CONTENTS

VOLUME 23, No. 4 OCTOBER - DECEMBER, 2012

News 2 IMC Meeting Held Institutional Bio-safety Committee

MeetingResearch Highlights 2-6 Screening Thermotolerance in

Greengram Infestation of C. cajani in Early Pigeonpea Identification of Photo-thermo

Insensitive Wild Accessions of Vigna Enhancing Physiological Efficiency

in Pigeonpea DAC-ELISA for Detection of Cry1Ac

-endotoxin in Transgenic Pigeonpea Suitability of Crop W astes and

Organic Substrates for Multiplicationof T. Harzianum

Development of Diagnostic Markerin Urdbean

Manually Operated No-Till Drill Low Cost Traps for Management of

Whitefly in Mungbean and Urdbean Secondary Infestation of Khapra

Beetle in Stored Pulses Behaviour of Adult M. Pustulata and

Indication of Aggregation Pheromone Post-emergence Herbicide for

Kharif and Summer Pulses Online Database and Information

Retrieval System for AICRP on MULLaRP Integrated Management of Fungal

Foliar Diseases of MungbeanPersonnel 6i zkS| ksfxdh gLrkraj .k 7 ekWMy i zf' k{k.k dksl Z dk vk; kst u d"̀kdksa ds fy, i zf' k{k.k dk; ZØeksa dk vk; kst u vkbZ-vkbZ-i h-vkj - LVkWy dks i zFke i qjLdkjDirector’s Desk 8

Group Meet on Mungbean and Urdbean forSpring, Summer and Rice Fallow CultivationThe Annual Group Meet of AICRP

on MULLaRP was held at ARS, Lamon October 18-19, 2012. About 30delegates from SAUs and cooperatingcentres participated in the Group Meet.Dr. Y. Koteshwara Rao,Principal Scientist andI/C Pulses, RARS, Lamwelcomed the augustgathering and providedinformation onpotentialities of rice fallowcultivation in AndhraPradesh, particularly theKrishna District whichrecorded the highestproductivity under suchsystem. Dr. Sanjeev Gupta, ProjectCoordinator, MULLaRP presented thePC report and informed that it is the Ist

group meet for rice fallow cultivation andelaborated the importance of rice fallowareas in increasing pulse production ofthe country. He stressed upon use ofextra early genotypes of mungbean innational crossing programme,exploratory trials in rice fallow areasand practicing resource conservationtechnology.

Dr. N. Nadarajan, Director IIPRapplauded the newly launched effortsfor improvement of rice fallow pulses.He stressed upon broadening thegenetic base of mungbean and urdbeanthrough distant hybridization and aliengene introgression, utilization of wildspecies and distant relatives;development of genomic tools for Vignaimprovement, linkage map and suitable

plant types for rice fallows; resistanceto biotic and biotic stresses as welldevelopment of short duration cultivarswhich could escape terminal heatstress. This was followed by a special

lecture by Dr. R. Satyanarayana whoexplained the history of developmentof varieties such as LBG 17, LBG 402,LBG 648 and LBG 645. He alsoemphasised upon plant type conceptin mungbean and urdbean andstressed the need to work upon yellowmosaic disease.

In his remarks, the chief guest ofthe session, Dr. A. Raghvaiah, Director,RARS Lam informed that in AndhraPradesh, during rabi season, 40 lakhha area is under pulses cultivation outof which 45% area is under mungbeanand urdbean. He emphasized upon theneed of developing new cultivarssuitable for special niches such as ricefallows and development of shortduration genotypes. Later, the resultsof previous crop season were discussedand technical programmes for the nextcrop season were finalized.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEEDr. N. Nadarajan ChairmanDr. P.S. Basu MemberDr. M.S. Venkatesh MemberDr. Jitendra Kumar MemberDr. Naimuddin MemberMr. D. Upadhyaya Member

Secretary

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2 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

