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VliJRGliN liSILAND EXODUS
Tlhe United §t~ll;[e§ Chuzen9§ KdenHfucRltllolill Card §y§tem of li 918
. . and tlhe cIPo§t l'ran§fer Que§1 For Opportunity U1I1 dier tlhe UnHed §tate§ FRag
WdUell1 2lnd Com.JPHedl
by
David! Wo Knight &.
LaureUe d!e To ]prime
Little Nordside Press PO Box 9767
St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands 00801
King's Wharf, St Thomas, from where most Virgin Island journeys
for opportunity began (Photo post card by Lightbourn, circa 1917)
Cover photos clockwise from top left:
Twenty year old Veronica Laplace Svenningson, prior to departure for New York on
May 20,1918 (identification card application # 5, dated May 17, 1918).
Seventeen year old Theresa Abramson, with her two nephews, Carl and Joseph Isaac
Emanuel, prior to there departure to take up residence with family members in Puerto
Rico (identification card application #41, dated June 15, 1918).
Nineteen year old Rudolph Ulysses Lanclose, prior to his departure for New York aboard
the Steamship Saga (identification card application #35, dated June 14, 1918).
Thirty year old Frederick Oscar Harthman, prior to his departure for New York to seek
employment and pursue a higher education.(identification card application #97,
dated June 13, 1918).
Fifteen year old Ann Helen Brewer, prior to her departure for New York aboard the
S. S. Parima (identification card application #89, dated July 16, 1918).
(Photocopies, National Archives)
Virgin Island
Exodus 'T'1...n. T T • ..J ~ ....... ".n. .... £'l: 4-: .,. .n. ...... ,
------+tttH::Tnite~~s···
Identification Card System of 1918
. and the
Post-Transfer Quest For Opportunity
Under the United States Flag
Written and Compiled by
David W. Knight & Laurette de T. Prime
Copyright © 1998 Little Nordside Press All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, stored electronically, or
transmitted by any means without the express written consent of the publisher.
First printing 1998 ISBN 1-891610-02-3
Little Nordside Press
PO Box 9767
St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands
00801
In Memory of
Mr. Herbert Samuels
and all Virgin Islanders who set out on the longjoumey for opportunity
The United States Citizen's Identification Card System of 1918
David W. Knight Sr. ©1998 (Reedited, 2011)
Foreword
It is all just a vague memory to me now; something only half remembered. During the late nineteen-fifties my father would drive us in the family's big green Plymouth station wagon from our house in Yonkers to visit friends who were living in New York City. They must have been all too familiar to me then, because it is only now that I realize that our friends were different from most people I had come to know in the Northeastern United States: they were Virgin Islanders. In fact, it now seems as though everywhere I went in the New York area in those years I met, or my family knew, someone from the Islands. Even at Yonkers High, where I attended summer school for a season, there were kids from St. John -- I guess I just didn't think about it at the time.
My father had built a house in Cruz Bay in the nineteen-forties. He had been drawn to the Virgin Islands ever since his first visit a decade before, and was determined to live on St. John. My mother, however, was not so enamored with the idea of permanent Virgin Islands residency, and as a result my parents spent many years traveling back and forth between Yonkers, in New York, and Cruz Bay, on St. John.
But, as my father grew older -- he was already fifty when I was born in 1951 -- he spent less-andless time in New York and more-and-more time in the Islands. And, by the time I was just getting old enough to be aware of things, I found myself with one foot planted in each of two opposing worlds: my father's world on St. John, and my mother's world in New York.
As for me, there was never any question as to which of my life options held the greater appeal. Long cold winters and endless schoolwork, were no competition for all-day fishing forays or dancing at Eric's Hilltop to the steel-pan music ofShorty and the Hot Shots -- it wasn't even close. So as soon as I reached the age where I could exert my independence, I turned my back to the continent and headed straight for St. John, the place that I had long-since chosen as my one real home. Ever since that day it has been pretty much an out-of-sight, out-of-mind situation for me when it comes to New York: that is, until quite recently.
It was while reading Geraldo Guirty's, Harlem's Danish-American West Indians, 1899 - 1964 (Vantage Press, 1989), that I came to the realization that by having grown up between those two very different places I was afforded the rather special opportunity to have known Native Virgin Islanders on not just their own islands, but on the United States mainland as well. And furthermore, I had this experience in a time before the great tourist influx ofthe sixties, when life in the islands was still somewhat culturally unadulterated.
To think that I did not take the opportunity to be more inquisitive, to pay better attention when people spoke of their past, or to question why so many Virgin Islanders had chosen to leave their home while others remained behind. Of course, I must have presumed to know the answers, but life, as it turns out, is seldom as simple as it sometimes appears. Reality is that the answers to my questions would have been as individual as fingerprints, because the course of a life is more often driven by forces beyond human control than by any personal whims or desires -- it is random, and therefore defies presumption. And so, I now find myself pondering over those questions which I somehow neglected to pose long ago. Only to find solace in the realization that the voices of the past are not mute, but indeed remain to tell their stories in our islands' rich oral interpretations, and in books and documents in libraries and archives in the United States, Denmark, and here at home.
One of the most revealing sets of documents regarding the early post-transfer period of U. S. Virgin Islands history is housed in the United States National Archives n, in College Park, Maryland. There, in a plain gray box (RG55/PIl26, entry #35, box 1), are 173 of the first 184 applications for United
States Citizen's Photo Identification Cards issued to Virgin Island residents between May 21 and October 9, 1918. While this document group is not complete (there are eleven missing documents), and has a rather narrow time frame, the historical and genealogical importance of these records should not be overlooked.
First of all, the issuance of United States Citizen's Identification Cards represents perhaps the first documentary acknowledgment, by officials of the United States government, that individual residents of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, were now indeed United States Nationals -- a distinction which allowed them to bypass formal immigration procedures, and travel fi'eely between their native islands and any other U. S. territory or the mainland. Intriguingly, the applications for these cards actually state that most of the Native Virgin Island applicants were "American Citizens," even though it was to be nearly a decade before Congress would entertain a bill to confer United States citizenship to Virgin Islanders in their own homeland.
Secondly, the requirement that each applicant state his or her intended itinerary, including departure date, vessel of transport, forwarding address, occupation, and reasons for traveling, provides us with invaluable demographic information. This data not only enhances our understanding of the dispersal and assimilation of Virgin Islanders into the broader North American community in the early post-transfer era, but also contributes significantly to Diaspora studies in general.
Thirdly, the personal information submitted by each applicant, such as birth or baptismal certificates, the ages and names of their children, and the names and addresses of relatives whom they were to meet at their intended destinations, constitutes an important and previously untapped genealogical resource. Here, in a single document group, we have access to a variety of infonnative details, many of which are not revealed by the standard family history research sources.
And lastly, and perhaps most importantly, the photographs affixed to each application represent the single largest pictorial archive of individual Virgin Islanders in the early post-transfer era. It can be assumed that in many cases, these photographs represent the only existing identifiable image of a given person, particularly those born in the islands' rural districts in the mid to late nineteenth century.
One cannot help but muse as they gaze down upon these fading images, "oh, if only they could talk." Yet, in a sense, these wonderful documents do talk. They tell us of peoples' lives, their dreams and motivations, in those first fledgling days of their American experience. They remind us of their sacrifices and contributions as Virgin Islanders no matter where they ventured, be it a cane field in the Dominican Republic, a hotel kitchen in Puerto Rico, a cable ship far out to sea, or an apartment in the heart of New York City. Indeed, as you leaf through the pages of these documents, and stare into all of those faces from our collective past, it becomes graphically evident that there can be no greater eloquence.
Of course not all of the persons who applied for identity cards in this era were emigrating. Many were simply traveling on business, or off to visit friends or relations -- yes, some were even tourists. But the majority was venturing forth out of economic necessity, in search of increased opportunity and the means for a better life for themselves and their families. And so it is to those persons that this work is respectfully dedicated, and particularly to those Virgin Islanders who did not return. May it be that this booklet now brings them full circle, home to be embraced -- at least I like to think of it that way.
Virgin Island Exodus (A Brief Background)
"TIS FINISHED... From 1666 to 1917, and from Copenhagen to Washington is a far cry; but a few hours ago we were with Copenhagen, now we are with Washington and here to stay for all time and, with the exception of sunshine which always blessed these isles, all things are become new. We are taken under the Stars and Stripes, not as a conquered people, and neither do we expect to be treated as such. We have for these many years enjoyed the rights of a free and enlightened people, and of this freedom we expect no
curtailment what ever. We shall give our loyalty unstintedly to the flag that now floats over us. From this moment on it is our flag and in every respect we demand every privilege, all the rights, and all the protection that it stands for."
