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Vocational and Liberal Education
Historical Perspective Division Goals Results Perkins Act Amendment
Historical Perspective 1917-the beginning of the federal government’s involvement in
funding• 1917-$7 million per year• 1946-$36 million per year
1960’s revival of vocational education
1970’s-research suggested that vocational education programs were not meeting their primary objectives:
• A. Keeping students in school• B. Making students more employable in the workforce• C. Providing higher wage opportunities for non college bound students
1980’s—Allen Weisberg review indicated that approximately 17 million were involved in vocational education, 7.3 of
them in programs that prepare students for specific occupations
mid 80’s almost 9 billion per year was spent on vocational education
-50% female
-23% minority
-12% low income groups (“disadvantaged” students”
General Division of Vocational Programs50% are enrolled in only two categories
1. Business and office education (majority female)2. Technical trades and industrial education (majority male)
Agriculture Distributive Health
Occupational Home Economics
Business and office education
Technical trades and Industrial ed.
Vocational consumer education
Homemaking education
Marketing
Vocational Education Results
Some help keep students in school longer Reduced likelihood of post secondary training Not well matched to the needs of the labor market
– Labor markets require strong general education skills or job specific post secondary training
Among males, vocational education graduates are twice as liely as non-vocational graduates to be working in craft occupations which require no specific skills and training
Females seem to do better in the labor market as a result of their vocational education
Graduates do not have the verbal and intellectual tools to do productive work
Perkins Act Amendment of 1990 By law, funding is required to be concentrated in low-income
school districts Requires that vocational education initiatives must come from
local school districts instead of state governments Rejects high school training for specific job skills in favor of
“tech-pep” approach that provides academic skills to prepare high school students for postsecondary technical education
Emphasis on integrating academic and vocational studies. Vocational activities are to provide a strong academic education for all students who choose that approach
Vocational Education as a Teaching Method– See list beginning on p. 345
– Excellent example of integration of vocational and academics on p. 346 (bottom)