Volcanic Ash Information in the WMO Global Atmosphere ...cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/meetings/vol_ash15/PDFs/20150629/Item1.03_GAW... · World Meteorological Organization Working together

AREP GAW

World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water

Volcanic Ash Information in the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and

World Weather Research Program (WWRP)

Alexander Baklanov, Atmospheric Research & Environment (ARE) Branch

Research Department (RES), WMO, Geneva

Meeting on the Intercomparison of Satellite--‐based Volcanic Ash Retrieval Algorithms within WMO SCOPE--‐Nowcasting

29 June – 2 July 2015, Madison, WI, USA

www.wmo.int

WMO

AREP GAW

World Meteorological Organization

Independent technical UN agency

191 Members

Secretariat in Geneva (staff 280) Technical Departments Observing and Information Systems (OBS)

Climate and Water (CLW)

Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction Services (WDS)

Research Department (RES) Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch (ARE) World Weather Research Division (WWR) Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and GURME

WMO Research

Weather, Climate and Environment Earth-System Research-Observations, Analysis and Prediction

CLIC CLIVAR GEWEX

SPARC Verification

Tropical Meteo Pred ENS

Nowcasting/Mesometeo

SDS-WAS WGNE

CAS WCRP

SSC

WWRP SSC

SERA

GAW SSC

Reactive Gas & Oxidizing Capacity

Aerosols Warnings and Assessment

GHG Cycles: Fluxes UNFCCC

Ozone Depletion Vienna Convention

Air-Surface Chemical Exchange

GURME Urban-Regional

Air Quality

NRT Applications

S2S PPP HIW

AREP GAW

THE GAW MISSION

•  Systematic long-term monitoring of atmospheric chemical and physical parameters globally

•  Analysis and assessment

•  Development of predictive capability (GURME and Sand and Dust Storm Warning System)

and now for chemical weather (e.g. incl. volcanic ash)

AREP GAW

Overview of the Structure of GAW

•  More than 100 countries have registered more than 800 stations with the GAW Station Information System (GAWSIS).

•  Various GAW expert groups and central facilities exist under the oversight of the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) and its Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry Scientific Steering Committee (EPAC SSC).

•  7 Scientific Advisory Groups (SAGs) to organise and co-ordinate GAW activities by parameter, and the Expert Teams on World Data Centres (ET-WDC) and Near-Real-Time Chemical Data Transfer (ET-NRT CDT).

•  4 Quality Assurance/Science Activity Centres (QA/SACs) perform network-wide data quality and science-related functions.

•  35 Central Calibration Laboratories (CCLs) and World and Regional Calibration Centres (WCCs, RCCs) maintain calibration standards and provide instrument calibrations and training to the stations.

•  6 World Data Centres archive the observational data and metadata, which are integrated by the GAW Station Information System (GAWSIS).

•  GAW Training (GAWTEC): More than 270 persons trained from 58 countries

AREP GAW

Versatile station information is available through the GAW Station Information System GAWSIS (http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/).

Aircraft and satellite measurements also contribute to the observations

GAW stations network

AREP GAW

GAW observations •  Stratospheric Ozone •  Tropospheric Ozone

•  Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs)

•  Reactive Gases (CO, VOC, NOy, SO2)

•  Precipitation Chemistry => Total Deposition

•  Aerosols (chemical, physical, AOD)

•  UV Radiation

•  (Natural Radionuclides, Rn222, Be7, 14CO)

Meteorological measurements also needed

AREP GAW

GAW Aerosol Variables -‐ Con1nuous

•  Column and profile –  Mul0-‐wavelength aerosol op0cal depth (AOD) –  Ver0cal distribu0on of aerosol backscaCering and ex0nc0on

•  Chemical (in two size frac0ons) –  Mass and major chemical components

•  Op0cal coefficients at various wavelengths –  Light scaCering and hemispheric backscaCering –  Light absorp0on

•  Physical –  Number size distribu0on and total concentra0on –  Cloud condensa0on nuclei number concentra0on at various

super-‐satura0ons

Page 8 Aerosol SAG Chair: Paolo Laj, CNRS

AREP GAW

Activities of SAG-Aerosol •  Measurement networks (3)

–  In-situ, Optical Depth, Vertical Profiles (lidar) •  World Calibration Centers (2)

–  Aerosol Physical Properties, Optical Depth •  World Data Centers (2)