Jno. N. Lightbourn (Lightbourn's Mail Notes, Monday, April 2, 1917)
It was surely not without a sense of expectancy, that on March 31, 1917, the peop Ie of the fonner Danish West Indies observed the transfer of their homeland to the United States. For the majority of those islanders, however, the changing of national flags brought little immediate relief from the poor living conditions or the limited economic opportunities that had long plagued them.
By the turn of the twentieth century, the Virgin Island economy was in sharp decline. The market dominance of sugar produced from sugar beets had left St. Croix's once prosperous sugar cane industry near collapse. While on St. Thomas, regional development, along with technical advances in the shipping and the passenger transport industry, were undennining the importance of its once bustling port, as transshipment and fueling stop for inter-American and transatlantic navigation. As the profitability of the islands' two predominant industries diminished, so in turn had the prospects for economic advancement for Virgin Islanders, who had (directly or indirectly) traditionally relied on those industries for their livelihood.
In the early 19th century, the Danish West Indies had been a magnet, attracting persons from throughout the region with its liberal immigration policies and expanding economy. By the close of that century, however, migration had turned outbound, as inequitable land distribution and industrial downsizing increasingly forced islanders to venture elsewhere in search of employment. Many men found work as seamen or were recruited for projects such as the Panama Canal, while others took seasonal jobs cutting sugar cane in Puerto Rico, Cuba, or the Dominican Republic. But, due to the fact that the people of the present Virgin Islands were at that time still Danish subjects, their legitimate regional migration was to a large extent kept in check. Yet, many were detennined to leave, and somehow managed to overcome the hurdles of formal immigration and make new lives for themselves outside of the Danish West Indies.
It comes as no surprise that after the transfer of the Virgin Islands, from Denmark to the United States, this trend continued, and indeed was significantly stimulated. Although security measures, prompted by America's entry into World War I on April 6, 1917 (only a matter of days after the transfer of the islands), and the inevitable complications of the transition initially restricted movement, it was not long before economic necessity forced the islands' administrators to address the issue of emigration.
In the years just following transfer, the United States did little to rectify the poor working and living conditions in their new possession. As a result, soon after a revised emigration policy was put into place, residents of the Virgin Islands set out in unprecedented numbers in search of opportunity and the American promise of newfound prosperity. This migration, which rapidly grew into a veritable exodus, left an indelible mark on the Virgin Islands and its people. By stimulating the post-transfer process of Americanization, it helped to redefine the islands' culture, ethnicity, politics, and economy, and is today as much an integral element of the collective Virgin Island heritage as any other aspect of our past
The United States Citizen's Identification Card System of 1918
Under the Danish West Indian system of government, individuals wishing to travel out of the colony, or even between the Danish islands, were required to obtain passports from the police. This system was initially maintained after the islands' transfer to the United States, but conflicts soon arose over whether the issuance of passports was a civi I matter, as it had been under the Danes, or a matter to be handled by the newly-installed U. S. military government. Despite official appeals by St. Thomas Police Magistrate Nonnan P. Alexander to grant the police continued jurisdiction over the issuance of civilian
passports,l on October 20, 1917, Governor James H. Oliver took the matter into his own hands and directed his Government Secretary, R. V. L. Stratton, to issue a notice to all Steamship Agents informing them of a change in policy:
"You are hereby informed that until further every civilian traveling from the Virgin Islands to the United States, or any foreign territory or country (except Tortola), will be required to furnish himself, or herself with a passport before embarking. Residents of the islands desiring passports, ... should make an application, in writing, addressed to the Government Secretary, Administration Building, St. Thomas at least two weeks before the date of sailing ... ,,2
While Governor Oliver's decision to take charge of the passport system and consolidate its administration under an office of the military government may well have put to rest the question over who was to be in charge of passport control, a much higher issue remained to be addressed. If Virgin Islanders were now residents of the United States, why should they be required to obtain a passport to travel to their own country's mainland or any of its territories and possessions?
Indeed, while Governor Oliver struggled with the daily immediacies of the transition in the Virgin Islands, back in the United States this very issue was being raised at the highest levels of federal authority. In the fall of 1917, a memo was sent from the desk of the Assistant Secretary of Labor, Louis F. Ross, to the office of the Secretary of the Navy. Ross' correspondence not only raised the question of the propriety of requiring residents of the Virgin Islands to obtain passports for travel to the United States mainland, but it also put forth the suggestion that would give rise to the institution of a photo identification card system in the Virgin Islands -- the system that was to open the doors for Virgin Islanders to freely travel to and from the United States or any of its territories, possessions, or protectorates, as American citizens:
" ...a question has arisen with regard to the applicability of the instructions and joint order to the cases of persons leaving the Virgin Islands for the mainland of the United States.
It hardly seems proper to this department (and in finally reaching that decision it has been aided by an informal conference with officials of the Bureau of Citizenship of the Department of State) to require that citizens of the Virgin Islands shall present a passport on arriving at a port of the mainland and applying for admission. It does seem desirable, however, that the purpose underlying the instructions and joint order should be aided, and its evasion by aliens residing or temporarily sojourning in the Virgin Islands prevented by the enforcement of some regulation that would require persons leaving those islands for the mainland who claim to be citizens, to supply themselves with birth certificates or other documentary evidence supporting their claim, which evidence they can present on arriving at a port of the United States ...")
It is significant that this issue was first raised within the Labor Department, as it sheds light on one of the motives behind American policy in regard to the Virgin Islands in this time period. It would appear that with the United States at war, and its forces spread out across the globe, the North Americans saw it advantageous to encourage an influx of financially-disadvantaged Virgin Island immigrants into their work force.
I Letter from Magistrate Noonan P. Alexander to the Captain 1. F. Dyer, USMC (aide to Governor James H. Oliver), St. Thomas, October 9, 1917, (RG 55/PI 126, Entry # 37, Box I, [National Archives II, College Park, Md., USA]). 2 (ibid., Notice to Steamship Agents by order of Governor James H. Oliver, St. Thomas, October 20, 1917.) 3 (ibid., Letter from the Assistant Secretary of Labor, Louis F. Ross, to the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, October 13,1917.)
The real issue at hand, of course, was that of status. The fact that policy could be swayed simply on the basis of what was perceived as "proper" was, in a sense, passive acceptance on the part of the United States that Virgin Islanders were now indeed American citizens. Most Virgin Island residents at that time were under the impression that Article 6 of the treaty of secession between Denmark and the United States granted them automatic U. S. citizenship after a period of one year from the date of transfer.4 However, vagaries in the language used in the treaty prompted debate, and it was many years before the issue of status was sufficiently resolved. But, in the case of emigration, a technicality in definition was not sufficient grounds to impede necessity. Therefore, largely for the sake of expediency, the debate over status was swept aside and it was decided to issue "United States Citizen's Identification Cards" to qualified Virgin Island residents who desired to travel to the U. S. mainland or Puerto Rico.5
On May 18, 1918, Governor James H. Oliver notified the appropriate local offices and agencies of yet another change in the United States Government's passport policy regarding the Virgin Islands. And so it was that the exodus began:
" ...On and after this date those permanent residents of the Virgin Islands of the United States (both citizens and those aliens who have resided for more than one year) desiring to travel to the United States or Puerto Rico may do so by procuring identification cards from the Government Secretary, which will take the place of a passport..."
Applications for United States Citizen's Identification Cards
The following database contains abbreviated material extracted from the first one hundred and seventy-three (out of an original one hundred and eighty-four) United States Citizen's Identification Card applications submitted by Virgin Island residents between May 21 and October 9,1918. This work is arranged as an alphabetical guide to this important document group, which is housed in the United States National Archives II, in College Park Maryland (RG 55/PI 126, entry #36, box 1).
Note that in this database the field labeled "Proof' refers to the type of document an applicant offered as proof of his or her identification; a "BC" appearing in this column indicates that a birth or baptismal certificate accompanies the appl ication; and, "Letter" ind icates that some sort of written testimony was submitted. Names which appear in parentheses are maiden names.
When attempting to locate an individual in the original records, the number appearing in the field labeled "ID #" should be used as a reference. It is unfortunate that the originals of these documents in the National Archives are not properly arranged, and are, therefore, difficult to utilize. For those Virgin Islanders wishing to view a particular application form, or the record group as a whole, rearranged copies of the complete set have been donated by Little Nordside Press to the Library of the St. Croix Landmarks Society, at Estate Whim on St. Croix, and to the von Scholten Collection, at the Enid M. Baa Library on St. Thomas.
With the presentation of this booklet, Little Nordside Press hopes to have further demonstrated its ongoing commitment to enhance public awareness of a broad spectrum of landmark documents relating to Virgin Island history. We have endeavored to format this work in a way that it will not only serve as a generally informative booklet, but also as a valued reference tool for genealogists, historians, students, and all persons in search of a greater understanding of the past.
