapor yang dilaksanakansehubugnan dengan World Cities Summit 2010. Pemenanglainnya—yang dipilih dari total 72 negara peserta—termasukMelbourne dari Australia, Curitiba dari Brazil dan pemenangutama kota Bilbao dari Spanyol. Dalam kesempatan yang sama, Perdana Menteri Sheila Diksitdiberi penghargaaan sehubungan dengan kepemimpinannyayang karismatik dan ulet dalam meningkatakan kualitaslingkungan di kota ini. Diksit juga disanjung atas kapasitasnyadalam memperluasa “penghijauan” kota Delhi dari 26 km² ditahun 1997 ke 300 km² saat ini. Diksit juga merupakan salahsatu supporter utama dalam konversi kendaraan umum kesystem CNG yang lebih ekologis dan membuat kualitas udarakota ini meningkat. Selain (New) Delhi, Wewenang Transporregional Thane ingin melihat 15,000 mobil dan kendaraanumum tambahan di region ini berbahan bakar CNG selama 6bulan mendatang. Tantangan utama dalam pencapaian targetini adalah pengadaaan fasilitas BBG yang memadai. Thane-Navi Mumbai mempunyai sekitar 50,000 mobil, yangmana hampir 35,000 unit atau 70% telah dimodifikasi menjadiCNG. Transport Commissioner Dilip Jadhav mengindikasikanbahwa pihak wewenang setempat menginginkan agar semuakendaraan umum di Thane akan berBBG seperti di kota Mumbai.

PakistanLandi Renzo Pakistan, cabang dari Landi Renzo (LR) SpA Italiberencana untuk meningkatkan eksport CNG conversion kitsnya bagi kendaraan roda 4. LR sudah mengeskport 30%dari kits mereka ke Brasil, Cina, Far East dan ke

LNG dan biometane mulai dikenal,namun CNG tetap populer

August 2010 17

negara-negara Eropa. Menurut CEO dari Pakistan AlbertoBarbiery, perusahaan ini menyuplai 90% permintaan ktis darivans dan mobil di Pakistan (senilai Rs1,660 juta/tahun).Mereka melayani permintaan dari consumer pribadi (eceran)dan pabrik Mobil seperti Indus Motors yang menyuplai mobil-mobil Toyota dan Daihatsu serta Pak Suzuki MotorCompany. Barbiery mengatakan bahwa LR masih belummengembangkan usahanya ke bidang kendaraan berat(Heavy-Duty Vehicles atau HDVs) yang mencangkup segmentruk, bus, dan van. Segmen ini mempunyai potensi yangbesar di industri NGV. Rencana ini mungkin diinspirasi olehkebijkana pemerintah Pakistan yang abru-baru ini mengumumkan bahawa 400 dari 8000 bus CNG bagi 9 kotabesar akan dikirim ke kota Karachi. City. Menteri FederalLignkungan Hidup, Hameedullah Jan Afridi mengatakanbahwa 800 bus CNG telah melalui proses pembelian. Selainitu, pendanaan proyek ini sedang diproses oleh Bank NegaraPakistan. Untuk mengaransi keamanan dan kualitas produk-produknya,LR membangun sebuah lab untuk mengetest tiap komponensebelum di assemble. Laboratorium ini dibangun di tempatyang sama dengan pabrik assemble dan produksinya diSITE. Saat ini, 20% dari komponen mereka diproduksi secaralokal di Pakistan. LR Pakistan mengharapkan abhwa seluruhkomponen produk mereka akan dapat diproduksi secaralokal di masa mendatang. Secara total, produksi gas harian Pakistan meningkatsebanyak 1.56% dari 3,986.5 million cubic feet (mcf) di bulanJuly-March 2008-2009 menjadi 4,048.8 mcf dalam periodeyang sama setahun berikutnya. Sekitar 43.7% dari kombinasienerji total tahun 2008-2009 terdiri dari gas, diikuti olehminyak 29.0%, listrik 15.3%, batu bara 10.4% dan LPG 1.5%.

www.hwa-young.co.kr

Hwa Young Co.,Ltd.#1063-14, Eu-Bang Dong, Kim-Hae City, Kyung-Nam Do, S.KOREATel: +82-55-322-2201 Fax : +82-55-322-2208www.hwa-young.co.kr, info@hwa-young.com

• High-Low Pressure Regulators• CNG Fuel Filter

Alternative Fuel System’s Components

Total storage capacity No. of cylindersper cascade

Overall dimensionsCylinder water

capacityStoragepressure

Empty cascadeweight (Ton)

Gas capacity(Cu.m.)

Water capacity(ltr.)

(NOS)Length(mm)

Width(mm)

Height(mm)

(ltr) (kgf/cm')

364 1120 4 3397 1037 1237 28.0 325 2.8

140 934 20 1255 1640 1390 46.7 150 1.7

520 2000 40 2011 1740 1400 50 260 3.8

800 3200 40 2341 2010 1675 80 250 5.0

392 2616 56 3011 1640 1894 46.7 150 4.0

780 3000 60 3500 1750 1600 50 260 5.7

420 2802 60 2485 1640 1637 46.7 150 4.2

August 201018

CNG and LNG vessels - availability and comparison

Which CNG cylinder sizes are available?How do the different types of cylindermaterial translate to weight reductionand benefits for vehicle owners? Whatare the differences and benefits of LNGtanks and CNG cylinders for fleet operators? These questions areanswered below with thanks to EKC,Faber, Chart Nexgen, and above all toMark Lawday from Luxfer Cylinders.

The CNG cylinder water capacity® Type 1, made from seamless steel:20- > 120 liter water capacity;®Type 2, with steel liners and aluminum or carbon fiber (composite)wraps: 31 - 200 liter; ®Type 3, with aluminum lined carbonfiber full-wrapped composite: 84 – 320liter;®Type 4 ultra light high pressure allcomposite: 25 – 320 liter (from Luxfer) ®CNG storage and cascade (or CNGtrailer to transport and store CNG in filling station): up to 8,400 liter.

Below is an example of CNG cylindercascades from Everest Kanto Cylinders (EKC), for the storage andtransportation of the gas from on-linestations to daughter stations, mobilegensets etc. These cascades are suitable for mounting on LCVs, andcome with various water capacities and storage pressures to meet specificcustomer requirements.

