PERIODICO di MINERALOGIAVol. LXXIII August, 2004 SPECIAL ISSUE - n. 3

established in 1930

ISSN 0369- 8963

Bardi Editore - Via Piave 7, I-00187 Rome, Italy

An International Journal of

MINERALOGY

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

GEOCHEMISTRY

ORE DEPOSITS

PETROLOGY

VOLCANOLOGY

and applied topics on

Environment, Archaeometry

and Cultural Heritage

A showcase of the Italian research in applied petrology

Vol. LXXIII August, 2004 SPECIAL ISSUE 3

Scientific Editor:Lucio MORBIDELLI

E-mail: lucio.morbidelli@uniroma1.it

Editorial assistants:Michele LUSTRINO Giovanni B. ANDREOZZI

E-mail: michele.lustrino@uniroma1.it E-mail: gianni.andreozzi@uniroma1.it

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi «La Sapienza» - P.le A.Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Telefax = +39 06 4454729

Editorial BoardGiuseppe Maria BARGOSSI Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra eGeologico-AmbientaliP.zza di Porta di San Donato, 1 40100 Bologna, ItalyE-mail: bargossi@geomin.unibo.it

Maria BONIDipartimento di Geofisica e VulcanologiaUniversità Federico IIVia Mezzocannone, 8 - 80134 Napoli, ItalyE-mail: boni@unina.it

Bernard BONINDepartment des Sciences de la TerreBatiment 504-Universitè de Paris-SudF-91405 ORSAY CEDEX, FranceE-mail: bbonin@geol.u-psud.fr

Daniele C.C. CASTELLI Dipartimento di Scienze Mineralogiche ePetrologiche, Università di TorinoVia V. Caluso, 35 - 10125, Torino, ItalyE-mail: daniele.castelli@unito.it

Bernardo CESARE Dipartimento di Mineralogia e Petrologia,Università di PadovaCorso Garibaldi, 37 - 35100 Padua, ItalyE-mail: bernardo.cesare@unipd.it

Roberto CLOCCHIATTILaboratoire Pierre Süe (CEA-CNRS)C.E.Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, FranceE-mail: clochiatti@dreacam.cea.fr

Massimo COLTORTIIstituto di Mineralogia e PetrologiaCorso Ercole I D’Este, 44100 Ferrara, ItalyE-mail: clt@dns.unife.it

Sandro CONTICELLIDipartimento di Scienze della TerraVia G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, ItalyE-mail: sandro@unifi.it

Antonio DELLA GIUSTADipartimento di Mineralogia e PetrologiaC.so Garibaldi, 37, 35147 Padova, ItalyE-mail: adg@dmp.unipd.it

Marco FRANZINI Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Università di PisaVia S. Maria, 53 - 56126 Pisa, ItalyE-mail: franzini@dst.unipi.it

Martha GERDESChevron Texaco Exploration and ProductionTechnology Company6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, Rm 1252 SanRamon California 94583 U.S.A.E-mail: gerd@chevrontexaco.com

Alessandro GUALTIERIDipartimento di Scienze della TerraVia S. Eufemia, 19, 41100 Modena, ItalyE-mail: alex@unimo.it

Vladimir KAMENETSKYSchool of Earth Sciences CODES SRCUniversity of Tasmania GPO Box 252-79Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, AustraliaE-mail: Dima.Kamenetsky@utas.edu.au

Jorg KELLERInstitut fuer Mineralogie, Petrologie undGeochemie, Universitaet FreiburgAlbertstr. 23b, D-79104 Freiburg, GermanyE-mail: joerg.keller@minpet.uni-freiburg.de

Lorenzo LAZZARINIL.A.M.A. Dipartimento di Storiadell’Architettura (I.U.A.V.) S. Polo 2468 30125 Venezia, ItalyE-mail: lorenzo@iuav.unive.it

Gabriella LUCCHETTIDipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio edelle Sue Risorse - Corso Europa, 26 16132 Genova, Italy E-mail: lucchett@dister.unige.it

Leone MELLUSO Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Università Federico II - Via Mezzocannone, 880134 Napoli, ItalyE-mail: melluso@unina.it

Bruno MESSIGADipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Università di PisaVia Ferrata, 1 - 27100 Pavia, ItalyE-mail: messiga@crystal.unipv.it

Modesto MONTOTODepartamento de Geología, Grupo dePetrofísica - Universidad de Oviedo, E-33005 Oviedo, SpainE-mail: mmontoto@asturias.geol.uniovi.es

Vincenzo MORRADipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Università Federico II, Via Mezzocannone, 880134 Napoli, ItalyE-mail: vimorra@unina.it

Angelo PECCERILLO Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Università di Perugia, P.zza Università - 06100 Perugia, ItalyE-mail: pecceang@unipg.it