St. Thomas, May 1998, David W. Knight
4 Paul M. Leary, editor, Major Political & Constitutional Documents Of The United States Virgin Islands, 1671 1991 (University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, VI, ] 992), pp. 110 - I II. 5 NOTE: [n this time period, United States Citizen's Identification Cards were also issued for travel to the Dominican Republic, which was under United States occupation from 1916 through 1924, and Cuba, which was a U. S. protectorate until 1934.
The above is an excerpt from: David W. Knight & Laurette de T. Prime, Virgin Island Exodus: The United States Citizen's 1dentification Card System of 1918 and the Post- Transfer Quest for Opportunity Under the United States Flag (St. Thomas, USVI, Little Nordside Press, 1998).
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DATE fOR SEEKING vr.SSR
6/15/18 41 Abramson, Theresa with nephews Carl & Joseph Isaac Emanuel
Sl. Croix
U.S. 10/29 1900
17 Pueno Rico Stop 5 1/2 San Juan, Pueno Rico
Emanuel, Isaac [sister's husband]
Seamstress BC
7/15/18 87 Allen, Isabell Pueno Rico
British 12124 1897
20 Pueno Rico Hansen, Mrs. Ethel [employer]
Carmen House work
6/12/18 29 Allen,lsaac Sl. Thomas
U.S. 3/6 1894
24 Work on American steamship Marina
[employment] Marina Seaman BC
8/20/18 145 Barentzen, Elsa Alexandra
Sl. Thomas
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22 New York, NYC
Barentzen, Emile [brother]
Saga Steno Letter
8112/18 121 Bastian, Britania Beatrice
Sl. Croix
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Smith, Catherine [to reside]
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00
DATE
7/2/18
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NAME
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BIRTH DATE
10/18 1879
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Dominican Republic, Macoris, Santo Domingo
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ON VESSEL
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House work
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5/27/18
5/27/18
8/17/18
8/9/18
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Bomn, Edith-W:- -St. Thomas
Boyne (s), St Thomas Alfred John
Branch, Maria St Helener ( Phillips) Croix
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3/5 1885
8/17 1866
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33 Work on American sloop, Carib
53 Puerto Rico
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-
Carmen
,--"m'en-
Carib
Marina
Commercial
Seaman
Laundress
BC
BC
BC
7/16/18 89 Brewer, Ann Helen
St Thomas
U.S. 3/27 1903
15 New York, 441 Manhattan Avenue, NYC
Catuna, George [friend]
Parima BC
7/16/18 90 Brewer, Augusta Altagracia (Riise)
St. Thomas
U.S. 2/14 1876
42 New York, 441 Manhattan Avenue, NYC
Catuna, George [friend]
Parima Seamstress BC
'''''FE 8/20/18
IDf
147
NAME -
Brewer, Edmund Leonard
,: . ~i
BORN
St Thomas
NATION
U.S.
' BIR1'Il DAn
7/23 1899
Ad".,
:'
19
~~,.,
BOUND JOR
New York. 441 Manhattan Avenue, NYC
MEETING OR. SEEKING
Brewer, Augusta [mother]
ON VESSEL
Saga
OCCUP.~'l'ION
Clerk
PROOF
BC
6/29/18 73 Bruley, Claudine Isabel (Hein)
St Thomas
U.S. 12/21 1892
25 Puerto Rico, San Juan
Emanuel, Harold [brother in law]
Cannen Laundress BC
7130/18 102 Bruley, Alonzo
Oliver St Thomas
U.S. 10/2 1893
24 Puerto Rico, Calle Rebo Stop 17
Bruley, Claudine [wife]
Marina Blacksmith BC
6/21/18 51 Bruly, Joseph Matthaeus
St Thomas
US 3/3/ 1886
32 Puerto Rico, Santurce, Stop IS
Foy, Maggie [coUsin]
Marina Butler BC
7/11/18 83 Caak, IIdephonsus St Thomas
U.S. 8/26 1896
21 Puerto Rico, Stop 48 Santurce, San Juan
Benners, Aurora [sister]
Marina Clerk BC
6/29/18 74 Cabe, Lembrick Emanuel
St Thomas
U.S. 12/24 1884
33 New York, 28 West 136 Street
Francis, [friend]
Saul Saga Fanner BC
NYC
, ,,. '''";$'I'ROOF0CCUI'A"F10NDATE BORN NATION BIRTII AGE ONNAME MEE11JNG ·Oll.ID" BOUND .., SEElI.iNG· . VESSELDi\'1'E I"FOR, ';.( If<
Work on448/29/18 Cameron, Samuel St U.S. 9/11 [employment] Parima Seaman BC Thomas
159 Quebec1873
aka Cambral steamship Panma
New York,8/8/18 117 Canton, Julio St U.S. 8/10 26 Jose, Alphius Saga Clerk BC Henry 304 WestThomas 1891 Tinio
1~2od c. . _. -- --_ . . - - --- I urotherj----
NYC -New York,8/20/18 148 Catuna, Catharine 9/8 45St U.S. Catuna, G. Saga House work BC
Eulalie 441 ManhattanThomas 1872 [brother] Avenue, NYC
New York,8/22/18 150 U,S.Charles, Marie St. 12/8 Beeks, Anna Saga House work Eulalie (Beeks)
31 255 West & LillaThomas 1886 143rd, St., [relatives] NYC
Work on6/26/18 65 Christopher, St U.S. 3/25 34 [employment] Marina Seaman James American
Hezekiah Thomas 1884
steamship Marina
6/25/18 Cuba59 Cid, Louisa St U.S. 10/9 19 Marina Letter Florelia Thomas 1898
DATE ,
7/22/18
" -i'
ift ~ 10"1;\.; .N~ME
", 97 Civil, James
i, . ,.
~£ ,'RoaN _ .,!'I;\iTl!'lN. ",if.
~'. t:11' .. ). "
St U.s. Thomas
, JUJlTIl DAn:
9/22 1885
~~~G&"~~ J)~~" : .'1~ BOlJND. /""
roR,,~, ":m" :v~
32 Work on steamship Marina
!limJ;'lG'OR.
Sf)E~~
[employment]
ON -\'~n.
Marina
OCCUJ>ATION
Seaman
~O()J'
Letter
,
8113/18
5/21/18
124
I
Cooper, Evart Beverley
Copeman, Denis
St Thomas
St Croix
U,S.
U,S,
9/1 1 1892
9/23 1898
25
19
New Jersey, Glenridge
Philadelphia, 1018 S. 17th SI.
Cooper, Eurama [sister]
Innis, Jacob [cousin]
Saga
Parima
Carpenter
Merchant BC
5/29/18
6/10/18
6/14/18
6112/18
\4
27
38
33
Carneiro, Earl a Elvira
Correa, S. Calleja
Creque, Emma Adelade
David, Christian Emanuel aka Lhvinst
St Thomas
Puerto Rico
St. Thomas
St. Croix
U,S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
10113 1899
10/31 1898
6/26 1885
11117 1880
18
19
32
37
New York, 2423 Seventh Avenue, NYC
Puerto Rico, San Juan
Puerto Rico, Fajardo
Work on American steamship Marina
Raphael, Mrs. Irza
[Post Office Department]
Houly, Corncha [sister]
[employment]
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Marina
Clerk
Post Office
Cook
Seaman
BC
Letter
BC
OAT!
7/17/18
lOt
95
NA~t£
De Castro, Leo
Hubert
BORN
Sl Thomas
NATION
U.S
BlRlJI DAn:
2/28 1882
AGE
36
BOUND FOR
Work on schooner Blandford
MEETING OR, SEEKING
[employment)
ON YESSEL
Blandford
OCCUPATION
Seaman
PROOF
BC
7/17/18 94 De Windt, Ebenezer Francis
St. Thomas
U.S. 5/3 1894
- ..
24
._
Work on schooner Blandford
[to Mississippi]
[employment)
.
Blandford Seaman Letter
613118 18 Delaney, Justine Constance Adelade
St. Martin
Dutch 9/30 1900
17 Puerto Rico, Holel San Rafael, San Juan
Anduze, Christopher [employer)
Carmen House work
6/17118 45 Deloio, Julius
Paulus Sl Thomas
U.S. 1/5 1882
36 Work on French steamship Madina
[employmentI Madina Engineer
6/28118 69 Delville, Edmond
Charles Thatch Island
British 2/3 1896
22 New York, 4 Paltem Ave. Long Branch
[visiting relatives)
Saga Laborer BC
DAn:
9/9/18
9/17118
10.
165
173
- NA.m: •
Deuvergee, Catharine Elizabeth (Manuel)
Donovan, Moses
80RI'I
St. Thomas
Tortola
NATION
U.S.
British
BIRTB nATE
3/26 1866
ACE
52
32
.. BOWn FOll
Puerto Rico Santurce Slap 15
Working on American Sloop Oriole
MEETING OR. SEEKING
Deuvergee, Louise [daughter)
[employment)
ON VESSEL
Cannen
Oriole
OCCUPATION
Laundress
Seaman
PROOF
BC/ Letter
6118/18 47 Doshe, Beruain S. St. Thomas
U.S. 11/4 1867
50 Work on French steamship Madiana
[employment) Mediana Engine~r BC
5131/18
6/26118
16
66
Dunlop, Rosamond Alexandrine
D'Windt, Rudolph Edwardo
Sl Thomas
Sl Thomas
U.S
U.S.
