VINEYARD MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT METHODSrvwinegrowers.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/... · Mineral nutrients in vineyard soils are seldom in balance with vine needs ! One

3/12/19

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Stan GrantProgressive Viticulture &Mid Valley Agricultural Services

VINEYARD MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT METHODS

3/12/19


Macronutrients ! Nitrogen (N) ! Phosphorus (P) ! Sulfur (S) ! Potassium (K) ! Magnesium (Mg) ! Calcium (Ca)

Micronutrients ! Iron (Fe) ! Manganese (Mn) ! Copper (Cu) ! Zinc (Zn) ! Boron (B) ! Molybdenum (Mo) ! Chloride (Cl)

THE PLAYERS

! Mineral nutrients in vineyard soils are seldom in balance with vine needs

! One or more nutrients will be deficient in a vineyard root zone at any given time

! Soil moisture affects the movement of nutrients to roots; some more than others

! The capacity of vines (& berries) to take up nutrients varies during the growing season

! Root distribution & health affect nutrient extraction from soils

THE FACTS

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! Vineyard mineral nutrient management is very challenging ! The vineyard nutrient economy is complex

& dynamic ! Our understanding of it is incomplete ! Our ability to monitor it is limited ! We are still learning how to best use the

array of available fertilization technologies ! So, what do we do?

OUR REALITY

THE TRADITIONAL MINERAL NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT METHOD

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! Mineral nutrients are applied when the grape grower recognizes a need for them ! When foliar nutrient deficiency symptoms

are apparent ! When tissue analysis indicates deficiency ! When shoot growth or fruit yields decline

! This is an ‘as needed’ method

THE TRADITIONAL METHOD

! Advantage: Nutrients applications are rational


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! Disadvantages: ! Nutrient applications are reactive - after

problems have developed & are recognized ! It may miss opportunities to enhance critical

stages of seasonal vine development ! Fruit initiation ! Fruit set ! Onset of fruit coloration ! Storage of mineral nutrient reserves

! It addresses only 1 of the 13 essential mineral nutrients at a time


! The efficiency of The As-Needed Method is low

! Inefficiency can be expensive (vine health, fruit

yields, fruit maturity & grape quality costs)


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! The appreciation for proactive resource management methods is deepening ! They avoid problems ! They improve efficiency ! They lessen risk

! An example: The Water Budget Method for irrigation scheduling based on ET

! The first attempt at proactive mineral nutrient management: nutrient programs

THE NEXT STEP

MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMS

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! S c h e d u l e d n u t r i e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e determined before the onset of the season

! The focus: nutrients expected to be low. In other words, deficiency (risk) avoidance.

! The basis for selecting application timings ! Calendar of vineyard management activities ! Sometimes, grapevine phenology

! Often use tissue analysis to monitor effects

NUTRIENT PROGRAMS

Application Rate

Timing FertilizerQuantity Per Acre Unit

Application Rate

Total N

Application Rate

P

Application Rate

Zn B Mo

P-58 2 lb

Sysstem Moly-Z 0.5 gal

TriPlex Boron 2 lb

Total

Flowers Fully Separated to

Early Bloom (< 5 % cap fall)

0.22

0.00

0.00

0.22

0.51

0.63

0.00

1.14

0.00 0.00 0.000

0.44 0.00 0.023

0.00 0.34 0.000

0.44 0.34 0.023

Copyright © 2008 Progressive ViticultureCopyright © 2008 Progressive Viticulture

! Well known examples nutrient management programs ! Boron applications with autumn

preemergent herbicide sprays ! Early bloom foliar fertilizer with fungicides

NUTRIENT PROGRAMS

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! Advantages ! Nutrient programs often avoid deficiencies ! They are more likely to advance fruit

maturity & enhance yields than as-needed fertilization

! Consequently, programs are often more effective than The As-Needed Method

! Usually work well for foliar fertilizers, where expectations for effects are short-term