IMC Meeting HeldThe meeting of the Institute

Management Committee was held onOctober 31, 2012 under thechairmanship of Dr. N. Nadarajan,Director. The meetingwas attended by Dr.B.B. Singh, AssistantDirector General(O&P), ICAR, Mr. L.S.Katiyar, Joint Director(Pulses), Directorateof Pulses, Lucknow,Dr. Bhagwan Singh,Director of Research,NDUA&T, Faizabad,Dr. Jyoti Kaul,Principal Scientist, DMR, New Delhi,Dr. Jitendra Kumar, Principal Scientist,IARI, New Delhi, Dr. A.K. Patra,Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi andDr. V.V. Ramamoorthi, PrincipalScientist, IARI, New Delhi, along withProject Coordinators (Chickpea andMULLaRP), Heads of Divisions,Administrative Officer and Finance &Accounts Officer.

At the outset, Dr. N. Nadarajan,Chairman extended a warm welcometo al l the members and otherparticipants. Dr. Nadarajan briefed the

house about the progress made inresearch and various developmentalactivities since the last meeting. All theHeads of Div isions and ProjectCoordinators presented highlights ofresearch achievements made duringthe period. The Committee revieweddifferent research and developmentalactivities and applauded the overallprogress made by the Institute.

Institutional Bio-safetyCommittee Meeting Held

The newly constituted InstitutionalBio-safety Committee (IBSC) meetingwas held on December 10, 2012 at theInstitute. The Committee comprises ofDr. N. Nadarajan, Director, IIPR(Chairman), Dr. Samir V. Sawant, PlantMolecular Biology and GeneticEngineering, NBRI, Lucknow (DBTNominee-IBSC), Dr. K. Subramaniam,Department of Biological Sciences andBioengineering, IIT, Kanpur (ExternalExpert-IBSC), Dr. P.K. Singh,Bio-safety Officer, Department ofPathology, GSVM Medical College,Kanpur (IBSC), Dr. S.K. Chaturvedi, IIPR(Internal Expert-IBSC), Dr. K.R. Soren,IIPR (Internal Expert) and Dr. Alok Das,IIPR (Member Secretary). TheCommittee reviewed the arrangementsmade to deal with bio-safety issues.Committee also v isited differentlaboratories and containment facilities.Member Secretary explained about thedetai ls of the safe disposal ofexperimental bio-waste by the Instituteand apprised that the IIPR is followingDBT Guidelines (Rules, 1989). For safedisposal of transgenic experimentalwaste IIPR Kanpur is registered withMedical Pollution Control Committee(MPCC), Kanpur.

Screening Thermotolerance in GreengramResearch Highlights

High temperature adverselyaf fects photosynthesis andreproductive parts particularly pollengermination beyond 35-40ºC ingreengram (Vignaradiata L.).Variations inprotein profile andphotosynthesisare beingexplored fors c r e e n i n gthermotolerancein mungbean.

Abnormal pollen germination withmultiple tubes were observed attemperature exceeding 400 C. Hightemperature induces expression of fewproteins (i.e., heat shock proteins,HSPs) that provided cellular levelthermostabil i ty in heat tolerantgreengram genotype.

Shweta Gupta, Priyanka Porwal,Mudit Srivastava, Shivangi Singh,

Rinki Devi, Jagdish Singh, SanjeevGupta and P.S. Basu

CongratulationsDr. C. Chattopadhyay, Head, Division of Crop Protection

was relieved from the Institute on 30.11.2012, to join as Director,National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi.

Heavy Infestation of C.cajani in Early Pigeonpea

Heavy infestation ofCeroplastodes cajani Maskell(Coccidae : Hemiptera) commonlyknown as mealy bug orsof t scale wasobserved in earlypigeonpea at IIPR mainfarm during October-November, 2012.Maximum infestationwas recorded in var.Paras where almost all the plants wereinfested. Minimum infestation wasrecorded in Manak where only one plantwas infested. Earlier, its infestation on50% plants was reported in Tamil Naduand Gujarat.