– WDC-Aerosols, WDC-Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere

•  Outreach and Publications –  Standard Operating Procedures (GAW Report

#200) –  Planning integrated networks (GAW Report #207) – WMO/GAW Aerosol Bulletin –  Research papers

Page 9

AREP GAW

GAW In-situ Aerosol Network

Page 10

Twinned: Opera0ons supported by SAG members Recruited: Joined GAW through efforts of SAG members

AREP GAW

GAW-PFR Aerosol Optical Depth Network

–  Many stations submit both NRT and final data

–  Some stations not yet submitting any data

•  Precision Filter Radiometer – Manufactured and coordinated by World Optical

Depth Research and Calibration Center –  Operated by GAW stations and national networks –  Suitable for use as a GCOS Reference Network

Page 11

AREP GAW

World Calibration Center for Aerosol Physical Properties

Audits –  Map shows

stations audited before and after January, 2009

•  Training –  GAWTEC (introductory) and Hyytiälä (advanced)

•  Workshops –  Instrument intercomparison and characterization

workshops –  Number concentration, number size distribution,

aerosol light scattering, aerosol light absorption

Page 12

AREP GAW

World Optical Depth Research and

Calibration Center

•  Filter Radiometer Comparison (2010) –  10 Institutions –  18 Instruments –  6 Types of instruments

•  PFR Reference Triad –  AOD standard for PFR network

•  PFR Service and Calibra0on –  Support sta0on opera0ons with instrument repair and calibra0on

•  NewsleCer –  hCp://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc/pmod.php?topic=newsleCers_menu

Page 13

AREP GAW

World Data Center for Aerosols

hCp://www.gaw-‐wdca.org

Collects, archives, distributes data on aerosol proper1es –  from GAW Global, Regional, and Contribu0ng sta0ons –  8 different parameter sets covered 5 more coming

•  Par0culate MaCer mass (gravimetric) � Chemical specia0on (filter) •  Par0culate maCer mass (online) � Chemical specia0on (online) •  Par0cle number concentra0ons � CCN concentra0on •  Par0cle number size distribu0on � Par0cle number size distribu0on

(fine frac0on) (coarse frac0on) •  Op0cal depth � CCN size distribu0on •  ScaCering coefficient •  Hemispheric backscaCering coefficient •  Absorp0on Coefficient

Offers traceable data repor1ng Carries atmospheric uncertainty and SOP informa1on Near-‐Real-‐Time (NRT) service for 4 parameters and 6 instrument types

GAW-‐2013 Symposium Geneva, March 18, 2013

World Data Center for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere Satellite “one stop shop” for aerosols -  Support easier access to satellite datasets by the GAW community -  Promote GAW datasets for satellite product valida0on

Support from WDC-‐RSAT for WMO-‐GAW -  Link different GAW-‐relevant data sets with each other and with models -  Cooperate with other interna0onal actors on interoperability (NASA, CNES) -  Assign ‘Digital Object Iden0fiers’ (DOI) to data sets -  Develop techniques to provide sta0ons with satellite-‐based data and informa0on products

-  Develop compu0ng-‐on-‐demand applica0ons -  Develop and test strategies and techniques to validate satellite data sets

GAW community

Satellite community

validation support

product overview

http://wdc.dlr.de/data_products/AEROSOLS Page 15

AREP GAW

GAW Aerosol Lidar Observation Network GALION is organized as a Network of Networks, coordina1ng -  American Lidar Network (ALINE), La0n America (�)

-  Asian Dust and Aerosol Lidar Observa0on Network (AD-‐Net), East Asia (�)

-  CIS-‐LINET, Commonwealth of Independent States (Belarus, Russia and Kyrgyz Republic) LIdar NETwork (�)

-  Canadian Opera0onal Research Aerosol Lidar Network (CORALNet), Canada (�)

-  European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork (EARLINET), Europe (�)

-  Network for the Detec0on of Atmospheric Composi0on Change (NDACC), Global Stratosphere (�)

-  CREST, Eastern North America (�)

-  MicroPulse Lidar NETwork (MPLNET), Global (�)

