Vol. 5, No. 2 SEPTEMBER 1978

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL O F

INTERDISZIPLINÄRE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR

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B. Messerli,Bem

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ISSN 0341-8162 CATENA VERLAG

CATENA AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF PEDOLOGY - HYDROLOGY - GEOMORPHOLOGY

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C A T E N A VOL. 5, 145 - 149 BRAUNSCHWEIG 1978

RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF LATE QUATERNARY LAKES IN THE KALAHARI, SOUTHERN AFRICA

K. Heine Geographisches I n s t i t u t der Rheinischen F r i ed r i ch -W i l he lms -Un i ve r s i t ä t

Franz iskanerst raße 2, D-5300 Bonn 1, Bundesrepubl ik Deutschland (manuscript accepted for publication June 12, 1978)

SUMMARY

Some radiocarbon dates concerning the l a t e Quaternary development of the southern Kalahar i and the Ngami-Makgadikgadi area are g iven. The southern Ka lahar i i s char-ac te r i zed by p l u v i a l cond i t ions dur ing the l a s t g l a c i a l maximum (ca. 19,000 to 12,000 y r b .p. ) and r e l a t i v e l y a r i d cond i t ions dur ing the Holocene and before ca . 19,000 y r b .p . . A very high lake l eve l in the Makgadikgadi depression occurred dur ing ca . 30,000 to 19,000 y r b .p . ; here the l a s t g l a c i a l maximum was a r i d ; a second p l u v i a l per iod wi th less high lake l e ve l s i s dated ca . 12,000 y r b .p . . Minor f l u c t ua t i on s of the Makgadikgadi lake l eve l eventua l l y occurred dur ing the Ear ly Holocene. The p re l im inary chronost rat igraphy i s shown in tab le 1.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

E in ige 1 4 C-Daten zur spätquartären Entwicklung der süd l ichen Kalahar i und des Ngami-Makar ikar i-Gebietes werden v o r g e s t e l l t . Die süd l i che Kalahar i w i rd durch p l u v i a l e Bedingungen während des l e t z t en Hpchg laz ia l s (ca . 19 000 b i s 12 000 B.P.) und durch r e l a t i v a r i de Bedingungen während des Holozäns und vor ca . 19 000 B.P. c h a r a k t e r i s i e r t . In der Makar ikar i -Depress ion bestand e in sehr hoher Seespiegel während ca . 30 000 b i s 19 000 B.P. ; h i e r war das l e t z t e Hochglaz ia l a r i d ; e ine zweite p l u v i a l e Phase mit weniger hohem Seespiegel wird auf ca . 12 000 B.P. da­t i e r t . Geringere F luktuat ionen des Makar ikar i -Seesp iege ls gab es vermut l i ch im Frühholozän. Eine vo r l äu f i ge Chronost ra t igraph ie wird in Tabe l le 1 wiedergegeben.

The recent increase in observat iona l evidence f o r l a t e Quaternary moist per iods in North A f r i c a , East A f r i c a , A rab ia , and Au s t r a l i a (R0GN0N & WILLIAMS 1977, BUTZER et a l . 1972, GASSE 1977, McCLURE 1976, B0WLER 1975), der ived l a r ge l y from dat ing and ana lys i s of lake Sediments, has been accompanied by l i t t l e a t t en t i on on f o s s i l lake beds in the Ka lahar i of southern A f r i c a , although f o s s i l lakes have long been known to e x i s t in the Kalahar i region (PASSARGE 1904, JAEGER 1939, LANCASTER 1974). The r e su l t s of a p re l im inary attempt to e s t ab l i s h the age of a se r i e s of l a t e Qua­ternary Sediments and f l u v i a l depos i ts in the Ka lahar i reg ion are reported here.

The Kalahar ian zone i s s i tua ted on a plateau genera l l y more than 1,000 m above sea l eve l in Botswana, eastern South West A f r i c a (Namibia), and north western Trans­v aa l , s t r e t ch i ng from the Okavango R iver in the north to c lose to the Orange River in the Republ ic of South A f r i c a in the south ( F i g . 1) . I t i s f l a t or gent ly un-du l a t i n g , wi th sand dunes more f requent l y occur r ing in the south west. The true Kalahar i os a huge s a n d - f i l l e d basin (DE V0S 1975). The zone i s sem i -a r i d . Ra in-