Hem Saxena, Shyam Kumar andS.D. Mohapatra

Abnormal pollengermination at 45ºC

Pulses Newsletter : October - December, 2012 3

Identification of Photo-thermo Insensitive WildAccessions of Vigna

Two wild accessions of Vigna viz.,V. glabrescens (IC 251372) and V.umbellate (IC 251442) have beenidentified as photo-thermo insensitive,which can be valuable resources fortransferring this important trait intoVigna crops. Fifty four wild accessionsof Vigna belonging to 16 species (8accessions of V. trilobata, 7 of V.umbellata, 6 of V. radiata var. radiata,5 of V. mungo var. mungo, 4 each ofV. mungo var. sylvestris and V.hainiana, 3 of V. radiata var. sublobata,2 each of V. radiata, V. radiata var.setulosa and V. glabrescens, 1 each

of V. delzelliana, V. pilosa, V. trinernia,V. trinernia var. bournei, V. vexillata,V. unguiculata) and 5 of unknownspecies were evaluated for photo-thermo insensitivity during 2010-12under natural field conditions as wellas in pots in green-house. All theaccessions were observed for vitalgrowth parameters and normalreproductive behavior during the entiregrowth period. After maturity, the plants

Aditya Pratap1, Joseph John K.2 and P.S. Basu1

1Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur2National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Thrissur, Kerala

were not harvested and allowed tosenesce and die naturally. While mostof the accessions died after completingtheir life cycle during kharif seasonitself , V. glabrescence and V.umbellata rejuvenated again andshowed normal growth behavior duringspring/summer as well as rabi seasonsduring all the three years. This wasevidenced by normal flower and pod setwhile pollen viability studies alsosupported the results. More than 70%viable pollen and normal pollen tubeformation were observed attemperatures as high as 42.4ºC duringsummer 2011 and as low as 6ºC duringrabi 2012. Both, V. glabrescens andV. umbellata have semi-erect growthhabit, indeterminate growth pattern anddark green leaves. V. glabrescens hasyellow flowers, long and constrictedpods and dark green, mottled, drumshaped seeds, while V. umbellata haslight yellow flowers, smooth, curvedand semi-flat pods, shiny, beige, ovaland large seeds. Both the genotypesexhibited resistance against majordiseases including Mungbean YellowMosaic India virus and powdery mildew,thus can be utilized in developing photo-thermo insensitive genotypes in Vignacrops including mungbean andurdbean.

Enhancing Physiological Efficiency in Pigeonpea

Direct Antigen Coating(DAC)-ELISA for

Detection of Cry1Ac-endotoxin in

Transgenic PigeonpeaA Direct Antigen Coating–Enzyme

Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA) technique was optimized fordetection of Cry1Ac -endotoxinexpressed in transgenic pigeonpealines, using rabbit raised polyclonalantibodies. Leaf tissue from control andtransgenic pigeonpea plants werehomogenized in carbonate buffer (pH9.6) containing additives like Triton X-100, PMSF, PVP, Tween-20 andsodium azide. The insoluble plantmaterial was pelleted by centrifugationand the total soluble protein insupernatant solution was estimated bydye-binding assay (Bradford).Extraction buffer was used as blankand Cry1Ac protein as positive control.A 96-well microtitre plate was coatedwith isolated protein extract fromcontrol and transgenic plants and theplates were incubated in dark at 37°Cfor 2 hours and processed followingstandard ELISA methods (Harlow andLane, 1999). The free binding siteswere blocked with BSA in physiologicalsaline containing Tween-20 (PBS-Tbuffer). Polyclonal antibody raised inrabbits challenged with purified Cry1Acprotein was added to wells andincubated for 2 hours at 37°C. Washingwas done to remove unboundantibodies. Subsequently, alkalinephosphatase labeled goat anti-rabbit-IgG was added to the sample wells.The phosphatase activ ity wasmeasured using pNPP as substrate.The reaction was terminated by addingH2SO4 and the plate was read in ELISAplate reader at 405nm. The average ofthe OD405 was calculated and thesample with OD > (Negative Control +0.1) were recorded as positive forCry1Ac.

