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VOLUME 35 NUMBER 112
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Analysis and Synthesis of Musical Transitions Using the Discrete Short-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John Strawn
A study of tone-to-tone transitions was reported in 1986 November. Here, selected uses of the Fourier transform generate r~synthesized transitions that are audibly indistinguishable from their originals.
Mathematical Noise Modeling and Analysis of Some Popular Preamplifier Circuit Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. F. Darling
Analyzing the nozse performance of several moving-coil phonograph preamplifiers suggests a preferred circuit.
ENGlNEERfNG REPORTS
Active RC Crossover Networks with Adjustable Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phillip A. Regalia, Nobuo Fujii, Sanj~t K Mitra, and Yrjo Neuvo
Two active, tunable crossovers exhibit bofh constant-amplitude and constant-power network responses.
A Combined Measurement Method for Both Dynamic Intermodulation and Static Nonlinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distortions Paul Skr~tek
A test signal composed of a filtered square wave and hzgh-frequency sinusoid discovers both static and dynamic nonlinearities. Its frequency spectrum and amplitude distribution resemble those of natural signals.
Linear-Phase Digital Audio Tone Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y. C. Lim 38 A relatively simple lznear-phase digital filter zs proposed to replace the analog tone control.
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 80(5), pp. 1551 -1 556, 1986 November) . . . . . . .
FEATURES
82nd AES Convention Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Exhibit Previews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Exhibitors . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5th AES International Conference: Music and Digital Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
DEPARTMENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review of Acoustical Patents 47 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . News of the Sections 78 Membership Information
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sound Track 84 Call for Papers-83rd AES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upcoming Meetings 86 Convention, New York, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . AES Conventions and Conferences 96
JOURNAL OF THE AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY AUDIO/ACOUST1CS/APPLlCATIONS
VOLUME 35 NUMBER 3 1987 MARCH
CONTENTS
PAPERS The Spectral Recording Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... Ray Dolby 99 Signal compression-expansion is inaudible i f the large-amplitude frequency components are modulated selectively without affecting component amplitudes in the remainder of the spectrum. Realizing this principle yields a superior method for acoiding distortion and noise in the recording or transmitting channel.
The Acoustics and Sound System for Hemispherical Film Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter H. Heringa, Ben H, M. Kok, and Yves Dekeyrel 119
In a space theater, visual and auditory images must appear to coincide. Systems designed to steer the audio image in range and position have been chosen for theaters in Paris and The Hague.
CD Direct Metal Mastering Technology: A Step Toward a More Efficient Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process for Compact Discs Horst Redlich and Giinter Joschko 130
Modifications of the direct metal technique for mastering phonograph records make it posszble to produce Compact Disc masters by a similar mechanical process.
Production of Spatially Limited "Diffuse" Sound Field in an Anechoic Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... lvar Veit and Harald Sander 138
The random sound field of a reverberation room rs szmulated zn an anechotc environment uslng an appropriate loudspeaker array and rndependent szgnals.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
More on "Impulse Measurement of Horn-Type Loudspeaker Drivers" . . . . . . . . . . . . Josef Merhaut 144 Comments on "Another Approach to Time-Delay Spectrometry" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Henrik Biering and Ole Z. Pedersen 145
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Author's Reply John Vanderkooy 146
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 81(l), pp. 200-202, 1987 January) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
FEATURES
5th AES International Conference: Music and Digital Technology-Preliminary Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Computers and Music: The State of the Art Christopher Yavelow 160
DEPARTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Review of Acoustical Patents 150 Available Literature 200
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . News of the Sections 194 Membership Information 201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upcoming Meetings 196 Call for Papers-83rd AES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sound Track 196 Convention, New York, 1987 206 . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . New Products and Developments 198 AES Conventions and Conferences 208
VOLUME 35 NUMBER 4
~
1987 APRIL
CONTENTS
PAPERS
A Boundary-Element Approach to Finite-Element Radiation Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earl Geddes, James Porter, and Y~fan Tang With a wise choice of radiation boundary, finite-element analysis of loudspeaker response becomes accurate and efficient.
A Hybrid Approach to the Variable-Speed Replay of Digital Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. S. Gaskell Digital audio is replayed at speeds from standstill to 20 times nornzal while low-speed in-band images and high-speed out-of-band components are eliminated.
Active Realization of Multiway All-Pass Crossover Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph A. D'Appolito Any N-way, sum-to-all-pass crossover can be realized as a branched cascade of N - 1 two-way, all- pass crossouers with phase-compensating networks.
A Century of Microphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. B. Bauer The technique, beginnzng In 1860, of using a diaphragm to convert sound waves to electricity is still i n flux in 1962.
MESSAGE TO MEMBERS
Richard C. Heyser (1931 -1 987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR The Proposed DAT Bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bart Locanthi 259
FEATURES I AES 2nd Regional Convention: Advanced Audio Technology for Better Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 An Early Auditory Training System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Samuel F. Lybarger 270
I DEPARTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Membership lnformation 286
. . . . . . . . . Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Audio Engineering Society Bylaws 290 Sound Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Call for Papers-83rd AES New Products and Developments . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Convention, New York, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 AES Conventions and Conferences ......... 296
PAPERS
..... Statistical Parameters of the Frequency Response Curves of Large Rooms M. R. Schroeder 299 For a large (irregular. auditorium, theory predicts room-response peaks averaging 10 dB in height and with average frequency separations proportional to the inverse of reverberation time.
Normal Frequency and Excitation Statistics in Rooms: Model Experiments with Electric Waves M. R. Schroeder 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Room response zs studied experimentally with a microwave analog. Randomness of response and excitation requires rooms with only small geometrzc irregularitzes or small perturbing structures.
Unified Compandor Measurements by Using a Channel Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paul Skritek 31 7 Compandor behavior is observed in a channel that is adjustable for bandwzdth, frequency response, phase response, frequency-dependent overload and dropouts, and levels of additive and modulation noise and interference.
