Vocabulary• Fjord-steep-sided valley cut into mountains by action of glaciers• Welfare state- country that uses tax money to support people who are

sick, needy, jobless, or retired• Heavy industry-manufactured goods such as machinery, mining

equipment, and steel• Sauna-wooden room heated by water sizzling on hot stones• Geyser-spring heated by molten rock inside the earth so that, from

time to time, it shoots hot water in the air• Geothermal energy- electricity produced by natural underground

sources of steam• Dry farming- method in which the land is left unplanted every few

years to regain moisture• Sirocco-hot, dry winds that blow across Italy from Africa• Coalition government-government in which two or more political

parties work together to run a country

Chapter 12

Section 1

Scandinavia

• The five countries that make up Scandinavia are Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway, & Sweden.

• These countries also have one of the world’s highest standards of living!

Norway• Has a long coastline with many

steep-sided valleys and inlets called, fjords.

• These fjords give Norway sheltered harbors and a nice scene for tourists.

• A major glacier-covered mountain in Norway is Kjolen Mountains.

• Norway uses much hydro-electricity.

• Only 3% is arable.

• 1/3 of Norway is in the Artic Circle.

• Has 4.5 million people and Oslo is the capital & largest city.

Norway’s Economy & People• The seas of Norway provide some of

Norway’s important exports. • 2nd largest oil producer• Major exporter of fish.• City of Bergen is major port.• Thousands of years ago Norway had

its first settlers which herded reindeer, then the Vikings took over.

• Was under rule of Sweden from 1814-1905 when they gained independence.

• Constitutional monarchy & parliamentary democracy.

• Voted not to join EU in 1994• Mostly Lutheran• Sami are natives that mine and

lumber.

                                                

Sweden• A little bigger than California.

• Has skerries, or rocky mountain islands.

• Country has 100,000 lakes.

• Many ports are frozen in the winter.

• Has an abundance of natural resources.

• Iron ore deposits, timber, steel, machines.

• Does import a little food.

• 8% of land is arable.

• The South is slightly warmer.

Sweden’s History• Vikings controlled Sweden for a

little while.• Gained independence from

Denmark in 1523.• In the 1800s Sweden had tough

times and people emigrated, moved to other countries.

• Became a welfare state, using tax dollars to help people that are sick, needy, jobless, or retired.

• Joined EU in 1995.• Parliamentary democracy• 9 million people, most live in

south.• Stockholm is capital & largest

city.

Finland• Water covers 10% of Finland.• Can get extremely cold in the

winter time.• Forests are major contribution to

wealth.• Major producer of paper and

wood.• Peat provides fuel.• Joined EU in 1995.• Heavy industry- manufactured

goods like machinery drives Finland’s economy.

• Fins as young as 10 carry cell phones.

• Finland can grow grains, but must import fruits.

Finland’s People and Industry• First settlers came thousands of years

ago from Russia area.

• Language is different from other Scandinavian countries.

• Swedes controlled Finland for 700 years.

• In the 1800s nationalism, or desire for an independent country swept the nation.

• Received independence in 1917.

• Has a parliamentary democracy.

• 5 million people.

• Helsinki is the capital.

• Most people in Finland are Finnish.

• Most are Lutherans.

• Finns enjoy saunas or wooded rooms heated by water sizzling on hot stones.

Section 2

• Iceland is an Iceland that lies North of Europe but considers itself part of Northern Europe because of historic ties.

• Denmark is a tiny country that juts out from Northern Germany.

Denmark• Denmark is half the size of

Maryland but rules the large island of Greenland.

• They also own the Faroe islands which is an archipelago.

• Denmark’s peninsula is known as Jutland.

• Includes 500 islands with only 100 that are inhabitable.

• Copenhagen is the capital which lies on the largest island, Zealand.

• Bridges and tunnels connect the islands together.

• Denmark is also connected to Sweden with a bridge & tunnel.

Denmark some more• Denmark is low and hilly

and has moors, which are windy treeless land, wet.