EKC’s jumbo cylinder for storing CNG

Kioshi steel cylinder (type 1), in various sizes: 232/244/273/280/323/340 mm

CNG and LNG vessels - availability andcomparison

CNG Cylinder Cascades

Tenaris seamless steel cylinder using Chrome-Molybdenum (CrMo) and Carbon-Manganese withwall thickness ≥ 4 mm

Type 1 cylinder is heavier than all theother types. The table below providesa weight comparison of Faber CNGcylinders.

Note: * Cylinders conform to ISO 11439Standard Work Pressure of 200 bar; all weights refer to cylinders manufactured by Faber Industrie Spa; comparison with Faber Type 1 CrMoSteel Cylinders 

Usage

Asia-Pacific and South AmericaThis region predominantly uses type 1cylinders for Light-Duty Vehicles (LDVs)and Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) in Asiaand South America. However, Koreanlow-floor buses use type 2 cylinders.UAE and Singapore already use type 4cylinders for their passenger cars. UAEhas solely converted cars/taxis whileSingapore has both OEM and converted cars using this compositevessel. Korean NGV system supplier isalso keen to use type 4 cylinders forbifuel cars for the Indian market.

EuropeType 1 cylinders are mainly use by LDVsmade by OEM NGVs or retrofitted inconversion workshops, with the excep-tion of Mercedes cars that use type 4.Buses and trucks are mounted withtype 3 or 4 cylinders.

North AmericaPassenger cars are fitted with CNG

August 2010 19

Continue to page 20

Faber CylinderType

Weight per litre

Weightreduction

Type 1 - CrMo Steel

0.80 kg/litre -

Type 1 -Modified

CrMo Steel0.72 kg/litre -10%

Type 2 - Steel& Glass Fibre

0.68 kg/litre -15%

Type 2 - Steel& Carbon

Fibre 0.52 kg/litre -35%

Type 3 - Steel& Carbon

Fibre0.41 kg/litre -48%

Cylinders with140 litre capacity*

Continued from page 19

cylinders type 2 and 3, while trucks andbuses with type 3 or 4.

The lighter type 2, 3, and 4 cylindersare mainly used in CNG trailers to meetthe demand of transporting as muchgas as possible in each journey. Thelighter the total weight of the trailer(including cylinder storage), the moregas can be carried. Sometimes, tomeet the maximum gas weight to betransferred in a trailer, cylinders used forcarrying the gas should be twice aslight as the normal cylinders of thesame volumetric capacity.

CNG cylinder and LNG tank

The correct term for CNG and LNGvessels are “cylinder” for CNG storageand “tank” for LNG. Both have completely different characteristics.

The thing that differentiates LNG tanksfrom CNG cylinders is mainly the material. While CNG cylinders use steel,aluminum liner, and composite/fibermaterials, stainless steel is used tomake LNG tanks. Unlike CNG cylinders,LNG tanks are low pressure containers.

As Chart Feron Nexgen wrote in itswhite paper, LNG tanks are built asdouble shell vessels with highly effectivepowder-vacuum or multi-layer-vacuuminsulation, which ensures long time storage with limited vaporization. Theirvolume is determined typically for oneto two weeks’ liquefier capacity.

The common characteristic of LNGStorage tanks is the ability to store LNGat the very low temperature of -162°C.With LNG storage tanks, if LNGvapours are not released, the pressureand temperature within the tank willcontinue to rise. LNG is a cryogen (production of very low temperaturebelow −150 °C), and is kept in its liquidstate at very low temperatures. Thetemperature within the tank will remainconstant if the pressure is kept constantby allowing the boil off gas to escapefrom the tank (known as auto-refrigeration). To keep the pressureat a constant state, a double releasevalve is required to vent the gasifiedLNG.

Although LNG is more expensive, itsenergy density for an equivalent volumeof 200 bar CNG, is around 2.4 to 4

times greater. On the other hand, storing CNG offers flexibility over LNG,as CNG cylinders can be easily modified in sizes (made based onrequirements/orders).

Benefits of using compositecylinders

Responding to Asian NGVCommunications’ question on howmuch economic benefit one could getfrom using lighter (i.e. type 4) cylindersrather than the heavier ones (i.e. type1), Mark Lawday form Luxfer said thatno calculations or study had been done

so far. The saving would depend on thetypes and technology of the vehicle andits application. For example, buses withroof-mounted cylinders (type 3 or 4)that obtain weight savings (from thecylinders) will require less maintenancefor replacing tires, brakes and suspension, and all tire-related servicesare reduced. Replacing tires for busesand trucks is expensive, so the savingsobtained could be quite significant forthe bus operator. Lawday also said thathe is interested in conducting such astudy once the facilities—in one or morefleets with many buses with variousCNG cylinders types—are available.

August 201020

Luxfer composite cylinders (type 4), for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

NexGen cryogenic LNG tank

August 2010 21

August 201022

ANGVA CNG cylinder inspection courses The ANGVA CNG Cylinder InspectionCourse in Bangkok, Thailand and KualaLumpur, Malaysia were successfullyconcluded last June.

The 3-days courses were organised byANGVA in collaboration with TUVSaarland Automobil GmbH / TUVRheinland Group, Germany. The trainerfor both courses was Mr. Carl Wagner,Senior Expert / Trainer / Certifier fromthe Competence Center for AlternativeFuels, TUV. The course is designed to train participants to conduct re-inspection of CNG cylinders manufactured to ISO 11349 standardand UN ECE R110 regulations.

The course covered basicunderstanding of gaseous fuels (Naturalgas, Biogas, Liquefied Petroleum Gasand Hydrogen), understanding ofRegulations, Standards, Rules andSafety (ISO 11439 Standard and UNECE R110 and R115 Regulations) andin-depth training on ISO 19078.

The courses were divided intofollowing sections:

1. Gaseous Fuels Basics.

2. ISO Standard 11439 (Gas Cylinders– High Pressure cylinders for the on- board storage of natural gas as afuel for automotive vehicles),

3. UN ECE R110 - Uniform provisionsconcerning the approval of: (i) specificcomponents of motor vehicles usingCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) in theirpropulsion system, and (ii) Vehicles withregard to the installation of specificcomponents of an approved type forthe use of compressed natural gas(CNG) in their propulsion system.

4. UN ECE R115 – Uniform provisionsconcerning the approval of: Specific CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) retrofitsystems to be installed in motor vehicles for the use of CNG in theirpropulsion system. This section courseis for Gas System Test (GST) and GasSystem Installation Test (GSIT) training,

5. ISO 19078 (Gas Cylinders –Inspection of the cylinder installation andrequalification of high pressure cylindersfro the on-board storage of natural gasas a fuel for automotive vehicles).