! Also useful for soil fertility maintenance

NUTRIENT PROGRAMS

! Disadvantages ! They fail to broadly consider vineyard

mineral nutrient economies ! Assumes applied nutrients will always elicit

positive responses regardless of current nutrient availability & vine nutrient status

! As a result, some nutrients are under applied or over applied

! Programs rarely achieve balanced vine nutrition & optimum nutrient use efficiency

NUTRIENT PROGRAMS

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MINERAL NUTRIENT BUDGETS

! Mineral nutrient budgets are analogous to financial budgets ! Before the beginning of the growing season,

nutrients are allocated to meet forecasted vine need

! During the season, budgets may be adjusted to meet perceived changes in vine need

! At the end of the season, applied & recovered nutrients are reconciled with budgeted amounts


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! Nutrient budgets assume an understanding of vineyard mineral nutrient economies

! Or at least, understanding of mineral nutrient demand


Soil Microbes Soil Organic Matter Cover Crop Tissues Reaction Products

Woody Tissues

Erosion, Gases

Leaching

Harvested Fruit

Nutrient Demand Inefficiencies

Below Ground Above Ground

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! Examples of nutrient budgets ! Nitrogen Use Metric (Stewardship Index)* ! Almond Nitrogen Model (UC Davis)**

! Both are based on the following formula

! Waste Discharge Requirement (WDR) regulations use the same formula


*http://www.stewardshipindex.org/amass/documents/document/12/SISC_Metric_NitrogenUse_2013-07.pdf **http://rrosecrance.yourweb.csuchico.edu/Model/AlmondModel/almondNKmodel.htm

nutrient use = nutrient harvested / nutrient applied

HELD Soil Microbes

Soil Organic Matter Cover Crop Tissues Reaction Products

TAKEN UP

Woody Tissues

Erosion, Gases

Harvested Fruit

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! These are partial mineral nutrient budgets ! They include only those nutrient economy

components that are routinely measured ! Complete nutrient budgets are not feasible

due to knowledge gaps, technical limitations ! These budgets function more like estimates

of fertilization efficiency than true budgets


! Other mineral nutrient budget limitations ! They assume applied mineral nutrients in

all sources are equally available ! They typically do not include an application

schedule ! Most assume grape growers apply mineral

nutrients solely to fill the fruit ! Budgets provide a conceptual benefit -

consideration of mineral nutrients within vineyards as economies


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MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

PLANS

! To supply readily available mineral nutrients as they are needed over the course of the growing season to satisfy nutrient demand

! To harmonize mineral nutrient applications with soil conditions & root activity

! And in so doing ! Promote balanced grapevine nutrition ! Enhance soil fertility & tilth ! Maximize fertilization efficiency

THE OBJECTIVES OF MINERAL NUTRIENT PLANS

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! Research findings that allow us to anticipate the time course demand for nutrients in vines

! Modern fertilization technologies allowing us to make nutrients accessible when needed

! Increasing understanding of nutrient effects on vine health, fruit yield, & grape quality

THE SEEDS OF NUTRIENT PLANS

! A balanced mineral nutrient management p lan concept for w ine grapes was presented in the May-June 2002 PWV

! Have used the nutrient plan/balanced nutrition approach since the mid 1990’s

THE SEEDS OF NUTRIENT PLANS

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! Mineral nutrient management plans are similar to business plans

! They serve as management guides for achieving balanced vine nutrition

! They are systematic approaches in which ! A plan is developed ! The plan is executed ! Afterwards, plan performance is evaluated

& modified accordingly for improvement

MINERAL NUTRIENT PLANS

! Development of a plan document includes ! Setting specific management goals ! Considering nutritional challenges ! Inventorying of nutrient resources ! Outlining a chronological course of

management actions ! Creating a list of contingencies ! Designating measures

of performance


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MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ELEMENTS

