Pages 191-216No. 2721

February 21, 1947

zence

Directors of principal research centers in conference regarding the first report (p. 199) of the Atomic EnergyCommission. Left to right, first row: F. H. Spedding, Iowa State College, Carroll L. Wilson, General Manager,Atomic Energy Commission; and C. G. Suits, General Electric Laboratory, Schenectady, New York; second row:

E. 0. Lawrence, University of California; P. M. Morse, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Patchogue, New York;Eugene P. Wigner, Clinton Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and W. H. Zinn, Argonne National Labora-tory, Chicago.

A $$OCATION -

OFEIGProposed National Science Foundation, 1947

Vol. 105

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Ash & Spitz Atlas of Pathology of Tropical Diseases

No other book presents the progressive pathology of tropical diseases as doesthis atlas. The, pictures are from the Army Institute of Pathology and are sovivid that they'actually appear to be third dimensional. Concise text descrip-tions enhance even further the value of the illustrations.By COLONELTJ.E. ASH, MLC, U. . A., Diretor; and SOPHE SPITZ, M.D., CS., A.U.S., Pathologist, the

Ary lsttute ofPathology, Army Medial Mueum 350 pge, 8' z 10, with 941 iuatrons on 257 platesIG hesler. $8.,,

Mackie, Hunter & Worth's Tropical Medicine

A National Research Council Manual that is a really complete and thoroughlyauthoritative one-volume book on tropical medicine. It was written out ofa vast first-hand experience and gives full consideration to distribution,etiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, prophylaxis and treatment.By COLONEL THOMAS T. MACKIE, M.C., A.U.S.(Ret.), MAJOR GEORGE W. HUNTER,!M, P.C., U. S. A.,

and C. BROOKE WORTH, M.D. 727 pages, C' x 9 with 284 illustrations, some In color. $6.00

Russell, West & Manwell's Practical Malariology

Everyone interested in malaria will find in this new book the clinical, laboratorvand field information he needs to know. It is based on the practical experienceof its authors. Prepared under the Auspices of the National Research Council.By PAUL F. RUSSELL, M.D., M.P.H., Colonel, M.C., A.U.S., Parasitology Division. Army Medieal School;LUTHER S. WEST, Ph.D., Head of Biology Dept., Northern Miclhgan College of Education; and REGINALD D.

MANWELL, SecD., Professor of Zoology, Syracus UnIversity. 684 page, 6' X It, 238 Illustrations, 8 In coiors.$8.00

Conant and Others on Clinical MycologyFive authorities at Duke University, wrote this manual under the auspices ofthe National Research Council. Reviewers and critics hail it as one of the mostsignificant events to date in the clarification and simplification of data pertainingto mycotic disease.By NORMAN F. CONANT, PhD., DONALD STOVER MARTIN, M.D., DAVID TILLERSON SMITH, M.D.,ROGER DENMO BAKER, M.D., and JASPAR LAMAR CALLAWAY, M.D.. Duke University Sool of Medicine.

348 pages, 5`' z 71', with 288 Illustrations on 148 figures $3.50

Pillsbury, Sulzberger and Livingoods' Dermatology

Dermatoses are described under the four classifications into which virtually allof them fall. Especially outstanding are the unusual illustrations. A NationalResearch Council Manual.By DONALD Me PIILI.SBURY, M.D.; MARION!B. SULZBERGER. M.D.; and CLARENCE 8. LIVINGOODMD. 421 pages, 5`z7', 132 Illustrations on 109 fgue $2.00

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Friday, February 21. 1947

Proposed National Science FoundationAct, 1947: S.526: H. Alexander Smith,etal............................ 191

The Shortage of Scientific Personnel:Henry Allen Moe ........ ......... 195

The Effect of Combining Sodium Benzoate With OralPenicillins: Earle H. Spaidding, Amedeo Bondi, Jr.,and Elizabeth Early ............................. 210

Action of Thiamine Applied Directly to the CerebralCortex: M. Vianna Dias ......... ................ 211

Bacillary Dysentery and Chronic Ulcerative Colitis in

First Report of the U. S. Atomic Energy World War II: Joseph Felsen and William Wolarsky. 213

Commission: David E. Lilienthal et al. 199n * ~In the LaboratoryNews and Notes .......... 205

Technical PapersSynthesis of Tyrosine Labeled With C14: James C. Reid. 208

Chromatolytic Effect of Cerebrospinal Fluid FollowingCerebral Concussion:E. A. Spiegel, M. Spiegel-Adolf, and H. T. Wycis.... 208

Stimulation of Oleoresin Flow in Pines by a Fungus:George H. Hepting............................... 209

Electrometric Studies in Women With Malignancy ofCervix Uteri: Louis Langman and H. S. Burr....... 209

The Maceration of Woody Tissue With Acetic Acid andSodium Chlorite:Walter E. Spearin and Irving H. Isenberg........ 214

A Tunnel Clamp for Use in Controlling Infusion Rates:Stanley E. Bradley ............ .................. 214

An Improved Alcohol Check for Rat MetabolismApparatus: Irving Goodman and R. G. Glstavson .... 215

A Simplified Encephalophone:Matthew Conrad and Bernard L. Pacella ........... 216

(Corer photograph by Press Association, Inc.)

