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Violations in Healthcare

Violations in Healthcareapps.pharmacy.wisc.edu/courses/726-608/violations/presentation_content/...•Violations do occur in the medication administration process –Not isolated to

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Page 1: Violations in Healthcareapps.pharmacy.wisc.edu/courses/726-608/violations/presentation_content/...•Violations do occur in the medication administration process –Not isolated to

ViolationsinHealthcare

Page 2: Violations in Healthcareapps.pharmacy.wisc.edu/courses/726-608/violations/presentation_content/...•Violations do occur in the medication administration process –Not isolated to

Problem• Patient safety has focused on errors

• What about violations (or workarounds)?• Violations have received little attention in health care• Violations have been observed in the medication administration process

• Prevalence of violations has not been evaluated…until now

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ConceptualDefinition“Violations can be defined as deliberate – but not necessarily reprehensible – deviations from those practices deemed necessary (by designers, managers, and regulatory agencies) to maintain the safe operation of a potentially hazardous system”

~ Reason, 1990

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Moreonthedefinition• There must exist rules, guidelines, protocols, or norms to be violated.

• A violation involves some action that is contrary to these rules, guidelines, protocols, or norms.

• Violations are intentional actions.  • In other words, a violation occurs when an individual chooses to act in a way that is contrary to the rules or norms. 

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Moreonthenatureofviolations• Violations do not imply malicious intent or lack of safety concern.

• Although individuals are often blamed for working around safety rules, workarounds frequently have multiple causes, some justifiable• Existing rules maybe inappropriate for specific conditions, eg, quick administration of emergency medications

• Standard procedures cannot incorporate all possible variability in system parameters

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Whydopeopleviolate?• Violations allow staff to perform their work or perform it faster.

• Violations are often reactions to technologies that do not match the messy reality of clinical practices or work processes.

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Butareviolatorsheroesordummies?

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HeroesorDummies?

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Study1• Objectives

• Develop a typology of clinicians’ workarounds / violations when using BCMA systems

• Identify the causes• Setting

• 470‐bed Midwestern academic tertiary‐care hospital• 4‐hospital, 929‐bed East‐Coast healthcare system• 2003‐2006

Koppel, R. Wetterneck, T. B., Telles, J. L., and Karsh, B. (2008). Workarounds to barcode medication administration systems: occurrences, causes and threats to patient safety. JAMIA, 15, 408-428.

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DataCollectedandAnalyzed• Observation of BCMA use and shadowing of staff administering medication;

• Interviews with staff and with hospital leaders involved in medication administration;

• Researcher participation in staff meetings about BCMA use;• Examined hospital policies to ensure the occurrences were “workarounds.” 

• Re‐examined each workaround and their sources in an iterative fashion; combining the data into an overall final list of workaround types.  

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15workarounds1. User scans med from pt drawer without 

visual check of med list, med name and dose. 

2. Physicians do not review eMAR to verify current meds.   

3. User administers med without reviewing parameters for med admin. 

4. Users bypass policy for “med double check” by 2nd provider, or 2nd nurse confirms without reviewing meds.

5. User does not check /verify pt’s new med orders before administering med. 

6. User administers med without scanning pt ID to confirm correct pt.

7. User administers med without scanning med barcode to confirm it is correct med, time, dose. 

8. User documents med admin before med is administered &/or observed ingested by pt.

9. Patient ID‐barcode placed on another object (not on pt) and user scans it.

10. User prepares, scans, & transports meds for >1 pt at a time when administering meds.

11. User scans med barcode after barcode label has been removed from the med itself. 

12. User has multiple med packages for full dose and scans the same med package multiple times. 

13. User takes the scanner separate from cart into the room where the cart alarm cannot be seen.

14. User gives partial dose but electronically documents full dose. 

15. User disables audio alarms on device.

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Causesofworkarounds• Technology‐related causes of workarounds

– problems with BCMA software or hardware as they are used in practice, e.g., failing batteries of handheld scanners or linked computers, difficult‐to‐read or navigate screens, and alert beeps that sound like confirmation beeps

– perceptions of the technology, i.e., resistance to BCMA use (negative), or over‐reliance on BCMAs ability to catch all errors (positive).

• Task‐related causes– aspects of BCMA protocols that slow performance, e.g., nurses speed their work 

and circumvent BCMA protections by carrying several patients’ medications on 1 tray or by not scanning medication‐IDs or patient‐IDs. 

• Organizational causes– patients or medications without barcodes (due to organizational or workflow 

flaws), – medication barcodes covered by a label reminding users to scan barcodes, – pharmacies sending only partial doses. 

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Causescontinued• Patient‐related causes

– patients refusing medications, vomiting medications, sleeping, agitated, receiving central‐lines, or in contact isolation

• Environmental causes– some hospital areas lack wireless BCMA connectivity (operating rooms, labs)

– doorways and patient‐room configurations hinder bedside access of the BCMA‐COWs.  

– medications stored remote from the scanner (require refrigeration) necessitate multiple trips to scan, dispense and return. 

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Amoredetailedexample• One time . . . a nurse did not scan a patient’s ID band• The patient was on a chair on the other side of the patient’s bed.  The scanner did not reach

• Patient’s parent moves the chair, nurse crawled onto bed with scanner stretched to end of tether

• Scans band.  Hears a beep.  Gets off bed• Looks at computer, scan had not worked• Repeats the entire process.  Scan does not work again• Nurse typed the patient’s ID information into the computer

Alper et al. 2008

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DoesthatmeanBCMAdoesnotwork?• No• From June, 2006‐to‐May, 2007 at the four East‐Coast hospitals there were 23,828 BCMA alerts of drug or patient mismatches that apparently led users to change their action instead of overriding an alert, e.g., change the medication or patient

• Modifications to BCMAs and to hospital policies reduced several workarounds and addressed some of the software screen issues in our study hospitals.  