Applica1ons -  Climate research and assessment

-  Impact on radia0on

-  Air quality -  Plumes from special events

-  Support for spaceborne observa0ons

GALION Co-chairs: Gelsomina Pappalardo, CNR & Ellsworth Judd Welton, NASA

AREP GAW

AREP GAW

AREP GAW

AREP GAW

European Aerosol Research Lidar Network

●  since 2000

●  27 lidar stations

- 17 multiwavelength Raman lidar stations

- 6 Raman lidar stations

-  4 single backscatter lidar stations

●  comprehensive, quantitative, and statistically significant data base

●  Continental and long-term scale

EARLINET-‐ASOS

www.earlinet.org

EARLINET (European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork)

2 FP5 2000 2006 2011 2015 2019

AREP GAW

AREP GAW

Nabro volcanic eruption Africa, June 2011

Sawamura et al., ERL 2012

GALION Observations of Volcanic Aerosol

AREP GAW

For the first time, ground-based lidars observed the same event

from every continent in the Northern Hemisphere, taking advantage of the synergy between global lidar networks such as EARLINET, MPLNET and NDACC with independent lidar groups and satellite CALIPSO to track the evolution of the stratospheric aerosol layer in various parts of the globe.

The globally averaged aerosol optical depth (AOD) due to the

stratospheric volcanic aerosol layers was of the order of 0:018 0:009 at 532 nm, ranging from 0.003 to 0.04.

Compared to the total column AOD from the available collocated

AERONET stations, the stratospheric contribution varied from 2% to 23% at 532 nm.

Sawamura et al., 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 034013

Nabro 2011 - GALION

Courtesy of Gelsomina Pappalardo

AREP GAW

EARLINET Volcanic eruptions

Measurements based on alerting system.

Monitored eruptions:

ü  Etna 2001

ü  Etna 2002

ü  North Pacific ring (2008-2010)

ü  Eyjafjallajökull 2010

ü  Grimsvotn 2011

ü  Nabro 2011 Relational database about identified

volcanic layers is freely available at:

www.earlinet.org

Pappalardo et al., ACP 2013


AREP GAW

Ø  almost continuous measurements since 15 April 2010

Ø  following the evolution of the volcanic plume generated from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull (E15) volcano

Ø  providing the 4 dimensional distribution of the volcanic ash plume over Europe

Strong pressure for providing near real time data

EARLINET efforts during E15


AREP GAW

Almost continuous measurements from April 15 to May 22

Quicklook made available almost in near real time on the EARLINET website

NRT quicklook


AREP GAW

Daily updated report available on the EARLINET website for the period 15 April-22 May 2010

Direct links with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and national agencies responsible for the flight zone safety were established

Daily report of volcanic cloud detection


AREP GAW

Aerosol typing / Volcanic mask A methodology for volcanic mask has been developed (Mona et al, ACP 2012)

This methodology has been applied to the whole network (Pappalardo et al., ACP 2013)

Volcanic mask

AREP GAW

-  Data from 20 stations provided info about the Eyja volcanic cloud.

-  2071 backscatter files were used for this study

-  1434 volcanic layers were detected over Europe

-  additionally 407 layers with volcanic particle mixed with other aerosol were identified over Europe above the PBL

These data provide the four-dimensional distribution of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull volcanic cloud over Europe .

4D distribution of volcanic cloud


AREP GAW

A relational database, containing the output of the 4D analysis of EARLINET data related to the volcanic eruption of 2010 is freely available on request at www.earlinet.org

It contains details about layers identified as volcanic (ash, sulfates, and modified volcanic particles) and mixed layers involving the presence of volcanic aerosol (e.g., volcanic-dust and volcanic–locally mixed layers).

•  For each volcanic layer, the following quantities are reported:

–  base, top, and center of mass altitudes

–  aerosol backscatter mean and standard deviation values

–  integrated backscatter,

–  mean relative aerosol backscatter statistical errors

•  Each layer is linked to the corresponding aerosol backscatter profile available in the EARLINET database.

Volcanic layers relational database


AREP GAW

Volcanic aerosol load over Europe

The mean IB532 in the identified volcanic layers is reported for each geographical cluster: Central Europe (CE), Eastern Europe (EE), Central Mediterranean (CM), Eastern Mediterranean (EM), and Western Mediterranean (WM). Three main periods were observed: 15–26 April, 5–13 May and 17–20 May

First phase Ø volcanic cloud moved from CE to CM and then to EM. Ø almost constant IB over the clusters (~0.007 sr−1) in the first hours Ø sudden decrease in IB values for all the 3 interested clusters

Second phase Ø volcanic aerosol content ~0.005 sr−1 over WM Ø considerably reduced over CE, CM, EM and EE