Alok Das, Manoj Patel, Manoj Yadavand Nandeesha P.

Pigeonpea andchickpea have higherosmotic adjustment, highrooting v igour, higherosmotic adjustment (upto1.4 MPa) that lead to betteradaptation of these cropsto drought and heat stress. Therefore,genetic variability available to thesetraits among germplasm can beexploited to enhance physiologicalefficiency against above stresses.

Among a number ofgermplasm accessions, wildaccessions of pigeonpeawhich are rich source ofdrought tolerance genes,showed higher osmaticadjustment on the basis of

osmotyle accumulation concentration.

Sadhna Yadav, Dibendu Datta,Jagdish Singh and P.S. Basu

V. glabrescens (IC 251372) V. umbellata (IC 251442)

4 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Development ofDiagnostic Marker in

UrdbeanThirty seven urdbean germplasm

accessions comprising of releasedvarieties, landraces and othercollections were screened by using 51SSR markers for developing DNAdiagnostic marker. Eighteen SSRmarkers showed polymorphism.Among these, two markers (CEDG 291and CEDG 304) were genotype specific.CEDG 291 produced two unique bandsof 240bp and 300bp, whereas CEDG304 amplified 750 bp fragment specificonly to Shekhar 2. These genotypespecific markers can be used to identifyadmixture.

K.R. Soren, G. Pandey and S. Datta

Simple and Low CostTraps for Management

of Whitefly in Mungbeanand Urdbean

Whitef ly, Bemisia tabaciGennadius is an efficient vector ofmungbean yellow mosaic virus andhence, its control can be helpful tomanage the MYMV. This insect vectoreasily gets attract to yellow colour.Therefore, a cheap and commonlyavailable yellow polyethylene film of2’x1’ size was test verified as yellowsticky traps at National PulsesResearch Centre, Vamban during 2011-12. It was tied with 2 wooden poles atboth the ends and installed in the fieldjust abovethe cropcanopy after15 days ofsowing. Afterinstallation,sticky fluidviz., castoroil was smeared over the polythenesheets on both sides and it wasrepeated once in a week. The traps werekept @ 12 no./ha in mungbean seedproduction plots during rabi 2011-12 andkharif 2012. On average, 7.0-26.1whiteflies per trap were recorded duringrabi 2011-12, while 61.5–284.3whiteflies per trap were caught duringkharif 2012. The maximum adultpopulation of whitefly was recordedduring February in rabi and during 1st

week of August, 2012 in kharif. Thecost of each trap was estimated at Rs.15/- and thus only Rs.180/- will berequired for installing 12 traps in onehectare. These simple and low costtraps can control effectively the suckingpests viz., whitefly and thrips inmungbean and urdbean crops.

Soundararajan, R.P., Dinakaran, D.,Chitra, N. and Geetha, S.

National Pulses Research CentreVamban, Tamil Nadu

Manually Operated No-Till Drill Developed forRice-fallow Condition

For small farmers a manuallyoperated No-Til l Dri l l has beendeveloped at IIPR, Kanpur. By use ofthis no-till drill, the line sowing is donetimely at a reduced cost and at proper

depth without any residue cloggingunder rice fallow conditions. It requireslow pulling force due to double discopener fitted with rolling coulter andhence, less drudgery as compared toexisting inverted ‘T’ type no-till drill. Ithas field capacity of 0.05 ha/h with thehelp of two manpower and is expectedto be used for working on 20 ha peryear. The cost of operating manualzero-till drill is Rs.925/ha.

M. K. Singh, Narendra Kumar andPrasoon Verma

Suitability of Crop Wastes and Organic Substratesfor Multiplication of T. Harzianum

Trichoderma as a bio-agent hasopened a new avenue for managementof different diseases in field crops vis-a-vis pulses. However its large scaleapplication in pathogen infested sickfields requires its multiplication atcheaper cost. Eight organic substratesviz., sorghum grain, chickpea straw,pigeonpea straw, sugarcane bagasse(after juice extraction), whole neemseed, cow dung (dried), farm yardmanure and goat dung were evaluatedin-vitro for their potentiality to multiplyTrichoderma harzianum strain IPT 31.