@?3 ..5 / * \ 6 , " v 7 — - 8

f a l l i s e r r a t i c , conf ined mainly to the per iod November to Ap r i l and de-creas ing from about 500 mm annual ly in the north and east to about 200 mm in the south west. From 22° l a t i t u d e southward the zone i s dry gras land and savanna, r e c i ev i ng only l i t t l e and un-r e l i a b l e r a i n f a l l (DE VOS 1975, DIEM 1977). The summer c l imate i s dry and Con t i nen ta l . S ca r c i t y of surface water and poor s o i l s are the main l i m i t i n g fac to r s to vegetat ive growth (COLE & BROWN 1976). Ground waters in the northern Kalahar i are d i r e c t l y , and in some cases r a p i d l y , recharged by ra in (VERHAGEN et a l . 1974). Surface water i s a va i l a b l e in on ly a few areas f o r a Short time a f t e r the r a i n s , when i t c o l l e c t s in pans or shal low depres-s i ons . These pans play an important r o l e in the ecology of the area (DE VOS 1975).

Lacust r ine depos i ts are assoc ia ted wi th spr ing tu fas and other r e l a t ed depo­s i t s , pa l eoso l s , aeo l ian and a l l u v i a l depos i ts and hold the key to the l a t e Quaternary geomorphological and c l ima -t i c evo lu t ion of the area. The l a cus ­t r i n e depos i ts cons i s t of calcareous and sometimes f o s s i l i f e r o u s mar l s , c l a y s , and s i l t s and sometimes conta in s na i l s and She l l s . Morpho log ica l , s t r a -t i g r a p h i c a l , and pa laeonto log ica l c r i -t e r i a i nd i ca te the presence of two

main generat ions of lake beds in the Ngami-Okavango-Makgadikgadi reg ion . The o lder lake may on one or more occasions have formed a very la rge and continuous body of water wi th the Okavango-Mababe-Ngami depression (GREY & C00KE 1977), est imated to have been about 60,000 km2 in area. Aeo l ian sands antedate the Sediments of the younger l ake . The ' con tour ing ' of the s lopes of dunes of the Ntwetwe pan in the Makgadikgadi i s be l ieved to have been caused by the r e t r ea t i ng waters of the younger lake that f looded the pan a f t e r the formation of the dunes (GR0VE 1969).

In the southern Kalahar i the f o s s i l bear ing f l u v i a l depos i ts of the Molopo River are under la in by aeo l ian sands; modern dune sands of l i g h t co lour cover the f l u v ­i a l Sediments of the Va l l e y s , whereas the sand r idges of the neighbouring areas show the b r i gh t red co lour which i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the Kalahar i dunes.

Radiocarbon dat ing of the lake beds from the Ngami-Makgadikgadi basins and of the f l u v i a l Sediments of the Molopo Supports the hypothesis that two main per iods of high water l eve l occurred in the northern and middle Kalahar i dur ing the l a t e Quaternary whereas the southern Ka lahar i i s charac te r i sed by only one p l u v i a l pe­r i od (Table 1) . In the t r o p i c a ! part of the Ka lahar i the dates place the f i r s t p l u v i a l lake between 31,000 (or o lder ) and 19,000 y r b .p . , and the d i f f e r e n t stages of the second p l u v i a l lake between ca . 12,000 and 9,000 y r b.p. (and younger). An a r i d per iod between ca . 19,000 and 12,000 y r b.p. separates the two p l u v i a l l akes . In the subt rop i ca l southern part of the Kalahar i as wel l as in the Cape province (VAN ZINDEREN BAKKER 1976) the per iod between ca . 19,000 and 12,000 y r b.p. shows f a i r l y wet c l ima t i c cond i t ions ( p l u v i a l ) .

F i g . 1: Location map of places mentioned i n the text. 1, Swamp; 2, Lake; 3, Pan; 4, Perennial r i v e r ; 5, Va l l e y with episod-i c a l run-off; 6, F o s s i l lake shore during the most extensive l a t e Quaternary trans-gressive phase; 7, Minor f o s s i l lake shore; 8, International border.

Table 1: THE MAIN STAGES IN THE LATE QUATERNARY EVOLUTION OF THE NGAMI-MAKGADIKGADI BASINS AND THE MOLOPO RIVER VALLEY

o Ngami-Makgadikgadi basins (19 21~S) Molopo River Valley (ca. 27 S) lkC Age (yr b.p.) Sedimentary f a c i e s Humidity 14 C Age (yr b.p.) Sedimentary f a c i e s Humidity

aeolian sand and ca l c r e t e

fr w Ö rH

-H Q) •p > (d <d C i—l u CD 0) -P M rH rd

a l t e r n a t i n g from wetter to d r i e r

aeolian sand

0) fr ^ TS cn •rH Q) u c

T S T S

very dry with wet i n t e r v a l s

8,720195 9,390180

(Hv 8383) (Hv 8378) calc r e t e

M 1 1 , 9 2 0 1 ^ ° ( H V 8 3 6 7 ) l a c u s t r i n e Sediments

wetter

£1 w T S

fr rH

•H (ü -

(ü 4-»

rH m

wet/ very wet

C+ 13,2751110 (Hv 8380) C+ 14,3001190 (Hv 8386) C+ 14,620190 (Hv 8381)