Science, a weekly journal, is published each Friday by the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science at Mt. Royal & GuilfordAvenues, Baltimore 2, Maryland. Founded in 1880, it has been since1900 the official publication of the AAAS. Editorial, Advertising, andCirculation Offices, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington 5,D. C. Telephone, EXecutive 6060 or 6061.

Articles offered for publication should be sent to the Editor, 1515 Mas-sachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington 5, D. C.

Membership correspondence for the AAAS should be sent to theAdministrative Secretary, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washing-ton 5. D. C.

Change of address. Four weeks notice required for change of ad-dres. When ordering a change, please furnish an address stencil labelfrom a recent issue. Address changes can be made only if the old as wellas the new address is supplied.Annual subscription, $7.50; single copies, $.25; foreign postage (out-

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Entered as second-class matter July 18, 1923, at the postoffice at Lan-caster, Pennsylvania, under the act of March 3, 1879. Re-entered asseoond-clas mailing matter under the act of March 3, -1879, Jan'Uary17,1947, at Baltimore, Maryland.

2

'Editor: Willard L. ValentineAssistant Editor Business ManagerMildred Atwood Theo. J. Christensen

Publications CommitteeRoger Adams, John E. Flynn, Kirtley F. Mather,Walter R. Miles, W. J. Robbins, Malcolm H. Soule

I -q

Vol. 105 No. 2721

CONTENTS

.

New Wiley BooksESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

By ARTHUR K. ANDERSON,Professor of Physiological Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State College.

ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY contains the material necessary to meet thestrictest requirements for short courses for students of premedicine, chemistry, dietetics, nu-trition, home economics, agriculture, bacteriology, and other related subjects. Ever since itwas first published, teachers have recognized it as an excellent textbook.

The many advances which have been made in the field of biochemistry in recent years havemade a third edition of this highly successful textbook necessary. Accordingly some sectionshave been rewritten; some new material has been added; all has been brought up to date.Specific changes include: a more complete discussion of optical isomerism, using glyceric alde-hyde as the type compound rather than lactic acid; the chapter on foods has been enlarged withmore emphasis on mineral foods; the discussion of carbohydrate metabolism has been expandedto include the Krebs cycle; a section on chemotherapy, in which the sulfa drugs, penicillin, andother antibodies are discussed, has been added to the chapter on blood; the material on vita-mins hks been brought up to date and includes the formula for Folic acid.

Published in January 395 pages 6 by 9h $3.50

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS. IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRYBy ARTHUR K. ANDERSON

The manual which "meets the requirements of a short course in Biochemistry' better thanany other in print" is now available in a new revised printing. Questions calculated to bringout the important points follow each experiment; the experiments are well-selected and care-fully presented; directions are clear and precise; right-hand blank pages face each page to per-mit taking notes on experiments.

Published in December 236 pages 5% by 8% $2.25

GENERAL BIOLOGY GLACIAL GEOLOGY and theBy PERRY D. STRAUSBAUGH, Professor of Botany, PLEISTOCENE EPOCHWed Virginia University, and BERNAL R. WEIM ER, By RICHARD F. FLINT, Professor of Geology, YaleProfessor of Biology, Bethany College, West Virginia UniCARFity

The new second edition of a dynamic text- A discussion of the principal facts of thebook which presents in logical sequence the Pleistocene epoch-treated from the pointfundamentals of biology. Designed for one- of view of its outstanding characteristic,year college courses in general biology and glaciation. A reference to data already es-for survey courses in biological science. The tablished and an indication of the areas andrevised and expanded discussion includes problems in which further research issuch topics as vitamins, hormones, blood needed. A compact reconstruction of thereactions, human reproduction, and conser- history of the Glacial Epoch for geologists,vaduct. ecologists, archeologists, geographers, andothers interested in the prehistoric realm.Ready in June 680 pages Ready in April Approximately 580 pages5% by 8% $4.00 6 by 9j Probable price $7.50

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tration or number of gas or vapor molecules per unit volume is auto-matically and instantly translated into a readily understood signal bythe use of the Skanascope. It may be used as a primary standard as

well as a useful everyday instrument in both the laboratory and shop.