Stefano POLIDipartimento di Scienze della TerraVia Botticelli, 23, 20133 Milano, ItalyE-mail: stefano.poli@unimi.it

Francesco PRINCIVALLEDipartimento di Scienze della TerraVia E. Weiss, 8 (Padiglione N), 34127 Trieste, ItalyE-mail: princiva@mail.univ.trieste.it

André PUSCHNIGNaturhistorisches Museum BaselAugustinergasse 2 CH-4001 Basel, SuisseE-mail: andre.puschnig@bs.ch

Roberto SANTACROCEDipartimento di Scienze della Terra,Università di Pisa, Via Santa Maria, 53, 56100 Pisa, ItalyE-mail: santac@dst.unipi.it

Marco SCAMBELLURIDipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e leSue Risorse, Università di GenovaCorso Europa, 26 - 16132 Genova, ItalyE-mail: msca@dipteris.unige.it

Cliff SHAWDepartment of Geology, University of NewBrunswick, 2, Bailey Drive, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, CanadaE-mail: cshaw@unb.ca

Vlado SUCHADepartment of Mineral Deposits, Geology,Comenius University, MlynskaDolina G-84215 Bratislava, SlovakiaE-mail: sucha@fns.uniba.sk

Yves THIBAULTSP-AR-01-1Corning IncorporatedCorning, NY 14831 USAE-mail: thibaulty@corning.com

Brian G.J. UPTONDeparment of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of Edinburgh, West Mains RoadEdinburgh, EH9 3JW, United KingdomE-mail: bupton@glag.ed.ac.uk

Riccardo VANNUCCIDipartimento di Scienze della Terra;Centro di Studio per la Cristallochimica e laCristallografia (CNR)Via Ferrata, 1 - 27100 Pavia, ItalyE-mail: vannucci@crystal.unipv.it

Georges VOUGIOUKALAKISInstitute of Geology and Mineral Exploration,Dept. of Energy Resources, 70Messogion street, 11527 Athens, GreeceE-mail: gevagel@otenet.gr

Alan WOOLLEYDepartment of Mineralogy, Natural HistoryMuseum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKE-mail: a.woolley@nhm.ac.uk

Top left: A very thin and resistant film, yellow-brown coloured, Ca-oxalate bearing, protected the marble, preserving, for almost two thousand years, even the smaller or-namental elements from dissolution. Size about 20x30 cm2 (quartz).COVERBottom right: Back-scattered electron micro-image of run products from experiments in the chemical system MgO-SiO2-Al2O3 extended to Cr2O3, employed to inertizeand recycle chromium-rich industrial waste as ceramics. Euhedral crystals of an oxide-silicate assemblage including zoned Cr-rich spinel (white) and forsterite (grey)crystals within a glass-rich matrix

Among Geosciences, Mineralogy and Petrology are the sectors producing the kind of researchthat most is related to the Material Science. Natural objects studied and analyzed by these sciencescan in fact be defined as micro- and nano-structured materials. Rocks and minerals represent sincea long time an interesting training by which the knowledge of the structure, the evolution and theinner characteristics of the material at the crystalline state can be developed and improved. Rocksare very complex systems and with high variancy, due to the high numbers of chemicalcomponents and to a relatively low number of phases. For studies regarding Geomaterials aretherefore necessary, and have always been employed and experimented, the most developed andadvanced techniques in different fields of the experimental Sciences.

The Earth Sciences are in this way essentially interdisciplinary and capable of relying on all theknowledge acquired by experimental sciences; they have however preserved their «NaturalSciences» character, it means sciences for which the observation, the description and theclassification of «objects» still represents an essential knowledge instrument that cannot be setaside.

Earth Sciences are also experimental sciences, nevertheless they do not advance doingexperiments but studying those made by Nature, experiments of which only the final results areknown, but not the working conditions; they develop this ability by combining the «looking» withthe most advanced analytic techniques.

This double aspect of Earth Sciences, naturalistic and analytically advanced, outlines the reasonwhy two fields of study, which are becoming more and more important in the technologicallyadvanced world, the knowledge and conservation of cultural inheritage and the development andapplication of new materials, represent objects of interest of the Earth Sciences and they couldn’teven manage without them.

This volume presents a collection of case studies related to the application of Geosciences, andin particular of Mineralogy and Petrology, to traditional problems, such as the knowledge for abetter exploitation of natural ornamental stones, up to more recent research arguments related tothe study of geomaterials and their by-products, employed in historical age and to the planning ofsynthetic materials for modern technology.

In the volume contributions have been ordered by date of handing of the manuscript.