Editing Time-Varying Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John Strawn 337 A large data load must be manipulated in examining and modifying the tone spectra of musical instruments. Shown here are some of the capabilities of a n edztor devised for short-time Fourier- transform data.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Is Reel-to-Reel Digital Standardization Really Necessary Any More? .......... Stephen F. Ternmer 353 Filibuster Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dan Dugan 354
CORRECTIONS
Correction to "Comments on 'Three-Level Tone Test Signal for Setting Audio Levels' " . . . . . . . . . . . 354
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 81 (3), pp. 800-803, 1987 March) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
FEATURES
82nd Convention Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibitors .... 374
Program ............................................................ 379 Updates and Additions to f 987 AES International Sections Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
DEPARTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Directory Update 359 Available Literature 406
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... News of the Sections 396 Membership Information 407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sound Track 399 In Memoriam 41 3
Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Call for Papers-83rd AES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstracts of Interest 401 Convention, New York, 1987 416
. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Products and Developments 402 AES Conventions and Conferences 41 8
VOLUME 35 NUMBER 9 1987 SEPTEMBER
I CONTENTS
I PAPERS
Problems with Shadowless Stereo Theory: Asymptotic Spectral Status Duane H. Cooper 629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loudspeaker reproduction of spectrally unmodified stereo microphone signals is audibly unsatisfactory for frequencies above a few hundred hertz. Satisfactory system development is suggested by comparing the findings of J . L. Bauck with other research,
Complex Simulation of Acoustical Sound Fields by the Delta Stereophony System (DSS) Wolfgang Ahnet? 643 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Separated loudspeakers fed with staggered-delay signats provide reinforced sound in several large installations.
COMMUNICATIONS
The U.K. System for Digital Stereo Sound with Terrestrial Television .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. R. f l y 653 A third carrier, phase-shifl keyed at 728 kilobits per second, accommodates two digital sound channels. Laboratory and broadcast tests prove the system ruggedness and compatibility.
I Multichannel Television Sound Broadcasting in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Randy Hoffner 660 Stereophonic audio and two additional subcarrier signals emerge from the system whose history and specifications are given here.
1 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Comments on "A Psychoacoustically Optimized Loudspeaker" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malcolm J. Hawksford and R~chard Bews 666
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Author's Reply Kenneth L. Kantor 667 Further Corrections on "Design of Optimized Loudspeaker Crossover Networks Using
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a Personal Computer" Peter L. Schuck 667
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 81 (5), pp. 1646-1 650, 1987 May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
MESSAGE TO MEMBERS
Special Election Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I FEATURES I 83rd AES Convention Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 1 Exhibit Previews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Exhibitors 718
DEPARTMENTS I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . News of the Sections 722 Membership Information 731 1 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 In Memoriam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Sound Track 728 Membership Application Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 AES Conventions and Conferences . . . . . . . . . 746
NUMBER 10 1987 OCTOBER
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthony Romano 749 Sound sources, sufficzent in number and suitably placed within a gsuen enclosure, can reproduce a specified sound field. The theory is developed for such reconstruction.
Soft Magnetic Materials for Audio Transformers: History, Production, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. A. V. Sowter 760
Almost every comesuable a u d ~ o system now depends on magnetzc zron. T h ~ s history summarizes sts development.
Heat-Transfer Mechanisms in Loudspeakers: Analysis, Measurement, and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clifford A Henricksen 778 Temperature rise in a hlgh-power louctspeaker is predrcted by analysis of the uozce cozl's thermal interaction with azr, magnet, and loudspeaker frame.
I ENGINEERING REPORTS
Electroacoustic System Realizations for the Linkwitz-Riley Crossover Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W Marshall Leach, Jr. 792
A n actzve crossover network must include the transfer functions of the h~gher frequency drzvers to produce a n overall Linkwitz-Riley response. A szmpler network gzves approxzmately szmrlar results.
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 82(1), pp. 394-399, 1987 July) . .
MESSAGE TO MEMBERS
AES Education Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 0
I FEATURES
2nd Regional Convention Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Review of Society's Sustaining Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Membership Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 In Memoriam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Sound Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Membership Application Form . . . . . . . . . . . 863
. . . . . . . New Products and Developments . . . . . . . . . . 856 AES Conventions and Conferences 866
VOLUME 36 NUMBER t12 1988 JANUARYIFEBRUARY
CONTENTS
PAPERS
A Technique for Displaying the Current and Voltage Output Capability of Amplifiers and Relating This to the Demands of Loudspeakers ........................................... Peter J. Baxandall 3 A test method reveals a power amplifier's sometimes idiosyncratic current-overload behavior, important when operating with a complex load. Test results are compared with those obtained using music signals and a loudspeaker.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
Noise-Dependent Sound Reproduction in a Car: Application of a Digital Audio Signal Processor ... W. J. W. Kitzen, J. W. Kemna, W. F. Druyvesteyn, C. L. C. M. Knibbeler, and A. T. A. M. van de Voort 18 Road noise and mechanical noise spoil the reproduction of speech and music in an automobile. Automatic compression and control of signal volume can counteract such interference unobtrusively.
Graceful Degradation of Digital Audio Transmission Systems .......... K. A. Schouhamer lmmink 27 Conventional digital systems fail catastrophically if the transmission bandwidth is reduced below a design threshold. A new coding method accommodates bandwidth reduction (or expansion) with corresponding adjustment in signal resolution.
COMMUNICATIONS
Forensic Audio and Video-Theory and Applications ................................... Tom Owen 34 Audio and video tapes entered as legal evidence are often examined for authenticity or processed to clarify their content. Analysis may identifi a tape's machine-origin and disclose whether or not it has been altered.
FEATURES
6th AES International Conference: Sound Reinforcement ........................................... 45 84th AES Convention Preview ........................................................................ 50
Exhibit Previews .................................................................................... 54 ........................................................................................... Exhibitors 93
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents ............... 42 Call for Papers-3rd Regional Convention, News of the Sections ........................ 95 Melbourne, 1988 ............................. 105 Upcoming Meetings ......................... 96 Call for Papers-85th Convention, Los Sound Track ................................ 96 Angeles, 1988 ................................ 1 07 Available Literature .......................... 98 Information for Authors of Convention Membership Information .................... 99 Papers ....................................... 109
AES Special Publications ................... 1 10 1 AES Conventions and Conferences ......... 112
- L -
VOLUME 36 NUMBER 3 1988 MARCH
VOLUME 36 NUMBER 4 1988 APRIL
AES JOURNAL OF THE AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY AUDIO/ACOUSTICS/APPLICATIONS
VOLUME 36 NUMBER 6 1988 JUNE
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Subwoofer Performance for Accurate Reproduction of Music Louis D. Fielder and Eric M. Benjamin 443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Records with audible content below 30 Hz are rare, but some Compact Discs require a response beginning at 10 to 12 Hz for falthful reproduction at 110- to 120-dB sound pressure leuel. A suitable subwoofer, with low cutoff in the 10-Hz range, must be reasonably free of harmonic distortion and noise, particularly above 2 kHz. Room gain partly eases loudspeaker requirements, though the room itself may respond wzth rattles and buzz. Currently available subwoofers in a test sample were not satisfactory.