At the end of the courses, participantssit for test to gauge their knowledgeand understanding of the materialstaught to them.

Thirty four participants successfullycompleted and passed the course andwere awarded with Certificate ofAchievement issued jointly by TUV andANGVA. These participants are nowqualified to conduct re-inspection ofCNG Cylinders manufactured to ISO11439 and UN ECE R110.

Good feedbacks were received fromparticipants and many felt that thecourse had increased their knowledgeand understanding of CNG cylindersand they are ready to start practicing

their skills in re-inspecting CNG cylinders. While following ISO standards are voluntary, the following of UN ECER110 and R115 Regulations would bemandatory for countries that had rectified the United Nations AgreementConcerning the Adoption of UniformTechnical Prescriptions for WheeledVehicles, Equipment and Parts.Thailand and Malaysia are signatories tothis Agreement and the ‘E’ marked forThailand is E53 and Malaysia is E52.

During the course it was also stressedby the trainer that for the periodicinspection, Hydrostatic Testing of CNGCylinders make to ISO 11439 and UNECE R115 are not necessary.

August 2010 23

CNG cylinders (including its brackets,valves, PRDs and pipings) need to bevisually inspected at least every 36months (under ISO standard) and atleast every 48 months (under UN ECERegulations) according to the guidelinesand recommendations of the manufacturers. ISO 19078 can be usedfor the re-inspection of CNG cylinders; however under ISO 19078 there arealso requirements to refer to manufacturers for guidance and recommendations. It was pointed outthat under ISO and UN ECE it is the obligation of the CNG Cylinder manufacturers to provide CylinderInstallation and Maintenance Manuals,Cylinder Inspection Recommendationand Guidelines to those purchasingtheir cylinders.

The trainer also informed that CNGcylinders should not be used after theexpiry dates stamped/ labeled on thecylinders. Cylinders with illegible orunclear marking / label should bereferred to the manufacturers for adviceor recommended to be destroyed.

The importance of conforming to therequired Gas Composition for CNG asspecified in ISO 11439 was also

Energy, Road Transport Department ofMalaysia, local NGV association, gascompanies, and many others NGVequipment manufacturers and conversion workshop. ANGVA hopesthat many more NGV organisations andcompanies will support and sponsorsafety courses, programmes and initiatives that will be undertaken by theassociation in the future.

By: Lee Giok Seng, ExecutiveDirector, ANGVA

stressed by the trainer during the course. ANGVA plan to conduct similar coursein countries within the Asia Pacificregion if the need arises or if there arerequests from the countries concern.Requests to organize this course canbe directed to the ANGVA Secretariatoffice. ANGVA would like to thank TUV for thecollaboration and the following organisations and companies for theirsupports and sponsorships of the twocourses. For this course, ANGVAobtained support from the public andprivate sector including the Departmentof Energy Business-Thailand Ministry of

August 201024

As previously reported in the Asian NGV Communications,Lucintel global management consulting and market researchfirm has released a report on "Growth Opportunities inGlobal Automotive Composite CNG Tank Market 2010-2015:Trends, Forecast and Market Share Analysis". According tothe report, the market share of composite CNG cylinders isexpected to double over the next five years. This compositemarket is projected to grow by 15% Compound AnnualGrowth Rate (CAGR, worth of over USD 368.8 million) by2015 while the total CNG cylinder market (type 1 to 4, fromsteel to composite cylinders) is expected to grow by 10%CAGR during the same period.

As composite cylinders (type 3 and 4) are mainly used incountries and by vehicle manufacturers where the aim isweight reduction, fuel efficiency and better vehicle performance, users of these cylinders would mainly comefrom European countries. North America is also a good market as this region produces and is “seen as” a leadingmarket in Heavy-Duty NGVs, in which reducing overall vehicleweight is an important factor in its production. Nevertheless,bus manufacturers who produce CNG buses with roof-mounted cylinders use composite cylinders.

All over the world, cylinders types 1, 3 and 4 are more popular than the type 2. Type 1 is very popular in Asia andamong producers and users of bifuel cars in Europe, with theexception of a few OEM NGVs such as Daimler that usestype 3 and 4 for its Mercedes cars. We are yet to seewhether Daimler’s previous alliance, Chrysler, will begin tomanufacture bifuel cars with composite or seamless-steelcylinders. Possibly in response to remarks by Fiat’s CEOSergio Marchionne indicating that CNG would be a solidshort-term solution for Chrysler as the company movestowards a cleaner future. Chrysler Powertrain leader PaoloFerrero recently said that the firm may turn to CNG-poweredvehicles in the near future while putting aside its electric vehicles development until sometime after 2012. Once theinfrastructure to support NGV adoption in the US is inplace—with government support, Chrysler might start offeringCNG vehicles by the end of 2011. Meanwhile, India three-wheeler maker Atul Auto recently announced its plan tointroduce its new products powered by LPG and CNG by thisyear end. On the other hand, automaker Maruti Suzuki willlaunch a CNG variant of its top brand R Wagon this month.

These two producers will use CNG cylinder type 1 for theirNGVs. As for Aditya Agicha from Associate Cylinders in India,2011-2012 prospects for type 1 cylinders look positive withthe upward trend of oil prices. For India, he believes that thecountry will see a growing number of vehicle conversions toCNG mode and related activities as gas distribution widensits servicing area to different cities.

Storing CNG requires a high-pressure container that can holdmore than 250 bar gas pressure. Initially, the high-pressurecylinders used to store the natural gas were manufacturedand tested in accordance with the industrial cylinder standards.

High pressure composite vessels were introduced more than70 years ago and were especially developed for space andmilitary applications. The experimentation of composite vessels started in the 50’s but the first high pressure vesselsused for space and military applications started actually in the60’s in the US. In the late 1980s, experimental applications ofcomposite reinforced plastic liners in CNG service were donein Sweden, Russia and France. Following the development ofnatural gas vehicle cylinder standards in North America,fully-wrapped designs with relatively thin aluminium liners orplastic liners reinforced with a full wrapping of glass fiberand/or carbon fiber reinforcement were introduced into CNGservice commencing in 1992.

As main producers of OEM NGVs/NGV variants, theEuropean & Asian-Pacific markets are likely to lead the way inaccelerated consumption of CNG cylinders - witnessing high-est growth over the next 5 years. Furthermore, interestamong Asian suppliers to cater for increasing demand indomestic and overseas markets is expected to increase competitiveness in the market.

