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Bibliography

Curator’s OfficeJacob Kalodner and Anshul Vykarnum have known each other since elementary school. They met Matt Henegan in 6th grade. We all probably have some root in Greece. Probably.

Henegan, Kalodner and Vyakarnam

Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

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Bibliography

• "Aspasia." Image. Araldo de Luca/Corbis. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.• "Athenian and Spartan Families: Dilemma: Opening." Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• "Athenian and Spartan Families: Key Question." Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• "Athenian and Spartan Families: Need To Know." Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• "Athenian women." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• Garland, Robert. "Athenian and Spartan Families: The "Antithetical" Spartan Family." Daily Life through History.ABC-CLIO,

2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• "Grave stele, Greece." Image. Vanni Archive/Corbis. Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.• "Grave stele of a woman." Image. Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching. Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO,

2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2013• "Greek drama." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• "Greek masks representing tragedy and comedy." Image. Instructional Resources Corporation. World History: Ancient and

Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.• "Greek statue of a woman." Image. Corel. Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.• "Greek theater [:59]." Video. Instructional Resources Corporation. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-

CLIO,2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• Salisbury, Joyce E. and Gregory S. Aldrete. "Entertainment in Ancient Greece." Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013.

Web. 17 Jan. 2013.• Salisbury, Joyce E. and Gregory S. Aldrete. "Family Life in Ancient Greece." Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013.

Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• "Theater of Herodes Atticus at Acropolis in Athens." Image. Nedim Jukic/ Dreamstime. World History: Ancient and Medieval

Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• Thomas, Carol G. "Athenian and Spartan Families: State-Shaping: The Family in Athens and Sparta." Daily Life through

History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.• Vivante, Bella. "Women and Sexuality: Ancient World." Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.

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Room of WomenRoom of Women

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Artifact 5 Artifact

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Trade RoomTrade Room

Room 3

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Comedy RoomComedy Room

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Room 5

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Artifact 17

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Artifact 18

Government RoomGovernment Room

"Grave stele, Greece." Image. Vanni Archive/Corbis. Daily Life through History.      ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.

This is a grave stele of a soldier, his children, and his wife. His head is above his wife’s head, showing he is more important then she. The stele is honoring the soldier in his death.

This stele shows that men had authority over women, and women just looked after the children and stayed home. Therefore, women could not protest anything, or make any choices about anything that happened in Athens. She could not vote, let alone make choices on what was shown in a theater. However, the man in the picture is a citizen. He can make choices in the community, and can have women portrayed however he wants if he writes a script.

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Women were portrayed sexually in Athenian comedies, and they were portrayed like this because men could portray them however they wanted, whether real or false, for the women had no choice in

anything.

"Greek statue of a woman." Image. Corel. Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO,      2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.

This is an ancient Grecian statue of a woman. She has the traditional hairstyle of rich Ancient Greeks, and has the stoic expression that was represented in the classical period of Greece. She is secluded.

This statue supports my point because this woman does not look sexual in any way, shape or form, just like most of the women of Athens. It shows that the way women were portrayed in dramas, such as Lysistrata, when women don’t have sex with their husbands until they end the Peloponnesian War, had nothing to do with how they were in real life.

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Women were portrayed sexually in Athenian comedies, and they were portrayed like this because men could portray them however they wanted, whether real or false, for the women had no choice in

anything.

"Aspasia." Image. Araldo de Luca/Corbis. World History: Ancient and Medieval      Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.

This is a statue of the woman Aspasia, a prostitute and rumored brothel keeper. She is known for her involvement with the statesman Pericles, and is mentioned in several philosophical works.

This shows that, although many of the women in Athens were not portrayed correctly, in some cases, women did behave like that, and the portrayal is correct.

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Women were portrayed sexually in Athenian comedies, and they were portrayed like this because men could portray them however they wanted, whether real or false, for the women had no choice in

anything.

"Grave stele of a woman." Image. Allan T. Kohl/Art Images for College Teaching.      Daily Life through History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2013

This is a grave stele of a woman. The woman looks as though she is thinking, while sitting in a chair.

This again proves that men changed the way women looked and behaved to suit them. Most sculptors were men, and this sculpted the woman to look as though she was thinking. However, in Ancient Athens, it was discouraged that a woman should think. So even though women weren’t supposed to think, this male displayed her as thinking.

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Women were portrayed sexually in Athenian comedies, and they were portrayed like this because men could portray them however they wanted, whether real or false, for the women had no choice in

anything.

Unknown. Amphora with Spiral Decoration. 700-680 BCE. Amphora with SpiralDecoration. Louvre, Paris

This amphora, or wine vase, created in the Orientalizing Period from circa 700 BCE was used for transportation of wine and other liquids in trade with other countries or Greek city states. The Greeks mostly created pottery with significance and design, so they made this one have round, linear, spiral patterns and animal decorations on it.

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The Greeks set up a trade system by creating agoras, or marketplaces. They also took advantage of the fact that they’re near the ocean, trading with myriad countries and civilizations. They grew many crops that were in demand by

other countries and traded them extensively, as well as accepting many countries goods to create good relationships.          

Unknown. Ancient Greek 'New Style' Athens Silver Tetradrachm Owl Coin. 168-50 BCE. Metal Coin.

Currently being sold on Ebay

The Greeks used a coin money system as a system for trading. They bought items they needed with this money system and gave the traders this currency. This particular coin is from about 160 BCE, and is made of solid metal silver. It is currency from Athens and it is an Owl tetradrachm coin. These types of coins paid tribute to the ancient owl, and an owl is on the back of the coin to honor it.

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The Greeks set up a trade system by creating agoras, or marketplaces. They also took advantage of the fact that they’re near the ocean, trading with myriad countries and civilizations. They grew many crops that were in demand by

other countries and traded them extensively, as well as accepting many countries goods to create good relationships.