11/3 1887
10/1 1889
30
28
New York
Work on American steamship Marina
Dunlop, Hattie [sister)
[employment)
Parima
Marina
Seamstress
Seaman
BC
BC
8119118 141 Edwards, Gertrude Augusta
St. Thomas
U.S. 2/23 1891
27 Puerto Rico, Fajardo
Lightboum, Mrs. Miriam [employer)
La Gracia
Nurse Be
DATE
6/15118
10.
40
NA~IE
Emanuel, Maria (Auction) wilh children:
Peter(l) Viola (5)
BORN
St. Croix
NAnON
US
..BI1l.TR DATE
In 1889
AGE
29
BOUND FOR
Puerto Rico, SlOP 5 1/2 San Juan
MEETlNGOR, SEEKING
Emanuel, Isaac [husband]
ON VESSEL
Marina
OCCUPATIOl\
House work
PROOF
BC
9/9118
8116/98
6/26/18
166
129
61
Esannason, Mrs. Isabella with 2 grandchildren:
Carmen Gonzalez (7) Rafaila Esannason (4)
Esannason, Olga
Estornel, Adina Ludovica
. 5.1. EUSlatius
St. Thomas
St. Thomas
U.S
U.S.
US
10/13 1859
6/14 1894
1/12 1893
58
24
25
__ lEuertlLRirn
Puerto Rico, SanlUrce, SlOP 16 v, San Juan
Dominican Republic, Macons
[;ronnar;'n
Anna Louise .• [daughter]
Lake, Mrs. Mary [mother]
Estornel, Manuel [uncle]
Marina
Carmen
Marina
Saleswoman
House work
Clerk
Letter
BC
DATE·
6/24/18
10'
56
I " ,NAME
Evans, Lottie Catherine
BOR.'1
Key West Florida
NAnON
U.s.
BIJmI DATE
6/24 1890
AGE
28
BOUND .. FOR ,. Virginia, Shirly
MEETh'lG OR. SnKL'IG
Oliver, Mrs. [employer]
ON VESSEL
OCCUPATION
Maid
PROOl'
5/28/18 12 Faris, Milward Walsing
St. Thomas
U.S. 11/5 1897
20 New York, 2423 Seventh Avenue, NYC
Faris, Ralph [brother]
Saga Seaman
,
BC
7/31118 103 Francis, Amadeo St. Thomas
U.S. 11/27 1889
28 Puerto Rico, 21 Carrelera Stop 3 v, Puerta De Terra
Francis, Ja!TIej) [brother]
Teacher BC
8/5118
5/31/18
109
15
Francis, Anesta
Francis, Charles Niels Stanley
St. Croix
St. Thomas
U.S.
U.S.
7/13 1895
9/19 1897
23
20
Puerto Rico, Sanlurce, SlOP 15 Monserral House 19
New York, 28 West 136th. Street, NYC
Boynes, Helen [aunt]
Francis, Clarence [brother]
Marina Cook
Laborer
BC
BC
DATE
8/8/18
9/5/18
8/24/18
6/14/18
6/6/18
10M
115
163
156
37
26
NA.\1E
Francis, David Gregorius
Francis, Juliana with daughter:
Maria Juliana Leandra Greaux (5)
Francois, Cyril
Fren, Jacob Augustus
Gahm, Ono Theodor
V.
BORN
St. Thomas
St. Croix
Haiti
St. Thomas
Denmark
NATION
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Canadian
BIRTH DATE
11m 1874
12/3 1889 _.
7/20 1892
9/8 1899
9/11 1871
AGE
43
28
-
25
18
46
BOUND FOR
Work on American Schooner Mary Palmer
New York, 69 West 139lh St. NYC
Puerto Rico
New York, 67 Nassau, Brooklyn
New York
MEETING OR. SEEKING
[employment]
Christian, Mrs. Elaine rtTiendl·
-
[business)
Oneal, Mrs. Maria [sister]
[relocating]
ON VESSEL
Mary Palmer
Parima
...
Eagle
Parima
OCCUPATIO""
Seaman
House work
Clerk
Carpenter
Merchant
PROOF
Lener
BC
BC
BC
8ml8 113 Garcia, Theresa St. Thomas
Danish 7/10 1878
40 Puerto Rico, Stop 42 Sanl1Jrce, San Juan
Valdes, Mrs. [employer]
Marina House work Lener
::tI g.;» ..'"= tl:l
{fJ '" .. :r"''"'"
3 ("l c:c: '" ~ '" .:;0 '" .. ~
= 3 0-= Q.
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DA
TE
8/8/
18
9/5/
18
8/24
/18
6/14
/18
6/6/
18
10
M
115
163
156
37
26
NA
.\1E
Fran
cis,
Dav
id
Gre
goriu
s
Fran
cis,
Julia
na
with
dau
ghte
r:
Mar
ia
Julia
na
Lea
ndra
G
reau
x (5
)
Fran
cois
, C
yril
Fren
, Ja
cob
Aug
ustu
s
Gah
m,
Ono
T
heod
or
V.
BO
RN
St.
Tho
mas
St.
Cro
ix
Hai
ti
St.
Tho
mas
Denm
ark
NA
TIO
N
U.S
.
U.S
.
U.S
.
U.S
.
Can
adia
n
BIR
TH
D
ATE
11
m
1874
12/3
18
89
_.
7/20
18
92
9/8 1899
9/11
18
71
AG
E
43
28
-
25
18
46
BO
UN
D
FOR
Wor
k on
A
mer
ican
Sc
hoon
er
Mar
y P
alm
er
New
Yor
k,
69 W
est
139l
h St
. NY
C
Puer
to R
ico
New
Yor
k,
67 N
assa
u,
Broo
klyn
New
Yor
k
ME
ET
ING
OR
. SE
EK
ING
[em
ploy
men
t]
Chr
istia
n,
Mrs
. E
lain
e rtT
iend
l·
-
[bus
ines
s)
One
al,
Mrs
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aria
[s
iste
r]
[rel
ocat
ing]
ON
V
ESSE
L
Mar
y Pa
lmer
Parim
a
...
Eagl
e
Parim
a
OC
CU
PAT
IO""
Seam
an
Hou
se w
ork
Cle
rk
Car
pent
er
Mer
chan
t
PR
OO
F
Len
er
BC
BC
BC
8m
l8
113
Gar
cia,
T
here
sa
St.
Tho
mas
D
anis
h 7/
10
1878
40
Pu
erto
Rico
, St
op 4
2 Sa
nl1J
rce,
San
Juan
Val
des,
Mrs
. [e
mpl
oyer
] M
arin
a H
ouse
wor
k L
ener
::tI g. ;» .. '" =
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C
10 # 143: Mrs. Josephine Dagmar Ligget (born, Simmonds) with ID #95:
children, Leon, Lewis, Ina, and Gladys, Hubert Leo de Castro, July 17, 1918 August 19, 1918
10 # 101:
Maria Josephina Pickering, July 29,1918 ID # 144: Mrs. Ernesta Wolterding, August 17,1918
10 # 107:
Edgar Alvin George, August 3, 1918 10 # 167: Mildred Prince, September 12, 1918
10 # 109: Anesta Francis, August 5, 1918 ID # 172:
Donald Hendricksen Guiler, September 17, 1918
10# 135: Alice Maude White (born, Penn) and son, Kenneth St. Clare, August 17, 1918 ID # 184:
Mrs. Lillia Estella Leslie (born, Hansen), October 9,1918
1"'1
::r
~.
;.
=
r'l 3 .. =
c !!.
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c .-J'>-..'"" =8 'lt
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DA
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E B
OR
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NA
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IRT
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AC
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TL
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11.
ON
O
CC
UPA
TIO
N
PRO
OF
DA
TE
fOR
SE
EK
ING
V
ESSE
L
9/6/
18
164
Geo
rge,
A
rnol
d Fr
ankl
in
SI.
John
U
.S.
9130
18
89
28
Puer
to R
ico,
Sant
urce
Sl
Op 1
5, Sa
n Ju
an
Geo
rge,
A
lpho
nse
Eman
uel
[bro
ther
]
Eagl
e Sh
ipca
rpen
ter
BC
8/3/
18
107
Geo
rge,
Edg
ar
Alv
in
SI.
John
U
.S.
