Vivek Report

8/3/2019 Vivek Report

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Training Report

On

ANTISLEEP ALARM FOR STUDENTS

(July 19th

to 28th

August)

At

OSAW, AMBALA CANTTSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

for the award of degree of B.Tech degree

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By:

Vivek Batra

(2308203)

Submitted to:

Electronics and Communication Engineering Department

Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research

Devsthali, near Mithapur, Ambala Cantt.(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)

(2010-11)


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Behind every mans fruitful endeavor like advice, guidance and inspiration from

all possible sources lay the efforts of all those worthy people who lend their help

directly or indirectly.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our project guide, Mr. RAJ KUMAR

who has guided me throughout the training. I am sincerely indebted to him as he

guided, assisted and gave me his ample support for the completion of the project.

He took keen interest in parting his valuable information and know how and

without his foresight and technical know how, my training report would not have

seen the light of day.

The six weeks training at OSAW gave me a practical outlook of the functioning

involving both technical and personal skills thus enriching my knowledge in

various aspects.

My deepest gratitude to my teachers & all the members of ACE & AR, for always

boosting my morale & providing me encouraging environment.

In the last but not the least, I want to thank my parents without grace of whom

nothing was possible.

VIVEK BATRA


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PREFACE

Practical training is an integral part of engineering studies, the training gives an

opportunity to the students to expose themselves to the industrial environment which is quite

different from the classroom teaching. I, feel delighted & greatly encouraged in preparing the

Industrial Training Report. The training enables the student to work in the future. It enable the

student to under go those experiences which help later when they join any organization.

The training report presented here in manifestation of as the three months training. I

under went in partial fulfillment of the Engineering Degree of Kurukshetra University,

Kurukshetra. As the time was limited and the field of study was quite vast, I tried my best to get

more and more information about the industry.

With the rapid change in Technology, quality, competition & productivity, industrial

training is the need of the hour.

. Although it is very difficult to reproduce we learned during the training but still in the

following pages a comprehensive attempt has been made to present details about the working. In

future it will prove beneficial for the company as well.


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CHAPTER 1

COMPANY PROFILE


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COMPANY PROFILE

OSAW has behind it a history replete with success and achievements. It all began in the

year 1919 and since then OSAW has grown into Indias leading makers of Scientific andEducational Equipments.

OSAW reflects a lustrous image of super quality and image of commendable perfection.

OSAW inspires confidence because its products enjoy abundant credibility with Educational &

Research institutes the world over. Since its inception, the company has worked with

perseverance to strike a synthesis between technical innovations and themed of customer. It is

the only organization in north INDIA producing quality instruments from zero to infinity. With a

turnover of Rs 50crores, this organization is one of the leading organizations in their field. Infact it is the oldest too. Founded by SHRI. NAND LAL who devoted his entire life in the

development of this company. In his life span of 72 years he has gain position national

importance.

OSAW has a dedicated team of Scientists, Engineers and Professionally trained backed

by a management set up which generates a sense of belonging and motivation. This organization

enjoys a prestigious place in USA, Europe, Middle East, South East Asia and African countries

besides to its valued customers in India.

HISTORY OF ORGANISATION

The company OSAW stands for ORIENTAL SCIENCE APPARATUS WORKSHOP

is one of the India`s leading manufacturers of industrial & precision scientific & educational

instruments. It is a private company & was started in 1919 by Mr. Nand Lal , Mr. Panna lal &

Ms. Pushplata, presently the managing partners of OSAW. It reflects a lustrous image of superb

quality & commendable perfection of theirs products.

OSAW inspires confidence because of its products enjoys abundant credibility with

educational &research instruments. Since its inception, the company has worked with

preservation to strike a synthesis between innovations & need of costumers.

OSAW`s constant interaction with teachers &students helps in understanding theirs


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changing needs & adopt manufacturing plans accordingly. It has dedicated team of engineers

,scientists and professionally trained technicians backed by an efficient management set up

,which generates a sense of belonging and motivation

OSAW has not only contributed its share in development of the nation but alsoshouldered the responsibility of training the growing minds to build the nation to greater heights

of progress.

LOCATION OF COMPANY

OSAW is located at Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, Ambala Cantt.,the city of scientific

instruments and premier township located in northern region of Haryana.

PRODUCTS OF COMPANY

OSAW has grown into a leading manufactures of highly precision scientific

&educational instruments like moisture meter ,spot reflecting galvanometer electronic teaching

modules digital training kits ballistic galvanometer , rheostats ,single phase watt meters precision

speedometers ,electrical bridging kits etc.

Its share in home market in inevitable &in abroad its products are reaching to the heights

of admirable acceptability and demand . the products of OSAW are exported allover the world.

SALES TURNOVER & PROFITABILITY

Finished products are sold mostly in foreign markets. They sell many products to

educational institutes &in home market at competitive rates based on quality of products.