1 Lineraly Swept ements. Time-Delav Saectrornetrv. and the Wianer Distribution 1 . . . , - Mark A. Poletti 457 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurements using linear sweep frequency inputs are defined in terms of the Wigner distribution. The usual tzme-delay spectrometry procedure zs incomplete; an additional operation yields a n improued transfer-function estimate while ignoring the limitation on sweeD rate. Energy-time and - - U"
energy-time-frequency measurements are reexamzned. I
I DEPARTMENTS I
I VOLUME 36 NUMBER 10 1988 OCTOBER
VOLUME 36 NUMBER 12 1988 DECEMBER
CONTENTS
President's Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stanley P. Ltpsh~tz 947
PAPERS
General Equivalent Electric Circuits for Acoustic Horns . . . . . . . . . . . J. Kergomard 948 Equivalent czrcuzts, composed of lumped elements, represent the acoustzc cnput zmpedazzces and transfer functions of tubes and horns. Results are applied to deszgn of a saxophone moz~thpzece.
Improvements in FMX Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Em11 L Tor~ck and Aldo G. Cugnrni 956 Lles~gn parameters are detaaled for thss FM broadcast system. A n additional contpanded sfereo- difference szgnal yzelds percecved nozse levels that are close to those of conventzonal monophonzc receptzon. Effectiue service area ES ~ncreased.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
High Frequency Phase Response Specifications-Useful or Misleading? . . . . . . . Deane Jensen 968 Constant group delay {or linear phase) zs crucial for waveform fidelity zn electron~c componenl's, and the deu~atzons from linear phase or constant delay {as functzons of frequer~cyi are clear assessments of quality. Pizase measurements at only one or t x o frequenctes convey no useful znformatzon
A Holographic Approach to Acoustic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. J Berkhout 977 Jn prznczple, an ebectroacoustzcully reconstructed sourtd field can be rndisttnguzshable fi-om the original. A practical systenz, based on hotographsc reconstructzon, generates a field wzth as snzall an error as deszred. The author finds it the ultimate method for sound reproduction or reenforcement.
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 84(3), pp. 1123-1 125, 1988 September) . . . 996
FEATURES
85th Convention Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New AES Officers 1988-1989 .... 1989 AES international Sections Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents 999 Membership Information 1060 News of the Sections . . . 1048 In Memoriam . . . 1061 Upcoming Meetings . 1050 Call for Papers-AES 4th Regional Sound Track . . 1051 Convention, Tokyo, 1989 . 1062 Abstracts of interest 1053 index to Volume 36 1064 New Products and Developments 1054 AES Special Publications 1070 Available Literature 1057 AES Conventions and Conferences 1072
I
AES JOURNAL OF THE
AUDIO ENGfNEERlNG SOCIETY AUDIO/ACOUSTICS/APPLICATIONS
VOLUME 37 NUMBER 112 CONTENTS 1989 JANUARY/FEBRUARY
PAPERS
Prospects for Transaural Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duane H. Cooper and Jerald L. Bauck 3 Conventional stereophonic reproductzon rs spozled by the left e a r i perceptLon of the right-hand loudspeaker and vice versa. Thrs wrong-destination crosstalk can be canceled by addmg appropriate inverse signals to the loudspeaker feeds, a correction examined often in the prior art. More nearly optimum synthesis and equalization, combined with a modified binaural recordmng procedure, markedly improve past results.
Equalization and Spatial Equalization of Dummy-Head Recordings for Loudspeaker Reproduction David Griesinger 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recordings made with dummy-head and Soundfield microphones are compared in both loudspeaker and headphone playback. Bqnalired dummy-head recordings are spatially more realistic than the Soundfield recordings but are sometimes less natural in reproducing individual voices.
Reproduction of Artificial-Head Recordings through Loudspeakers . . . . . . . . . . . Henr~k Mrrller 30 Dummy-head binaural signals are process~d to cancel the interaural crosstalk that ordinarily occurs when such signals are reproduced with loudspakers. With cancellation, loudspeaker reproduction proves generally more satisfactory than that achieved with headphones.
ENGINEERING REPORTS Processing Artificial-Head Recordings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. W. Gierlich and K Genuii 34 With appropriate signal processing, multiple sources can be mixed to syntheszze or enhance a dummy-bad recording. Shown here is the deszgn of a console for doing so.
Theory and Design of a Digital Audio Signal Processor for Home Use . . . . . . . David Griesinger 40 1 Software programming adapts t h u processor to work with configuraiiom of from tun h eight loudspeakers. Lateral signals are vital in the perception of concert-hall spaciousness. Their efirects can be simulated by the conventzonal stereo loudspeaker pazr using znteraural cancellation, or
! they can be produced more directZy with loudspeakers placed at the sides and rear.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Comments on "Environmental Effects on the Speed of Sound" . . . . . Thomas G. Bouliane 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Author's Reply Dennis A. Bahn 52
CORRECTIONS
Correction to "Compact Ribbon TweeterlMidrange Loudspeaker" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
STANDARDS
! Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA. Vol 84(5), pp. 1954- 1955, 1988 November), . . . . . . . . I
56
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPORTS
Report of the Meetings of the Technical Council and the Technical Committees on Acoustics and Sound Reinforcement, Signal Processing, Transducers, and Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I 58
FEATURES
AES 7th International Conference: Audio in Digital Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Technical Support Functions of the AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AES 86th Convention Preview 66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Previews 68 Exhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Membership Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 In Memoriam ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Sound Track 95 AES Special Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 .................................