1/9
1886
32
W
ork
on
sloop
Ea
gle
[em
ploy
men
t) E
agle
Se
aman
L
ener
8/10
/18
120
Geo
rge,
Edw
ard
Aug
ustu
s SI
. T
hom
as
U.S
. 5/
13
1878
40
W
ork
on
Am
eric
an
Scho
oner
[em
ploy
men
t) M
ary
Palm
er
Seam
an·
BC
Mar
y Pa
lmer
8/23
/18
152
Geo
rge,
Jam
es
Alle
n St
. Jo
hn
U.S
. 1/
13
1875
43
W
orki
ng o
n A
mer
ican
slo
op
Eagl
e
[em
ploy
men
t) Ea
gle
Seam
an
BC
8/3/
18
108
Geo
rge,
Osw
ald
Val
dim
ar
SI.
John
U
.S.
9/9
1877
40
W
ork
on
sloop
Ea
gle
[em
ploy
men
t) Ea
gle
Seam
an
Len
er
6/17
/18
46
Gib
bs,
Jam
es
Her
bert
St.
Tho
mas
U
.S.
12/6
18
94
23
Wor
k on
A
mer
ican
[e
mpl
oym
ent)
Mar
ina
Seam
an
BC
steam
ship
M
arin
a
1"'1 ::r ~. ;. = r'l 3.. = c !!. -0.. .s. ~
c
.-J'>-..'""=
8 'lto <.>
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Ii DATE 10. NAME BORN NAnON BIRTH ACE . BOUND MEETL'lG 011. ON OCCUPATION PROOF
DATE fOR SEEKING VESSEL
9/6/18 164 George, Arnold Franklin
SI. John
U.S. 9130 1889
28 Puerto Rico, Santurce SlOp 15, San Juan
George, Alphonse Emanuel [brother]
Eagle Shipcarpenter BC
8/3/18 107 George, Edgar Alvin
SI. John
U.S. 1/9 1886
32 Work on sloop Eagle
[employment) Eagle Seaman Lener
8/10/18 120 George, Edward Augustus
SI. Thomas
U.S. 5/13 1878
40 Work on American Schooner
[employment) Mary Palmer
Seaman· BC
Mary Palmer
8/23/18 152 George, James Allen
St. John
U.S. 1/13 1875
43 Working on American sloop Eagle
[employment) Eagle Seaman BC
8/3/18 108 George, Oswald Valdimar
SI. John
U.S. 9/9 1877
40 Work on sloop Eagle
[employment) Eagle Seaman Lener
6/17/18 46 Gibbs, James Herbert
St. Thomas
U.S. 12/6 1894
23 Work on American
[employment) Marina Seaman BC
steamship Marina
DATE 10' NAME BORN NATION BIRTH DATE
ACE BOUND FOR
MUTIJI/G OR. SEEKING
ON nSSEL-
OCCUPATION PROOF
6/29/18 72 Giddings, Martha SI. Croix
U.S. 3/3 1885
33 New York., 1096 Ocean Avenue, Brooklyn
Latima, Mrs. Ann [employer]
Saga House work BC
6/24/18 55 Gordon, Eulalie Agatha
- - ---- . .
SI. Thomas -
U.S. 2/5 1867
5\ Puerto Rico, San Juan
Jorgensen, Mrs. David
Marina
-
Teacher BC
... l"l<;luJ
6/17/18 42 Gottlieb, Joseph Christian
SI. Thomas
U.S. 10/30 1894
23 New York, 28 West I36th Street, NYC
Francis, Clarence [~ousin]
Korona Laborer BC
6/14/18 36 Greaux, Aurelita Verginia
SI. Thomas
U.S. 12/18 1871
46 Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo
Jones, Mrs. Lucy [employe.rl ..
Carnlen Cook BC
6/25118 57 Green, Jennie SI. U.S. 1/30 16 Puerto Rico, George, Marina Letter Elisabeth Thomas 1902 San Juan Teresa
aka Eugenie [mother]
9/17/18 172 Guiler, Donald Hendrickson
SI. Thomas
U.S. 10/8 1896
21 Working on American sloop Oriole
[employment] Oriole Seaman BC
"
DATE 10' NA~fE' BORN NATION BIRTH -DATE AGE
.. - .
BOUND FOR'
MEETING OR, SEEKING
ON VESSEL
OCCUP.UION PROOF
7/11/18 85 Hansen, Ethel (La Beet) with children:
SI. Thomas
Danish 1!l2 1882
36 Puerto Rico, Aguirre Central
Hansen, Kaj [husband]
BC
Dorothy (I I) Carl (9) Allan (6) Paul (3)
9/25/18 171 Hansen, CA. (Lund)
SI. Thomas
U.S. 1/19 1853
65 Puerto Rico Santurse stop 42 Y"
Berg, Uvaldo [daughter]
Hospital Sl. San Juan
7/3/18 79 Harney, Cecilia Sepherine (Baa)
SI. Thomas
U.S. 2/2 1865
53 Puerto Rico, Caguas
[visit sister] Marina Cook & wash BC
6/4/18 22 Harper, James Alexander
SI. Croix
US. 8/12 1893
24 Work on French steamship between the West Indies
[employment] Madina or Parker
Seaman Letter
6112/18 32 Harrigan, Aaron SI. Thomas
U.S. 10/27 1887
30 Work on steamship Marina
[employment] Marina Seaman Lener
DATE ID. NAME BORN AnON BIRTH DATE
AGE BOUND FOR .
MUTING OR. SEE.h."lNG
ON VESSEL
OCUlJ'ATION PROOF
6/12/18 31 Harrigan, Moses SI. Thomas
U.S. 10/27 1887
30 Work on American steamship Marina
[employment] Marina Seaman Letter
5/27118 II Hart, Clarah SI. Kitts
British 7/24 1884
33 New York, 968 Simpson Slreet,
_... _~BroIL'
Hart, Lilian [sister]
. -..
Laundress
7/31/18 98 Hart, Ethel Elita SI. Thomas
U.S 4/30 1895
23 Puerto Rico, Santurce
[visiring aunt] Eagle Clerk BC
7/16/18 91 Harthman, Frederick Oscar
SI. Thomas
U.S. 9/3 1888
30 New York . [school and employment)
Parima School BC
8/5/18 110 Hazlehurst, Herbert Hilton
SI. Croix
U.S. 10/16 1872
45 Work on sloop Eagle
[employment) Eagle Seaman Letter
8117/18 122 Henry, John SI. John
Danish 11/18 1867
50 Work on American sloop Carib
[employment] Carib Seaman BC
7/11/18 84 Hill, Joannes Augustus
SI. Thomas
U.S. 10/17 1876
41 Work on American steamship Marina
[employment] Marina Seaman BC
. DATE
6/4/18
ID'
21
NAME-
Kest, Hubert Alfonso
BORN
SI. Thomas
. illATION
U.S.
BIRTTI OAT!:
6/27 1897
AGE
21
BOIJND roll
Work on French steamship between the West Indies
.MiETING 011, SEEKING
[employment]
ON VESSEL
Madina or Parker
OCCUPATION
Seaman
PROO'
BC
9/23/18 169 James, Monica
Germina SI. Croix
U.S. 4/5 1883
35 Puerto Rico, Santurce Calle Monserrat, No 31
James, Peter [brother]
Marina Laundress BC
6/6/18
8/17/18
8/22/18
7/16/18
25
134
153
93
James, Margaret
Jaspar, Celestina
Jensen, Mrs. Walter
Jensen, Theodorus Ulric
SI. Croix
SI. Croix
SI. Croix
SI. Thomas
US.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
6/2 J 880
11/24 1895
6/2 1865
9/15 1894
38
22
53
28
Puerto Rico, Ca11e Pelayo, Stop 5, San Juan
Puerto Rico, Ponce
New York, 116 Seley St., Brooklyn
New York, 116 Seeley St., Brooklyn
Octavia, Ella [sister] . --
Johannes, Edward [employer]
Jensen, Walter R. [son]
Jensen, H. R. [brother]
Marina
Marina
Saga
Parima
Laundress
House work
Sleno
BC
Letter
Letter
BC
.;
DAn 10' NAME BORN NAno BIRTH AGE BOUND MEE11NCOIl. 0 OCUWAno· PROOf DAn FOR SlE....INC VESSEL
6/22/18 52 Johannes, Daniel St. Croix
U.S. 6/9 1901
17 Work on Danish steamship
[employment] Braysell Seaman BC
Braysell
8/23/18 154 Joseph, Franklin Cardinal
St. John
U.S. 5/22 1898 -
20 Working on American
[employment] Eagle
1-
Seaman Lener
...- -- sloop Eagle
.
