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Vol. 10 No. 1
March 2010
Romanian
Journal
of
European
Affairs
Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2010
EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ROMANIA
Founding Director
Niculae Idu
Director
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editors
Editorial Board
Contents
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Annette Freyberg-Inan 5
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
Daniela Irrera
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
NATO AND EU MEMBERSHIP
Agnes Nicolescu 64
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS
THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES:
ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Annette Freyberg-Inan*
Abstract**: The European Union (EU) is a singularly successful example of economic integration. To what extent it has also been a force for democracy- and how it can more clearly become one- are the key questions addressed in this article.
been subordinate to aggregate prosperity in the process of both European integration and European Union enlargement. Not only do the EU’s institutional structure
socio-economic implications of transition and for EU-fostered technocratic threats to democratic consolidation. While formal democracy of course remains a criterion
democracy beyond minimal formal criteria. The institutional design and key policies of the enlarging EU thus clearly aim more at creating aggregate wealth than at
Keywords: social democracy, EU enlargement, regional integration, political norms, equity, social policy
1. Equity as the Missing Link
*Annette Freyberg-Inan
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
7
4
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
4
Models of Democracy
rd
Journal of Common Market Studies
7
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
The Great Transformation: Political and Economic Origins of Our
Time
7
9
9
-
9
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
Legitimacy and the European Union
Democracy in the European Union
Democracy in the European Union
Journal of Common Market Studies How
to Democratize the European Union… and Why Bother?
How to Democratize the European Union… and Why
Bother?
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
The Impact of
International Organizations on the Central and East European States
Theft of a Nation: Romania since Communism
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
International Security
Romanian Journal of Society and Politics
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Political Economy and the
Changing Global Order
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
3. Conclusion: The Quest for a
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
REFERENCES
Legitimacy and the European Union
Journal of Economic
Democracy in the European Union
ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN
rd
Norms and Nannies: The Impact of International Organizations on the Central and East European States
Political Economy and the Changing Global Order rd
Romanian Journal of Society and Politics Romania since Communism
Models of Democracy
Democracy in the European Union
Journal of Common Market Studies
The Great Transformation: Political and Economic Origins of our Time
The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe
How to Democratize the European Union… and Why Bother?
International Security
EQUITY AS THE MISSING LINK: THE VALUES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
*
Abstract
the countries in the New Europe now is that, in order to be credible enough, and not
the present article looks at some of the alarm signals coming from the countries on
order to engage in a much-needed process of strategic reassurance.
Keywords: NATO, Central and Eastern Europe, strategic reassurance, European
defence.
Introduction
* Octavian Manea
4
The Reasons behind the Fear
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
4
OCTAVIAN MANEA, IULIA SERAFIMESCU
Gazeta Wyborcza
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
An Alternative to the Alliance:
7
9
OCTAVIAN MANEA, IULIA SERAFIMESCU
the other High Contracting Parties
the military and other aid and assistance in their power.7 The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or
more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all
9
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
per se
What should be done?
OCTAVIAN MANEA, IULIA SERAFIMESCU
Foreign
Policy
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
Financial Times,
Conclusion
OCTAVIAN MANEA, IULIA SERAFIMESCU
Global Public Square
DISQUIETUDE ON THE EASTERN FLANK: AWAITING ALLIANCE RESPONSE
SELECTED REFERENCES
Financial Times
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND
HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
Daniela Irrera*
Abstract**: Social scientists and policy-makers are increasingly concerned with
This ability depends to a large extent on the capabilities and instruments of the non-
that cut across the borders of states, NGOs are increasingly gaining access to
representation, and democratization of the decision-making processes of international organizations. This paper aims at analyzing the increasing engagement of NGOs, within and in relation with the EU, in the framework of CFSP/ESDP, and in responding to composite humanitarian emergencies.