AES Conventions and Conferences . . . . . . . . . 104
L
VOLUME 37 NUMBER 6 1989 JUNE CONTENTS
PAPERS
Transfer-Function Measurement with Maximum-Length Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Douglas D R~fe and John Vanderkooy 419
Drre~t measures of a systenl's zmpulse response forces corrlprorrLzs(' with ezther systenl o~srrload or noise contamrtzatrorz The same response 1s acyuzred rriore easslv u s~ng a pnrtzcular repetrtzue hirzary-szgnal input The method ss alternatzue to lzrne-delay spectrornetrv or to fast-Fourrer- transform rr~pasurrnze1zt5
. . . . A New Method for the Design of Crossover Filters . . . . . R M Aarts 445 Atz ar~u.stah1~ clrgrtal filter feeds each drzvrr of an expercme~ztnl loudspeaker Oplrrrzul charce (J/'
filter coef?cie/zts ertubLes thp loi~dspeaker to mzrnrc a gwen rcsporzse, real or zrnugrned Impersotiation.s of'severul corrtmcrrzal loudspeakers ure juclged usrng both Iister~rr~g frsls and corn parml~cw nzcasz~reme?zts
Application of Digital Filters to Loudspeaker Crossover Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhonda W~lson, Glyn Adams, and Jonathan Scott 455
WP r r ( ~ ~ ~ r o a ~ h audio systems timt "perforrrr all nrc(>ssary szgrla( processrrzg 111 the dzgztal donzazn" before conuerting to analog szgnals f ~ r fhe loudspeakers. Crossorier functzons and drluer equal~zatron t.ri~ght us well be incluci~d, urtd the nrethodology for doing s o rs e.xplored. L I \ ~ P ~ V I - S t ~ s f
I the a u d ~ h t l ~ t y of tuio off-axas crossover notches. I I
I
ENGINEERING REPORTS I
Topological Enhancements of Translinear Two-Quadrant Gain Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malcolm 0 J Hawksford and P G L M~lls 465
Thr arftlzors reuicw the shortcomings of hzpofar voltage-corzlrolled amplrfi~rx-zn partic nlur, th(.~r I
zncreased di.stortron at hsgh s ~ g r ~ a l atterzuutzon-antl suggr2st crrcuzts fhat n~fer rmprobenrerit Expcrrn~erital norsp and dzstortrorz measurements are z r z c l ~ ~ d ~ d
A Stereo 16-Bit Delta-Sigma AID Converter for Digital Audio . . . . . . . . . D R Welland, B P Del S~gnore E. J Swanson T Tanaka, K Hamashlta,
S . Hara, and K Takasuka 476 Theory of the delta-sigma n~odulator i a revre~oed arzd upplsed to deslgn of a tu o-chunncl, ouersan~plr~d, AID converter wrtlt a sanzpl~ng mte o/ 3 hIIlz Measured norse specfrr~ a ~ ~ c l S N ratzos are shown.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Comments on "The Implementation of Recursive Digital Filters of High-Fidelity Audio" . . . . . . . . . LOUIS R Eagle 486
Author's Reply . . . . Jon Dattorro 486
STANDARDS
Standard News from JASA (Reprrnt JASA, Vol. 85(5), pp. 2239-2240, 1989 May) . . 487
FEATURES
Jack Mullin: The Man and His Machines Peter Hammar 490 1 DEPARTMENTS
News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . 528 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sound Track . 520 Membership Information . . . . . . . 529
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 In Memoriam 531 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Products and Developments 526 AES Special Publications 534
AES Conventions and Conferences . . . . . . . 536
Electroacoustic-Analogous Circuit Models for Filled Enclosures ........... W. Marshall Leach, Jr. 586 A loudspeaker enclosure's acoustic impedance is altered by adding filling material. Circuit analogs are developed to represent the modified box compliance and the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of the filler.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
A Digital Approach to Time-Delay Spectrometry Richard Greiner, Jamsheed Wania, and Gerardo Noejovich 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TDS measurements are usually made with analog equipment. Here the same measurement is accomplzshed dzgztally, using an IBM-AT computer and appropriate hardware, and produces energy- time results as well.
FEATURES
An Afternoon with: John K. Hitliard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
I AES 7th International Conference Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 I
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
I DEPARTMENTS Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 Membership Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 632 In Memoriam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 Sound Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 AES Annual Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 New Products and Developments . . . . . . . . . . 640 AES Special Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
AES Conventions a
1 I
L
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 112 1990 JANUARYIFEBRUARY
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Authentication of Forensic Audio Recordings . . . . . . . . . . Bruce E. Koen~g 3 Taped "fingerprznts"-revealzng a partzcular recorder's head structure, transport ~dzosyncraszes, start and stop trans~ents, and speed defects-asszst zn ~dentzfyzng a tape as ezther or~gznal or a manzpulated copy The FBI uses these and other laboratory zdentzficat~ons Ln qualzfyzng recorded euzdence for presentation in court.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
Thermal Parameters and Power Ratings of Loudspeakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carlo Zuccatti 34 Voice-coil temperature rise depends on construction specifics of the loudspeaker motor; permissible temperature depends on wrre and insulatson quality. A typzcal loudspeaker zs analyzed, and formulas are gzven to determzne allowable peak and average power, based on a hypothetical muszc signal.
COMMUNICATIONS
Transaural Stereo and Near-Field Listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tomas Salava 40 From our current understanding of stereophonic loudspeaker reproductton and room equalzzatzon, it appears that a system uszng dummy-head recordings and near-field loudspeakers m g h t best satisfy the serzous lzstener.
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 87(l), pp. 455-456, 1990 January) . . . . . . . . . . 42 Draft AES Recommended Practice for Digital Audio Engineering-Serial Multichannel Audio Digital Interface (MADI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (insert) Draft AES Recommended Practice for Digital Audio Engineering-Synchronization of Digital Audio Equipment in Studio Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f~nsert)
FEATURES
AES f imeline: The 80s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephanie Paynes 49 AES 88th Convention Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exhibit Previews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Sound Track 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 New Products and Developments . . . . . . . 85 News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Membership Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 3 CONTENTS 1990 MARCH PAPERS
Localization of Sound in a Room with Reflecting Walls . . . . W M Wagenaars 99 Subjects are tested for abzlzty to drscrzmznate drstance and dsrectzon of loudspeaker sources zn a conventtonal, reflectzue lzvztzg room Nozse, narrow pulses, pulsed sznusozds, and muszc are the tesf signals Dzscrimrlzatzon zncreases wzth scgnal bandwzdth.
Analysis and Synthesis of Tones by Spectral interpolation Mane-Helene Serra, Dean Rublne, and Roger Dannenberg 11 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A varzable instrumental tone zs dzgstally reproduced by interpolatrng among fzme-s~qrcentzal samples of zts spectrum. The reproductzon proves perceptually rndzstangu~shable from the orlginal even when the acquzred spectral samples are relat~uely infrequetzt. A n elaboratzon of the method splrces the sustazned tone wrth a chosen attack. Results are compared wstiz those of earl~er technsques.