8/17/18 131 Joseph, Henry Emanuel
St. John
U.S. 9/6 1895
22 Work on American sloop Carib
[employment] Carib Seaman Letter
7/11/18 82 Kaar, Octavia St. Thomas
U.S. 1/2 1894
24 Puerto Rico, Sanlurce Stop 48, San Juan
Benners, Aurora [sister]
Marina Nurse BC
6/18/18 48 Kennedy, Eugenia Margaret
St. Thomas
U.S. 7/19 1895
22 Pennsylvania, 15-17 Carpenter St., Philadelphia
Kennedie, Alfredo [brother]
Saga House work BC
DATE 10. NUIE BORN
·c
N",nON BIRTH DAn
AC.I: BOUND . FOR
. MEETINC OR. SEEKING
ON VESSEL
OCCUI'ATION PROOP
6/22118 54 Kevillier, Milton St. Croix
U.S. 11/2 1890
27 Dominican Republic Estale
[employment] Carpenter Letter
Consuela, Macoris
613/18 19 La Beet, Catherine (Audain) with nephew:
Edwin L. Audan (4)
St. Thomas
U.S. 12130 1867
50 New York, 24 West 143 Street. NYC
La Beet, Leonard [foster son]
Parima Domestic work
BC (2)
6/19/18 50 Lafonlant, Renee Maria
St. Thomas
U.S. 1/28 1906
12 Dominican Republic, Macoris
Drayton, Letitia [aunt]
La Gracia
BC
9/24/18 170 Lancaster, Wilhelmina
St. Croix
U.S. 6113/ 1892
26 Puerto Rico stop 16 Sanlurce San Juan
Francis, Anesla [aunt]
Marina Laundress Letter
DATE
6/14/18
5131/18
6/22/18
10/9118
ID'
35
17
53
184
NAME
Lanclos, RUdolph Ulysses
Larsen, Maria Augusta (Giglioni)
Leon, Mary Elizabeth (Lazour)
Leslie, Lillia (Hansen)Estella
BORN
SI Thomas
SI Thomas
St. Thomas
St. Thomas
.I'IATIO.
U.S.
Danish
U.S.
US.
BIRTH DATE
5/31 1899
8/28 1883
9117 1873
9/20 1891
AGE
19
34
44
27
BOtlND fOR
New York, 164 West 144th Street NYC
New York, 744 Beck SI, Bronx
New York
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo
ME£TlNGOR. SEEKING
Oneal, Allan [friend]
Larsen, Carl Christian [husband]
Oliver, Mrs. James H. [employer]
Leslie, Camille [husband]
.
ON VESSEL
Saga
Carmen
Santo Domingo
OCCUl'ATION
CJerk
House work
House work
PROOf
BC
BCI Letter
BC
BC
8119118 143 Ligget, Josephine Dagmar (Simmonds) with 4 children:
Leon (9) Louis (7) Ina (4) Gladys (2)
St. Thomas
US. 8/24 1885
32 Puerto Rico, Playa Provision Co., San Juan
Liggett, Bernard Elodius [husband]
Marina Letter
DATE ID.
8119118 139
6/26/18 63
8/20/18 146
6/27/18 68
7115/18 88
NA~JE -
Lightbourn, Miriam (Webster) with children:
Alberic (10) Hulda (8) Doris (6) John (2)
Lindesay, Clarilda Inneberth
Ludvig, Indiana
Ludvig, Victor Alexander
Manin, Allan Va/rick
BOR.... NATION BlRTIl DATE
AGE . BOtIND
fOR II1EEllNG OR, .. SEEKING·
ON VESSEL
OCCUP.~T10N PROOF
St. Thomas
U.S. 1/17 1880
38 Puerto Rico, Fajardo
Lightbourn, Alberic G. [husband]
La Gracia
House work Letter
SI Thomas
US. 12130 1896
21 Puerto Rico, San Francisco SI., San Juan
Michael, Sussana [aunt]
Marina House work BC
Tonola British 6116 1904
14 Puerto Rico, Obrero SI., Case No 4, Santurce Stop 15
Ludvig, Augusta [sister]
Marina House work
St. Thomas
U.S. 8113 1894
23 Work on British cable ship Henry Holmes
[employment] Henry Holmes
Seaman BC
St. Thomas
US. 4/25 1901
17 New York, 138 West 133rd. Street, NYC
Ackermann, Eric [brother]
Giuana Waiter
-DATE 10' AME BORN NATION BIRlH ACE BOUND MU:rlNCOR. ON OCcrll'ATIOl'i PROOf
DATE FOR SEEJo.-mC VESSEL
6/19/18 49 Meyer, Julia Mathilde (Hoheb) with niece:
Avilda
St. Thomas
U.S. 5/14 1871
46 Dominican Republic, Macoris, Santo Domingo
Drayton, Letitia [cousin]
La Gracia
Laundress BC
Shackleton (5) -- . - .
8/14/18 127 Meyers, Lucien Milroy
St. Thomas
U.S. 1/4 1898
20 New York, NYC
Fraser, Mary [aunt]
Saga Laborer
6/17/18 43 Millin, Adriana (Petersen) with son:
Laurance Seaborn (I)
St. Thomas
U.S. 9/1 1895
22 New York, 17 West 136th. SlTee~
NYC
Waterpool, Hendrikata [sister]
Korona Seamstress BC
7120/18 96 Millin, Fritz Alphonso
St. Thomas
U.S. 11/12 1894
23 New York, 17Wesl 1361h Street, NYC
Millin, Adriana [wife]
Korona Laborer BC
-..
DATE 10. NAME BORN NATION BIRTH AGE BOUND. m:EnNC OR. ON OCCUPATION PROOF . DATE FOR SEEKINC VESSEL
7/29/18 100 Miranda, Puerto U.S. 11/9 Porto Rico27 ['spending Carmen Teodora Rico 1891 time"](Murphy) with children:
Mathilda (7) Federico (6) Maxcimo (5) Anita (4 mo.)
6/5/18 23 Monsanto, Emile St. U.S. 8/17 Work on35 [employment] Korona Seaman Lener Thomas Quebec
steamship 1882
Korona
7/16/18 92 Monsanto, SI. U.S. II/II New York,27 Monsanto, Korona Machinist BC/Ernestus Thomas 141 W.1890 Ernest LenerMartinus 142nd Street, [brother]
NYC
8/9/18 119 Monsanto, St. U.S. 3/11 Work on20 Madinina(employment] Machinist Jose Thomas French
steamship 1898
Madinina
DATE rD' 1'1.\.\1£ BORN NATION 1IIIl11l DAn
AGE BOVND fOil
MUllNCOR. SUKrNG
QlIi VESSEL
OCCUVATlQlIi PROOF
6/28/18 70 Mott, Paulis Augustus
St. Croix
U.S. 10/30 1868
49 Work on Quebec steamship Parima
[employment] Parima Seaman BC
8/19/18 137 Nielsen, Adelgunda
St. Thomas
U.S. 1/17 1901
17 New York, 53 West
Morch, Thelma
Saga
--.
Laundress
Regina· .. - . ~ - --I-- 140th Sl. NYC
rroo,n . .
8/19/18 136 Nielsen, Ellen Marie Christine
SI. Thomas
U.S. 11/28 1902
15 New York, 116 West 1171h St., NYC
Nielsen, Viola [mother]
Saga Letter
6/10118 28 Olsen, Sevilla Juanita
St. Croix
U.S. 2/9 1904
14 Puerto Rico, Santurce, Stop 18
Mendez, Maria [aunt]
Carmen BC
9/30/18 179 Paul, Laurenzo St. Thomas
U.S. 1111 1902
15 Puerto Rico, San Juan
Pepin [cousin]
Marina House boy
8/5/18 III Pedro, Bertil Theophilus
St. Thomas
U.S. 12/5 1871
46 Work on sloop Eagle
[employment] Eagle Seaman BC
.\
DATE
6/26118
ID.
64
NAME ..
Petersen, Alfred M.
BORN·
SI. Croix
.NATION
,
U.S.
BIRTH DAtE
10/20 1890
AGE
27
BOU!'(D FOR
Work on American steamship Marina
/dEETrNG 'OR, SEEKING
[employment)
ON VESSEL
Marina
OCCUPATION
Seaman
PROOF
BC
6/25/18 60 Petersen, Evelyn lown accompanied by:
St. Thomas
U.S. 1/31 1911
7 Puerto Rico, San Juan
[to meet her grandmother]
Marina BC
Clorilda Ingelberg Lindesey
5/22118 3 Petersen, Idonia Theodosia
SI. Thomas
U.S. 9/20 1897
21 New York, J7West 136th Street, NYC
Hoses, Mrs. Estelle [sister]
Parima Seamstress BC
5/27118
10/1/18
9
181
Petrus, Simon
Phillip(s), Nielscena Candelaria
SI. Croix
SI. Thomas
U.S.
U.S.
