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English Phonetics and Phonology
Lecture 5-2: English consonants in detail 2
KAMIYAMA, [email protected]
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 52
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /bækk/• /bægg/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /bakk/ (« bac »)• /bagg/ (« bague »)
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 53
/bækk/ /bægg/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
4
Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowelClipping: shortening of the preceding vowel• /bæk/• [bææ k]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /bæg/• [bægg (or gg )]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 55
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless plosive (//p p t t kk//)in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bææ k].
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 56
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[bb d d g g (or gg )], as in /bæg/ [bægg (or gg )].
• But the explosion noise tends to be smallerthan that of voiceless ones (//p t k//) in thesame position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 57
N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels
What happens to the following words?• /biːd/• /biːt/• /bɪd/• /bɪt/
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 58
/biːd/ /bɪt/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortenedpreceding vowel shortened))
/biːt/ /bɪd/
2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 510
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /feɪss/• /feɪzz/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /fass/ (« face »)• /fazz/ (« phase »)
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 511
/feɪss/ /feɪzz/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
12
Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel
• /feɪs/• [feeɪɪs]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /feɪz/• [feɪzz ]
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 513
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless fricative (//f f θθ s sʃʃ//) in the same syllable: /feɪs/ [feeɪɪs].
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 514
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //v v ð z ð z ʒʒ// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[vv ð ð z z ʒʒ (or ʒʒ)], as in /feɪz/ [feɪzz ].
• But they tend to be shorter, and the frictionnoise tends to be smaller than that of voicelesscounterparts (//f θ s ʃ//) in the same position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
3. Voiced and voiceless affricates
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 516
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position
• Observe the consonant at the beginning ofthe following words:
• /ttʃʃeɪn/• /ddʒʒeɪn/
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 517
/ttʃʃeɪn/ /ddʒʒeɪn/
aspiration (long aspiration (long hissing hissing noise)noise) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
18
AspirationAspiration• /tʃeɪn/• [ttʃʰʃʰeɪn]
Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /dʒeɪn/• [dd ʒʒeɪn]
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 519
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial/medial position
• As in plosives, the voicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// isaspiratedaspirated [ttʃʰʃʰ], (/tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn]).
• The voicedvoiced affricate //ddʒʒ// is totally or partiallydevoiceddevoiced [dd ʒʒ] in word-initial position.
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 520
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the end of thefollowing words:
• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 521
/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
22
Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel
• /eɪtʃ/• [eeɪɪtʃ]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /eɪdʒ/• [eɪdd ʒʒ]
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 523
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel isclippedclipped (shortened) when followed by avoicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// in the same syllable:/eɪtʃ/ [eeɪɪtʃ].
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 524
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• As in plosives and fricatives, the voicedvoicedaffricate //ddʒʒ// is devoiceddevoiced totally or partially inword-final position (especially in utterance-finalposition) [dd ʒʒ], as in /eɪdʒ/ [eIdd ʒʒ].
• But the friction noise tends to be smaller thanthat of the voiceless counterpart //tʃ// in thesame position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
4. Approximants
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 526
Approximants:After a word-initial plosive
• Observe the palato-alveolar (post-alveolar)approximant in the following words:
• /krræb/• /grræb/• Then compare them with the consonants at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /kʁʁab/ (« crabe »)• /gʁʁa/ (« gras »)
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 527
/krræb/ /grræb/
partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5
28
/krræb/ /grræb/
voicedvoiced
(soft) palate
tongue
vocal foldvibration
vocal foldvibration
(soft) palate
tongue
partially devoicedpartially devoiced
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 529
Approximants:After a word-initial plosive
• Observe the lateral approximant in thefollowing words:
• /kllɑːs/• /gllɑːs/• Then compare them with the consonants at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /kllas/ (« classe »)• /glas/ (« glace »)
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 530
/kllɑːs/ /gllɑːs/
partially devoicedpartially devoiced voicedvoiced
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 531
Approximants:After a word-initial plosive
• Observe the approximants in the followingwords:
• /kjjuːt/• /twwɪn/
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 532
/kjjuːt/ /twwɪn/
partially devoicedpartially devoiced partially devoicedpartially devoiced
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 533
Approximants: After a voiceless plosive
• In English, approximantsapproximants //l l r j r j ww// are oftenpartially devoiceddevoiced after a voiceless plosive,especially in a word-initial stressed syllable:[l l rr j j w w ], as in /klɑːs/ [kl l ɑˑs], /kræb/[krr æb ], /kjuːt/ [kjj uˑt], /twɪn/ [tww ɪn].
8/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 534
Summary
/p t k tʃ/ voicelessplosives and affricate
/b d g dʒ/ voicedplosives and affricate
/f θ s ʃ/ voicelessfricatives
/v ð z ʒ/ voicedfricatives/l r j w/ approximantspreceded by a plosive
after /s/before /s/,after aplosive
word-initialstressed
others word-final
devoicingno clipping
devoicingno clipping
voiced
partially devoiced
voiced
strongly aspirated aspirated (prec. V)
clipping
(prec. V)clipping
no aspiration
devoiced can bedevoiced
voiceless