• Highest elevation is 568 feet above sea level.

• Is warmer than most of Scandinavia.

• More than 70% arable.• Export ships, diesel engines,

furniture, porcelain, and invented and export Legos.

Denmark’s History and Government

• Conquered by Vikings in 800s and had own Kingdom and converted to Christianity in 1000s.

• Owned Sweden and Norway.• Parliamentary democracy

with monarchy and elected officials.

• Set up welfare state and joined EU 1993

The Danes• 5 million people live in Denmark.• High standard of living.• 85% are urbanites.• One of the oldest amusement

parks• A statue of the Little Mermaid is

at Copenhagen’s harbor.• Hans Christian Andersen is a

famous author.• Language is like that of most

other Scandinavian countries.• Mostly Lutheran.• Small get-togethers with friends

in cafes, not big parties.• Not into traditional stuff.

Iceland• Iceland was given name because

of northern location.• Some places water is boiling

because of underground hot springs and geysers, springs that shoot hot water.

• Use much geothermal energy, electric power produced by natural underground sources of steam.

• Iceland lays on a fault line, break in the earth’s crust where movement occurs.

• Much volcanic activity.• 200 active volcanoes with one

erupting every few years.

More Iceland• 80% is made up of glaciers and

lakes.

• Has source for hydroelectricity.

• North current keeps the coasts and most of Iceland from getting too cold.

• Capital, Reykjavik, enjoys three sunny days in January.

• Depends heavily on fishing.

• Iceland and Britain have had Cod wars fighting over the fishing sector of their economy.

• Iceland now has more manufacturing.

Iceland’s People• Most Icelander’s know they

are descendants of Vikings.• Sagas, long tales, were

written between 1180-1300 told of Viking heroes.

• Parliamentary Republic became their government in 1944.

• 99% of Icelanders live in urban areas.

• Literacy rate is 100%, every adult can read and write.

Chapter 12

What does Viking mean?

Vikings

• A Norse word that means, explorer, warrior, but most of all pirate!

• These people were good traders and better ship builders.

• Came from the area of Scandinavia and even parts of Northern Germany.

• Not one united group, but many different tribes.

1st Encounter• In 793 on an island off the coast

of England with monks, was raided by Vikings.

• Documented by the monks after the death, and pillaging.

• Some major tribes were Goths and Vandals.

• The Vikings from Finland, Norway and Sweden expanded into Russia; and the Denmark Vikings expand and settle in England and France.

• Vikings slowly took over trade routes since 500s.

Viking Conquest• Monasteries seemed favorite of

Vikings.• Even monasteries on inland

rivers that were not thought of as navigable were pillaged.

• Later in the 9th century or late 800s the Vikings began to settle.

• In 838 Norwegians take Dublin.

• 865 England is settled by Denmark’s Vikings.

Alfred of Denmark• Alfred was a Viking from

Denmark that helped take England in 871.

• Became first king recognized by all of England as a national leader.

• Has success with their swift Viking ships and on land as well.

• Converts to Christianity in 878 for political gains.

Russia a peaceful conquest?• Yes, sometimes Vikings

were nice and used their trade rather than intimidation to take places.

• Viking leader Oleg trades and conquers to take Kiev, a major city in Russia.

• Oleg negotiates and with Byzantine empire in 911.

• Vikings like the Rus helped name the largest country in the world…Russia.

Dublin too!

• Norwegians take Dublin and are in constant battles with Irish kings.

• Early 900s the Vikings take strongholds and give them more power in Ireland.

• Irish continue to fight back persistently.

• Brian Boru helps Irish take power in Ireland in 1014 and Irish power lasts until another invasion in 1169.

Eric the Red & Leif Ericsson• Eric the Red is exiled for killing

someone and has to stay away for 3 years.

• Does so and finds Greenland.

• Comes back to Iceland and persuades 350 people to come back with him.

• Leif Ericsson goes to Vinland (Newfoundland) and tells of savages that were violent.