It is compact and requires no accessories. In use it is connecteddirectly to the vacuum system through the tube at the rear of thecase and plugged into a 115 A. C. line. At atmospheric pressure no

current flows: the window appears dark, the screen white, and theindicating lamp is "dark. In the second stage, after pumping hasbegun, the neon indicator glows, the circular window becomes violetand the screen remains white. In- the third stage, a green fluorescenceappears in the center of the screen indicating a molecular concentrationequivalent to 500 microns. The window is still violet and the neon

lamp continues to glow. The fourth stage is illustrated at the right.The fifth stage appears at the molecular concentration equal to 25microns pressure. Here the green fluorescence disappears, the shadowdisappears, leaving the screen white, and the neon lamp continues toglow.

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Trace Elementsin Plants and Animals

By WALTER STILESMason Professor of Botany, University of Birmingham

All the present information, largely acquired in the last twenty years, on the partplayed by trace (chemical) elements in plants and animals, is included in this book.Recent theories, discoveries and experimental work on chemical elements inplants and animals have been summarized to make the salient facts availablein convenient digest form, and to indicate the present extent of knowledge of thisimportant new subject. $2.75

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"JVe must begins now to deviseways of stimulatinilg interest iii science amongsecondary school students -KARL T. COMPTON, President

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ten years from now our war-depleted, in-adequate supply of scientific manpowermay continue to handicap America'sprogress ... unless we inspire thousands ofscientifically-apt students in our highschools today to prepare for higher educa-tion in science. Each one of us can help toaccomplish this goal.We can discuss with young people and

their parents the serious shortage ofscientists, and the unlimited opportunities

offered by scientific careers. Thus, we candiscover many of these potential scientists.We can encourage them to study mathe-

matical, biological, and physical sciences,paving the way for their advanced collegework.We can promote and organize science

award programs for high school studentsamong local industrial and civic groups.

WYe must make every effort to increaseAmerica's force of scientific personnel.

BAUSCH & LOMB___O1P1 AL W(CHAL ( ST).R 2, N. Y.

TH E FUTURE OF A ME R I CA DE PE NDS ON S C IENT I FIC LEADERSHIP

S

(b) The Interdepartmental Committee on Scienceshall gather and correlate data relating to the scientificresearch and scientific development activities of theFederal Government; and shall make such recommenda-tions to the President, the Foundation, and other govern-mental agencies as in the opinion of the committee willserve to aid in effectuating the objectives of this Actand of other legislation providing for Federal supportof scientific research and scientific development.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 15. (a) The Director shall appoint and fix thecompensation of such personnel as may be necessaryto carry out the provisions of this Act. Such appointmentsshall be made and such compensation shall be fixedin accordance with the provisions of the civil servicelaws and regulations and the Classification Act of 1923,as amended, except that, when deemed desirable by theDirector, technical and professional personnel may beemployed without regard to the civil service laws orregulations, and their compensation may be fixed withoutregard to the provisions of the Classification Act of 1923,as amended. The Deputy Director hereinafter providedfor, and the members of the divisional committees andadvisory committees, shall be appointed without regardto the civil service laws or regulations.

(b) The Director may appoint with the approval ofthe executive committee a Deputy Director who shallreceive compensation at a rate of not to exceed $12,000per annum.

(c) The Foundation shall not, itself, operate any labora-tories or pilot plants.

(d) The members of the Foundation, and the membersof each divisional committee and of each advisory com-mittee appointed by the Foundation, shall receive com-pensation at the rate of $50 for each day engaged in thebusiness of the Foundation, and shall be allowed actualand necessary traveling and subsistence expenses (in-duding, in lieu of subsistence, per diem allowances ata rate not in excess of $10) when engaged, away fromhome, in the duties of their offices.

(e) Persons holding other offices in the executive branchof the Federal Government may serve as members of

the divisional committees or of any advisory committeeappointed by the Foundation, but they shall not receiveremuneration for their services as such members duringany period for which they receive compensation for theirservices in such other offices.

(f) Service of an individual as a member of the Founda-tion or of a divisional committee or of an advisory com-mittee shall not be considered as service bringing himwithin the provisions of Section 109 or Section 113 ofthe Criminal Code (U. S. C., 1940 edition, Title 18,Secs. 198 and 203) or Section 19 (c) of'the ContractSettlement'Act of 1944, unless the act of such individual,which by some section is made unlawful when performedby an individual referred to in such section, is withrespect to any particular matter which directly involvesthe Foundation or in which the Foundation is directlyinterested.

