Violence in the NorthEast Mumbai

8/12/2019 Violence in the NorthEast Mumbai

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www.time4education.comTriumphant Institute of

Management Education P Ltd

Nyayapati Gautam

Violence in theNE

A BriefBackground


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N-E


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Nagaland - Groups

The National Socialist Council

of Nagaland (NSCN)

Formed in 1980 by Isak Chisi

Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and

S.S. Khaplang

Opposed the Shillong Accord


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Differences over commencing

a dialogue process with GOI

The NSCN split in 1988. NSCN-K - S S Khaplang

NSCN-IM - Isak Chisi Swu and

Thuingaleng Muivah.


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Objective

To establish a Greater

Nagaland

Nagalim or the Peoples

Republic of Nagaland

Based on Maos ideology.

Its manifesto is based on the

principle of Socialism for

economic development

It also has a spiritual outlook

Nagaland for Christ.


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Background

The Nagas comprise some 17

major tribes.

Each tribe speaks a different

language.

The Nagas were the first revolt

against the GOI.

This was on August 14, 1947

Under the aegis of the Naga

National Council (NNC)

This was led by Angami Zapu


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In July 1948, Phizo was

arrested and released in 1949.

The NNC publicly resolved toestablish a sovereign Naga

state.

In May 1951, the Council held

a referendum

Claimed that 99% of the Naga

people supported independence.

Was not accepted by the


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Nagaland attained Statehood

on December 1, 1963.

In April 1964, a Peace Mission

was formed with Jai Prakash

Narayan and one of its members

Agreement for Suspension of

Operation (AGSOP) was signed In 1972, the Centre banned the

NNC, the NFG and the NFA as

"unlawful associations"


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Situation brought under control

and a negotiated settlement

arrived at.

Shillong Accord was signed

between the Centre and a

section of the NNC in 1975.

NNC-NFG accepted the Indian

Constitution and agreed to

come overground and

surrender their weapons.


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A group of activists (on training

in China) refused to surrender.

They formed the NSCN.

The NSCN-IM stand is:

Naga region never a part of India

Nehrus argument was fallacious

-India had "inherited" the Naga

area from the British.

"the fate of a people cannot be

passed on like an inheritance"


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Current Status

Turf wars between Naga have

resulted in the further split of

both the NSCN-IM and the

NSCN-K.

Violence in Manipur too.

NSCN-IM did not attend a

reconciliation meeting.

All Naga Lands/Within Nagaland

The CentreArunachal

Pradesh and Manipur CMs for


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Assam Chief Minister, Tarun

Gogoi

Assam would continue to oppose

the NSCN-IMs primary demand

for territorial integration of Naga

inhabited areas in Assam.


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Naga society is not a single

unified group but riven with

factions.

Manipur, adjacent to

Nagaland, has a substantial

Naga population.

Territorial integrity of Manipur

NSCN-IM opposes other

groups


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Manipur

There are about 30 different

tribes inhabiting Manipur.

The Meiteis occupy the Imphal

Valley

Other tribes inhabit the

surrounding hill districts.

The Meiteis constitute morethan 50 % of the population

and are non - ST

Resentment against hill tribes


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KukiNaga Conflict

The ethnic conflict between the

Nagas and the Kukis - a major

tribal group in Manipur.

Economic Blockade.

NSCN IM - a reign of terror:

Naga-inhabited areas in four of

Manipur's five hill districts


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The revival of the Sadar Hills

District demand

Economic blockade on NH39 &

NH53 (92days) by the SHDDC

The United Naga Council (UNC)

imposed a counter economic

blockade along the NH 39 and53 as well as NH 150non-

inclusion of Naga lands in the

proposed dist.


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Assam

Militancy in Assam has its

origin in the large-scale

migration of refugees from

East Pakistan

In1979, the All Assam

Students Union (AASU) and

the All Assam Gana SangramParishad (AAGSP) launched a

mass movement for:

the detection of illegal


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The agitation turned violent.

Displayed secessionist

tendencies.

United Liberation Front of

Asom (ULFA), was established

in 1979.

Secession from India was thedeclared goal

However, it adopted an anti-

foreigner plank since this was a


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August 15, 1985, the Assam

Accord was signed.

According to the terms of the

Accord:

all foreigners who entered

Assam on or after March 25,

1971, were to be detected anddeported.


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After the Accord, a new

regional party, the Asom Gana

Parishad (AGP) was created.

It swept to power in December

1985

The ULFA, emphasised its

basic objective:

to liberate Assam from Indian

colonial rule.

Violence continued


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The emergence of a Bodo

insurgency in the State has

become another major

problem.

Between July and September,

Assam witnessed bloody clashes

in the BTC areas.


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Maoist activity in the State also

appears to be on a rise.