Dune sand, f l u v i a l sand i near the ' Okavango deltaI

CD dry

Mf 12,4801220 (Hv 8372)

Mf 15,5801350 (Hv 8368)

f l u v i a l deposits (sand, s i l t , clay) gravel

c <L> -rH Q)

wet

19,1701660 20,8351355 20,99011100 24,3301270

h12lO "1000

27,0501450 27,3501550 30,2501520

M 25,9101, L M L

(Hv 8366) (Hv 8365) (+) (Hv 8364) (Hv 8371) (Hv 8379) (Hv 8370) (Hv 8382)

la c u s t r i n e Sediments (chalk, marl, s i l t , clay)

Q) Q) rH c

•H Q) rH

M Q) fd U

rH O - & fr very wet aeolian sand

C+ 31,7501500 (Hv 8387)

Q) fr

T S •H rH

T S

. 1 .

dry

(4-) High Makgadikgadi lake l e v e l dated by A.T. Grove, see r e f . 17 and r e f . 1, p. 306. L Lacustrine chalk, i n d i c a t i n g high lake l e v e l . M Mollusca, i n d i c a t i n g high lake l e v e l and/or fresh water supply. Mf Mollusca, i n d i c a t i n g a perennial r i v e r . C- Calcrete without f o s s i l c a l c i t e fragments. C+ Calcrete with f o s s i l c a l c i t e fragments; the 1 4 C determination does not represent the true age of the ca l c r e t e formation

The p re l im ina ry chronostrat igraphy (Table 1) confirms the assumption that the ma­j o r environmental changes along the temperate and t r o p i c a ! margins of the Kalahar i seem to be in phase wi th the va r i a t i on s in p r e c i p i t a t i o n and evaporat ion in North and East A f r i c a as wel l as in Arabia and A u s t r a l i a . Va r i a t i ons in temperature seem to be synchroneous worldwide; va r i a t i on s in humidity depend on a s h i f t i n g of the c l i m a t i c be l t s dur ing the l a t e Quaternary and there fore do not occur synchroneously in var ious regions of southern A f r i c a . In the Kaiahar ian zone, as in North and East A f r i c a , A rab i a , A u s t r a l i a , and Mexico (HEINE 1974, 1977), we have to d i s t i n -guish between the fo l l ow ing per iods wi th d i f f e r e n t c l ima t i c cond i t i ons : (1) the high g l a c i a l per iod (19,000 to 12,000 y r b.p.) charac te r i sed by a cool and a r i d c l imate in the nor thern , western, midd le , and eastern Ka lahar i and a co ld and hu­mid c l imate (winter r a i n s ) in the southern Ka l aha r i , (2) the i n t e r s t a d i a l per iod (> 31,000 - 19,000 y r b.p.) and the l a t e P l e i s t ocene /ea r l y Holocene (12,000 -9,000 y r b . p . ) , both per iods are charac te r i sed by p l u v i a l s in the Ka l aha r i , and (3) the po s t g l a c i a l per iod (< 9,000 y r b.p. = Holocene) with a warm and semihumid c l imate ( t r o p i c a ! summer ra in s ) in the nor thern , western, midd le , and eastern Ka­l aha r i and a warm and semi-ar id c l imate (subt rop ica l an t i cyc lone) i n the southern Ka l aha r i .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

These i n ves t i ga t i on s were sponsored by the DEUTSCHE FORSCHUNGSGEMEINSCHAFT. Spe­c i a l acknowledgement i s due to Professor Dr. M.A. GEYH (Hannover) f o r radiocarbon dat ing and to Professor Dr. R. HUCKRIEDE (Marburg) fo r pa laeonto log i ca l determina-t i ons of She l l s and s n a i l s .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B0WLER, J .M. (1975): Deg lac ia l Events in Southern A u s t r a l i a : The i r Age, Nature, and Pa laeoc l imat i c S i gn i f i c an ce . Quaternary S tud ies , The Royal Soc ie ty of New Zealand, B u l l . 13, 75 - 82, We l l ing ton .

BUTZER, K.W., ISAAC, G .L . , "RTCHARDSON, J . L . & WASHBOURN-KAMAU, C. (1972): Radio­carbon dat ing of East A f r i c an lake l e v e l s . Science 175, 1069 - 1076.