Keywords:Z19
* Daniela Irrera
EU governance and civil society: the theory debate
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
White Paper
phase
rules,
DANIELA IRRERA
way in which powers are exercised at
openness, participation, accountability,
communitiesnetworks
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
the EU
AnOpen and Structured Dialogue between the Commission and Special Interest Groups
pressure
DANIELA IRRERA
An Open and Structured Dialogue between the Commission and Special Interest
Groups
(Comité de Liaison
Europe
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
Relations with the EU institutions
maison
The
organizations: building a stronger partnership
DANIELA IRRERA
4
White Paper on European
society includes the following: trade unions and employers’ organisations
local and municipal life with a particular contribution from churches and religious communities
4
partnership
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue - General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission
DANIELA IRRERA
The EU and Foreign and Defence Policy
détente
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
A Secure Europe in a Better World
EuropeanSecurity Strategy
crisis management
DANIELA IRRERA
NGOs and ESDP
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
44
Area Countries Starting date End Years Personnel
4
7 Iraq
9
operations 7
7
DANIELA IRRERA
The relations of humanitarian NGOs with EU institutions
it will be necessary to broaden the range of expertise upon which the Union can draw for its crisis
multifaceted tasks that it will face. EU
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
reform (SSR), mediation, border control, disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and media policy. The EU should begin work to ensure it
crisis management missions
The Joint forms of cooperation
DANIELA IRRERA
47
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
Operation in Congo
resources such as police and judges to bear in crisis and post-crisis situations
DANIELA IRRERA
49
Conclusions
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
REFERENCES
The Building of Regional Security Partnership and the
Mediterranean Region
analysis Managing multi-
L’Unione europeaI Partiti e il sistema Partitico dell’Unione Europea
L’Unione Europea. Le Istituzioni e gli attori di un Sistema Sopranazionale
Domestic Politics and European Community Policy-Making
International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical
An Open and Structured Dialogue between the Commission and Special Interest Groups
Towards a reinforced culture of consultation and dialogue - General principles and minimum standards for consultation of interested parties by the Commission
organizations: building a stronger partnership
society organisations in the building of Europe
BruxellesPresidency Report on ESDP
Presidency Report on ESDP
risis management in sub-Saharan Africa. The role of European Union
The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the Neorealist Research Program
The political system of the European Union
The European process at the Atlantic Cross-purposes
The State, War, and the State of War
DANIELA IRRERA
Operation Artemis in the Democratic Republic of CongoFaster and more united? The debate about Europe’s crisis
response capacityNew and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era
Unione Europea e scienza politica Regulating Europe
Elitist Citizenship?
Security and Global Management: A
Preferences and Power in the European Community :
democratic legitimacyIl lobbying europeo
the worldwide growth of NGOs
ONGThe European Union: democratic legitimacy in a regional
state?The Joint-Decision Trap: lesson from German Federalism
and European Integration
Policy-making in the European Union
Theory of International Politics
EU AND CIVIL SOCIETY: THE CASE OF NGOs IN PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION
a Globalized
eroded the state’s
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
Clara Darabont*
Abstract
facilitator one. Finally, it will explore the degree to which globalization has impacted
an adapted form of engagement and not necessarily as a new breed of war.
Keywords:networks, means of engagement, Romanian military strategy
* Clara Darabont
authority
Wars
weakness of states
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
STATE
NGOs
International
Community
Transnational Networks
DIASPORA
CLARA DARABONT
Intra-state wars
inter-state wars
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
CLARA DARABONT
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
extension
CLARA DARABONT
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
CLARA DARABONT
Conclusion
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
CLARA DARABONT
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books:
Chechnya
A Political Economy of Intra-State Wars
New & Old WarsEastward to TataryBalkan Ghosts: A Journey through History
The Ghost of Freedom. A History of the Caucasus
Noul Aliat: Regandirea Politicii de Aparare a Romaniei la inceputul secolului XXI
The New WarsThe socio-cultural underpinnings of terrorist
psychology
Edward Said: A Critical Reader
Articles:
World PoliticsThe Journal
of Ethics
Mediterranean Quarterly
Mediterranean Quarterly
Security Dialogue
International Relations
Podcast:
Websites:
ARE CONTEMPORARY WARS “NEW”?
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
NATO AND EU MEMBERSHIP
Agnes Nicolescu*
Abstract**: This article aims to analyze the main changes and factors which
country is a member state of the European Union and also a NATO member. The goal is therefore to identify the possible changes in the decision-making process as far as Romanian foreign policy is concerned, in the context of its accession to
European Foreign and Security Policy. Romania’s accession to the European Union
to the European norms, which means that certain changes and transformations need
troops in Iraq is and its implications in the long term on our country’s relations with
Transnistria. With regard to this matter, it is interesting to point out that this situation
Romanian decision-makers to consider in a more pragmatic and dynamic manner relations with its Eastern neighbours, through already existing instruments such as the Black Sea strategy and the ones still under elaboration, like the European Danube Strategy.
Keywords: foreign policy, Romania, Eastern Partnership, European Neighbourhood Policy, Common Foreign and Security Policy, Black Sea Synergy.