Resource InventoryAll nutrient sources

Application options

Course of ActionWhen & what to monitor

When to applyHow much to apply

Goal: to profitably produce optimum quality grapes

ChallengesExtreme soil pH

Very low K, B, etcDeficit irrigation

Limited root systems

Copyright © 2002 Progressive Viticulture

Fertilizer Formulation

org-C

gal lb lb/acFoundation Pro 4.5 -- 0.0

(Applied during CN 9 0 -- 0.01 early irrigation) MVAS Liq. OM/OA 0 -- 0.0

Subtotal 4.5 0 0.0

Post bloom KTS 5 -- 0.0Magnesium Sulfate -- 15 0.0

CN 9 5 -- 0.0MVAS Liq. OM/OA 8 -- 2.8

Subtotal 18 15 2.8

KTS 5 -- 0.0CN 9 0 -- 0.0

MVAS Liq. OM/OA 8 -- 2.8Subtotal 13 0 2.8

KTS 3 -- 0.0CN 9 3 -- 0.0

MVAS Liq. OM/OA 8 -- 2.8Subtotal 14 0 2.8

3-12-14-4(S) 15 -- 0.0MVAS Liq. OM/OA 8 -- 2.8

Subtotal 23 0 2.8SEASONAL TOTAL 73 15 11.2

Veraison

Ripening

Post Harvest

Fertilizer/ Acre

Fertigation Period

Shoot Emergence

Nlb/ac3.40.00.03.4

0.00.05.50.35.8

0.00.00.30.3

0.03.30.33.6

5.00.35.3

18.4

P Slb/ac lb/ac4.5 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.04.5 0.0

0.0 10.40.0 1.50.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 11.9

0.0 10.40.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 10.4

0.0 6.20.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 6.2

8.7 6.80.0 0.08.7 6.8

13.2 35.2

K Mg Calb/ac lb/ac lb/ac0.4 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.00.4 0.0 0.0

12.7 0.0 0.00.0 2.0 0.00.0 0.0 6.70.0 0.0 0.012.7 2.0 6.7

12.7 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.012.7 0.0 0.0

7.6 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 4.00.0 0.0 0.07.6 0.0 4.0

19.3 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.019.3 0.0 0.052.6 2.0 10.7

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Budbreak

Cell NutrientMultiplication Remobilization

& Uptake

Bloom

Cell NutrientMultiplication Uptake

DormantPeriod

Veraison

Cell NutrientExpansion, Uptake &

Maturation & StorageRipening

Ripeness

Senescence NutrientStorage

Leaf Fall

Application Rate

Timing FertilizerQuantity Per Acre Unit

Sysstem-Cal 0.75 gal

Rx-Supreme 2 lb

Total

Flowers Fully Separated to

Early Bloom (< 5 % cap fall)

V-55 3 lb

Total

Rx Supra 0.5 lb

K-Cellerate 0.5 gal

Total

Post Bloom

Flowers Clearly Visible

to Clusters Elongating (1)

Application Rate

Total N P2O5 P S K2O K Mg Ca Fe Mn Cu Zn B Mo Co

0.00 1.05 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000

0.06 0.28 0.12 0.00 0.30 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.000 0.000

0.06 1.33 0.58 0.00 0.30 0.25 0.00 0.30 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.000 0.000

0.24 0.75 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.12 0.020 0.000

0.24 0.75 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.12 0.020 0.000

0.06 0.11 0.05 0.00 0.11 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.000 0.000

0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000

0.17 0.11 0.05 0.00 1.42 1.17 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.000 0.000


FOLIAR FERTILIZATION COMPONENT

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NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

METHOD SUMMARY

! Traditional As-Needed Method is inefficient & incompatible with modern grape growing

! Proactive mineral nutrient management methods are the future due to ! Greater efficiency ! Fewer problems ! Lower risk

MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT METHODS

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! Today, we have considered 3 proactive methods for managing mineral nutrients ! Programs ! Budgets ! Plans