COLE, M.M. & BROWN, R.C. (1976): The Vegetat ion of the GhanzTarea of western Botswana. Journal of Biogeography 3, 169 - 196.

DE VOS, A. (1975): A f r i c a , the Devastated Üont inent? W. Junk, The Hague. DIEM, M. (1977): Ein weiträumiger extremer Regenfal ! in der Ka l aha r i . Meteoro log i ­

sche Rundschau 30, 138 - 144. GASSE, F. (1977): Evo lut ion of Lake Abhe (E th iop ia and TFAI) , from 70,000 b.p.

Nature 265, 4 2 - 4 5 . GREY, D.R.C. & CÜÜKE, H.J . (1977): Some Problems in the Quaternary Evo lut ion of

the Landforms of Northern Botswana. Catena 4, 123 - 133. GR0VE, A .Z . (1969): Landforms and Cl imate in the KaTahari and Ngamiland. The Geo­

graph ica! Journal 135, 191 - 212. HEINE, K. (1974): Bemerkungen zu neueren chronost rat igraph ischen Daten zum Ver­

h ä l t n i s g l a z i a l e r und p l u v i a l e r Klimabedingungen. Erdkunde 28, 303 - 312. HEINE, K. (1977): Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zur e i s z e i t l i c h e n Depression von

Schneegrenze und Strukturbodengrenze in den Tropen und Subtropen. Erdkunde 31, 161 - 178.

JAEGER, FT (1939): Trockenseen der Erde. Petermanns M i t te i lungen Erg.H. 236, 1-159. LANCASTER, I .N. (1974): Pans of the Southern Ka l aha r i . Botswana Notes ancTRecords

6, 157 - 169. McCLURE, H.A. (1976): Radiocarbon chronology of l a t e Quaternary lakes in the Ara-

bian Desert. Nature 263, 755 - 756. PASSARGE, S. (1904): Die Ka i aRä r i . D. Reimer, B e r l i n .

ROGNON, P. & WILLIAMS, M.A.J . (1977): Late Quaternary C l ima t i c Changes in Aus t ra ­l i a and North A f r i c a : A Pre l im inary I n t e rp r e t a t i on . Palaeogeography, Pa-laeoc l imato logy , Palaeoecology 21_, 285 - 327.

STREET, F.A. & GROVE, A.T. (1976): Environmental and c l ima t i c imp l i ca t i ons of l a t e Quaternary l a ke - l e ve l f l u c t ua t i on s in A f r i c a . Nature 261, 385 - 390.

VAN ZINDEREN BAKKER, E.M. (1976): The Evo lut ion of Late-Quaternary Palaeocl imates of Southern A f r i c a . Palaeoecology of A f r i c a 9, 160 - 202.

VERHAGEN, B.Th. , MAZOR, E. & SELLSCHOP, J . P . F . (1974J: Radiocarbon and t r i t i u m evidence f o r d i r e c t r a i n recharge to ground waters in the northern Kalaha­r i . Nature 249, 643 - 644.

VOL. 5, No. 2 CONTENTS SEPTEMBER 1978

E.W. ANDERSON & N.J . COX A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS FOR MEÄSURING SOIL CREEP 81

ANN R.M. YOUNG THE INFLUENCE OF DEBRIS MANTLES AND LOCAL CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON SLOPE STABILITY NEAR WOLLONGONG, AUSTRALIA 95

A.C. IMESON SLOPE DEPOSITS AND SEDIMENT SUPPLY IN A NEW ENGLAND DRAINAGB BASIN (AUSTRALIA) 109

W. SYMADER & W. THOMAS INTERPRETATION OF AVERAGE HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN FLOWING WATERS AND SEDIMENT BY MEANS OF HIERARCHICAL GROUPING ANALYSIS USING TWO DIFFERENT ERROR INDICES 131

K. HEINE RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF LATE QUATERNARY LAKES IN THE KALAHARI, SOUTHERN AFRICA 145

I .D.L . FOSTER SEASONAL SOLUTE BEHAVIOUR OF STORMFLOW IN A SMALL AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT 15.1

R. HERRMANN REGIONAL PATTERNS OF POLYCYCLIC ARQMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN NE-BAVARIAN SNOW AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE AND AIR FLOW 165

A.M. HARVEY DISSECTED ALLUVIAL FANS IN SOUTHEAST SPAIN 177

P. MICHEL LA VALLEE ALLUVIALE DU SENEGAL (AFRIQUE DE L'OUBST). RELATIONS GBOMORPHOLOGIE - SOLS - APTITUDES CULTURALES ET LEUR CARTOGRAPHIE AU 1/50 OOO 213

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