(i). Sales turnover of company is very good & profit earning.

(ii).Sales turnover the financial year 1998-99 stood at Rs.5.5 crores

(iii). Profit of the company touched a level of Rs.38 lakhs this year


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RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT & TRAINING

(i). In 1965, Moisture meter was invented first time in India in OSAW in collaboration with

Central Scientific Instruments (CSI) , Chandigarh established by Government of India .

(ii). OSAW electronic department is also working upon development of Hi-Tech ,precise&

advanced version of moisture meter, which will soon be seen in the market.

(iii). OSAW has developed a Strip Till Drill in association with PIO (Ludhiana). This has

achieved a lot of encouraging response from agriculturists.

(iv). OSAW mechanical department is researching on material testing equipments, brake horse

power testing machines, which are very useful in mechanical industries.

(v). The company conducts training for workers on job for in-house training & outside for out-

of-house training. Company also imparts training to the students of various professional courses.


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METER SECTION

This section is working under Mr. K. K. Chona. This section mainly including the

production of Portable Wheatstone Bridge, Wheatstone Bridge Plug Type, Galvanometers,

Potentiometer. Some of

them discuss here:-

PORTABLE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

(i). Facility for cable fault location by adopting Murray or Varley loop circuit tests.

(ii). Self contained with a dry battery and a galvanometer.

(iii). Two Toggle switches are given to select the RESISANCE, VARLEY and MURRAY

modes of operation.

DIGITAL RESISTANCE METER

A precision resistance meter having 3 D.P.M. with 5 ranges of 200, 2000 , 20K

and 2megohm.

GALVANOMETER

(i). Used as a null Detector for DC setups.

(ii). Movement protected against shocks.

(iii). Clamp and free arrangement for transportation.

CALIBRATION & TEST

(i). Voltmeter is tested by placing in parallel with a precise & accurate voltmeter. Recalibration

is done by cutting the extra register or demagnetizing the iron core ,placed along with it.

(ii). Ammeter is tested by placing the precise & accurate ammeter in series with it. Recalibration

is done by demagnetizing or cutting of swing register

(iii). Testing is done by a precise instrument which is measuring accurate value of the desired

quantity.


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ELECTRONIC SECTION

Electronics Section is working under Er. Raj Kumar. This section mainly work on

electronics kits, apparatus, PCB design, electronics components testing. The main products of

that section are following:-

(i). Regulated Power Supply using IC-7805

(ii). Rectifier And filter Characteristics

(iii). FET amplifier characteristics Apparatus

(iv). Transistor Characteristics Apparatus

(v). Study of Comparator Circuits

(vi). Study of Various L-C-R Circuits

(vii). Study of Operational Amplifiers

(viii). Study of Power Supply


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LAB SECTION

This section is currently working under Mr. Mohan Lal. This section mainly including

the production of laboratory apparatus like Resistance Boxes, Simple Reading Telescope,

Standard Reading Telescope, Portable Photo-Detector, Bridge Type Microscope, Newtons Ring

Apparatus, Student Microscope etc. Some of them are discuss here:-

RESISTANCE BOXES

These boxes provide different ranges of resistances with the help of different dials. These

are made in two qualities:

1. Standard Quality.2. Educational Quality.

SIMPLE READING TELESCOPE

The telescope is fitted on a universal clamp which can be moved on a steel pillar of 12.7

mm dia and 500 mm long fitted on a heavy tripod base.

PORTABLE PHOTO-DETECTORIt is used for measurement of laser beam parameter, interference & different equipments.

It has a very sensitive photo sensor.


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CHAPTER 2

PROJECT WORK


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DESCRIPTION

This circuit saves both time and electricity for students. It helps to prevent them from dozing off

while studying, by sounding a beep at a fixed time interval, say, 30 minutes. If the student is

awake during the beep, he can reset the circuit to beep in the next 30 minutes. If the timer is not

reset during this time, it means the student is in deep sleep or not in the room, and the circuit

switches off the light and fan in the room, thus preventing the wastage of electricity. The circuit

is built around Schmitttrigger NAND gate IC CD4093 (IC1), timer IC CD4020 (IC2), transistors

BC547, relay RL1 and buzzer. The Schmitt-trigger NAND gate (IC1) is configured as an astable

multivibrator to generate clock for the timer (IC2). The time period can be calculated as

T=1.38RC. If R=R1+VR1=15 kilo-ohms and C=C2=10 F, youll get T as 0.21 second.

