Voiced and Unvoiced Calesthenics

7/27/2019 Voiced and Unvoiced Calesthenics

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/voiced-and-unvoiced-calesthenics 1/9

Richard Walker

Voiced vs. Unvoiced Past Tense Inflections

— Lesson Plan Template —

Goal

To provide a systematic, thorough, and inductive framework to teach lessons in pronunciation of simple past tense word endings.

Objective

This lesson plan provides a basic outline and progression of activates for teaching pronunciation

of regular and irregular past tense verbs endings. The full list of inflections are not meant to be

taught in one lesson. They should be taught one or a few sounds at a time. This lesson plan is not

meant to give full consideration of the past tense form and does not include irregular past tense

verb forms that do not end in /d/ or /t/.

Target Learners

Beginning or intermediate learners who have not yet differentiated the three main phonemicinflection patterns for past tense verbs (i.e. the ‘-ed’ ending).

Dependent Patterns

• Using verbs in both present tense and past tense.

• An introduction to the phonetic alphabet and the idea of accurately representing the way

words sound.

Lesson, Part A: Voiced vs. Unvoiced Sounds

[Script. T=Teacher]

T: Plug your ears with your fingers and make the /t/ sound over and over again.

T: Ok, now plug your ears while making the /d/ sound?

T: What is the difference?

T: Which sound is voiced?

T: Which sound is unvoiced?

..................

T: Now we will make some other voiced and unvoiced sounds.

T: Plug your ears and make the /g/ sound over and over.

T: Ok, now plug your ears and make the /k/ sound over and over.

T: Which one is voiced?

T: Which one is unvoiced?

..................T: Plug your ears and make the /b/ sound over and over.

T: Ok, now plug your ears and make the /p/ sound over and over.



..................

1



Richard Walker

T: Plug your ears and make the /v/ sound over and over.

T: Ok, now plug your ears and make the /f/ sound over and over.



T: Plug your ears and make the /dʒ/ sound over and over.

T: Ok, now plug your ears and make the /t ʃ / sound over and over.



..................

T: Plug your ears and make the /v/ sound over and over.

T: Ok, now plug your ears and make the /f/ sound over and over.



..................

T: Plug your ears and make the /z/ sound over and over.

T: Ok, now plug your ears and make the /s/ sound over and over.

T: Which one is voiced?T: Which one is unvoiced?

Lesson, Part B: Minimal Pair: /d/ and /t/, Final Position

The teacher distributes the Activity handout:

Activity 1: Recognizing the Sounds ‘t’ and ‘d’

[Script: T=Teacher; SS=Students]

T: In Activity 1 there is a list of words in pairs. For each pair of words I will read a sentence

and you tell me whether you hear word in column A or the word in column B.

(Teacher chooses, marks, and reads a sentence from each word pair in the chart below.

Teacher may read sentences twice as needed.)SS:(Various responses.)

A BSentences (Chose one of each row. Be sure to mark)

/t/ /d/

1 ant and There’s an ant on your arm. I like peanut butter and jelly.

2 at add I’m at the store Add one cup of milk.

3 bat bad There’s a bat in the house. This apple tastes bad.

4 bright bride That light is too bright. The bride is beautiful.

5 cart card The grocery cart is very full. I don’t want to use my credit card.

6 feet feed My feet hurt. Please feed the cat.

7 great grade It feels great to be outside. She got a good grade in math.8 right ride Turn right at the corner. I need a ride to work.

9 set said Please set the food on the table. They said to call back later.

Lesson, Part C: Regular Past Tense ‘-ed’ Endings

(Note: For past tense verbs, there are three pronunciations for regular ‘-ed’ endings.

1 2 3

/ǝd/ or /ɪd/ /d/ /t/

added moved kissed)

2



Richard Walker

Lesson, Part C(a): Verbs that end in ‘d’ in the present tense

[Script]

T: Repeat after me: grade

SS:grade

T: graded

SS:graded

T: Look at Activity 2. Read the first sentence as I say it; then repeat it back.(The teacher reads “Our teacher graded our papers yesterday” and the students repeat it.)

T: defend

SS:defend

T: defended

(...etc...The teacher reads each row from the chart below.)

T: Do you hear the /dɪd/ sound at the end of each word?

SS:Yes.

T: So we use the /dɪd/ ending for verbs that end in a /d/ sound, like ‘grade’ or ‘need’. Listen

to see if the /dɪd/ sound adds an extra syllable to the word: grade, graded. Do you hear

the extra syllable?

SS:Yes.

present

tense

past tense

/dǝd/

or /dɪd/

example sentences

grade graded Our teacher graded our papers yesterday.

defend defended The dog defended the car from strangers.

load loaded The man loaded the truck already.

need needed I needed a ride this morning.

end ended The game ended on time.

flood flooded The river flooded when it rained.

