Pollution

Vocabulary: SUFFIXES & PREFIXES FOR FORMING WORDS (part 2) Choose suitable suffixes in the table and form nouns.

-ion -tion/ation -al -ure -ment -sion -ence/ance -age -y -ing Ø

absorb act access confirm

create decide degrade develop

discharge dispose fail harm

hazard inform pack prefer

press recover recycle reproduce

resist treat urge waste

Some verbs can be used for forming adjectives – use the suffixes below and fill in the table.

-ent - able - ful/less - ant -ed/ing -ive - ible -ous

Use verbs, nouns or adjectives above to fill in the blanks.

1. Pesticides are usually very ___________ substances. But organic fertilisers are ___________.

2. Coniferous forests in Northern Bohemia were ____________________ by acid rains.

3. Chemical factories ____________________ many ____________________ substances into rivers.

4. Paper, glass, plastics and metals are ____________________ materials.

5. ____________________ of waste water is not able to remove micro __________________ .

6. Many experts and scientist warn about _____________________ of important ecosystems.

7. Northern Bohemia region needs extensive landscape ____________________ activities.

8. It will take 30 years for most ____________________ (single-use) cups to decompose.

9. Coal formed under ____________________ of sediments.

10. The ozone layer _____________________ most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

Skills / Vocabulary: DESCRIBING VISUAL DATA Study the following visual data, try to say as much as you can about what they show and express.

__________________

__________________

__________________

__________________

__________________

__________________

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__________________

5 Part 2

78%

21%

1%

Atmosphere composition

Nitrogen Oxygen Other gases

2

The graph shows the trend in total lead emissions between 1970 and 2000.

The vertical (y) axis shows the figures of Pb emissions (in million tons) and the horizontal (x) axis shows the time period between 1970 and 2000.

The curve, which goes through the graph, shows the progress of figures in the given time.

Between 1970 and 1973, the curve rapidly rises (the figures increase) and it reaches the peak (the maximum point) in 1973 (emissions peaked at 250 million tons).

Between 1973 and 1975 the curve rapidly descends/falls (the figures decrease), after 1977 it falls slowly and in 1986 the curve reaches a plateau. The figures remain constant until 1990.

What is the overall trend of the graph – upward or downward?

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

Read the description below and use the highlighted words for labelling the graph components.

Choose from the texts and verbs below, fill in the four categories. Describe the graph below.

movement ↑ _________________________ movement ↓ ____________________________ no movement ___________________________ change in direction __________________________ stay constant / drop (off) / stabilize / grow / oscillate / stand at / stop rising or falling / decline go down / sink / remain stable / go up / level off / shoot up / start to rise or fall / fluctuate

24,5

14,210,5

7,85,7

2,1

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

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Greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 2005

USA Czech Republic EU average Latin America China India

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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Emis

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Year

Trend in Lead Emissions, 1970 to 2000

-0,5-0,4-0,3-0,2-0,10,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

18

80

18

90

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00

19

10

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Tem

pe

ratu

re in

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Global Average Temperature More words to use:

slightly a little gently gradually steadily

a lot suddenly steeply sharply

3

a. Eutrophication is a process when high nutrient concentrations in an aquatic ecosystem stimulate blooms of algae. It affects the quality of water and the balance of the ecosystem.

b. The growth of algae in natural waters is caused by the supply of nutrients, light, temperature, the flow regime and other factors. The most important factor is the supply of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen).

c. Large quantities of nutrients come from agricultural activities. Modern agriculture uses a lot of artificial fertilizers (for example phosphates or nitrates), which end up in rivers and lakes as run-off from fields. Another important source of nutrients is sewage disposal – untreated sewage is often directly pumped into rivers and lakes.

d. Blooms of algae damage the aquatic ecosystem in many ways. First, algae block sunlight and this causes death of underwater vegetation. This vegetation is an important source of food for many aquatic animals. When algae die and decompose, they deplete oxygen in the aquatic ecosystem. Fish and other aquatic organisms cannot survive without oxygen. Some algal species are poisonous and they affect the health of aquatic mammals, fish and birds.

e. There are two major ways how to fight eutrophication. One of them is using organic fertilizers, for example manure. The second is proper treatment of sewage before it is pumped into a river, lake or an ocean.

based on Wikipedia and other Internet resources

Summary and feedback

Find graphs / charts connected to climate change on the Internet and make commentaries. How is eutrophication created? How can we prevent eutrophication?

Vocabulary to remember

Skills / Reading: EUTROPHICATION Starter: Do you know what the word “algae” means (originally from Latin)?

Vocabulary from the text: Find connotations between these words/terms, create sentences.

nutrient stimulate bloom algae flow regime fertilizers run-off sewage deplete manure treatment disposal

Understanding the text: Match the titles below to the paragraphs a – e.

Causes of algal blooms How to prevent eutrophication? What is eutrophication? Impacts of eutrophication Sources of nutrients

Use the information and terms from the text, describe the process of eutrophication.

Adjectives: Verbs: Nouns: harm

active block increase algae line chart (graph) constant create reach algal bloom peak

degradable decline remain axis percentage / share

disposable decrease rise / go up bar chart (graph) plateau downward /upward degrade stabilize creation pressure harmful / harmless deplete stand at curve progress

hazardous dispose start to rise or fall decision run-off horizontal /vertical fall / go down stimulate development scheme

recyclable fluctuate / oscillate stop rising or falling disposal sewage

resistant grow treat failure time period

urgent harm fertilizer treatment