The global cylinder market, prediction for2010-2015

Xperion Light Weight Composite Cylinders

August 2010 25

August 201026

After two years of keeping the natural gas (NG) price unchanged,the National Development andReform Commission (NDRC), thetop economic policy planning agency, increased the wholesalegas price of domestic onshore natural gas in June 2010. Industrial,commercial and car users areamong the first to see gas retailprice increases.

The decision has relieved mainstate-run upstream gas producersfrom the high operating cost burdens, and allowed them tomaintain an attractive gross margin.

The rise reflects overall costincreases related to raw materials,payroll and transportation. The decision has been made verycarefully, aiming at continuity ofeconomic growth and social stability, and further development ofthe urban natural gas distributionindustry, as well as to curb wastefulconsumption.

Natural gas demand in China isexpected to increase by about 20%in 2010, said Huajun Lin, CEO andChairman of Changfeng Energy Inc,a gas distributor in Hainan andHunan Provinces.

After receiving regulatory approval,China gas distributor ChangfengEnergy Inc. increased NG saleprices in both Sanya City, Hainanprovince, and the CNG retail stationin Changsha City, Hunan provinceas per July 1 and June 30, 2010respectively. The price for CNGincreased by 14%, fromRMB2.60/m3 to RMB3.75 atChangsa CNG filling stations.

During the second quarter of 2010,Changfeng started full operations ofits first CNG filling station andreceived government constructionpermits for its second and thirdCNG retail stations in ChangshaCity.

Construction is scheduled to beginthis quarter and is expected to becompleted in the fourth quarter of 2010.

Increased CNG price in China

More biomethane plant possibly for NGV segment

WELtec BioPower GmbH (WELtec),a world leading supplier ofadvanced anaerobic digestion systems, has ordered a biogas(biomethane) upgrading plant fromXebec Adsorption Inc. (Xebec).

The plant will be located in Wuxi,China. Early this year, WELtecannounced that it had sold an integrated biogas generation andenergy production plant to a

Chinese investor located in Wuxi.

Pig manure and waste rice straware used as raw materials in thisproject.

Biogas generated from this wastewill either be upgraded in Xebec’splant to produce CNG for vehiclesor to generate electricity. The gaswill then be used to fuel a fleet ofCNG forklifts in a nearby factory aswell as being sold to commercialnatural gas customers in the Wuxiarea.

August 2010 27

An interview with Peter Boisen, NGVAEurope

How do you see the global NGV business—for the vehicle and the station components—by the end of theyear and for the next 2 years?

I believe that the world population ofNGVs will have risen to 13 million vehicles by the end of 2010 and mightcome close to 17 million vehicles by theend of 2012.

I also believe that we will see fastgrowth of interest in use of LNG in vehicles and L-CNG filling stations.

Use of LNG in ships is also set to growexponentially over the next few yearsand considerable investments will haveto be made not only in these ships, butalso in mobile and stationary LNG refueling facilities.

What do you think about the NGV market in Africa? Considering the limited facilities they have at present,what things should they focus on?

A country like Nigeria, boasting enormous volumes of natural gas, hasenormous potential for the domesticuse of natural gas, both in transportand for heat and power applications. Itis quite logical that Nigeria should planfor a rapid expansion in the use ofNGVs.

But in the interior of Nigeria, as in manyother African states, biomethane madefrom various waste resources has hugepotential. Present imports of crude oil,or refined oil products, could bereplaced by biomethane produced fromdomestic resources.

Can you provide some comments onthe safety of NGVs (OEM and

conversion) around the world?There is in principle no difference in theneed for safety. Loss of human life, orbodily injuries, are tragic wherever theyoccur.

The worldwide coordination of standards and regulations, eventuallyleading to a set of global technical regulations, is an important step in theright direction. We must, however,remember that regulations offer noguarantee.

People will, due to ignorance, greed,stupidity and carelessness, put theirown life and the lives of others at risk.The more foolproof solutions, however, the better the safety.

From safety to global NGV business

August 201028

Every year, Pakistan adds 150,000to 200,000 more NGVs, accordingto Muazzam Hussain Chaudhary,Executive Director (P&C) of Oil &Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA).

This figure is based on the numberof CNG conversion kits sold in thecountry. Around 12,000 kits ofLandi Renzo (LR) are sold in thismarket on a monthly basis, while3,000 others are from other brands,according to Mirza Majid Nawaz,the Plant General Manager of LRPakistan. About 7,000 units of LRkits are used for after market conversions and a further 5,000 forcar manufacturers.

As of March 31st, more than 2.59million NGVs were in use inPakistan. This consisted of 2 millioncars/jeeps, 250,000 vans, 100,000taxis, 100, 000 pickups, 90,000three-wheelers, 200 buses, and50,000 “other” types of vehicles.Pakistan’s total vehicle fleets (powered by gasoline, diesel, CNG,etc) were about 9.8 million, of which2.1 million were cars/jeeps,194,000 vans, 144,000 taxis,130,000 pickups, 2.2 million two-wheelers, 100,000 three-wheelers, 200,000 trucks, 120,000buses and 1.1. million other vehicles (ambulances, water and oiltankers, tractors, agriculture relatedmachinery, earth moving vehicles,and mini-buses).

Meanwhile, the number of CNG filling stations in operation hadreached 3,140 units by the endMarch (around 3,300 by June2010). Around 1,000 units areunder construction. In general, 50new stations are added everymonth.

An official document representingeconomic indicators from July-March 2009-2010 noted that“the use of CNG as fuel in thetransport sector has shown a quantum leap. And that turning toCNG has helped a lot in loweringthe pollution load in many urbancenters”

The average daily production of

natural gas stood at 4,048.8 millioncubic feet during the above-mentioned period comparedto 3,986.5 million cubic feet overthe same period last year, showingan increase of 1.5%.

Ups and down

Conversely, the Pakistan EconomyWatch (PEW) in June said that theCNG sector in this country is experiencing a challenge. “Lack ofproper planning and supervision,disregarding principle of demandand supply, rapid growth amid gasshortages, absence of guidelines forminimum distance between CNGstations, dipping price differentialbetween natural gas and gasoline,unilateral decisions and increasingcost of doing business have contributed towards the decline”,said Dr Murtaza Mughal, PresidentPEW.

“Uneven distribution has resulted inconcentrated numbers of pumps insome areas and ignited a price warand unfair practices. On the otherhand, there are localities that lackadequate numbers of stations, forcing people to wait for hours toget gas,” he continued.