A Method of Artificial Reverberation Quality Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Andrzej Czyzewsk~ 129 Subjective accepiance of early reuerberatzon depends on both the delay time and the muszc characterzstics. The author supposes that reverberatson gualzty nzzght peak at a part~cular value of the cross-correlation of reverberator znput and outpz~t szgnals. Experiments prove the supposltzon.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
A Generalized Active Equalizer for Closed-Box Loudspeaker Systems W. Marshall Leach, Jr 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Provzded zts resonance frequency and qualrty factor are Iznou~n, any closed-box loudspeaker can be equalzz~d to extend zts low-frequency resporzse as part of a Butzerworth fourth-order alzgr~ment. Shown here is the equalrzer deszgn for doing so The method helps to protect the loudspeaker from ~nfrasonzc overload and can be modified for other responses of hzgher o r d ~ r .
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Comments on "A Model of Loudspeaker Driver Impedance Incorporating Eddy Currents in the Pole Structure" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edward F. McClain, Jr. 147 Author's Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John Vanderkooy 147
Comments on "Impulse Measurement of Acoustic Impedance" . . . . . . . . . Ke~th Holland, Frank Fahy, and P h ~ l ~ p Newell 148
Comments on "The Implementation of Recursive Digital Filters for High-Fidelity Audio" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . Paul E. Neyrlnck 149 Author's Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jon Dattorro 150
Comments on "The lmplementation of Recursive Digital Filters for High-Fidelity Audio" Jon Dattorro 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CORRECTIONS
Correction to "An Introduction to Band-Pass Loudspeaker Systems" . . . . . . . . Earl R Geddes 152
FEATURES
AES 8th International Conference: The Sound of Audio-Preliminary Program.. ................ 156 Fiber Optics-The New Medium for Audio: A Tutorial
Ronald G. Ajem~an and Albert B. Grundy 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . 153 New Products and Developments . . . . . . . . 189 News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Available Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 In Memoriam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 AES Special Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Sound Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 AES Conventions and Conferences . . . . . 200
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 4 1990 APRIL
CONTENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION Ned A. Shaw 203
PAPERS
Measurement and Estimation of Large Loudspeaker Array Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mark R Gander and John M. Eargle 204 Measurements of srnall arrays are useful En specifizng large arrays, prouzded low-frequency mutual coupling and large-array drstance attenuation are accounted for.
An Array Filtering Implementation of a Constant-Beam-Width Acoustic Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jefferson A. Warrell and Elmer L. Hixson 221 Controlling the spaczng and frequency response of each elemerzt in an array produces a main lobe of nearly co~zstant dzrectivrty over a wide band.
Near-Field and Far-Field Performance of Large Woofer Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. L. Augspurger 231 Alternatiues to the conventional, nondirectzonal woofer are examzned by computer szmulatzon. The near-field stark, tapered endfire array, and cardzozd array are practical examples.
Multiple-Beam, Electronically Steered Line-Source Arrays for Sound-Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications David G. Meyer 237
A n array of horizontal line sources, functionally and esthetically superior to a central cluster, is especially suztable for long, narrow, reverberant envzronments.
Prediction of the Full-Space Directivity Characteristics of Loudspeaker Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenneth D. Jacob and Thomas K. Birkle 250
Fiue methods for calculatzng array response are compared, includrng the detazled responses of individual elements as opposed to assuming element simplzcity. A hybrid technique appears to be generally suitable.
Large Arrays: Measured Free-Field Polar Patterns Compared to a Theoretical Model of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a Curved Surface Source John Meyer and Felic~ty Seldel 260
The authors propose a definition of loudspeaker arrayability, dependzng upon whether or not given loudspeaker configurations yield polar irregularities smaller than 6 dB. Measurements illustrate the concept.
Comparative Performance of Three Types of Directional Devices Used as Concert-Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loudspeaker Array Elements Paul F. Fidlin and David E. Carlson 271
Experimental response patterns are measured for arrays formed of constant-directivzty, radial, and collapsing-polar horns. Constant-directzuzty elements are conszstentl,y superior.
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . 296 New Products and Developments . . . . . . . . . 31 4 News of the Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Sound Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 In Memoriam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Upcoming Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 0 AES Special Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
AES Conventions and Conferences . . . . . . . 328
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 6
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Increasing Coverage of International Shortwave Broadcast through Improved ............................................................... Audio Processing Techniques ............... .. Robert Orban 41 9
Several audio processing methods combine to tailor the modulating signal and increase the average modulation, avoid transmifter distortion, enhance intelligibility, and compensate shortcomings of rhe usual recezvec
Stereo Reproduction with Good Localization over a Wide Listening Area ........................................................................ Shrgeakr Aoki, Hiroyukr M~yata, and Kryoshr Sugiyama 433 Each chanrzel of this stereophonic system uses three loudspeakers, separately driven by direct. de- layed, and inverted channel signals. Improved iocalization is demonstrated in a sinzulated telecoiz- ferencing environment.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
An IC Chip Set for 20-Bit A:D Conversion ......................................................... R o b W. Adams 440 A technique for analog-ro-digital conversion based on noise shapitzg and dzgital decimation is real- ized in integrated circuits and achieves a dynamic range greater than 108 dB. Limiting noise sources are e,uanzined.
Measuring AES-EBU Digital Audio Interfaces .................................................. c h a r d C. Cabot 459 Much equipment is not designed to AES-EBU specification. Ei en when it is, troubles arise from in- terference and signal distortion in multiple or mismatched interconnecting cables. Testing methods reveal the pmhlem details.
................................. Dependence of Microphone Pop Data on Loudspeaker Properties E. Werner 469 Several loudspeaker pop generators are developed to test microphone response to art$zcial plosives; recommended loudspeaker excitations are given. Measured pop ranklngs ofthe e,uperimental micro- phones are consistenr with subjecti~e results.