(g) The Office of Scientific Research and Developmentis abolished, and its affairs shall be liquidated by theFoundation, which shall be its successor agency. Theproperty, records, funds (including all unexpendedbalances of appropriations or other funds now available),and contracts (and rights and obligations thereunder)of the Office of Scientific Research' and Developmentare transferred to the Foundation. Such abolition andtransfer shall take effect as of the date upon which fivemembers of the executive committee provided for inSection 5 have qualified and taken office.

(h) In making contracts or other arrangements forscientific research, the Foundation shall utilize appro-priations available therefor in such manner as will inits discretion best realize the objectives of (1) havingthe work performed by the organizations or individuals,including Government agencies, best qualified by train-ing and experience to achieve the results desired, and(2) strengthening the research staff of organizations,particularly nonprofit organizations, in the States andTerritories and, the District of Columbia.

(i) The activities of the Foundation shall be construedas supplementing and not superseding, curtailing, orlimiting any of the functions or activities of other Govern-ment agencies (except the Office of Scientific Researchand Development) authorized to engage in scientificresearch or scientific development.

On January 14 Representative Emanuel Celler introduced a bill, now called H. R. 942, whichis identical with S. 1850 of the last session as it passed the Senate Military Affairs Committee.Simultaneously, on February 10, Representatives Case, Mills, and Priest introduced intothe House bills now numbered H. R. 1815, 1830, and 1834. These three bills are identicalto the Smith measure, S. 526, the text of which is given above.

194

The Rockefeller Foundation, who said recently: "Cer-tainly in our search for the means to control our ownfate we must not overlook the possibility that the unityof mankind may be achieved by art or music, a poem oror song, perhaps more effectively and lastingly than byengineering, medicine, or economics."The point of view that poets, painters, composers,

humanists, and social scientists have as strong claimsto support as scientists in any plan for the developmentof those who will lead mankind is the point of view of theJohn Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and formore than 20 years we have made our appropriationsin that belief.

But, having said this with respect to the Foundation'sfunds, I shall go on to say that while I hope I am pure-in a mathematician's use of that word-I also hopeI am not too pure and that I am not so politicallysimple, where the question is on the use of governmentfunds, as to insist upon ultimates or end-of-the-roadconclusions.Time brings many innovations, as the founders of

early state and other universities would see if they couldsee now the present breadth and inclusiveness of theirinstitutions. They might not be content with what theywould see; but, as for myself, I should be content to waitfor many logically foreseeable developments and not bedistressed if they did not work out according to my oranybody else's logic. "The life of the law," Mr. JusticeHolmes said, "has not been logic: it has been experience."Likewise, experience ought to govern here. He went onto say: "The felt necessities of the time, the prevalentmoral and political theories, intuitions of public policy,avowed or unconscious, even the prejudices which judgesshare with their fellow men, have had a good deal

more to do than the syllogism in determining the rulesby which men should be governed...

In this constitutional republic it cannot be otherwise,and it should not be otherwise. Whatever scientists maythink of the importance of the problem of the shortageof scientific personnel, they will get no ameliorationof it by government unless and until amelioration isone of "the felt necessities of the time." If we get it, weshall get it only in accordance with "the prevalent moraland political theories" of this country at the time oflegislative enactment, in accordance with "intuitions ofpublic policy" and in accordance with the prejudiceswhich members of Congress share with their fellowmen. Those prejudices-and neither Mr. Holmes norI are using the word invidiously but in its primary sense-will not now permit poets to be educated by Federalfunds; but I hope and believe that in any science legis-lation the wisdom of the Congress, which I believe in,will demand the development of social science concomi-tantly with the natural sciences. If not, you or your suc-cessors will some day wish the Congress had.

John Stuart Mill, in On liberty, has written my conclu-sion: "The worth of a State, in the long run, is the worthof the individuals composing it; and a State which post-pones the interests of their mental expansion and eleva-tion, to a little more of administrative skill, or thatsemblance of it which practice gives, in the details ofbusiness; a State which dwarfs its men, in order thatthey may be more docile instruments in its hands evenfor beneficial purposes, will find that with small men noreally great thing can be accomplished...

aFrom 0. W. Holmes, Jr. The common law. Boston, 1881. Pp. 1, 2.

The organization meeting of the new Inter-Society Committee on Science FoundationLegislation will be held at Hotel 2400, 2400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D. C., on February23, beginning at 10:00 A.M.Almost 100 delegates are expected to take part in the day-long discussion under the

leadership of Kirtley F. Mather, who has made the preliminary arrangements for the meetingand who is chairman of a Council committee which called the organizational meeting of thenew group.The delegates are to be guests of Science Service for luncheon. It is expected that the

occasion will provide an opportunity for scientists to meet with the principal backers of sciencelegislation on Sunday evening.

198