For example, most CNG filling facilities are available in Lahore with319 stations, followed by Karachi

with 302 pumps, 276 in Rawalpindi,199 in Peshawar, 99 in Islamabadand 43 in Manshara. While someother areas have much fewer facilities such as in Multan, whichhas only 72 stations, 22 inKhanewal, 12 in Quetta, and 2 inBhawalpur, etc. The number ofCNG stations along the motorwayswere also addressed as the stationpopulation needs to be doubled.To date, Rs 177 billion has beeninvested in this segment excludingcost of land, 5,900 filling stationoperating licences have beenissued (no more licenses will beissued before 2012), 3,140 stationsare operational, employment opportunities were presented tothousands of workers. Around Rs32 billion in different taxes werepaid to federal, provincial and district governments and USD1.65billion in foreign exchange has beensaved.

Nevertheless, improper supervisionhas provided obstacles to a greaterexpansion and continuing healthygrowth in this segment.

Striving towards a healthierindustry

Even under these conditions, DrMughal indicated that speedy relocation of CNG stations—fromareas with overpopulated stations

Yearly NGV fleet augmentation in Pakistan

August 2010 29

to another vicinity— backed byincentives could save this sector.

The cost of relocation and landexpenditure ranges from Rs 10-20million/unit. Gas companies areexpanding the network while the Oil& Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA)will not issue new licences until2012.

The government continues expanding the opportunities to liftup NGV business, amongst others,by expanding to a new segment—the Heavy-Duty Vehicles sector.Authorities offer financial assistance/incentives to start theadoption of CNG buses and theprovision of its fuelling and infrastructure facilities. Apart fromthe 400 buses for Karachi,Rawalpindi commuters would soonbe facilitated by the buses alongvarious routes: between Rawalpindiand Islamabad as well as Taxila,Wah Factory, Rawat, Adiala Road,Sihala, Karachi Company, FaisalMasjid and Secretariat.

A 15% subsidy will be offered toprivate transport companies willing

to import Hino CNG buses. Theywill also be granted a loan for sevenyears. Owners of the buses will get20% operational and 5% capitalsubsidies.

On the other hand, filling stationexpansion continues. By October2nd, a CNG mother-filling-station inHyderabad City will start servicingcustomers.

According to a plan, 50 new CNG

filling stations would be constructedin the city, said the chairman of theSupreme Court-appointed environment pollution authority Bhure Lal.In July, OGRA rejected a proposalof the All Pakistan CNG Associationto revise (increase) the retail price ofCNG despite the increased electrici-ty tariff that raised the station oper-ating costs. Instead, OGRA sug-gested that CNG retailers shouldabolish discounts at certain CNGoutlets.

When asked how many Coriolisflow meters have been serving theCNG market, Chu gave roughlynumbers of flowmeters against dispensers and stations for the last 5years. He said that approximately 50,000-55,000meters have been installed inaround 25,000-27,500 CNG dispensers (2 hoses dispenser).Those were installed in about6,250-6,875 stations.

In average, each station has 4 dispensers. He also informed thatmore than 65% of those meterswere used in the Asia-Pacific,including countries like Pakistan,China, India, Bangladesh andThailand.

The meters were not only MicroMotion CNG050, but also otherbrand name, said Chu.

Chu also informed that China wouldbecome the leading market in theautomotive, and thus, NGV segment during the next 5 years.While India will be the main buyersfor CNG station components duringthe same period.

August 201030

Despite the global economic slowdown and fluctuation in oil (andgas) prices, NGV-related equipmentsuppliers see that the business willcontinue to grow at a stable rateduring the next 3-5 years. In a recent meeting with Asian NGVCommunications, Major Chu,Senior Business Manager Flow AsiaPacific Alternative Fuel & NaturalGas from Emerson ProcessManagement-Micro Motion Chinasaid that progress in the NGV worldcan be seen, amongst other things,from the sales in two segments: thedispenser and cylinder sectors.

Global sales of dispensers can bemonitored from the vending of natural gas flow meter. Meanwhile,sales of NG cylinders (in this regardmainly for CNG) reflect the adoptionof NGVs.

In the fuelling sector, predictions offuture growth can be seen from thenumber of flow meters sold eachyear. Each dispenser commonly has2 hoses to dispense NG. Eachhose requires one meter. In terms of vehicles, various automotive manufacturers and conversion workshops use differentsizes and quantities of cylinders ineach vehicle.

As the world leader of flow metercontrol suppliers, Emerson has aninsight into past and present movements in meters sales—and,thus, in the fuelling station marketpotential. In conducting its business, Emerson also makesgood contact with component suppliers from the vehicle segment.

Chu said that Emerson/MicroMotion and manufacturers of NGVcomponents see that both the vehicle and fuelling segments havethe potential to experience a stable13% increase over the next 3-5years. Despite a slump in 2008-2009, during the past year bothsegments have experienced anaverage 13% growth and will continue to flourish approximately atthe same pace.

A 13% growth in the vehicle and stationsegments with Asia to lead the market

Micro Motion CNG050 Coriolis flow meter

Micro Motion® Model CMF100 ELITESensor with 2400S Transmitter

Major Chu

August 2010 31

Emerson’s world-leading MicroMotion Coriolis flow and densitymeasurement represents 80% of allNG flow meters used around theglobe. The remaining 20% of worlddemand is mainly supplied by otherinternational players Micro MotionCoriolis Flow offers flexibility to owners of fuelling stations.

Its meter, CNG050, can be adjusted to cater for meteringdemands from a very small flowrate (to serve LDVs) to high flowrate (to serve HDVs), with betterperformance especially on low endflow, from 1.13Nm3/minutes upto126Nm3/minutes. One meter fit all applications.

Meanwhile, its competitors offervarious devices for different typesand size of vehicles. Chu also sees that LNG fuelling station segment is booming up inChina.

This is the market where MicroMotion has been servicing, providing a better Cryogenic flow

measurement solution with an international certification (NMi).

For other fuel application such asthe one with cryogenic nature, bothliquefied NG metering and vapourreturn reporting can be monitoredby Elite meter. This meter works asflow measurement but also produces status diagnostics for fluidto the cooling system.As a leadingbrand, theMicro Motion

product comes at a higher price butis accompanied with premium quality, first-class technology, lower maintenancecost, on time delivery, and supremeafter-sales and training services aswell as application support.

