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4/6/2016 1 Viral infections of the lung, including influenza and emerging infections: histopathology 3/13/2016 BinfordDammin Society Companion Meeting Atis Muehlenbachs, MD, PhD Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dr. Muehlenbachs has nothing to Disclose Outline Overview: Viral taxonomy. Patterns of disease. Viruses you can ‘see’ in the lung. Viral inclusions and mimics. Selected viruses you cannot ‘see’ in the lung. Bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbations. Carriage versus disease. Viral taxonomy HR Gelderblom, Structure and Classification of Viruses, Med Micro 4 th ed.

Viral infections of lung 2 - USCAP · 4/6/2016 1 Viral infections of the lung, including influenza and emerging infections: histopathology 3/13/2016 Binford‐DamminSociety Companion

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Page 1: Viral infections of lung 2 - USCAP · 4/6/2016 1 Viral infections of the lung, including influenza and emerging infections: histopathology 3/13/2016 Binford‐DamminSociety Companion

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Viral infections of the lung, including influenza and emerging 

infections:  histopathology

3/13/2016Binford‐Dammin Society Companion Meeting

Atis Muehlenbachs, MD, PhDInfectious Diseases Pathology Branch

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Dr. Muehlenbachs has nothing to Disclose

Outline

• Overview:– Viral taxonomy.– Patterns of disease.

• Viruses you can ‘see’ in the lung.– Viral inclusions and mimics.

• Selected viruses you cannot ‘see’ in the lung.– Bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbations.

• Carriage versus disease.

Viral taxonomy

HR Gelderblom, Structure and Classification of Viruses, Med Micro 4th ed.

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Viral taxonomy: Respiratory viruses

HR Gelderblom, Structure and Classification of Viruses, Med Micro 4th ed.

RSVParainfluenzahMPVNipahMeasles

Influenza viruses

HantavirusesRhinovirusesEVD68

Bocavirus

Adenoviruses

CMV

Coronaviruses(229E, HKU1, OC43, SARS, 

MERS)

Viral taxonomy: Lung infection 

HR Gelderblom, Structure and Classification of Viruses, Med Micro 4th ed.

RSVParainfluenzahMPVNipahMeasles

Influenza viruses

Hantaviruses

Coronaviruses(229E, HKU1, OC43, SARS, 

MERS)

RhinovirusesEVD68

Bocavirus

Adenoviruses

CMV

Interstitial Pneumonitis

ParainfluenzaRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV)Human metapneumovirusInfluenzaCytomegalovirus

Bronchiolitis/bronchitis/tracheitis

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)ParainfluenzaInfluenzaRhinovirusHuman metapneumovirus

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Necrotizing inflammation

AdenovirusHerpesviruses 1‐3 (HSV 1&2, VZV)

Influenza (H1N1)SARS/MERSHantavirus Other viruses after prolonged disease course

Diffuse alveolar damage

RSVParainfluenzaMeaslesNipah

Syncytial cells and inclusions

Courtesy Jana Ritter/Kelly Keating, CDCInfluenza

Bacterial Bronchopneumonia

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Pulmonary edema

HantaDengueEnterovirus 71 (neurogenic)

Viral Inclusions

• Paracrystalline arrays of virions; these have light scattering properties.

• Arrays need to be large enough to be seen on an H&E stained slide.

Courtesy Cynthia Goldsmith, CDC

Viral taxonomy: inclusions

HR Gelderblom, Structure and Classification of Viruses, Med Micro 4th ed.

RSVParainfluenzaNipahMeasles

Adenoviruses

CMV, HSV1&2, VZV

Case #1

• 21 year old woman with shortness of breath, chest pain and light headedness.  Mid‐May.

• Emergency department: no pulmonary embolism, Lung imaging normal.

• Discharged and died.• Autopsy: Pericarditis and pneumonia

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Case #1

• What is the diagnosis?

Circulating megakaryocytes

Degenerating cells

Case #1 Diagnosis

• Lung: Negative adenovirus IHC and PCR• Pericardium: Positive parvovirus B19 by PCR

Courtesy Kelly Keating/Sherif Zaki, CDC

Adenovirus

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Courtesy Kelly Keating/Sherif Zaki, CDC

Adenovirus Adenovirus Difficult case

Ho, M, Med Microbiol Immunol, 2008From Jesionek A, 1904, reprinted by:

CMV‐effect described in 1904 Cytomegalovirus

Courtesy Wun‐Ju Shieh/Sherif Zaki, CDC

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Cytomegalovirus

Courtesy Kelly Keating/Sherif Zaki, CDC

Difficult caseParamyxoviruses

• Pulmonary findings:  Bronchiolitis, pneumonitis and pneumonia.