! Programs, budgets, & plans differ in goal ! Program goal = deficiency avoidance ! Budget goal = nutrient accounting ! Plan goal = balanced & optimized nutrition


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! Programs, budgets, & plans commonly differ in scheduling ! Programs mainly use management activities ! Budgets often do not specify a schedule ! Plans use vine phenology & uptake capacity


! Plans includes the essence of the other two proactive methods as elements ! They include scheduled nutrient

applications like programs ! They include targeted nutrient allocations to

satisfy demand like budgets


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! In comparison to programs & budgets, plans are more comprehensive, accommodating, flexible, & reliable

! The mineral nutrient plan concept is a part of the Lodi Rules for Sustainable Winegrowing

! Mineral nutrient plans will continue to evolve & improve with increasing knowledge & technological capabilities


DEVELOPING A MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

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! Background nutrient supply: evaluate soil analysis results

! Non-fertilizer inputs: soil amendments, including green manure cover crop residues

! For this discussion we will assume low soil fertility & minimum applied amendments ! A worst case scenario ! High dependence on in-season fertilization

STEP 1: ASSESS RESOURCES

! Seasonal N application rates usually depend on N removal = crop N demand (≈ 3 lb/ton)

! N in harvested fruit came mainly from reserves in woody tissues & the soil = replenishment N demand

! Include an efficiency factor to account for events between N application & uptake

STEP 2: DETERMINE TARGET N

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! Allocate applied N over time in proportion to demand (stage of development)

! Early season (prebloom) ! If feasible, rely on stored N reserves in woody

tissues & residual N in the soil ! Otherwise, apply about 20% of seasonal N

! Post bloom: apply 25 to 35% of seasonal N ! Post harvest: apply 15 to 25% of seasonal N

STEP 3: ALLOCATE N

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Nitr

ogen

Con

tent

Incr

ease

(%)

Date

PERCENT INCREASE IN GRAPEVINE NITROGEN CONTENT Sources: Conradie (1980) & Conradie (1981)

Har

vest

Leaf

Fal

l

End

of B

loom

Ver

aiso

n

N Demand For Growth

N Demand For Storage

Cell Multiplication Maturation Senescence Dormancy

Stored

Applied

Appl

ied

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STEP 4: DETERMINE OTHER NUTRIENT TARGETS

STEP 5: ALLOCATE OTHER NUTRIENTS

Mineral Nutrient Prebloom Post Bloom Ripening Post Harvest

N 0 to 20% 25 to 35% 0 to 20% 15 to 25%P 15 to 35% 0 to 30% 0 to 10% 15 to 35%K 0 to 10% 25 to 35% 0 to 20% 25 to 35%

Mg 0 to 30% 0 to 50% 0 to 10% 0 to 10%Ca 0 to 30% 0 to 50% 0 to 10% 0 to 10%

Macronutrient Allocations by Developmental Stage

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600 N

utrie

nt C

onte

nt In

crea

se (%

)

Date

PERCENT INCREASE IN GRAPEVINE NUTRIENT CONTENT Sources: Conradie (1980) & Conradie (1981)

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Har

vest

Leaf

Fal

l

End

of B

loom

! Chose an N-P-K blend that is low in nitrogen, but with ample potassium & if needed, phosphorus

! Supply additional N as calcium nitrate (CN-9) ! For additional potassium, use KTS, 0-0-30,

or other source ! For more calcium, use CaTS or other source ! For magnesium, use MagThio or other

source

STEP 6: SELECT FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS

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Fertilizer Fertilizer/Fertigation Periods Formulation Acre Org-C Urea Amm.

gal lb/ac lb/ac lb/acShoot Emergence Foundation Pro 3 0.0 0.0 2.3(Applied during 1 CN 9 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

early irrigation) MagThio 2 0.0 0.0 0.0CaTS 4 0.0 0.0 0.0

MVAS Liq. OM/OA 8 2.8 0.0 0.3Subtotal 17 2.8 0.0 2.6

Post bloom 3-2-12-4(S) + micros 12 0.0 1.4 1.4CN 9 1 0.0 0.0 0.1CaTS 4 0.0 0.0 0.0