I
FEATURES
....................... ................................................................................................. 8th Conference Program ... 479 ......................................................................... 8th Conference Report ............................................. .... 482
............................................................................................... 20th Anniversary-European Conventions. 488
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents ........................... 477 Available Literat News of the Sections ..................................... 494 Call for Paper Sound Track ..................................................... ,499 AES Special Publi New Products and Developments. .................. 503 AES Conventions
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VOLUME 38 NUMBER 7/8
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Theory and Real-Time Implementation of Time-Varying Digital Audio Filters .................................................................. J. N. Mourjopoulos, E. D. Kyriakis-Bitzaros, and C. E. Goutis 523
In-transit signals are corrupted during adjustment of a digital filter's gain or passband. The signal itself, the filter parameters, and parameter rates of change agect the audibility of such disturbances. Optimal conditions for inaudibility are proposed and tested in a microprocessor simulation.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
The Effects of Sampling Clock Jitter on Nyquist Sampling Analog-to-Digital Converters, and on Oversampling Delta-Slgrna ADCs ........................................................................... Steven Harris 537 Theory, computer simulation, and experimentally jittered clocks show no difference between Nyquut- sampling and oversampling converfer sensitivity to jitte?: Peak white-noise jitter must be less than 0.4 nanosecond for a dynamic-range degradation less than 0.5 dB.
An Improved Stereo Microphone Array Using Boundary Technology: Theoretical Aspects ..................................................................................................... Bruce Bartlett and Michael Billingsley 543
Two omnidirectional microphone capsules, mounted in the angled planes of a haflle, provide a stereophonic microphone that avoids disadvantages of customary arrangements.
Practical Field Recording Applications: An lrnproved Stereo Microphone Array Using Boundary Technology ........................................................... Michael Billingsley and Bruce Bartlett 553 The authors summarize several years of experience in recording with a non-tradit~onal microphone, solving dificulties "often impossible to correct" otherwise.
On the Electroacouslic-Analogous Circu~t for a Plane Wave lnc~dent on the D~aphragrn of ....................................................................... a Free-Field Pressure Microphone W. Marshall Leach, Jr.
Aiz improved circuit model$>r a pr-e~sure microphone accounts for reflections at the dzaphragm and reveals the characteristic rise in microphone response at high frequency.
FEATURES 1 ................................................................................................................................ 89th Convention Preview 572
............................................................................................................................................ Exhibit Previews 576 An Afternoon With John G. Frayne .............................................................................................................. 597
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acousticaf Patents ........................... 569 Membership Information .................................. 609 News of the Sections ........................................ 600 AES Special Publications ................................. 614 Sound Track ..................................................... 606 AES Conventions and Conferences ................ 61 6 Available Literature ........................................... 608
.- - --
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 9 1990 SEPTEMBER
CONTENTS
PAPERS
The PA-422 Communications Interface and Device Control Language.. .............Robert L. Rodgers 619
Optimal use ofprofessionul, compaier-controlled equlpnzenf (e.g,, equai i im, gain conirols) is hanr- pered by luck ofan able andflexible communiriclions interface. Hardware. c80ding. aizd language fol- a suitable remedy are detailed here, based on EIA RS-422 specificaations.
............... The Ear as a Mechanism of Communication ............................................Edith L.R. Corliss 640 The ear-> hundN$dth, dynamic range, and signui-to-noise mtw limit ratisfactory reoignition of speech in much the same way us other communication sysnnis limit reliable informanon ti-ansfera Speech recog~ition data assist in the diagnosis of hearing impairments.
A Phase-Linear Audio Equalizer: Design and Implementation ...............................................................Juan A. Henriquez, Terry E. R~emer. and Russell E. Trahan, Jr. 653
An e/ei*en-bund di,oita[ equalizer peimits gain adjustment o f each band without aficting others and i~ phase linear for- any gain ronzbinat~on Desigs techniques used in the development are usefulfor other systems.
Investigation of the Nonrigid Behavior of a Loudspeaker Diaphragm Using Modal Analysis ...........................................................................Crstopher J. Struck 667 ....................................................
Physical distortion q f a loudspeaker diaphragm uppears or vibrutionfieirrquenoeses above the pirtnn range. A loudspeakeri modai anohtit is rornpared widi erperimentul rrsultr obtained with a 1ase~- v e l o c i ~ rransducec
STANDARDS ............................. Standards News from JASA (Reprint, JASA, Vol. 87(5), pp. 2264-2265, 1990 May) 679
Draft AES Recommended Standard for Sound-Reinforcement Systems-Communications ................................................................................................................................... Interface (PA-422) (insefl)
Draft AES Standard ................................................................................................................................ Method for Digital Audio Engineering-Measurement of Digital ~ b d i o Equipment ......-.. (~nsed)
FEATURES
Digital Audio Interface .........................~............................................................................Mel Lambert 681
DEPARTMENTS
.................... Review of Acoustical Patents ......................... 676 New Products and Developments 708 .......................................... ....................................................... Forum ..680 Available Literature ,713 ................................. News of the Sections ........................................ 698 Membership Information ..715
....................................................... ...................................................... Sound Track 704 In Memoriam 71 8 Upcoming Meetings .......................................... 706 AES Annual Report ........................................... 71 9
I I
- - -
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 10 1990 OCTOBER I I
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Effectwe Performance of Bessel Arrays ........................................................... D (Don) B. Keele, Jr. 723 A linear (or square 1 array of loudspeakers, dr wen unequallj, can pr-oduce a dr~ ec trorzal 1-esporrse identical with that of a szngle element. Cornput-cd wrth the chaructet zstlc s of a con~entrcinal arruy, Bessel array efficiency, phase I-e\ponse. and bundwidth p f - o ~ ~ e une,tpectecily different.
An Empirical Model for Loudspeaker Motor Impedance .................................................... J. R. Wright 749 Four rneasur-ed parameters dejine an accurate specrfication ofSreqrrcncy-dependent voice-c oil impedance. Total loudspeaker impedance can then be modeled mor-e precisely to uford a better match with other system components.