Among these, sugarcane bagasseshowed best growth (11.0 cm), followedby chickpea and pigeonpea straw,sorghum grain and neem seed (7.0cm) on the basis of length of column inthe test tubes colonized byTrichoderma at 72 h. Observations onthe survival of Trichoderma strain onthese substrates (cfu/g dry substrate)after six months of inoculation showed3.3-8.3x 1010 cfu/g powder.

Shubha Trivedi, Neetu Trivedi andR.G. Chaudhary

Genotype specific amplification profile inurdbean genotypes with SSR markers

Pulses Newsletter : October - December, 2012 5

Secondary Infestation of Khapra Beetlein Stored Pulses

Behaviour of Adult M. Pustulata and Indication ofAggregation Pheromone

Post-emergenceHerbicide for Kharifand Summer Pulses

Kharif season pulses are infestedwith weeds of more diverse and robustnature depending on frequency andintensity of rainfall and soil factor. Themajor weed flora in pulses during kharifseason include Digera arvensis,Commelina benghalensis, Trianthemamonogyna, Euphobia hirta (non-grasses), Digitaria sanguinalis,Panicum sp., Echinocloa colonum,Dactyloctenium aegypticum, EleusineIndia (grasses) and Cyperus rotundus(sedges) andduring summerseason areAmaranthusviridis, Portlacaq u a d r i f i d a ,Tr i a n t he m am o n o g y n a(non-grasses),Setaria glauca, Eleusine indica,Digitaria sanguinalis (grasses) andCyperus rotundus (sedges). Evaluationof several herbicides against theseweeds since 2008 led to identificationof Imazethapyr as an effective post-emergance herbicide against majorweeds species associated with kharifand summer pulses like pigeonpea,mungbean and urdbean. Imazethapyr@ 100 g/ha during kharif and 80 g/haduring spring/summer applied at 20-25DAS can control all types of weedsincluding suppression of Cyperusrotundus (80-90% WCE).

Narendra Kumar and K.K. Hazra

IIPR WishesHappy New Year

To its Readers2013

Khapra beetle, Trogodermagranarium (Dermestidae, Coleoptera)infestation was observed on the storedpulses damaged by the bruchids(Callosobruchus spp.). It preferredkabuli chickpea as compared to othermajor pulses. The adult beetle is smallsized (2-4 mm), oval shaped andreddish brown in colour. The adult layseggs on the seeds and the larvae feedsby surface scratching and devouringgrain into frass. Many larvae foundinside the bruchid damaged kabulichickpea feed on the entire graincontents leaving only the shell behind.

Due to excessive moults, the seedsand stored bags are contaminated with

larval skin.P up a t i o noccurs onthe surfaceof grain orinside grainand also ins t o r a g e

bags. Regular monitoring of storedpulses and removal of bruchid infestedgrains prevents the attack of khaprabeetle in pulse crops and itsmultiplication.

P. Duraimurugan* and C. Chattopadhyay**Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur

*Present address: Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad**Present address: Director, NCIPM, New Delhi

Blister beetle(Mylabris pustulata) isone of the major insectpests of pulse crops.The adult beetles causedamage of all stageflowers. A single beetlecan destroy as many as20-30 flowers a day. Management ofthe blister beetle is very difficult due towandering behavior, ineffectiveness ofthe insecticide and problem inmechanical collection. Hence, thebehaviour of the beetle was studiedduring kharif season in order tomanage the pest through semio-

chemicals. The studyshowed that both sexesof beetles aggregate inhuge number (40-50beetles) near the field formating on barbed wires orin the trees of Hibiscusrosasinensis or Mimosa

during dusk (5–7 pm). It indicates thepresence of aggregation pheromone inMylabris pustulata, which results in thearrival of both sexes at a calling sitefor mating. Further studies are requiredto identify and exploit the pheromonefor monitoring and management of theblister beetle in pulse crops.