Lesson, Part C(b): Verbs that end in ‘t’ in the present tense

[Script]

T: Ok. Repeat after me: faint

SS:faint

T: fainted

SS:fainted

T: Look at Activity 3. Read the first sentence as I say it; then repeat it back.

(The teacher reads “The man fainted when he stood up” and the students repeat it.)

T: chat

SS:chatT: chatted

(...etc...The teacher reads each row from the chart below.)

T: Do you hear the /tɪd/ sound at the end of each word?

SS:Yes.

T: So, like the verbs ending in /d/, we use the /tɪd/ ending for verbs that end in a /t/ sound,

like ‘trust’ or ‘shift’. Listen to see if the /tɪd/ sound adds an extra syllable to the word:

chat, chatted. Do you hear the extra syllable?

SS:Yes.

3



Richard Walker

present

tense

past tense

/tǝd/ or /tɪd/example sentences

faint fainted The man fainted when he stood up.

chat chatted My sister chatted with her friend.

bolt bolted I bolted the door last night.

trust trusted We always trusted each other.shift shifted The wind shifted to the north.

adjust adjusted I adjusted my seatbelt.

Lesson, Part D:Verbs that end in an unvoiced sound in the present tense

[Script]

T: Repeat after me: talk

SS:talk

T: talkedSS:talked


(The teacher reads “She talked on the phone for an hour” and the students repeat it.)

T: Do you hear the /kt/ sound at the end of ‘talked’?

(Note that the teacher substituted the proper phonemic ending for each example from the

chart below.)

SS:Yes.

T: Now listen: ‘talk, talked’. No syllable is added, right?

SS:Right.

T: But we do here the sound of /t/ at the end of the verb in past tense, right?

SS:Right.T: Ok. Now again, repeat after me: ‘ask’.

SS:ask

T: asked

(...etc...The teacher reads each row from the chart below substituting the proper phonemic

sound. Students repeat...)

T: We use the /t/ ending for verbs that end in /k/, /p/, / ʃ/, /s/, /f/, /ks/. These are what we

call ‘unvoiced’ sounds. Don’t worry about remembering which sounds are voiced for

right now. But do this: make the /k/ sound. (Teacher makes the /k/ sound.) Make the /k/

sound again and again while plugging your ears. (teacher plugs his/her ears while

making the /k/ sound.) Don’t feel silly. This will help you.

SS: (Students plug ears with fingers) /k/, /k/, /k/T: Ok, now make the /g/ sound. Make it over and over and plug your ears.

(Teacher demonstrates. Students mimic.)

T: Do you hear the difference?

SS:Yes.

T: What is the difference? The /k/ sound is softer. It is ‘unvoiced’. The /g/ sound is stronger,

isn’t it. That is because you are using your vocal chords. And because we are using our

vocal chords, we call it a ‘voiced’ sound.

(Teacher does some similar demonstrations with other voiced/unvoiced pairs.)

4



Richard Walker

present

tense

past

tense

consonant

cluster

sounds

likeexample sentences

talk talked /kt/ talk(t) She talked on the phone for an hour.

ask asked /kt/ ask(t) He asked me to help him move the table.

help helped /pt/ help(t) I helped him move the table.

drop dropped /pt/ dropp(t) I dropped my fork on the floor.

push pushed / ʃ t/ push(t) She pushed the grocery cart down the isle. brush brushed / ʃ t/ brush(t) She brushed her hair before going out.

watch watched /t ʃ t/ watch(t) We watched TV last night.

match matched /t ʃ t/ match(t) I thought these socks matched each other.

kiss kissed /st/ kiss(t) Their mother kissed them good night.

dress dressed /st/ dress(t) I got dressed and went to work.

laugh laughed /ft/ laugh(t) We laughed at his joke.

box boxed /kst/ box(t) He boxed up the clothing to send home.

fix fixed /kst/ fix(t) He fixed the TV.

Lesson, Part E:Verbs that end in a voiced sound in the present tense

[Script]

T: Ok, Repeat after me: call

SS:call

T: called

SS:called


(The teacher reads “I called my parents last night” and the students repeat it.)

T: Do you hear the /ld/ sound at the end of ‘called’?

(Note that the teacher substituted the proper phonemic ending for each example from the

chart below.)SS:Yes.

T: Now listen: ‘call, called’. No syllable is added, right?

SS:Right.

T: But we do here the sound of /d/ at the end of the verb in past tense, right?

SS:Right.

T: Ok. Now again, repeat after me: ‘fill’.

SS:fill

T: filled

(...etc...The teacher reads each row from the chart below substituting the proper phonemic

sound.)

T: So, we use the /d/ ending for verbs that end in ‘voiced’ sounds.

present

tense

past tense consonant

cluster

sounds likeexample sentences

call called /ld/ call(d) I called my parents last night.

fill filled /ld/ fill(d) I filled the jar with beans.

welcome welcomed /md/ welcome(d) They welcomed us into their home.

perform performed /md/ perform(d) The children performed a play for Christmas.

rain rained /nd/ rain(d) It rained all day yesterday.

clean cleaned /nd/ clean(d) He cleaned the house last week.