For more information contactasia@ngvgroup.com and/orMajor.Chu@AP.EmersonProcess.com

Elite meter for LNG fuelling application

Mark your agenda!

2nd NGVA Europe International Show & Workshops2. Internationaler NGVA Europe Kongress & Workshops

June 7 - 9, 2011 - Berlín, GermanyBerlin, 7.-9. Juni 2011

info@thegvr.com · info@ngvgroup.com

Natural Gas Vehicles - Biomethane - CNG - LNG - Hydrogen blendsErdgasfahrzeuge - Bio-Erdgas - CNG - LNG - Wasserstoff Mischungen

III ExpoGNV Peru, “Una ciudad a GNV, ejemplo para el mundo”Centro de Exposiciones Jockey

III ExpoGNV Peru - "A city on NGV, an example to the world"Jockey Exhibition Center

Lima, septiembre 2011 · Lima, September 2011

pvperu@ngvgroup.com · info@ngvgroup.com

Organizer

January 2011M T W T F S S 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 3031

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August 201032

Greenest cars of 2010 in the USThe American Council for an EnergyEfficient Economy (ACEEE) publishes anannual ranking of the greenestcars/SUVs of all available technology forsale in the US. Recently, they revealedtheir 13th annual vehicle rankings for2010 models at www.greenercars.org.

The “Greenest Vehicles of 2010” liststhe top models with the highest overallGreen Scores. The CNG-poweredHonda Civic GX continues itsstronghold on the number one spot forthe seventh year running. Other winnersinclude those powered by hybrid gasoline/electric and premium gasoline.The “Best of 2010” lists the greenestmodels in each vehicle class. Includedare the year’s top-rated subcompact,compact, midsize, and large cars, aswell as minivans, vans, pickups, andsport utility vehicles.

The institution also elected 12 cars andtrucks with the worst green scoreswhich are listed on the website as the“Meanest Vehicles for the Environmentin 2010”.

From other regions

Make and Model Specifications aEmission

StandardbMPG:City

MPG:Hwy

GreenScore

HONDA CIVIC GX c 1.8L 4, auto [CNG] Tier 2 bin 2 /

PZEV 24 36 57

TOYOTA PRIUS 1.8L 4, auto CVT Tier 2 bin 3 /

PZEV 51 48 52

HONDA CIVIC HYBRID 1.3L 4, auto CVT Tier 2 bin 2 /

PZEV 40 45 51

SMART FORTWO CONVERTIBLE / COUPE 1.0L 3, manual Tier 2 bin 5 /

ULEV II 33 41 50

HONDA INSIGHT 1.3L 4, auto CVT Tier 2 bin 3 40 43 50

FORD FUSION HYBRID / MERCURY MILANHYBRID

2.4L 4, auto CVT Tier 2 bin 3 /

PZEV 41 36 47

TOYOTA YARIS 1.5L 4, manual Tier 2 bin 5 /

ULEV II29 36 46

NISSAN ALTIMA HYBRID 2.5L 4, auto CVT PZEV 35 33 46

MINI COOPER 1.6L 4, manual [Premium

gasoline] Tier 2 bin 5 /

ULEV II28 37 45

CHEVROLET COBALT XFE / PONTIAC G5XFE

2.2L 4, manual Tier 2 bin 5 /

PZEV 25 37 45

HYUNDAI ACCENT BLUE 1.6L 4, manual Tier 2 bin 5 /

ULEV II27 36 45

HONDA FIT 1.5L 4, auto Tier 2 bin 5 /

ULEV II28 35 45

Greenest Vehicles of 2010 * (see notes on page 33)

August 2010 33

Tanzania is betting on “clean” and cheap CNGIn an effort to combat CO2 pollutionand avoid further greenhouse gaseffects caused by the transport sector,industrialised developing countries suchas Tanzania, are turning towards eco-friendlier natural gas.

In Tanzania, air pollution is mainlycaused by emissions from the increasing number of overused carsand second hand imports operating incities such as Dar es Salaam.

Scientists from the Dar es SalaamInstitute of Technology (DIT), known asthe “Triangle”, and those from theUniversity of Dar es Salaam have therefore established retrofit centersthat convert gasoline cars with electronic fuel injection system to NGVs.

Onesmo Nathan, Triangles Sales andMarketing Manager said that these centers only convert cars in good condition. Prior to conversion, the carsare inspected by experts.

Notes: “auto CVT” denotes continuouslyvariable automatic transmission.PZEV denotes Partial Zero EmissionsVehicle. ULEV denotes Ultra LowEmission Vehicle.

a Certain other configurations of thesemodels (with different transmissions ormeeting different emission standards)score nearly as well.

b A listing with two emission standards(e.g., Tier 2 bin 2/ PZEV) denotes a single vehicle carrying both a Federaland a California emission certification.Green Scores for such listings reflectthe cleaner of the two certifications.

c Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle fuel economy given in gasoline-equivalent miles per gallon.

Read more about the Best of 2010 athttp://www.greenercars.org/highlights_byclass.htm. The 2010 market trends from an environmental perspective is presentedat http://www.greenercars.org/high-lights_mkttrends.htm.

For automobiles with engines exceeding100,000km, a compression test is carried out and if faults are detected,the engine will need to be overhauled.Nathan informed that a kilo of gas isequivalent to 1.5 litres of gasoline. A carcan run up to 12-14 km on gas insteadof 10 km on gasoline.

According to calculations made fewmonths ago, when the price of gasolinewas 1520 TZS/liter and gas was 1,170TZS/kg, the difference was 45% (morefuel efficiency and saving in NG).

All components used in the conversionare made in accordance with international standards to guaranteesafety. The focus is also on the safety ofCNG cylinders and filling stations.

Conversion costs are considered quitehigh but the economic, ecological, andhealth-related benefits over time exceedthe costs. The conversion costs varyfrom TZS1.6 million for a four cylindercar, TZS2.2 million for a six cylinder, upto TZS2.3 million for an eight cylindervehicle. Meanwhile, the cost savingobtained by using CNG instead ofgasoline could reach up to 40-60%.

The savings are achieved from engineefficiency, less maintenance and manyunforeseen expenses.

Geologist Dr Emma Msacky from theTanzania Petroleum Development

Corporation (TPDC) said that the nationsaves a lot of foreign exchange whenusing domestic NG instead of importingoil. In the power sector, Tanzania used92 billion cubic feet of NG between2004 and May 2010 that cost aboutUSD108 million instead of USD2.3 billion when using the equivalent 2.8 billion equivalent diesel.