Timer IC CD4020 (IC2) is a 14-stage ripple counter. Around half an hour after the reset of IC1,

transistors T1, T2 and T3 drivethe buzzer to sound an intermediate beep. If IC2 is not reset

through S1 at that time, around one minute later the output of gate N4 goes high and transistor

T4 conducts. As the output of gate N4 is connected to the clock input (pin 10) of IC2 through

diode D3, further counting stops and relay RL1 energises to deactivate all the appliances. This

state changes only when IC1 is reset by pressing switch S1. Assemble the circuit on a

generalpurpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable cabinet. Mount switch S1 and the buzzer on the

front panel and the relay at the back side of the box. Place the 12V battery in the cabinet for

powering the circuit. In place of the battery, you can also use a 12V DC adaptor.


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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LIST OF COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS QTY

IC CD4093 1

IC CD4020 1

DIODE:IN4001 2

:IN4148 2

TRANSITOR: BC547 4

CAPACITOR:1000uf 1

:10uf 2

:0.1uf 1

RESISTORS:4.7 K Ohms 2

:22 K Ohms 5

:10 K Ohms 2


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IC HEF4093BP

DESCRIPTION

The HEF4093B consists of four Schmitt-trigger circuits. Each circuit functions as a two-input

NAND gate with Schmitt-trigger action on both inputs. The gate switches at different points for

positive and negative-going signals. The difference between the positive voltage (VP) and the

negative voltage (VN) is defined as hysteresis voltage (VH).

PIN DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1 pinning diagram

Fig 2.2 functional diagram


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Fig 2.3 drain current as a function of input voltage


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IC CD4020

DESCRIPTION

The CD4020 is a 14-stage ripple carry binary counters. The counters are advanced one count on

the negative transition of each clock pulse. The counters are reset to the zero state by a logical

``1'' at the reset input independent of clock.

FEATURES

(i).Wide supply voltage range 1.0V to 15V

(ii).High noise immunity 0.45 VDD (typ.)

(iii).Low power TTL Fan out of 2 driving 74L compatibility or 1 driving 74LS

(iv). Medium speed operation 8 MHz typ. at VDD e 10V

(v).Schmitt trigger clock input


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Fig 3.1 connection diagram of ic cd4020


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TRANSISTOR : BC547

Fig 4.1 transistor bc547

The BC547 is a small signal transistor. It is used to control outputs that require

a higher voltage and/or more current than an ordinary pin can provide. However,

these kinds of transistors are notgood for controlling outputs that require a large

amount of current (like many motors and some higher-current light sources).

FEATURES

(i). Low current (max. 100 mA)

(ii). Low voltage (max. 65 V).

APPLICATIONS

(i). General purpose switching and amplification.


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DIODE IN4001

Fig 5.1 diode in4001

Features

(i). Low forward voltage drop.

(ii). High surge current capability.


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DIODE IN4148

FEATURES

(i).Small glass structure ensures high reliability

(ii).Fast switching

(iii).Low leakage

(iv).High temperature soldering guaranteed: 250oC/10S/9.5mm lead length at 5 lbs tension


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RESISTORS

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an

electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device

such as a transistor.

All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is

inversely proportional to its resistance and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is

the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as

the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.

Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic devices

and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with

clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this

ratio, the lower the resistance.

Another type of resistor is made from winding nichrome or similar wire on an insulating form.

This component, called a wire wound resistor. A resistor is a two terminal electronic component

designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in

proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V=IR. The resistanceR is equal

to the voltage drop Vacross the resistor divided by the currentIthrough the resistor.

Resistors are characterized primarily by their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other

characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Practical resistors can be

made of resistive wire, and various compounds and films, and they can be integrated into hybrid

and printed circuits. Size, and position of leads are relevant to equipment designers; resistors

must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power. Variable resistors,

adjustable by changing the position of a tapping on the resistive element, and resistors with a

movable tap ("potentiometers"), either adjustable by the user of equipment or contained within,


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are also used. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.

There are special types of resistor whose resistance varies with various quantities, most of which

have names, and articles, of their own: the resistance of thermistors varies greatly with

temperature, whether external or due to dissipation, so they can be used for temperature or

current sensing; metal oxide varistors drop to a very low resistance when a high voltage is

applied, making them suitable for over-voltage protection; the resistance of a strain gauge varies

with mechanical load; the resistance of photoresistors varies with illumination; the resistance of a

Quantum Tunnelling Composite can vary by a factor of 1012 with mechanical pressure applied;

and so on.

Fig 2.1-Three Resistors

UNITS

The ohm (symbol:) is theSIunit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Ohm. The most

commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm,

ohm, kilohm, and megohm.

On circuit diagrams the value may be written in "SI Notation" with the multiplier replacing the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:3_Resistors.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9


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decimal point. So "2k5" means 2.5 kilo ohms.