• Discourages more settling here.

• Viking artifacts were found in this area proving the saga.

End of Viking era

• Normans couldn’t fight into France with heavily armored knights.

• Last big conquest in 1066.• Pope teams with Vikings,

because they are the better of the two enemies.

• Vikings convert and strictly settle down.

Chapter 11

Section 1

The Iberian Peninsula• Spain, Portugal, and Andorra

make up the Iberian Peninsula.• The Peninsula is separated from

the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees.

• The strait of Gibraltar separates Europe from Africa (only 9 miles apart).

• Spain is about twice the size of Oregon, Portugal is a little smaller than Indiana, and Andorra is only 175 square miles.

Land and Climate• The Pyrenees used to isolate the

Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Spain.

• A huge plateau covers 2/3 of the peninsula.

• Plateau=flat land with high elevation.

• Very dry!• Dry farming=some land is left

unplanted every few years to restore moisture.

• Sheep, goats, and cattle are also in the peninsula.

Land and Climate• The Tagus River flows from

Central Spain to the Atlantic Ocean.

• Most of Spain’s rivers are NOT navigable- wide and deep enough for ships.

• Usually mild winters and hot summers

• Northwestern Spain has warm winds and chilly winters.

• Southeastern Spain is hot because of the winds from North Africa.

Growing Economies• Both belong to the European Union.

• Most people now work in manufacturing or service industries, but agriculture is still important.

• Use irrigation to grow citrus fruit and olives.

• Spain is one of world’s leaders in olive oil production.

• Fishing is a major industry as well.

• Portugal uses their well-watered areas to grow potatoes, fruits, olives.

• Cork is another major product of Portugal.

Industry• Tourists are a major part of

both of these companies economies.

• Madrid is the capital of Spain.

• Lisbon is the capital of Portugal.

• Spain has many iron ore mines, produce food, textiles, and steel.

• Portugal has cork, textiles, and wood, as well as glassware and porcelain.

The People• Portugal has a unified culture.

• Spain has many different cultures.

• Castilian is the dialect spoken by most of the Spaniards.

• In the Mediterranean region speaks Catalan a French dialect.

• The Basque people in the Pyrenees see themselves completely separate from Spain.

Government• In 1936-1939 Spain had

civil wars and General Francisco Franco took over until his death in 1975.

• Portugal was also under a dictatorship.

• Now they are both parliamentary republics.

• A president is head of state but the legislature elect a Prime minister to be head of government.

History• Romans conquered in 100

B.C.

• Languages are based on Latin in these countries.

• 700A.D. conquered by Muslims until 1492.

• Portugal’s Prince Henry was known as the “navigator.”

• Most of their colonies gained independence in the 1800’s but they did have colonies in Asia and Africa until 1900’s.

Rural & City Life• 2/3 of the people in Portugal

live in rural areas.• Porto is the 2nd largest city in

Portugal.• In Spain ¾ of the people live

in cities.• Barcelona is a major sea port

in Spain.• Eat dinner at 9 or 10 • Portuguese music known as

Fado is known all over the world.

Chapter 11

Section 2

Italy• A land of seacoasts.• Two countries lie within

Italy’s boot, San Marino and Vatican City.

• Vatican city, the world’s smallest country lies within Rome.

• Rome is also the capital of Italy.

Land and Climate• Slightly larger than Arizona.• The Alps separate Italy from

its European neighbors.• The Apennines run down the

center of the boot of Italy.• Italy has volcanoes.• Mount Etna is Europe’s most

active volcano which lies in Sicily, on the east coast.

• Suffers from eruptions and earthquakes.

Land and Climate• The Po River is Italy’s

longest river.• Sunny summers and rainy

winters.• In spring they receive,

siroccos, which are hot dry winds, from North Africa.

• Most of Italy gets enough rain to maintain an agricultural sector of the economy.

Italy’s Economy• Has went from agricultural to

industrial in the last couple of decades.

• Now produces many cars, and home appliances.