Khapra Beetle damagedchickpea grains

Aggregation of both sexes ofthe blister beetle for mating

P. DuraimuruganIndian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur

Present address: Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad

Imazethapyr @ 100 g/ha in mungbean

6 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Visit AbroadDr. Muraleedhar

Aski, Scientist (CropImprovement) wasdeputed to attendGeneration ChallengeProgramme (GCP)sponsored IntegratedBreeding-Multiyear Course-1(IB-MYC-1) training programme held in TheNetherlands during 15-27 October,2012. This training was jointlyconducted by the WaganingenUniversity and Research Center (WUR)and Generation Challenge Programme(GCP) faculty from Mexico.

Honour & AwardsDr. Narendra Kumar,

Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)was honoured with Dr.P.S. Deshmukh YoungAgronomist Award 2009by Indian Society ofAgronomy at 3rd InternationalAgronomy Congress held at IARI, NewDelhi during 26-30 November, 2012.

Dr . C.S. Praharaj,Principal Scientist(Agronomy) was honouredwith Best Paper Award2010 by Indian Society ofAgronomy at 3 rd

International AgronomyCongress held at IARI, New Delhi during26-30 November, 2012 for his work on“Low cost drip irrigation”.

RetirementMr. Rajendra Singh, Administrative Officer retired on superannuation on

30.11.2012.

TransfersName Post From To Date of relieving Dr. S.D. Mohapatra Sr. Scientist IIPR, Kanpur CRRI, Cuttack 19.11.2012 Mr. Sanjay Kumar T-3 IIPR, Kanpur IIVR, Varanasi 30.11.2012

PersonnelAppointments

Online Database and Information RetrievalSystem for AICRP on MULLaRP

The integrated management offungal foliar diseases of mungbeanvariety Narendra Mung 1 indicated thatseed treatment with carbendazim (1g/kg) followed by two foliar sprays of thesame fungicide (0.05%) at 30 and 45DAS significantly reduced cercosporaleaf spot, anthracnose and powderymildew diseases and increased the

Possibly, the increase in yield wasachieved as accumulative reduction ofall three diseases together.

R.G. Chaudhary, Naimuddin, ShrawanKumar and Neetu Trivedi

Integrated Management of Fungal FoliarDiseases of Mungbean

grain yield (923 kg/ha) as against 405kg/ha in control. Seed treatment and 2foliar sprays of Trichoderma strain IPT10 (@ 109 spores/ml) though resultedin increased grain yield by about 50%,but the decrease in diseasesindiv idually was not signif icant.

Name Post Date of joining Dr. Sujayanand G.K. Scientist (Entomology) 8.10.2012 Mr. Anand Kumar T-3 20.10.2012 Mr. Ravi Ranjan T-1 10.12.2012

Online database and informationretrieval system for AICRP onMULLaRP has been developed with anaim to reduce the time and cost oncollection, compilation, data analysis,retrieval and report generation. At thefirst instance, efforts were made to useplant breeding data as it covers morethan 60% of total trials. The systemhas been developed using ASP.NETwith C# as the front-end coding andSQL server 2005 as databasedevelopment. This system has threebasic functional modules viz., DataEntry & Submission, Data Analysisand Report Generation. The systemgenerates quick and accurate reportswhich provide ranking of varieties basedon particular trial in a specific zone foraverage yield performance and otherrelated characters independently. The

system is designed to be user friendlyand is completely menu-driven withoptions for assigning login IDs andPasswords for centre in-charges andreporting scientists. It can be accessedefficiently through URL:www.aicrpmullarp.res.in.