1/1 1885
8/17 1898
33
20
Work on British cable ship Henry Holmes
New York, 219Wesl 80th 51 NYC
[employment]
McKay, Mrs. E.W. [employer]
Henry Holmes
Parima
Seaman
House work
BC
---
" ~
PROOFOCCUP<\TIONONMEt'nNC OR.:\:CE!'lATION' •• Bnmt BOUND:)l()RNNAME1D'IIDATE . VESSELSE,E~CFORDATEI·
LetterSeamstressGuianaNew York, Gilbert, Mrs.12/18 19Haitian 1898
HaitiPickering, Esther7/9/18 80 68 West John (friend] 139th Street NYC
19 CookCarmenPuerto Rico Miranda, Mrs.2/8U.S.SI.Pickering, Maria7/29118 101 Theodora1899
._- - ThomasJosephina
-
BCSeaman(employment] . MarinaWork 003/1 33U.S.SI.Potter, Albert6112118 30 American1885ThomasWoldemar steamship Marina
BC/House workCarmenPuerto Rico Shinerry,196/29U.S.SI.Prince, Mildred9/12118 167 LetterAmanda
[aunt] 1899Thomas
BCBlacksmithSagaNew York, Callwood,2010/23U.S.SI.Ramsey, Arthur7/1/18 75 34 West Mrs. Austin1897Thomas 136lh Street, (sister] NYC
Puerto Rico, BCMarinaHatchett,163/31U.S,SI.Raupack, Lilian9/26118 176 Santurce Eugenia1902ThomasConsuelo Stop 16, [mother] Moosarrate,San Juan
=
,DATE
8/20/18
8/17118
8/6/18
I.D'
149
132
112
!,~, l'jAME
Reinhardt, Felix Antony
Richard, Daniel Michael
Richardson, Ann Elizabeth (Rymer)
.'BORN
SI. Thomas
SI. John
Tortola
'NATIO\'I
U.S.
U.S
British
BIR1'H DATE
1111 1896
I II10 1871
12113 1869
.'. AGE",_ •BOUND "
" FOR _ .. ~ ."
21 New York, 28 West 136m St NYC
46 Work on American sloop Carib
48 Puerto Rico, Ruerto De Tierra SlOP 3 y,
ManNC OR, . SEEKINC'
Francis, Saul [to reside]
[employment]
Richardson, Fernando [husband]
ON VESSEL
Saga
Carib
Marina
OCCUPATION
Tailor
Seaman
Cook
PROOF
Letter
Letter
BC
9/3/18
6/15118
161
39
Riera, Fernando
aka Richardson
Rivera, Dr. Alfred
SI. Thomas
Puerto Rico
U.S.
U,S.
11/29 1875
2/13 1886
42
32
New York, 144 West 124lh. St. NYC
Puerto Rico
Howard, Mathilda [cousin]
[his home]
Parima Carpenter
Veterinarian
BC
6/5118 24 Roberts, Rebecca SI. John
U.S. 12/31 1892
25 New York, 225 West 143 Street NYC
Roberts, Ralph [brother]
Korona Seamstress BC
DATI':
7/27/18
7/10118
0/0118
. ~IIH
99
81
62
/tAME
;\
Robles, James
Rogers, Florian Elonie
Saunders, Bernice Augusta with daughter:
Mary B. (Iyr 9mo)
if,
BORN-'
St. Thomas
Anguilla
Key West Florida
NATION
U.S.
British
U.S.
BIRUI DAn;
8/22 1859
7/32 1897
7/30 1896
ACE
58
21
21
.... BOUND FOR
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico Stop 7 Puerto De Terra
Florida, Key West
MEJ:m/GOIt, S1!EI<lNG
..
[visiting family]
Johnson, Mrs. Louisa [cousin]
[to relocate] .
ON VESSEL
Eagle
Marina
OCCVl'''nON
Carpenter
House work
PROOf
6114/18
6/4/18
1011/18
34
20
180
Schou, Aldin Peebles
Scipio, Rebecca Otilia
Sebastian, Alphonse Conrad
aka Shackelton
St. Croix
St. Thomas
St. Thomas
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
9/22 1900
2/22 1876
2/19 1890
17
42
28
Puerto Rico, San Juan
New York, 75 West 68th Street, NYC
Work on the schooner Mary Palmer
Lang, Mrs. A [friend]
Wei/, Rosaline [employer]
[employment]
Carmen
Carmen
Mary Palmer
Salesman
House work
Seaman
BC
Letter
DATE 10' NAME- BORN NATION BIRTH DATI':
AGIl: BOUND fOR
MEETL'lG OR, SEI':KlNG
,'.'
ON VESSEL
OCCUPATION PROOF
6/29/18 71 Sewer, Samuel Osmond
St. Thomas
U.S. 5/12 1898
20 Work on American schooner
[employment] Irma IJ Seaman
Irma
8/12/18 123 Simmonds, Catherine (Rymer)
Tortola U.S. 1/25 1880
33 Puerto Rico, SlOp 6 'l', Puerto De Terra, San Juan
Simmonds, George [husband]
Marina Cook Letter
5127/18 10 Simmonds, Daniel
St. Croix
U.S. 3/26 1859
59 Work on British cable ship Henry Holmes
[employment]
.
Henry Holmes
Seaman Letter
8/2/18 105 Smith, Walbeck St. U.S. 12/26 28 Work on [employment] Eagle Seaman BC Alfrado Thomas 1889 sloop
Eagle
9/17118 174 Smith, Charles Maine, Ponland
U.S. 38 New York [returning to his home]
Oriole Engineer
8/3/18 106 Smith, John Franklin
St. John
U.S. 11/10 1880
37 Work on sloop Eagle
[employment] Eagle Seaman Letter
DATE ID. j'fA;\1E BOlIN NATION BIRTH DATE
AGE BOUND F.OR
MErnNG OR. SEEKING
ON \"ESSEL
OCCUPATION· PROOF
8/28/18 158 Smith, Maria Dolores
St. Thomas
U,S, 9119 1895
23 New York, 2460 7th Avenue 143 SI. NYC
Richardson, Esther [cousin]
Parima Nurse Be
711/18 76 Somme, Fen}tl13nd - -
Christopher
St. Themas-··
US -
10/20 28 New York, Georges, Mrs. AaIR
[sister] . Saga Carpenter BC
,oon "R WP<'
100 SI. NYC
8115/18 128 Serensen, Rosalia
SI. Thomas
U,S, 6/8 1892
26 New York, 119 West 137th, SI. NYC
Carcasci, Augusta [aunt]
Parirna Seamstress Letter
8/24118 155 Souffront, Julius Percy
St. Thomas
U,S, 9/7 1888
29 New York [business] Parima Commercial Letter
817118 114 Sprauve, Philip St. Thomas
U,S 4/30 1900
18 Puerto Rico Sa nturce Stop 15 house 18
Sprauve, Louis [uncle]
Marina Laborer
8123118 151 Stevens, James Herbert
St. John
US, 11/9 1882
35 Working on American sloop Eagle
[employment] Eagle Seaman BC
DATE .I·D'
5117118 5
10/8/18 182
5/24/18 6
5/24118 4
5/29/18 13
8113118 125
NA~IE,
Svenningson, Veronica M, C. (Laplace)
Testamark, Blanche Vitelia
Thorne, Mrs, Chas, C.
Tadman, Ivan Ekonsen
Trepuk, Mathilde (Klein)
Troncoso, Diomedes
BORN
St Thomas
NATION
U,S
BIRTH DATE
4/3 1898
AGE
20
,..
BOUND FOR
New York
. MEE'IlING OR, SEEKING
Svenningson, Karl [husband]
ON VESSEL
Carmen
- OCCUPATION PROOF
BC
SI. John
U,S, 10111 1901
17 Puef10 Rico, Stop 15 Santurce San Juan
Moses, Mary [aunt]
Marina Seamstress Letter
Buffalo N,Y,
SI. Thomas
Paris France
Santo Domingo
U,S,
British
DR,
9/2 1878
2/14 1903
10/31 1877
12/3 1899
39
15
41
18
Norfolk, Va,
New York, NYC
New York, 100 Broadway, NYC
Dominican Republic, Macoris, SanlO Domingo
Thorne, Charles C.
.lb.l!s.b.aml.] ..
Brathwaite, Jacob [step-father]
Klein, R, S, [brother]
[returning home]
Parima
Marina
Waiter BC
Letter
DATE
9/26118
10/8/18
6/17/18
ID'
177
178
44
N.-\ME
van Brackle, Edgar Franklin
van Brackle, Mrs. Rhynita
aka Kenita TllfiSlOjJne-r
van Beverhoudt, Rosita Victoria with her son:
Earlvin Grant (6)
BOKi
St. John
St. Thomas
St. Thomas
NATION
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
lIrRT11 DATE
11/24 1883
1/28 1883
7/9 1873
.-\GE
34
35
44
BOUND fOR
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Dominican Republic, Quisqueya, Macoris
MU1JNCOR, SEEKIN(;
[enlist for training]
[meeting my husband]
Van Beverhoudt, Alice [sister]
.
ON YISSEI.