GIOVANNI MARIA BARGOSSI

MARCO FRANZINI

BRUNO MESSIGA

FOREWORD

An International Journal ofMINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY,ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGYand applied topics on Environment, Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage

Per. Mineral. (2004), 73, 3 http://go.to/perminSPECIAL ISSUE 3: A showcase of the Italian research in applied petrology

Vol. LXXIII August, 2004 SPECIAL ISSUE 3

Information to Authors

Periodico di Mineralogia is a journal devoted to publishing original research and review papers in MINERALOGY,CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and relatedapplied topics on ENVIRONMENT, ARCHAEOMETRY and CULTURAL HERITAGE.

Submission of ManuscriptsPapers should be written in English. Please, make sure that the standard of English is that expected.Submission of a research article is understood to imply both that the whole and parts of the manuscript are original andare not being considered for publication elsewhere.There is no page limitation on the length of articles and number of tables and illustrations.Review papers should regard topics of general interest. They should not be merely a reiteration of published data,but should serve to selectively assemble published information and then to analyse and reinterpret it in such a way thatnew insights are gained and science is advanced.Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate to one of the Editors. They should be typed double spacing only onone side of each sheet. All pages must be numbered. Tables, drawings and photographs should be sent together withthe manuscript; these should be mentioned in numerical order in the text.The parts of the manuscript should appear in the following order:1. Title 5. Text2. Name(s) in full, affiliation(s) or address(es) of author(s) 6. List of references3. Abstract 7. Tables and captions4. Keywords 8. Figures and captions

Detailed instructions will be sent to the author(s) on request and are available on the web site (http://go.to/permin);these are also published in the last pages of this issue.Only one set of galley proofs will be sent to the author(s).Thirty reprints of each article are free of charge. Additional copies may be purchased.Original drawings and photographs published will be returned to the author(s) upon request within two months of thepublication date.

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Published three times a year. Property of Università degli Studi “La Sapienza” P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy

Bardi Editore - Via Piave 7, I-00187 Rome, Italy

PETRELLI M., PERUGINI D., MORONI B. and POLI G.Travertine, a building stone extensively employed in Umbria from Etruscan to Renaissance age: provenance determination using artificial intelligence technique

BARGOSSI G. M., GAMBERINI F., GASPAROTTO G., GRILLINI G. C. and MAROCCHI M.Dimension and ornamental stones from the Tosco-Romagnolo and Bolognese Apennine

CAVALLO A., BIGIOGGERO B., COLOMBO A. and TUNESI A.The Verbano Cusio Ossola province: a land of quarries in northern Italy (Piedmont)

SANDRONE R., COLOMBO A., FIORA L., FORNARO M., LOVERA E., TUNESI A. and CAVALLO A.

Contemporary natural stones from the Italian western Alps (Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions)

CHIARI G. and D. SCOTT Pigment analysis: potentialities and problems

TURBANTI MEMMI I. Pottery production and distribution: the contribution of mineralogical and petrographical methodologies in Italy. State of the art and future developments

CRISCI G. M., FRANZINI M., LEZZERINI M., MANNONI T. and RICCARDI M. P. Ancient mortars and their binder

Contents (continued)

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August, 2004

PERIODICO di MINERALOGIAVol. LXXIII

established in 1930

Bardi Editore - Via Piave 7, I-00187 Rome, Italy

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Contents continued on the last page inside

CONTENTS

SPECIAL ISSUE - n. 3

ARTIOLI G., and DUGNANI M.Crystallographic texture analysis: applications in mineralogy and archaeometry

D’AMICO C., STARNINI E., GASPAROTTO G. and GHEDINI M.Eclogites, jades and other HP-metaophiolites employed for prehistoric implements polished stone in Italy and Europe

BARONE G., BRANCA C., CRUPI V., MAJOLINO D., IOPPOLO S., PUGLISI G., SPAGNOLO G. and TIGANO G.

Archaeometric analyses of ceramics from Sicilian Greek colonies: contribution to the knowledge of Messina, Gela and Agrigento production

SANTI P., ANTONELLI F., RENZULLI A. and PENSABENE P.Leucite phonolite millstones from the Orvieto production centre: new data and insights into the Roman trade

CIMMINO F., FACCINI F. and ROBBIANO A.Stones and coloured marbles of Liguria in historical monuments

CAVALLO A., BIGIOGGERO B., COLOMBO A. and TUNESI A.The Beola: a dimension stone from Ossola Valley (NW Italy)

MORONI M., BRIGIDA C., POLI S. and VALLE M.Fixing chromium and lead in ceramic materials: a petrological approach to inertization and recycling of toxic industrial waste

LAZZARINI L. Archaeometric aspects of white and coloured marbles used in antiquity: the state of the art

TUCCI P. and MORBIDELLI P.“Apulian marbles” of the Ostuni District (south-eastern Murge, Apulia, Italy). Identification and characterisation of ancient quarries for archaeometric purposes

BAVESTRELLO CATTANEO G., VIETTI R., CERRANO C., CHIANTORE M., CORTESOGNO L. and GAGGERO L.

Interactions between aquatic biological systems and silica