* Agnes Nicolescu
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATO AND
EU MEMBERSHIP
4
7
The Future of European security4 The Future of European security
Financial Times
International Herald Tribune
7 The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe- Rules and Rhetoric
AGNES NICOLESCU
9
The Washington Quarterly
9
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATO AND
EU MEMBERSHIP
China
New Security Challenges in post-communist Europe, Securing Europe’s
East
Europe’s World
AGNES NICOLESCU
The EU Institute for Security
Studies,
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATO AND
EU MEMBERSHIP
AGNES NICOLESCU
Ibidem.
The Washington Quarterly
Ibidem,
The Washington Quarterly
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATO AND
EU MEMBERSHIP
AGNES NICOLESCU
outside
Conclusions
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATO AND
EU MEMBERSHIP
74
Europe’s
World
AGNES NICOLESCU
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The Washington Quarterly
New Security Challenges in post-communist Europe
The Future of European security
Europe’s WorldThe EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe-
Rules and Rhetoric
Europe’s WorldFinancial
Times
International Herald Tribune
Internet sites:
CHANGES IN ROMANIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATO AND
EU MEMBERSHIP
AGNES NICOLESCU
77
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS
THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES:
ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
*
Abstract
States. The Permanent Representations are the key institutions translating Brussels
and focuses on Romania and Bulgaria, in the institutional medium of the Political and Security Committee. The author claims that the adaptation - thin socialization
to look at these countries as a potential model of comparison between Member
Keywords: Permanent Representations, Political and Security Committee,
*
Author’s note:
are:
acquis
79
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
socialization thick
turn:
thick
institutionalization
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
We-ness
thick
Thin
thick
II: The Political and Security
II.1: The PSC - features and
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
HR)
esprit de corps
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
General Affairs
Council (GAERC)
(IGV)
Secretary
General/High
Representative
COREPER (IGV)
Legal, Financial and Institutional part
of the issues analyzed by PSC
(1 Observer to PSC meetings)
Political and Security Committee
(IGV)
(Ambassadorial level, Deputy
Ambassador)
RELEX/CFSP
Counselors European
Correspondents
Political Directors
Ministry of Foreign
Affairs (MFA’s)
European Commission
DG RELEX- financial, legal and
institutional expertise.
Attend PSC meetings
(Supranational)
EU Military
Committee
EU Military
Staff
Permanent Representations of National Member States
ANTICI
GROUP
36
Working
Groups
Nicolaidis
Group
thick socialization
III.1: Bulgaria
acquis communautaire
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
thick
4
-
4
Table 1
thick
thin socialization
III.4: Evaluation: Bulgaria versus 5
A. The relation with the MFA and Networking
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
Brussels
Permanent
Representation
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Political Directors
BucharestPolicy Expertise
Specific Instructions
C. National Interest
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
Black Sea Synergy
Criteria Relation
with the
MFA
Networking National
Interest
Coalition Interaction
(between
the two)
Bulgaria +++++ +++ - - ++ - - - ++ - - - +++ - - +++ - -
++++ - +++++ +++ - - ++++ - +++ - - +++ - -
Figure 3
YES
Bulgaria
NO
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
94
Conclusions
thick
thick
a thin
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
European Journal of International Relations
Journal of European Public Policy
International OrganizationThe logic of Practice
Sociological Theory
Classical Sociological Theory
International Institutions and Socialisation in Europe
Journal of European Public Policy
European Union Politics
the European Union Transforming
Europe
Education and Sociology
Emile Durkheim- Sociologist of Modernity
International Organizations
Political Studies
97
European Union: Hanging together or hanging separately”?, Journal of Common Market Studies
International Studies Quarterly
Playing the Brussels game: Strategic socialization in the CFSP Council Working Groups
The Europeanization of National Administrations. Patterns of Institutional Change and Persistence
International Organization
Basis of Politics
PoliticsEU Security and Defense Policy: What it is, How it works,
Why it matters,
Journal of Common Market Studies European Foreign Policy,
Journal of Common Market Studies
Habermas, Discourse Norms, and the Prospects for Global Deliberation
European Integration online Papers
Introduction in Theories of European Integration
Europe’s Foreign and Security Policy. The institutionalization of cooperation
Brussels Bureaucrats? The Administration of the European Union
The Europeanisation of National Foreign Policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish Foreign Policy in the European Union
Journal of Common Market Studies
BETWEEN HAMMERS AND ANVILS THE SOCIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN PERMANENT
REPRESENTATIVES: ROMANIA AND BULGARIA - A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY
Basic concepts in sociology
International Organization
establishing the European Community
the Interim Political and Security Committee
the Political and Security Committee
Roadmaps for Romania and Bulgaria
Interviews
Guidelines for Authors
B+
before February 1st, May 1st, August 1st
1st