Devraj, G.P. Dixit, P.K. Katiyar andSanjeev Gupta

Pulses Newsletter : October - December, 2012 7

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8 Indian Institute of Pulses Research

Published by Dr. N. Nadarajan, Director, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024Tel. : 0512-2570264; EPBAX Lines : 0512- 2572464, 2572465; Fax : 0512-2572582

E-mail : director@iipr.ernet.in ; n.nadarajan@gmail.com; Website; http://www.iipr.res.in

Printed at Army Printing Press, 33, Nehru Road, Sadar Cantt. Lucknow-226 002. Tel. : 0522-2481164, 6565333

(N. Nadarajan)

Director’s DeskDear Readers,

Pulses are very important in Indianagriculture both in terms of enrichingsoil health and nutritional security ofcountry’s ever growing population.Pulses being predominantly rainfedcrop with multiple constraints andlimiting factors in i ts growingenvironment, the increase in theproductivity had remained a majorchallenge for several decades.Recently, different mechanismshave been suggested to enhancepulse production in the countryboth vertically and horizontally.Expansion of pulses in newniches such as rice fallows,introducing mechanization toreduce cost of cultivation andminimizing the post-harvestlosses are some of the potentialmethods to enhance pulseproduction. Mechanization hasbeen well received by the worldover as one of the importantelements of modernization ofagriculture. It is now recognizedthat availability of mechanicalpower and improved equipments hasenabled many developed countries inthe world to achieve high levels ofproductivity. Farm mechanization hasbecome important in the light of risinglabour costs after the introduction ofthe national rural employmentguarantee scheme by the governmentof India. Farm mechanization not onlyreduces the time spent on “back-breaking” jobs like rice planting, butalso cuts down losses. The era of farmmechanization has started in India andthe next decade will witness significantgrowth in the area.

Mechanization in pulses will helptimely field preparation, add to theefficiency of the farmers in performingvarious field operations and economizeupon the cost of cultivation. Use ofanimal or tractor drawn seed drill forpulses enables farmers to cover largeareas in a short period very

economically. Besides, seed drillsowing leads to uniform crop stand androw spacing which faci l i tatesinterculture operations. Similarly,tractor drawn rotavator pulverizes thesoil, chops and mixes crop residuesin the soil to increase the organicmatter in the soil and thus improvesthe soil fertility.

With a view to facilitating thepulse growers with modernised

agricultural practices, the NationalPulses Research Centre, Vambanintroduced a combined mechanisedharvester. The harvester, not onlyseparates the grains but also avoidsthe conventional manual thrashingprocess, thereby eliminating a goodpart of labour normally required forharvesting the crop. Costing Rs. 15lakh, the machine saves both time andexpenditure for the pulse growers. Thismachine can harvest an acre within anhour. The cost of harvest would bereduced to a great extent, as theharvester avoids the conventional modeof labour-intensive process. Theharvester would be available to farmerson a nominal rental tariff to be fixedshortly.

Line sowing of pulses in combineharvested rice fields with uniformspreading of residue by mounting adev ice at the rear of combined

mechanized harvester is one possibilityfor better crop establishment under ricefallow. To achieve simultaneous sowingof pulses and harvesting of rice insingle operation, suitable attachmentto existing rice harvester should bedeveloped. Mobile sprinkler incombination with residue managementis one of the options to mitigate terminaldrought. A low cost no-till seed drill hasbeen fabricated at IIPR, Kanpur for rice

fal low which needs to bepopularized.

Under precisionmechanized farming, Laserleveler has great role for landpreparation enabling uniformmoisture distribution andthereby maintain optimum plantpopulation and saving irrigationwater. Under NFSM,Government of India organized60,000 pulses and oilseedsvillages in rain fed areas. Underthis scheme, tractors, rotavator,ridge and furrow planter andsprinkler irrigation sets weresupplied to the farmers on 100%

subsidy basis. Besides seeds,fertilizers and other inputs, supply ofthese farm machineries impactedsignif icantly towards increasingadditional pulse production to the tuneof 2-3 million tonnes.

Presently, breeding strategies arebeing evolved at IIPR, Kanpur todevelop tall, erect and lodging resistantchickpea varieties for mechanicalharvesting and semi-dwarf pigeonpeafor mechanized plant protectionmeasures. In view of increasing thepulse production, country’smanufacturing companies andresearchers need to develop energy-efficient machinery appropriate toIndian cultivation methods and makethose accessible to small scalefarmers.