Eagle
Marina
-,
La Gracia
OCCUPATION
Carpenter
Seamstress
Laundress
PROOF
BC
BC
Letter
8/26/18
7/1 5/18
157
86
Vanterpool, Florence Theodocia
Varlack, Leopold Amadea accompanied by his father:
G. Varlack
St. Thomas
St. Thomas
U.S,
U.S.
8/21 1897
3/24 1903
21
IS
New York 17 West 136th St. NYC
Puerto Rico
Vanterpool, Theodore [father]
Saga
Marina
House work
BC
DATE
7/8/18
ID'
78 .,
NAME
Wallace, William
'BORN
Key West Florida
NATION
U,S.
BIRTH DATE
AGE
35 ,',
BOUND' fOR.
Work on American schooner Irma
, .,
MEETlJ'IG OR, SEEKL'iG
[employment]
ON VESSEL
Irma II
OCCOPATtON
Seaman
PROOl'
8/16/18 130 Watlington, Aileen Valesia accompanied by:
St. Thomas
U.S, 9/3 1902
15 New York, Waterville
Brainard, Mrs. J. D. [to reside]
Saga BC
Anita Brower
'.
8/19118 140 Webster, Maud
Violet St. Thomas
US 12113 1884
33 Puerto Rico, -
Fajardo -
Lightlx!.um,____ Mrs. Miriam [sister]
La _.. Gracia
House work BC
8/17/18
8/8/18
135
116
White, Alice Maud (Penn) with her son:
Kenneth St Clare (5)
Williams, Edward Rupert Harold Dickson
St. John
St. Thomas
US
U.S.
3/10 1883
3/18 1893
35
25
New York, 234 East 88th St. NYC
New York, 151 West 143rd. St. NYC
Larsen, M [visit]
Martin, Josephine [sister]
Saga
Guiana Laborer
BC
Be
DATE
9/23/98
1D'
168
l'I..\,\IE
Williams, Magdalene
BORN
.' . SI Thomas
NATION
U.S.
BIRTH DATE
12/16 1897
AGE
20
BOUND FOR -New York, 8 West 137th SI, NYC
MEET1NGOR. SEEKING
Petersen, Mrs. Eugena [sister]
ON '\rESS£!.
Guiana
OCCUPATION
Housework
PROOf
Be
8117/18 144 Wolterding, Emesta
. -(Auyguef - -
with her 2
Puerto Rico
U,S, 4/13 1856
n/a New York Liberty Ave, "'cw
Rochelle
[visiting her children]
.
Saga Spinster Letter
grandchildren:
Mario (6)
Beulah Ernesta de Lagarde (3)
Demographics and Analysis
The men of the British cable ship, Henry Holmes, circa 1918
(Photo by Kerr)
5040302010o
Seaman (46) Domestic (27)
Laundress (10) Seamstress (10)
Clerk (8) Carpenter (8) Labourer (7)
Cook (7) Business (6)
Nurse (3) Waiter (2)
Merchant (2) Blacksmith (2)
Teacher (2) Maid (2)
Farmer (1) Veterinarian (1)
House Boy (I)' Butler (1)" Postal (1)
Stenographer (1) Student (1)
Tailor (1) Spinster (1)
Stated occupations of persons applying for United States Citizen's Identification Cards
between May 21 and October 9,1918
Page 49
--- ----.. r
As illustrated by the graph on the preceding page, forty-six seamen
constituted the single largest occupational group represented in the 1918 U. S. Citizen's Identification Card applications. Twenty-seven women, who gave their occupations as "domestic" or "house work," were also
well represented, as were laundresses (10), seamstresses (10), clerks (8),
carpen ers ) and cooks (7).
Cuba (1) 0.6% ~
Other States (6) Dominican Rep. (9) _ 3.5%5.2%
Puerto Rico (56) 32.4%To Sea (45)
26.0% '.
i,'
The stated destinations of applicants
Sixty-two applicants were reportedly bound for the United States mainland; of them, the majority (56) were going to New York. Puerto Rico was the stated destination of 32% of the applicants, while 26%
were headed to sea for their livelihoods.
Page 50
Applicants were fairly equally divided between the sexes. Out of
the one hundred and seventy-three individuals who sought identification cards, eighty-three were women or girls and ninety were men or boys.
~-------II-------------------" ""
British W.I. (2) . 1.2% l Haiti (2)
Neth. Antillies (2)\1 1.2%
--.-. --- 1.2%. 7"· '\ I Dominican Rep. (1) U.S.A. (5) - r .0.6%
•• _ 0" - - - 2:9% -: '1'1 Denmark (1)
Puerto Rico (5) _ '0.6%II 2.9% I France (1)
British V.I.-(5) I .6%~-----2.9% "\
St. John (15) _ 8.7% '
St. Croix (24) I.. St. Thomas (110)13.9%
63.6%
Applicants' stated places of birth
One hundred and forty-eight individuals applying for United States Citizen's Identification Cards had been born in the U. S. Virgin Islands under Danish rule; of them, the overwhelming majority were St. Thomians (110), with only twenty-four Crucians, and fifteen St.
Johnians submitting applications to travel.
Page 51
.. Two rural Virgin Island households of the early post-transfer period - .-- ~I (Above: post card by Riise, circa 1920)
(Below: post card by Lightbourn, circa 1917)
Page 52
Appendix
Extract from the Treaty of Secession
between ::..-----~~fl'H1.-rk~rtt-1"tt-Ie_thrited_States
Article 6..
Danish citizens~~e&iding--i&~&aid--istaRas~ may, retain therein or may remove therefrom at will, retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property or its proceeds; in case they remain in the islands, they shall continue until otherwise provided, to
enjoy all the private, municipal and religious rights and liberties secured to them by the laws now in force. If the present laws are altered, the said inhabitants shall not thereby be placed in a less favorable position in respect to the above mentioned rights and liberties than they now enjoy. Those, who remain in the islands may preserve their citizenship in
Denmark by making before a court of record, within one year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this convention, a declaration of their decision to preserve such citizenship; in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it, and to have accepted citizenship in the
United States; for children under eighteen years the said declaration may be made by their parents or guardians. Such election of Danish citizenship shall however not, after the eclipse of the said term of one year, be a bar to their
renunciation of their preserved Danish citizenship and their
Page 53
election of citizenship in the United States and admission to
the nationality thereof on the same terms as may be provided
according to the laws of the United States, for other
inhabitants of the islands.
1 The civil rights and the political status of the ===~===I-_IJoI~' -------inhabi:tarrts:::rnHhe:-~mntds~ha.. ll---be--tietefffiined·· by the
Congress, subject to the stipulations contained in the present
convention.
. Danish citizens not residing in the islands but owning
property therein at the time of the cession, shall retain their rignts'o propertY, mc uermg e rigtft 0 eU' or"dispose of
such property, being placed in this regard on the same basis as the Danish citizens residing in the islands and remaining therein or removing therefrom, to whom the first paragraph of this article relates.
***
.,1 I
Page 54
~~cim!~~··~~·n»;t~~s~~~-.:}J:!:-·~~-~~ ~::;~-~~.(:. . "~?~~~t;~F: ~~~'; ..';>,>~'.
,.'
An advertisement for the business of Emile A. Berne, owner of the 5 ton sloop Oriole, and
the 21 ton motor vessel Carmen, which made regularly scheduled trips carrying mail,
passengers, and freight between St Thomas and Fajardo, Puerto Rico. As seen by the long
list of shipping companies that his business represented, many of the Virgin Islanders who
departed for the mainland or Puerto Rico in the early post-transfer period would have
booked passage through his establishment
(Photocopy from Lightbourn's Annual and Commercial Directory of the Virgin Islands, 1921)
,
On Transfer Day, March 31, ~9~7,~e American nag was hoisted for the_~rsttime over the Virgin Islands of
the United States; yet, another decade would pass before Cong.-ess would entertain a bill to confer American
Virgin Islanders the status of United States citizens in their own homeland.
(Photo post card by Lightbourn.1917)
§oon after the tnm_sfer of the Virgin [shilnds from Denmark to the United §tates9 the issue of the status of the isRand!s9 residents wa§
raised. At 0.0 time was this issue more pressing than whelDl a person desired! to travell. [0. October of 19179 offidaRs of the
United §tates Department of Labor questioned the propriety of the pollky that required Virgin [sllander,§ to obtain passports for
traveR to the United! §tates or its lllDl§ullar possessl0ns9 an& sllllggested that a system of travellpasses be Pllllt into pllace. The
photo i&entity card traveR pass9 instituted in May of 19189
aHowedl Virgin [sllan.der§ unrestrkte& access to lPuerto Rico an& the United §tates-mainllan& as Amerkall1ll1latioll1lalls9 opening the
&oor§ to what wOlUM become a veritablle exodhJl§ of i§llall1&ers who set out in search of opportunity and the American promise of
ll1ewfolJndlpro§perUty.
Volume #3 of The Local Knowledge Series published by:
Little Nordside Press ISBN 1-891610-02-3 First Printing 1998