Exekias. Black-Figure Amphora. N.d. Ancient Greek Black-Figure Vase. The BritishMuseum, London.

This exquisite Amphora was specifically used to hold olive oil, and was probably used to carry it when the Greeks were trading it. On the exterior it has Greek laborers picking olives from the trees and harvesting them. An olive tree takes about 20 years to grow, so these harvesters would grow them so that their kids would have olives to eat. Greeks needed fat in their diets, and they got it from olives. They traded olives because of the surplus they had, and made good money off of these trading deals. Having an abundance of olives was a way to further the civilization in trade.

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The Greeks set up a trade system by creating agoras, or marketplaces. They also took advantage of the fact that they’re near the ocean, trading with myriad countries and civilizations. They grew many crops that were in demand by

other countries and traded them extensively, as well as accepting many countries goods to create good relationships.

Unknown. Amphora with Trifid Neck and Handles. 550-540 BCE. Amphora. Louvre,Paris.

Made in 550 BCE, this Fikellura Amphora, or a common vase made in an Eastern Greek or Ionian workshop, has a trifid neck and handles, meaning they’re skinny. This vase, used in trade, is probably an offering to the gods because of the god-like figures on the front of the vase. Spiral patterns also engulf this vase as well. Again, these types of vases were used for the trade of wine, olive oil, or any other type of liquid that the Greeks traded or stored.

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The Greeks set up a trade system by creating agoras, or marketplaces. They also took advantage of the fact that they’re near the ocean, trading with myriad countries and civilizations. They grew many crops that were in demand by

other countries and traded them extensively, as well as accepting many countries goods to create good relationships.

"Theater of Herodes Atticus at Acropolis in Athens." Image. Nedim Jukic/      Dreamstime. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web.      18 Jan. 2013.

This is a picture of the Theater of Herodes Atticus. It was one of the most famous theaters in all of Greece, and playwrights such as Aristophanes had their works performed here.

This picture relates to my research because I found that in most Athenian theaters, women were portrayed sexually.

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Women were portrayed sexually in Athenian comedies, and they were portrayed like this because men could portray them however they wanted, whether real or false, for the women had no choice in

anything.

"Greek masks representing tragedy and comedy." Image. Instructional Resources      Corporation. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web.      23 Jan. 2013.

These are masks of comedy and tragedy. The comedy masks are funny looking, the tragedy masks are human like.

This supports my research because it shows that in Athenian comedies, everything was made fun of. Therefore, the men wanted to make fun of the women, so they portrayed them as being sexual.

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Women were portrayed sexually in Athenian comedies, and they were portrayed like this because men could portray them however they wanted, whether real or false, for the women had no choice in

anything.

Bronze \Jury Ballots from the Athenian Agora. N.d. Bronze. Agora Museum, Athens.

The Athenians even spread democracy to their courts. Before democracy, Athenian court cases were decided by one judge, who was usually biased or unfair, and often favored the wealthier person. However, in 594 B.C.E., when an archon changed the rest of the government, creating the Ecclesia and Council of 500, he also changed the court system. Athenians now had the right to trial by jury. The jury, or dikasteria, was made up of 500 Athenian citizens. They voted using bronze ballots, shown to the right. If the majority of the jurors thought the defendant was guilty, he/she was guilty. If the majority thought he/she was innocent, then he/she was innocent. The trial by jury is a vital part of our legal system today; it is in the 6th Amendment!

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The ancient Athenian democratic government made a very large contribution to the modern-day government of the United States.

"Town assembly meeting place at Pnyx in Athens." Image. Carl Rasmussen

(http://www.holylandphotos.org). World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013.

Web. 16 Jan. 2013.

The main governing body of Athens was the Assembly, called the Ecclesia. This was comprised of all the citizens of Athens, defined as any free male living in Athens over the age of 20, with at least 2 years of military service. Originally, a citizen had to be able to trace his family back to the founding of Athens, but a ruler named Cleisthenes changed the rule in 508 B.C.E. They met at the Pynx, shown to the right, which was just west of the Acropolis is Athens. This is an example of a direct democracy because the people made the decisions about the state, not representatives.

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The ancient Athenian democratic government made a very large contribution to the modern-day government of the United States.

Decree of Kallias. N.d. Papyrus. Lourve, Paris.

Laws passed in the Ecclesia had to be approved of by majority vote, which was done by raising hands, probably not the most accurate form of voting. In this sense the Ecclesia acted like our modern-day Congress. However, the Ecclesia did not make laws. That was done by the Council of 500. The Council of 500 was chosen randomly, for a 1 year term. There were 50 citizens from each of the 10 tribes, called the deme, that Athens was divided into. These Councilors had to be citizens above the age of 30, and were paid. This is similar to our Senate, where there are 2 Senators from each state. After a law was proposed in the Council of 500, it was sent to the Ecclesia to be voted on.

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The ancient Athenian democratic government made a very large contribution to the modern-day government of the United States.

Bust of Pericles. N.d. Marble. British Museum, London.

Pericles was an Athenian general during its “Golden Age”, the period between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. Each year, the Ecclesia elected 10 generals to command the army and assist the Council of 500. Pericles was elected for over 30 years! He was a strong advocate for democracy, and believed the poor should play a larger role in the government. To help achieve this, he proposed that people of the lowest class of citizens should still be able to hold a position. Also, because of Pericles, elected officials were paid for their time in office. This allowed less wealthy citizens to be a participant in their government without fearing that they are losing money because they are not at their normal job. This still happens today; our elected officials are paid for their time in office.

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The ancient Athenian democratic government made a very large contribution to the modern-day government of the United States.