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS

Resistors in a parallel configuration each have the same potential difference (voltage). To find

their total equivalent resistance (Req):

Fig 2.2-Diagram of several resistors in parallel

The parallel property can be represented in equations by two vertical lines "||" (as in geometry) to

simplify equations. For two resistors,

The current through resistors in series stays the same, but the voltage across each resistor can be

different. The sum of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to the total voltage. To find their

total resistance:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_parallel.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_parallel.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_parallel.svg


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Fig 2.3- Diagram of several resistors in series

A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series can sometimes be broken up into

smaller parts that are either one or the other. For instance,

Fig 2.4-Diagram of three resistors,2 in parallel connected in series with other

However, many resistor networks cannot be split up in this way. Consider a cube, each edge of

which has been replaced by a resistor. For example, determining the resistance between two

opposite vertices requires matrix methods for the general case. However, if all twelve resistors

are equal, the corner-to-corner resistance is56 of any one of them.

The practical application to resistors is that a resistance of any non-standard value can be

obtained by connecting standard values in series or in parallel .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series_and_parallel.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series_and_parallel.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series_and_parallel.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series_and_parallel.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Resistors_in_series.svg


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CAPACITORS

A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the electric field between a

pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as

"charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up

on each plate. A capacitor's ability to store charge is measured by its capacitance, in units of

farads.

Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as energy-storage devices. They can

also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property

makes them useful in electronic filters. Practical capacitors have series resistance, internal

leakage of charge, series inductance and other non-ideal properties not found in a theoretical,

ideal, capacitor.

Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This term is considered archaic in English,

but most other languages use a cognate of condenser to refer to a capacitor.

A wide variety of capacitors have been invented, including small electrolytic capacitors used in

electronic circuits, basic parallel-plate capacitors, mechanical variable capacitors, and the early

Leyden jars, among numerous other types of capacitors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance


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CAPACITANCE

Fig 2.5-Charge separation in a parallel plate capacitor

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A polarized

dielectric spacer (orange) reduces the electric field and increase the capacitance.

A capacitor's ability to store charge is measured by its capacitance , the ratio of the amount of

charge stored on each plate to the voltage:

For an ideal parallel plate capacitor with a plate area and a plate separation :

In SIunits, a capacitor has a capacitance of one faradwhen one coulombof charge stored on

each plate causes a voltage difference of one voltbetween its plates. Since the farad is a very

large unit, capacitance is usually expressed in microfarads (F), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads

(pF). In general, capacitance is greater in devices with large plate areas, separated by small

distances. When a dielectric is present between two charged plates, its molecules become

polarizedand reduce the internal electric field and hence the voltage. This allows the capacitor to

store more charge for a given voltage, so a dielectric increases the capacitance of a capacitor, by
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI


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an amount given by thedielectric constant, , of the material.

TYPES

There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two groups, polarized and

unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.

Polarized capacitors(large values,1uF+)

Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the correct way round, at least

one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering. There are

two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are attached to each end (220uF in

picture) and radial where both leads are at the same end(10 uF in picture). Radial capacitors tend

to be a liitle smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.

It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with their

capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage rating can be quite low(6V for e.g.) and it should

always be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor.

Unpolarized capacitors(small values,up to 1uF)

Small values capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round. They are not

damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type(polystyrene). They have high

voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of these

small capacitors because there are many types of them and several different labeling systems!

Polystyrene capacitors

This type is rarely used now. Their value(pf) is normally printed without units polystyrene

capacitors can be damaged by heat when soldering(it melts the polystyrene) so you should use a

heat sink (such as a crocodile clip). Clip the heat sink to the lead between the capacitor and the
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joint.

Variable capacitor

These are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and theyl are sometimes called tuning capacitors.

They have very small capacitance values, typically between 100pf and 500 pf (100pf=.0001uf).

The type illustrated usually has trimmers built in (for making small adjustments) as well as the

main variable capacitor.

Trimmer capacitors

These are miniature variable capacitors. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the

circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built.

A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust trimmers. The process of adjusting them

requires patience because the presence of your hand and the tool will slightly change the

capacitance of the circuit in the region of the trimmer.

Trimmer capacitors are only available with very small capacitance,normally less than 100pf.it is

impossible to reduce their capacitance to zero, so they are usually specified by their minimum

and maximum values,for example2-10pf.

The standard unit of capacitance is the farad, abbreviated F. This is a large unit; more common

units are the microfarad, abbreviated F (1 F =10-6

F) and the Pico farad, abbreviated pF

(1 pF = 10-12

F)

Capacitors can be fabricated onto integrated circuit (IC) chips. They are commonly used in

conjunction with transistors in dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The capacitors help

maintain the contents of memory. Because of their tiny physical size, these components have low


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capacitance. They must be recharged thousands of times per second or the DRAM will lose its

data.

Large capacitors are used in the power supplies of electronic equipment of all types, including

computers and their peripherals. In these systems, the capacitors smooth out the rectified utility

AC, providing pure, battery-like DC.


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