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Whatdoesitmean?• Design flaws exist in current BCMA systems. 

– They must be designed out

• Design flaws exist in the current workflows with BCMA systems– They must be designed out or at least minimized

• While nurses will continue to get blamed for workarounds, the evidence shows that problem is not bad nurses, but bad system design and bad integration into clinical reality 

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Study2• Objective• First ever quantitative estimates of medication administration violations

• Study whether violations of medication administration policies change after BCMA is implemented

• Setting• 222‐bed, academic, tertiary care, pediatric hospital in the Midwest

• Pediatric intensive care unit,  hematology/oncology unit, general medical‐surgical unit

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Methods– QuestionDevelopment• Developed questions to ask about violations in 3 stages of the medication use process• Match Medication to Medication Administration Record• Check patient identification• Document medication administration

• Pilot tested the questions with nurses on non‐study units

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Methods– TheQuestions• In actual practice, to what extent do you find yourself routinely having to work around protocol for “stage”?

• In actual practice, to what extent do you find yourself routinely having to break protocol for “stage”?

• During an emergency situation, to what extent do you find yourself having to work around protocol for “stage”?

• In an emergency situation, to what extent do you find yourself having to break protocol for “stage”?

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Methods– SurveyAdministration• Surveys given to nurses in 3 units of 2 pediatric hospitals as part of a larger study• Follow‐up post cards at 1 and 3 weeks post‐administration

• New survey sent 2 weeks post‐administration• Respondents mailed surveys directly to a survey research firm

• Response rate was 59%

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Pre‐BCMA…

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Data from Alper et al. 2006“A little” or “some”

“Moderate amount or more”

“A little” or “some”“Moderate amount or more”

Routine           Emergency

Routine           Emergency

Page 23: Violations in Healthcareapps.pharmacy.wisc.edu/courses/726-608/violations/presentation_content/...•Violations do occur in the medication administration process –Not isolated to

“A little” or “some”“Moderate amount or more”

“A little” or “some”“Moderate amount or more”

Routine       Emergency

Routine     Emergency

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“A little” or “some”“Moderate amount or more”

“A little” or “some”“Moderate amount or more”

Routine      Emergency

Routine     Emergency

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Discussion• Violations do occur in the medication administration process– Not isolated to one part of the process– Violations depend on the situation

• Current medication safety strategies target errors– Current strategies do not address the path from violations to adverse events

– Technologies that are implemented to reduce errors may have limited impact

– Rules and procedures intended to ensure safety may not be effective

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BCMAtotherescue!From Alper et al. 2008

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Discussion• No difference for matching medication to MAR• Less likelihood of violations in checking patient identification

• The check is still manual, but the comparison is now automated• This step is “more required” now; if you don’t scan ID it creates greater documentation problems than if you do

• Higher likelihood of violations in documenting administered medications• Documented automatically as long as everything works as intended

• More difficult if:• Need to change a documented order• Problems with hardware or software

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OverallConclusions• BCMA systems are designed to reduce errors, but violations are another path to adverse events that require more explorations

• Research demonstrates that violations of medication administration safety protocols occur and that BCMA has a non‐linear impact on such violations

• Since violations still exist, it indicates that the policies, technology and work, as designed, don’t fit, requiring nurses to adapt to continue care

• The extent to which the required adaptations by nurses helps or hurts the safety of care is not known. 

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Heroesorvillains?• Maybe workarounds/violations are the right choice when the procedure, rule or guideline is not appropriate for the situation?

• Maybe workarounds are responses to poorly designed systems and are therefore symptoms of the actual problems?

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Discussion• Violations do occur in the medication use process• Not isolated to one part of the process• Violations depend on the situation

• Why do violations occur?• Bad nurses? Bad pharmacists? Individual characteristics?• Given the high prevalence reported, unlikely

• System characteristics?• Safety climate, workload, time pressure• Perhaps violations are a symptom of a poorly designed system

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FormerSt.Mary'snursechargedindeathofpatientDAVIDWAHLBERGandEDTRELEVENWisconsinStateJournalNovember2,2006• Nursing and hospital officials were outraged Thursday after the state filed a felony charge against the nurse whose medication error caused the death of a teenager at St. Mary's Hospital in July. It's the first time a health‐ care worker has been criminally charged for an unintentional error in Wisconsin, the officials said. 

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Fromthenewsreport…• "The circumstances of the case go well beyond a simple mistake," said department spokesman Mike Bauer. He said Thao violated several hospital and nursing rules.

• She mistakenly gave Gant an epidural anesthetic intravenously, a state investigation previously revealed. Gant was supposed to receive penicillin through the IV for a strep infection. An epidural is supposed to be injected near the spine to numb the pelvic area during birth.

• Gant died shortly after the error. Her baby boy, delivered by emergency Caesarean section, survived.

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Fromthenewsreport…• According to the criminal complaint, Thao:• Improperly removed the epidural bag from a locked storage system. Gant's physician, Dr. Joseph Fok, never ordered the epidural.

• Didn't scan the bar code on the epidural bag, which would have told her it was the wrong drug.

• Ignored a bright pink label on the bag that said in bold letters, "FOR EPIDURAL ADMINISTRATION ONLY."

• Disregarded hospital and nursing rules in failing to confirm a patient's "five rights" when receiving drugs: right patient, right route, right dose, right time and right medication.

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Fromthenewsreport…• Shortly after Gant's death, regulators threatened to revoke St. Mary's license and Medicare contract. They cited the hospital with three violations of federal regulations and three violations of state regulations.

• After the hospital said it was re‐educating nurses and updating policies, the regulators cleared the hospital from penalties.