Acoust~cal Des~gn of Worship Spaces ..................................................................... Peter D'Anton~o 755 Churches are one example of spaces in which ahsol;ntzon alone is an inadequate tool for acoustzc control; proper dzfu~iorz of reflections 1s u l ~ o r-equired The author shows exanzples of these and oth- er envilntz~nents needing such a corrzbrnation of techntqucs
1 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Comments on "Chaos, Oversampling, and Noise-Shaping in Digital-to-Analog Conversion" ....... Bob Adams 766 ............................................................................................................. Author's Reply M 0. J. Hawksford 767
More on "lmpulse Measurement of Acoustic Impedance" ................................................ s f Merhaut 769
FEATURES
...................................................................................................... An Afternoon with Harry L. Bryant 773 Review of Society's Sustaining Members ......................................................................................... 776
1 DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents ........................ 770 New Products and Developments. ................ 802 News of the Sections ............................... 794 New Members .......................................... 81 0
............................... ............................................. Sound Track 797 Available Literature. 811 Upcoming Meetings ................................... 800 AES Special Publications ......................... .814
I
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 11 1990 NOVEMBER
CONTENTS
Uses and Abuses of the Energy-Time Curve .................. .John Vanderkooy and Stanley P. L~pshrtz The ertcr-gy-tlnrc ocrsc (ETC) ~ L ' J I I L ~ S 11e~thrr P I I C F ~ ~ nor. ('tp/r( ~t time, r t s pr-a( trctrl lnterp~~tation thcl-Cf0l.e WqUir<>A l ~ l l l l ~ ~ ~ / (NIX' kT(' ll[)/?cUI e Can hr ~ ~ ~ ] ? ~ O ~ ' C ~ - ~ O ~ ~ C ~ I M P C /u/JP/\L--M hetl the dutu uru vignetred by a spec ttal w l n d o ~ ,
On the Correlation between the Subjective Evaluation of Sound and the Objective Evaluation of Acoustic Parameters for a Selected Source .................................................. Anna Furmann, Edward Hojan, Marek N~ew~arowicz, and Piotr Perz
Ar? e,~perinrmf conz/~urcs meu.\ur-cd and ~u/?j~t.tr\'e c~i~aluut~o/zs of sm rr')9nun~ic ~ ~ o o f c l J Con\i.sfeirc y und effc~c ~ ~ ~ J C ~ I P J J o j ihe r,~l)~~r-in~entul (.I tterru (11.e tr.\tecl, rvzclutlin,g the ( on\rstenq of'the ju~lgev Sub- /ec.tzve r-csultr relilt(> to thr mea.ru,z.d ~trltinl u11c1 tern~rnal trcrtrcrrir[,r /ollo~zl~rzg u toiw I)IAI.s~.
Oversampling Filter Design in Noise-Shaping Digital-to-Analog Conversion .................................................................................................... M.O.J. Hawksford and W. W~ngerter 845
0v1.r-san~l?/rtzgfiltera. M ith unti w,ithout inilmced imperfc~ctiot7\, 01 e c.on~purrcl by (onzpm~er- simulattor~. They ai*c7 I ? I ' L ~ C ~ C - L I I +tqhcrz ~?ur-t~trorzed fo ihrw or- MI- (.oscuded stugcs m i l urc c/al)(ihlc oflut-ge I!\.- nnrnlc rrrrlge. Domirzurll .\y.\tcr?l norsr iwlwlly ilcr-~\~rs fiorn the (~niper.f~c t ) DAC itsell.
ENGINEERING REPORTS
How Can the Headroom of Digital Records Be Used Optimally? ........................................ ............................... . .Manfred Krause and Holger Petersen 857
Samp/e~ / ( on~pnr t rlisr 5 I ~\lcrrl signal hrailt-oom tl~clt l~iis not heel7 rt~\'trdcd, pr.csnnltrhly f i ~ r f em- of digital c liplx~lg. Sojt ( llp/xng .rcfe/> e.tplo~tl- se~w.lrl d r ~ ihrla o/ unrr~cil level by rn~lttdihly c.onzpr-c.\.\- rtig occ~u,rrorzaf sigtzul /leaks.
STANDARDS
Standards News from JASA (Reprint JASA , Vol. 88(3), pp. 1661-1664, 1990 September) ............. 864
FEATURES
AES Convention Wrap-up: Los Angeles .......... .............................................................. 882 Program ................................................................................................................................ 868
The New Officers 1990-1991 ................................................................................................ 899
DEPARTMENTS
................... Forum .............................................................. 867 New Products and Developments 908 ........................................... News of the Sections ...................................... 902 Available Literature 91 7
Sound Track ............................................ 905 AES Special Publications ............................... 91 8
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 12 1990 DECEMBER
CONTENTS
President's Message ............................................................................................ .... ....... Marshall Buck 923
PAPERS
Oversampled Analog-to-Digital Conversion for Digital Audio Systems Timothy F. Darling and Malcolm 0. J. Hawksford 924 ................................................................................
Systems using coni+eizrioizal Nyquist-san~pledpulse-code nzod~~lation resist zu~proi~en?e~?t beyond 16- hit resolution becuz*se of defects in prizcticat hardware. The usrda/ shortcomings are e12aded H ith otlersanlplcng a id noise shaping in u clelta-slgnza nzodulation e12~ ode!:
Dynamic Measurement and Interpretation of the Nonlinear Parameters of Electrodynamic Loudspeakers .............................................................................................................. Wolfgang Klippel 944 Loudspeaker motor and box parurnrtet A , b>ar zuhle with diaph~-agtn displacenze~zt, are u~easureed dy- namically to rank their- r.eJati~ e contributions to harmonic and ~nteimodulatton distortion. Disfortion nzcasur-enzents con f i j .~ the cafculatlons.
Evaluation of a Method for Separating Digitized Duet Signals ............................ Robert C. Maher 956 TN30 sirnultanenus muical voices are sepal,ated aurnmaticall~ ~ . i f h a method usitlg t i m e - m ~ i n g analyses o f their spectra. E.xperin7ents u,ith real and art@cial signals idetztih those signal details that Iimir the method's sctbjecti~ e sut cess
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Comments on "Comments on 'A Digital Approach to Time-Delay Spectrometry"' ....... M. A. Poiett! 980 Author's Reply. ................................................................... .. ......... .Robert Bristow-Johnson 980
FEATURES
AES 9th International Conference: Television Sound Today and Tomorrow- Preliminary Program .......................................................................................................................... 986 Index to Volume 38 .................................................................................................................................. 997 91 st Call for Papers .................................-..r....................s....................................................................... 1020 Call for Nominations ............................................................................................................................... 1023
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents ........................... 981 New Products and Developments ....... .... ... 101 5 News of the Sections ................................... -1 005 Available Literature ...................................... 0 2 5 Sound Track ....................................... .I01 0 AES Special Publications ................... .I 028
VOLUME 39 NUMBER 3 1991 MARCH
CONTENTS
PAPERS
Audio Engineering and Psychoacoustics: Matching Signats to the Finat Receiver, the Human Auditory System. ................................................................ Eberhard Zwicker and U. Tilmann Zwicker 11 5 Perceived characteristics of sound are not amplittide, frequency, and time interval-for insrance- but loudness, pitch, and silbjeiti1.e d~lration. All perceived sonic inforrncrtion i~ contained zn a de- scriptrun whose dlrrzerzsiorzs are specific Inudrzess, critrcal-band rate, and tirne. The consequences are important for datci-red~~ing systern~
Equalization of Loudspeaker Drive Units Considering Both On- and Off-Axis Responses .... Rhonda W~lson 127 Woofer a~zd tbveeter imprilre n'nta precede the filter design for loudssi7eaker equaliratiorz rlaaf corrects on- urzri of-akic resporzsec. sirnrtlt~zneo~~sly. E;uperimentcrl and sinzctluted res~ilts are ~hobvn for one loudrpeaker:
ENGINEERING REPORTS
On the Advantages of Nested Feedback Loops ......................... Jonathan Scott and Graeme Spears 140 Discussion ................................ .... ........................................................... Edward M. Cherry f 45 Response ................................................................................... Jonathan Scott: and Graeme Spears 146 Chozce bet\t*eeiz m~tliiple feedback pnt?zs and c~ single ovemll feedback loop znvolves diferences tn alnplifier behat ior that may escape the designer 5 ntteiltiorz. T/ze a~ttlzors reenrrrriinr one of E.M. Chert? 'r corzclr~riorls.