According to TPDC’s calculations, USD1.6 billion have so far been savedthrough the use of NG in both powerand industries sectors.

Tanzania has an abundance of NGreserves in its gas fields in the southernpart of the country, in Mnazi Bay andSongosongo. Between 2004 and May2010, the government earned over USD95 million from TPDC.Nathan indicated that the use of NG inthe transport sector is still very moderate. The technology is still newand an extra push is needed in both thepolitical and economic arenas.

The government has recognised theimportance of NG. Tanzania’s first fillingstation located in Ubungo Maziwa wasopened by the Energy Minister, WilliamNgeleja. Ubungo is located 9-15 kmfrom the city centre of Dar es Salaam,Nathan said that many people get loansto buy cars and they can equally getloans to pay for conversion (to CNGsystem) and experience the benefits ofthis eco-friendly fuel.

From other regions

August 201034

As part of the 12th IANGV InternationalConference and Exhibition (NGV2010Roma), a technical tour to a CNG busand filling facility was organised. The tour to ATAC Roma Tor Pagnottawas attended by around 30 participantsfrom 5 regions. It was divided into 2sessions; first, a visit to the filling station, and after a lunch break, to thebus depot.

ATAC has been incorporating CNGbuses in its fleet since 2006. With 379CNG buses in its Rome fleet, the firmowns the largest CNG bus fleet inEurope. In the near future, the entirefleet will be increased to 401 units.

Below are some quick facts about thefacility.

Atac Roma Tor PagnottaCNG filling station

® Owner: Atac Roma, the main publictransport authority in Italy, operatingbuses, trams, underground, and urbanrailways since January 1st, 2010. Iteven manages parking areas in Italy. Ittransports 1.5 million passengers annu-ally. It has 332 servicing lines—of which327 are bus, trolley, and tram lines—and covers a net transport area of over3,650 km (over 170 million km servicingdistance in total).

® Currently, 231 units of these busesare based in Tor Pagnotta, servicing 49lines of a total travelling area of morethan 11 million km in Rome and its surroundings in 2009. The site has 683drivers, 39 workers and 9 managementstaff. The bus depot was opened onMarch 5th, 2006.

® Land space: 10,000 sqmNumber of compressors: 5 units ofNuovo Pignone CUBOGAS CompressorPackage (3-stage compressor of250kW each) serviced by DresserWayne. In summer the compressed gas iscooled to 20˚C using a chilled waterheat exchanger before being dispensedinto the buses. This is done to providethe buses with greater autonomy (seealso below the differences in fuel consumption during summer and winter).

IANGV Technical Tour to ATAC Roma busand filling station

® Age and cost of bus: 2-3 years oldwith purchasing cost of around 300,000Euro/unit. The bus comes with 4 yearswarranty.

® CNG cylinders: 8 x 155 liter composite cylinders (approximately 200kg, type 4 Faber cylinders), roof-mounted. Refuelling can be performed on both sides of the buses.

® Driving range: 500 km in one full filling

® Fuel consumption: 1.9 km/kg duringwinter or 1.6 km/kg during summer

® The bus is equipped with a systemthat detects and gives off signals incase of CNG leaks. To achieve this sensors are installed inthe cylinder vain (concave), engine vainand Webasto vain. An automated fire extinguisher (Piró) willrelease extinguishing dust to the engineautomatically if the engine temperatureincreases too much.

® Maintenance: A major regular checkup is carried out every 40,000 km, fol-lowed by a complete overhaul after400,000 km.

® Compressed capacity: 1,500Nm3/hour per compressor

® Number of dispensers/hoses: 2 dispensers with a total of 4 units ofNGV2 hoses

® The station serves ATAC’s busesonly (private station). It services 205-231 buses every night. With current facilities, (2 dispensers),the station can serve up to 300 buses Inlet gas pressure from the mainpipeline: 24 bar

® Outlet pressure: 240 bar (gas pressurein CNG cylinders of the buses: 220 bar)

® Average gas dispensed: 25,000Nm3/day.

® Filling time: 8-9 minutes per bus,filled around 08.00 pm to 03.30 am.

The CNG buses

® Bus type: “IVECO 491 CityclassCursor” CNG, 4-stroke 6 cylinders,7,790cc, 200 kW natural gas engine. Itcan carry 112 passengers (20 seating, 90 standing, and a special area for 1-2 disabled people).

August 2010 35

ryostar is organisingRENGE, the 1stInternational Conferenceon Recovered Energy

from Natural Gas Expansion, onNovember 23-25, 2010, at the Dollfus &Noack Hall, in Sausheim (France).Being the leader in radial inflow turbinetechnology for more than 35 years,Cryostar is now offering answer to therising demand for cleaner energy,through its Cryostar Clean EnergyBusiness Unit.

The business unit has developed solutions to produce CO2-free energyfrom various renewable sources such asgeothermal, solar, biomass, marineenergies, waste heat recovery and geo-pressure (natural gas comes out ofthe ground at a very high pressure). Geo-pressure is this force that movesthe gas through the pipelines of thegas transportation and distribution networks. Yet, at between 100-800bars, the pressure needs to be loweredbefore the gas can be used safelyfor domestic use (i.e. for cooking). To

lower it, the gas should go throughvalves and several “pressure reductionstations” at different stages of thenetwork. This process also creates aloss of gas. To recover the lost of gas,one can use a TurboExpander-Generatorsystem in pressure reduction stations.

A huge potential of CO2-free energygeneration exists and this is whatCryostar wishes to show during this con-ference through case studies, workshops and presentations from thedifferent stakeholders involved throughout the supply chain.

RENGE is the 1st event that bringstogether international experts fromall over the world to exchange theirknowledge and ideas about energyrecovery from natural gas expansion.Since the 1st climate change conferencein Geneva in 1979, the world isworking on reducing greenhouse effectgas emissions. Energy recovery frompressure let down can contribute toreducing these greenhouse effect gasemissions through recovering the energy

of the expansion process. With theworldwide natural gas consumptionamounting to 3,000 billion cubic metersin 2008 (BP statistical review of worldenergy), the potential to recovergigawatts of energy is colossal. Weinvite you to share your experience andknow-how with prominent players innatural gas industry.

Don’t miss the natural gas industry’snewest event! For more details, connectto: www.conference-renge.com or contact: renge@cryostar.com.