5



Richard Walker

present

tense

past tense consonant

cluster

sounds likeexample sentences

belong belonged /ŋd/ belong(d) He belonged in an easier class.

wing winged /ŋd/ wing(d) The birds winged south for the winter.

describe described /bd/ describe(d) The teacher described the directions to us.

rob robbed /bd/ rob(d) That store was robbed last week.

live lived /vd/ live(d) You lived in San Diego.save saved /vd/ save(d) I have saved enough money to buy a car.

close closed /zd/ close(d) The store has already closed.

use used /zd/ use(d) He used to have a bicycle.

change changed /dʒd/ change(d) I changed my clothes to go to work.

damage damaged /dʒd/ damage(d) The roof was damaged by the wind.

appear appeared /rd/ appear(d) He appeared to be sleeping.

enter entered /rd/ enter(d) We entered the building.

vowel +

consonant

carry carried /i:d/ carry(d) He carried the groceries for me.

enjoy enjoyed /ɔyd/ enjoy(d) We enjoyed the movie.allow allowed /awd/ allow(d) The children were allowed to have one cookie.

interview interviewed /yud/ interview(d) They interviewed me for the job yesterday.

follow followed /owd/ follow(d) They followed the directions.

[Script]

So, for regular past tense verbs, there are three different pronunciations for the ‘-ed’ ending.

1 2 3

/ǝd/ or /ɪd/ /d/ /t/

added moved kissed

Irregular Past Tense

(...to come...)

build built (etc.)

6



Richard Walker

Past Tense Pronunciation Activities

Activity 1: Recognizing the sounds ‘t’ and ‘d’

For each pair of words the teacher will read a sentence. Say “A” if you hear the word in column

A. Or, say “B” if you hear the word that is in column B.

A B

/t/ /d/

1 ant and

2 at add

3 bat bad

4 bright bride

5 cart card

6 feet feed

7 great grade

8 right ride

9 set said

Activity 2: Recognizing the ‘-ded’ sound at the end of some past tense verbs

Repeat each word or sentence after the teacher.

grade graded Our teacher graded our papers yesterday.

defend defended The dog defended the car from strangers.

load loaded The man loaded the truck already.

need needed I needed a ride this morning.

end ended The game ended on time.

flood flooded The river flooded when it rained.

7



Richard Walker

Activity 3: Recognizing the ‘-ted’ sound at the end of some past tense verbs


faint fainted The man fainted when he stood up.

chat chatted My sister chatted with her friend.

bolt bolted I bolted the door last night.

trust trusted We always trusted each other.

shift shifted The wind shifted to the north.

adjust adjusted I adjusted my seatbelt.

Activity 4: Recognizing the ‘-t’ sound at the end of some past tense verbs


present

tense

past

tense

sounds

likeexample sentences

talk talked talk(t) She talked on the phone for an hour.

ask asked ask(t) He asked me to help him move the table.

help helped help(t) I helped him move the table.

drop dropped dropp(t) I dropped my fork on the floor.

push pushed push(t) She pushed the grocery cart down the isle.

brush brushed brush(t) She brushed her hair before going out.

watch watched watch(t) We watched TV last night.

match matched match(t) I thought these socks matched each other.

kiss kissed kiss(t) Their mother kissed them good night.

dress dressed dress(t) I got dressed and went to work.

laugh laughed laugh(t) We laughed at his joke.

box boxed box(t) He boxed up the clothing to send home.

fix fixed fix(t) He fixed the TV.

8



Richard Walker

Activity 5: Recognizing the ‘-d’ sound at the end of some past tense verbs


present

tense

past tense sounds likeexample sentences

call called call(d) I called my parents last night.

fill filled fill(d) I filled the jar with beans.

welcome welcomed welcome(d) They welcomed us into their home.

perform performed perform(d) The children performed a play for Christmas.

rain rained rain(d) It rained all day yesterday.

clean cleaned clean(d) He cleaned the house last week.

belong belonged belong(d) He belonged in an easier class.

wing winged wing(d) The birds winged south for the winter.

describe described describe(d) The teacher described the directions to us.

rob robbed rob(d) That store was robbed last week.

live lived live(d) You lived in San Diego.

save saved save(d) I have saved enough money to buy a car.

close closed close(d) The store has already closed.

use used use(d) He used to have a bicycle.

change changed change(d) I changed my clothes to go to work.

damage damaged damage(d) The roof was damaged by the wind.

appear appeared appear(d) He appeared to be sleeping.

enter entered enter(d) We entered the building.

carry carried carry(d) He carried the groceries for me.

enjoy enjoyed enjoy(d) We enjoyed the movie.

allow allowed allow(d) The children were allowed to have one cookie.

interview interviewed interview(d) They interviewed me for the job yesterday.

follow followed follow(d) They followed the directions.

9

Documents

Voiced and Unvoiced Calesthenics