Harmonic and lntermodulation Performance of Two-Quadrant Bipolar-Transistor Gain Cells ......................................... ............................................. Muhammad Taher Abuelma'attr 148 Distortion coinporzents o f a ~n~iltisirzcrsoidaI slgizal are fourzd for n basic anzpl@erproposed by HowkSfOrd and Mills. 4 nvo-fiqiiencq exirrnple illi~strates the rheoq.
STANDARDS AND INFORMATION DOCUMENTS
AES Recommended Practice for Digital Audio Engineering-Synchronization of Digital Audio Equipment in Studio Operations ............................................................................................. 155
Standards News from JASA (Reprint JASA, Vol. 89(lf, pp. 479-483, f 997 January) .................... 163 News of the Technical Committees .................................................................................................. 168 News of the Standards Committee .............................................................................................. 169
FEATURES
1991 AES International Sections Directory ................................................................................ 175
91 st Convention, Calf for Papers ................................................................................................... 203 5th Regional Convention, Tokyo, Call for Papers ............................................................... 205 3rd Regional Convention, Melbourne, Call for Papers .............................................................. 207
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 New Products and Developments ................ 193 News of the Sections .................................. 182 Available Literature .................... ........ ............ 198
........................................... Sound Track 191 In Memoriam .................................................. 199 Upcoming Meetings ......................................... 192 AES Special Publications ............................... 21 2
VOLUME 39 NUMBER 10 1991 OCTOBER CONTENTS
PAPERS
Efficient Filter Design for Loudspeaker Equatization ................................................. Richard Greenfield and Malcolm Omar Hawksford 739
Uigrtulfiltcrs offel- tile y?porttrnitv fo znlplnl,e u k~udspeak~r'\ arnl7litlrcle and phixse respumes s/nlulfuneouslj T h l ~ paper- r.nn~par-es FIR anti IIR strut t ~ r t ~ s for doing SO, olltllne~ a ~atiorza/efo~- fitrer design, ui7d iilrntiJie~ otller applicutio~~s for the techniq~te
Measurement of Panel Reflection Using Acoustical Scale Modeling Techniques. . .Jose C. Ortega 752 Modeling re17eaIs thc I eflecrl1.e dlsferences anlong plane, clrt?,ed, und segnlentcd aco~tstlt panelr Fat +r.rdehulzd zxn/foi unit?, pc~irel cfiiner~~rona must exceed tlze largest ~ ~ o r - k r ~ ~ g ~~cz~eletigik Edge dr@~-c~ctioin, irzcl? s p m z / the pelf07 nzarzce.
On the Naturalness of Two-Channnel Stereo Sound .......................................... Gdnther The& 761 Fol il.r,o-charzrlel stewopl7orzrc reprochrt tiori. the projected image I S . at best, u two-dmicr7sintzal rmage (of tin-ee-dimer7sror1irl solrnd spuc r ) in the plane that zi~cludes the 1ourlspeuLer.r Tlzis ne\~erthclers nut~~rn1 rerzrlt 1s ro~weniently uc hleved ~ ' i t h the olitprrts ( f a sptzcre niro-ophone, alngnlerztecl hv i le/u>~d and processed spot-m~t-ophorze signals.
I ENGINEERING REPORTS
Making Recordings for Simulation Tests in the Archimedes Project ....................... .. .............................................................................. V11ly Hansen and Gert Munch 768 Arc hir77eclr.s U L ~ ~ I . \ to 171earui e the s~ihfectr t'e ej fect~ (flist~nir7g I oorn uc oustir~ unif iolrclsyruker d11.p~ ti\ i t~es Coizt~wlled c~lici i t~~entr need ca1.eJ1111y defined urld 1 epeutcrhle pr.og~ unz nrurerial. S h o ~ l n /lei-e or-e the p1-ogr-un7 cpec'ific atlairs urzil wro~zirng pi-oc rd~rt es
The Operational Voltage-Controlled Element: Generalizing the VCA .......................... Douglas Frey 775 A ver-satile morwlititir cle511.e pef;io~-n?s us a ~oltage-controMed an7plifiel; a ~*oltagc.-c onfrolled pote1ztzorizetc1, 01 C I I I operat~~rlal urnplljlej I I I c.zi-c lit col~fi,qllsatzonc tlzat i-equrr-e c~!her.tzvse seporate c~y~rriwlerzt~. Applrcufro~z'i are s~rggested, ~ ~ t h ilssesbment of rzolie anil dirtortion behuvror:
................................................ I Corrections to "Combinatorial Music Theory" .Andrew Duncan 784
STANDARDS AND INFORMATION DOCUMENTS
AES Standards Committee News ................................................................................................ 785
FEATURES
Review of Society's Sustaining Members .............................................................................. 790
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Acoustical Patents ........................ 786 Available Literature ........................................ 823 News of the Sections .................................... 810 Membership information ................................ 825 Upcoming Meetings ...................................... ,816 In Memoriam ................................................ 827 Sound Track ...................................... 81 7 AES Special Publications ................................ 829 New Products and Developments .................. 820 AES Conventions and Conferences ............... 832