• Many Ma and Pop stores.

• Rich agriculture in Po Valley.

• One of the biggest wine producers.

• Milan and Turin make cars, chemicals, textiles, and leather.

• Genoa is a thriving port.

• Imports many raw resources.

• Uses Rivers for hydroelectricity.

Economy• Tourism is a big sector of the

economy.• Skiers, Venice (is built on 117

islands and relies on boats for transportation), Florence, Pisa, Rome, Milan, and many other sites.

• Southern Italy is poor and less developed than northern Italy.

• No hydroelectricity in South.• Land is drier and farming

methods very old.• Does have Pompeii and Rome,

but many people move north or to a different part of Europe.

History• Romans became a powerful force

in 200 B.C.

• From Spain to the eastern Mediterranean. From the British Isles to N. Africa.

• Influenced much of Europe.

• Fell in 400A.D.

• Broke into city-states, consisting of a city having their own government.

• In the 1300s rich merchants funded artists and scholars bringing about the Renaissance.

History & Government• Spain and Austria took parts of

Italy for a little while.• Italy did not become unified until

the 1800s.• Mussolini ruled from 1920s to

1940s influencing Hitler.• Italy was defeated and Mussolini

removed from power after WWII.• Became democratic republic.• No stable government still power

going from rich to poor.• Coalition government is what Italy

adopted having 2 or more political parties work together to run a country.

Italy’s People• Italy is very crowded• 57.7 million people.• 2/3 of people live on ¼ of the land.• 70% live in urban areas, 90% work

in manufacturing or service industries.

• 95% are Catholic.• The pope lives in Vatican City, and

he is the head of the church.• Vatican city is home to the world’s

largest church.• Italians speak Italian which comes

from Latin, the language Romans used.

• Pasta, Lasagna, ravioli, all Italian.

Chapter 11

Section 3

Greece:Rugged Land, Mild Climate

• Greece is located at the Southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula.

• The mainland-the major part of a country connected to a large landmass.

• Greece also has 2000 islands surrounding the mainland.

• About the size of Alabama.• Hot, dry summers and rainy

winters.• Some of its weather depends on

elevation- or height above sea level.

• Higher elevation is cooler.

Land and Climate• Greece is rocky and has

mountains, earthquakes.• The Pindus Mountains go

through center Greece.• Forests are gone because of

constant grazing.• The Peloponnesus is a

peninsula with mountains and lowlands, where Olympic games used to be held.

•

The Islands

• Out of the 2000 islands only 170 have people.

• The largest is Crete• East there is an island

Cyprus its own country.• Cyprus became

independent in 1960.• Greeks and Turks occupy

this country, island.

Greece’s Economy• Greece belongs to the EU.

• 1/3 of land is arable.

• 20% make living on land.

• Produces wine, olive oils, and grapes.

• About 60% manufacture & service.

• One of largest shipping fleets in the world.

• Tourism is another big sector.

• Untreated sewage, garbage, and industrial chemicals are dumped in the sea.

• Pollute Mediterranean sea.

Greece’s History & Culture• Homer wrote a book called the Odyssey.

• Developed theories about Geometry, medical science,

• Astronomy, physics, & government.

• Much of Western civilization grew out of Greece ideas.

• Reached their height in 400 B.C.

• Democracy-power to the people.

• Prized freedom.

History

• Plato & Aristotle laid the foundations of Western philosophy & science.

• In 1829 people unified Greece and become independent.

• Occupied by Germans in WWII.

• In 1968 Civil war was finished and set up parliamentary republic.

• President hold ceremonial duties, while Prime minister and elected officials have the real power.

Daily Life• 65% of people are urban.• 10.5 million people.• Athens is the largest city and

Greece’s capital.• 2.5 million people live in suburbs

of Athens.• Suburbs=the smaller communities

that surround a city.• Value storytelling.• 95% are Eastern Orthodox.• Easter is most important holiday.• Traditional food is lamb, fish, &

feta cheese, made from goat or sheep.