Third phase Ø moderately high IB values on CE, CM and EM Ø IB over southern regions occasionally higher than CE ones, probably because of the aging

Volcanic aerosol load over Europe


AREP GAW

AREP GAW

9

Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS)

q Objectives: §  To enhance the ability of countries to deliver:

§  timely and quality forecasts of sand and dust storms, §  observations of aerosols: sand and dust §  information and knowledge to users

through an international partnership of research and operational experts and users

q Global Coordination: Three Regional Nodes (North Africa, Europe and Middle East Node, (East) Asian Node and Pan-American Node) need global coordination to exchange information and enhance collaboration. The West Asian Node will also be established in near future.

q First Operation Centre opened in Spain: The Barcelona Dust Forecast Centre was inaugurated in 2014.

q Trust fund: to ensure the global coordination activity on SDS-WAS. Kuwait 20080616

Kuwait 2008/06/16

Courtesy of Drs. Al-Maskari and Albadi, Oman Met. Service

AREP GAW

EURAD forecasts provided on the website daily during the event are in reasonable agreement with other model results from FLEXPART,VAAC, and COSMO-MUSCAT

Agreement with the EURAD (EURopean Air Pollution Dispersion) model


AREP GAW

•  EARLINET network, even if not operative, covered the volcanic cloud dispersion in each identified phase, providing a detailed 4-D analysis of the event.

•  In general, good agreement in terms of timing of peak observations and in terms of aerosol amount:

•  larger IB values at stations interested for the first by the plume transport

•  decrease in IB is observed moving far from the source.

•  Differences in some cases for stations located at the boundary of the dispersion plume. Maybe related to differences in the time of reported model/observations, missing observations for bad weather conditions and/or to EURAD model uncertainties at the boundary.

•  A detailed and quantitative comparison between models and observations would require a devoted study with a strong contribution by the modelers.

Agreement with the EURAD (EURopean Air Pollution Dispersion) model


AREP GAW

EARLINET multi-wavelength Raman lidar stations (+ additional instruments) provided optical characterization of volcanic particles in specific periods of the event.

Synthesis

First phase CE CM

Large ash contribution Small ash contribution

S355/532= 50÷60sr S355/532= 42÷50sr

δ532= 0.3÷0.4 δ532= 0.15

Ang355/532= -0.1÷0.03 Ang355/532= 1.4

Second phase WM CM Ash + Sulfates fresh Aged +Small ash contribution

S355/532= 39÷48sr S355/532= 60÷78sr

δ532= 0.07 δ532= 0.16

Ang355/532= 0.7÷0.8 Ang355/532= 1.1

Third phase CE EM

Ash + Sulfates Aged +Small ash contribution

S355/532= 42÷44sr S355/532= 67÷89sr

δ532= 0.3÷0.4 Ang355/532= 0.6

Ang355/532= 0.1

Optical characterization

AREP GAW

ü  A Single Calculus Chain (SCC) for automated and harmonized

processing available (D’Amico et al., AMTD 2015)

ü  EARLINET proved is technically ready for provision of RCS and extinction and backscatter profiles in NRT (Sicard et al., AMTD 2015)

ü  Adding depolarization to SCC is in progress.

ü  new EARLINET data products will be developed within ACTRIS2 project and included into the database:

§  Layering §  Typing §  3+2 products §  Microphysical properties (combination with photometer and/or specific

inversion algorithms)

EARLINET progresses


AREP GAW

Operational ground-based lidar networks are a fundamental component of an integrated observing system to be used in case of natural hazards GALION/EARLINET stations could be used as “core sites” for the operational networks based on less advanced lidar instruments (including ceilometers). For a better harmonization, a coalition of research and an operational/regulatory observational system is needed. At European scale EARLINET is cooperating with other RIs and Met Services (EUMETNET). Relevant role for model evaluation and data assimilation (including support to VAAC) and for the improvement of satellite retrievals GALION, the GAW Aerosol Lidar Observation Network, at global scale: federated approach (improve interoperability among the contributing lidar networks in terms of data QA and data access).

The way forward


AREP GAW

Thank you for your attention GAW and WWRP publications available from: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw-reports.html and http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/wwrp_new_en.html

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/wwrp_new_en.html

Documents

Volcanic Ash Information in the WMO Global Atmosphere ...cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/meetings/vol_ash15/PDFs/20150629/Item1.03_GAW... · World Meteorological Organization Working together