BusinessCentre

NGVI receives LNG tank certification and production licenseNatural Gas Vehicle(NGV) systems solutions provider, NGVI,last quarter completedthe Korea Gas Safety

Corporation (KGSC) certification process for production of cryogenic LNGtanks for vehicles. NGVI’s vehicle conversion subsidiary, NGVS,became only the third company in Korea toreceive the KGS AC416 license and isengaged in an on-going examination andtesting process of its pilot facilities and LNGtank products.

“NGVI’s KGS certification represents animportant step in Korea’s supply chain tosupport a domestic LNG vehicle industry,”said NGVI President Kevin Park. Korea has a keen interest in developing theLNG vehicle industry for HDVs. Korea’s firstLNG project was initiated in December 2004and was completed in May 2008. Thisextensive project involved multiple studies,technology and standards development,

demonstrations and construction of L-CNG stations. The current business modelunder the leadership of the national gas utility, KOGAS plans to construct 200-300 L-CNG stations.

Based on current OEM sales expectationsNGVI desires to construct a further LNG tankmanufacturing facility to increase optimalproduction output and is currently seeking investment for this purpose.

NGVI is currently carrying out a number ofperformance tests and is seeking approvalon a patent for unique anti-vibration technology for LNG tanks for vehicles.“Reduced Greenhouse emissions, compatibility with diesels engines, stablesupply and pricing, on top of improved refueling speeds and driving range are fac-tors compelling the LNG vehicle industry inKorea,” affirms Kevin Park. “LNG is fast becoming an increasingly important solution to Korea’s energy andenvironment insecurities.”

For more information, please contact: RyanFreer, Business Development Manager, NGVI- Natural Gas Vehicles International

Tel. +82-33-260-3456, mobile +82-10-5370-7074, fax +82-33-260-3459 ryanfreer@ngvi.co.kr, www.ngvi.co.kr “Committed to Clear and Blue Skies andEnergy Independence”

The 1st International Conference on Recovered Energyfrom Natural Gas Expansion

CountryNatural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

VRAMonthly gasconsumption

(M Nm3)Last update

Total Cars/LDVs MD/HDbuses

MD/HDtrucks Others Total Public Private Under

construction

August 201036

Asian NGV statisticsNGV statistics

Fuel Prices

Country

Armenia 0,67 0,63 0,61 0,32 0,29 0,33Australia 0,77 0,72 0,78 0,34 0,30 0,35Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18China 0,59 0,56 0,50 0,34 0,30 0,35Egypt 0,35 0,23 0,14 0,06 0,05 0,06India 0,64 0,48 0,27 0,24 0,28Indonesia 0,44 0,31 0,33 0,18 0,16 0,18Iran 0,12 0,08 0,01 0,03 0,02 0,03Japan 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58Korea 1,11 0,96 0,55 0,49 0,56Malaysia 0,40 0,35 0,34 0,15 0,13 0,15Pakistan 0,68 0,57 0,40 0,36 0,41Philippines 0,56 0,50 0,22 0,20 0,23Russia 0,57 0,48 0,41 0,19 0,17 0,19Singapore 0,94 0,67 0,70 0,63 0,72Thailand 0,77 0,72 0,67 0,14 0,13 0,14

PremiumGasoline(Euro/litre)

RegularGasoline(Euro/litre)

Diesel(Euro/litre)

CNG(Euro/Nm3)

CNG price equivalent perlitre gasoline

CNG price equivalent per

litre diesel

Pakistan 2.500.100 2.450.000 100 50.000 3.300 3.300 June 2010Iran 1.907.012 1.900.000 7.000 12 1.355 1.305 50 779 189,00 July 2010India 700.000 680.380 12.000 715 6.905 500 181 319 52,00 April 2009China 500.000 320.000 150.000 30.000 1.652 1.453 199 232 9 January 2010Bangladesh 200.000 168.412 3.233 8.355 20.000 500 500 13 91,55 January 2010Thailand 173.480 140.050 11.720 20.030 1.680 404 379 25 36 0 95,60 March 2010Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 63 63 8,83 September 2009Malaysia 42.631 42.105 466 14 46 144 142 2 10 July 2010Japan 38.861 14.940 1.489 20.952 1.480 342 292 50 614 March 2010Myanmar 22.821 4.527 18.290 4 37 37 October 2008Korea 25.744 1.470 23.475 798 1 157 157 5 13 81,68 March 2010Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 December 2007Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 December 2007Singapore 4.578 4.533 30 15 5 5 December 2009Indonesia 2.550 1.755 335 210 250 9 9 December 2009Australia 2.825 100 1.700 275 750 47 4 43 39 130 November 2009United Arab Emirates 350 350 0 0 2 1 1 16 1 May 2009New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 March 2007Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 February 2006Vietnam 1.002 1.000 2 12 11 1 December 2009Kazakhstan 10 10 September 2009Turkmenistan 1 1 November 2009Russia 100.020 57.000 8.000 35.000 20 249 202 47 12 27,71 December 2009Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 275 9 266 14 28,50 September 2009Turkey 3.339 1.850 1.489 14 8 6 35 0,40 April 2010Georgia 3.000 3.000 42 42 January 2008Greater Asia 6.393.584 5.925.234 249.251 136.006 83.093 9.196 8.171 1.025 1.121 837 580 July 2010World total 11.744.434 11.024.096 406.376 226.669 87.293 17.806 14.337 1.687 1.544 12.781 1.472 July 2010

Region Total NGVsCars

/LDVsMD/HDBuses

MD/HDTrucks

Othersfuellingstations

World review

Asia 6.185.873 5.793.413 229.931 81.380 81.149 8.616

Eurasia 207.711 131.821 19.320 54.626 1.944 580

Africa 129.183 126.490 1.222 726 745 132

Europe 1.094.719 885.044 130.843 77.777 1.055 2.910

America 4.011.771 3.988.291 13.820 9.660 0 4.648

North America 115.177 99.037 11.240 2.500 2.400 920

World total 11.744.434 11.024.096 406.376 226.669 87.293 17.806

Note: In this list, Asian countries include all the above-mentioned Greater Asian nations in the "NGV statistics" (table 1) except for the Eurasian countries which ispresented in a separate group in this table (Armenia, Georgia,Turkey, and Russia).

June 7 - 9, 2011Berlin, Germany

7.-9. Juni 2011

2nd NGVA Europe International Show & Workshops2. Internationaler NGVA Europe Kongress & Workshops

Natural Gas Vehicles - Biomethane - CNG - LNG - Hydrogen blendsErdgasfahrzeuge - Bio-Erdgas - CNG - LNG - Wasserstoff Mischungen

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