• Syncytial cells with viral inclusions, both cytoplasmic and intranuclear.– Often not seen in positive cases of RSV and parainfluenza

• Viral fusion protein mediated fusion.

RSV

Courtesy Kelly Keating/Sherif Zaki, CDC

Parainfluenza

Courtesy Sherif Zaki, CDC

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Measles

Courtesy Jana Ritter/Kelly Keating, CDC

Nipah virus

Courtesy Wun‐Ju Shieh/Sherif Zaki, CDC Vasculitis

Case #2

• 7 year old girl with a history of asthma presented to Emergency department with difficulty breathing, chest pain, fever and coughing.  Early April. – Diagnosed as asthma exacerbation, received albuterol and supportive care.

– Improved and was sent home.

• Next morning had similar complaints, collapsed and resuscitation was unsuccessful

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IHC: influenza A

PCR: Influenza A H3

Case #2• Diagnosis: Influenza A(H3)‐seasonal flu‐ infection in the setting of asthma.

Respiratory viruses and asthma• Respiratory viral infections are clinically associated with asthma exacerbation and hospitalization.

• By NP swab, rhinovirus is most commonly detected, followed by RSV and influenza.  Busse WW et al, Lancet 2010

• Question of carriage versus disease:– Many respiratory viruses can be present in upper airways but not lower airways.

• Immunohistochemistry can localize viral antigen to bronchioles.

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Case #3

• 8 month old infant, previously well, discovered unresponsive on recliner.  December.

• Resuscitation resulted in hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. Following a negative septic, genetic and metabolic work up, life support was withdrawn, and died 2 days after admission.  NP swab was negative.

PCR: Influenza A &B, RSV, Paraflu and Mycoplasma Negative

PCR: Rhinovirus Positive

Bronchiolitis

IHC using a cross‐reactive enterovirus antibodyRhinoviruses and bronchiolitis

• Following RSV (50‐80%), rhinoviruses are second most detected viruses (5‐25%) in NP swabs from children hospitalized with bronchiolitis.  Meissner, NEJM, 2010

• Peak activity in autumn and spring.• Severe disease seen largely in age less than 2 years (clinical 

immunity rapidly gained due to high exposure).• Severe episodes associated with asthma later in life.• Often thought to be restricted to upper airways, involvement of 

lower airways demonstrated by pre‐ and post‐ inoculation bronchial biopsies of human volunteers.  Papadopoulos NG et al JID 2000.

• Question of carriage versus disease:– Prevalence of rhinovirus can be as high as 50% in asymptomatic 

populations.

• Immunohistochemistry can localize viral antigen to bronchioles.

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Courtesy Wun‐Ju Shieh/Sherif Zaki, CDC

Bronchiolitis:  RSV IHCCase #4

• 4 year old girl, near absent medical care, and on no medication.  Cough, wheezing, shortness of breath noted late august 2014. She died two days later without medical care.

• Autopsy: asthma.

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Case #4

• Post mortem NP swab: – Flu A/B, RSV, paraflu, adeno PCR NEGATIVE– Both rhinovirus and enterovirus PCR POSITIVE

• PCR from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues: – Positive for EV‐D68

Enterovirus IHC

Bronchiolar basement membrane

Cilia

Bronchiolar Lumen

Picornavirus‐like particles by TEM

Courtesy Maureen Metcalfe, CDC

Enterovirus D68

• Outbreak in 2014.• 1,153 people in 49 states had respiratory illness caused by EV‐D68. Almost all of the confirmed cases were children, many whom had asthma or a history of wheezing.

• Likely millions of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases.

• 14 confirmed deaths.

http://www.cdc.gov/non‐polio‐enterovirus/about/ev‐d68.html

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Conclusions: Respiratory viruses, bronchiolitis and asthma

• Respiratory viruses can cause bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbations.

• Significant cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the U.S.

• Limitations in understanding pathogenesis because detection is largely based on nasopharyngeal secretions.– Carriage versus disease.– Upper versus lower airways.

• Pathologic studies, including immunohistochemistry to localize antigen, can provide insight to pathogenesis.

Acknowledgements

• Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, CDC– Wun‐Ju Shieh– Sherif Zaki– Amy Denison– Kelly Keating– Jana Ritter

Herpesvirus