At least seven Districts in the

Upper Assam area, have

reported significant Maoist

mobilisation.

Two Muslim militant formations

also remain active in the State:

Muslim United Liberation Tigers

of Assam (MULTA)


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Meghalaya

The divide among tribal

residents of the State and the

non-tribal settlers

(mostly Bangladeshis)

August 1992:

The Khasi Students Union

(KSU) + Federation of Khasis,

Jaintia and Garo Peoples

(FKJGP)

Non-tribal traders - shut down


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1994:

ECs orders for preparing photo-

identity cards for all voters

Resisted by the KSU.

The KSU: No photography to be

permitted before the electoral

rolls were revised with a 1951cut-off date with regard to

immigrants from Bangladesh.


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Other issues:

Growing corruption

Perceived injustice in the Garo

hills.

Sharma Commission (1995)

Primary cause of such

disturbances has beeneconomic, such as the

increasing unemployment rate in

the State


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New Kids on the Block:

Garo National Liberation Army

(GNLA) - 2009

Achik National Volunteer Council

(ANVC-B) - 2012

Hynniewtrep Peoples Liberation

Front (HPLF) - 2012 Achik National Unit Force

(ANUF) - 2012


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123 Bangladeshi infiltrators

arrested.

The year also saw growing

links between GNLA and the

Anti-Talks Faction of ULFA

(ULFA-ATF)

ULFA-ATF wants to maintain

an open corridor through

Meghalaya for movement into

hideouts in Bangladesh.


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Some groups want to

participate in the 2013

Assembly elections.

GNLA stated that the outfit would

support the Congress party.

ANVC-B is organizing a mass

awareness campaign on adultfranchise and democratic rights.


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According to a November 19,

2012, report:

The Centre has left it to the State

Government to decide on:

the ANVC demand for a

Garoland Autonomous Council

(GAC) the desire of ANVC-B to hold

talks with the Government


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The mushrooming of new

militant groups.

The emergence of breakaway

groups.

The reactivation of old groups,

escalating demands.

Delayed solutions have been

worsened by the visible.

Politician-militant nexus.


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Tripura

Tripura was a princely state

It acceded to the Indian Union

on October 15, 1949.

It became a Union Territory on

November 1, 1956

A full-fledged State on January21, 1972.

The indigenous people of

Tripura comprise of 19 tribes.


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Origin of insurgency can be

traced to:

the massive influx of Bengali

refugees following partition.

Census Figures: Indigenous

people

95 per cent - 1931 census.

31 per cent - 1991 census.

Discontent among the tribals,

who have become a minority in


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In order to protect their rights,

some tribes formed a political

front.

Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti

(TUJS) in June 1967.

They demanded an autonomous

district council

Kok Borok as official language

Restoration of tribal lands

allotted to non-tribals


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In1978, the Tripura National

Volunteers (TNV) was formed

Fight for an independent tribal

Tripura state.

The State government passed

the Tripura Tribal Areas

Autonomous District CouncilAct in 1979.

Strongly opposed by a section

of the Bengali population.


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Violent clashes2000

casualities

1980Army called in.

TNVMNFSigning of the

Mizo Accord in 1986.

In1988, the TNV signed aMemorandum of Settlement

with the State government.

The main point of the

a reement was the restoration


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Persistent complaints that the

agreement had not been

implemented.

New militant outfits had since

come into being

A resurgence of militancy in

the State.


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Police-led campaign began to

record major successes in

2004

Brought the State to peace by

late 2006.

The steady process of

normalisation continued

through 2012.


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Assembly Elections next

monthPolitical parties

mischief mongering.

CPI-M, Congress + Indigenous

Nationalist Party of Tripura

(INPT)

Accusing each other of attemptsto revive terrorism to secure

political and electoral advantage.


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The State Government, in

September 2012, extended the

Armed Forces Special Powers

Act (AFSPA) for another sixmonths.

The Act is in force, fully, in 34

Police Stations, and partly, in sixPolice Station areas, out of the

total of 70 Police Station Areas

in the State.

AFSPA was first introduced in


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It has been a successful

counter-insurgency campaign.

However

With surviving bases in

Bangladesh and Myanmar

Growing linkages with other

insurgent formations in theNortheast

Political machinations.


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Mizoram

The Mizo National Front

(MNF)-led terror campaign

ended in 1986.

The MNF transformed itself

into a regional political party

Subsequent to the signing of an

MoU with the GOI in 1986.

It won the Assembly elections,

following the formal declaration

of Mizoram as a State in 1987.


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Since then, no State-based

terrorist outfit has disrupted the

overall peaceful environment

prevailing in the State.


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Q & A.

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Documents

Violence in the NorthEast Mumbai