Veraison 3-2-12-4(S) + micros 4 0.0 0.5 0.5CN 9 0 0.0 0.0 0.0


Ripening 3-2-12-4(S) + micros 4 0.0 0.5 0.5CN 9 1 0.0 0.0 0.1


Post Harvest 3-12-14-4(S) 12 0.0 0.0 4.0CN 9 0 0.0 0.0 0.0


SEASONAL TOTAL 87 14.0 2.4 10.4

Nitrate Nlb/ac lb/ac0.0 2.30.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.30.0 2.6

0.7 3.61.0 1.10.0 0.00.0 0.31.7 5.0

0.2 1.20.0 0.00.0 0.30.2 1.5

0.2 1.21.0 1.10.0 0.31.3 2.6

0.0 4.00.0 0.00.0 0.30.0 4.33.2 16.0


Fertilizer Element RatiosP S

lb/ac lb/ac3.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 2.00.0 4.20.0 0.03.0 6.2

1.0 4.90.0 0.00.0 4.20.0 0.01.0 9.1

0.3 1.60.0 0.00.0 0.00.3 1.6

0.3 1.60.0 0.00.0 0.00.3 1.6

7.0 5.40.0 0.00.0 0.07.0 5.4

11.7 23.9


Fertilizer Element RatiosK Mg Ca

lb/ac lb/ac lb/ac0.3 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.8 0.00.0 0.0 2.50.0 0.0 0.00.3 0.8 2.5

12.0 0.1 0.00.0 0.0 1.30.0 0.0 2.50.0 0.0 0.0

12.0 0.1 3.8

4.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.04.0 0.0 0.0

4.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 1.30.0 0.0 0.04.0 0.0 1.3

15.4 0.1 0.00.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0

15.4 0.1 0.035.6 1.1 7.6


Fertilizer Fertilizer/Fertigation Dates Formulation Acre org-C Soluble Insoluble Amm. N

gal lb/ac lb/ac lb/ac lb/ac lb/acShoot Emergence Biolizer XK 5 7 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.0

Phyta-Cal QC 7 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0BioFlora Magnesium 2.5 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 14.5 7 0.6 0.4 0.1 1.0

Post bloom True Organic 3-1-5 16 0 5.1 0.2 0.0 5.3Phyta-Cal QC 2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Biolink Potassium 10 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Subtotal 28 0 5.1 0.2 0.0 5.3

Veraison True Organic 3-1-5 5 0 1.6 0.1 0.0 1.7Biolink Potassium 10 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 15 0 1.6 0.1 0.0 1.7

Ripening True Organic 3-1-5 9 0 2.9 0.1 0.0 3.0Biolink Potassium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 9 0 2.9 0.1 0.0 3.0

Post Harvest Biolizer XK 24 34 2.6 1.7 0.5 4.8Biolink Potassium 10 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 34 34 2.6 1.7 0.5 4.8SEASONAL TOTAL 101 41 12.8 2.3 0.6 15.7

Fertilizer Element RatiosP S

lb/ac lb/ac0.4 0.70.0 0.00.0 0.00.4 0.7

0.8 0.00.0 0.00.0 2.30.8 2.3

0.2 0.00.0 2.30.2 2.3

0.4 0.00.0 0.00.4 0.0

2.1 3.10.0 2.32.1 5.44.0 10.7


Fertilizer Element RatiosK Mg Ca

lb/ac lb/ac lb/ac1.6 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 5.90.0 1.1 0.01.6 1.1 5.9

7.2 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 1.74.6 0.0 0.011.7 0.0 1.7

2.2 0.0 0.04.6 0.0 0.06.8 0.0 0.0

4.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.04.0 0.0 0.0

7.8 0.0 0.04.6 0.0 0.012.3 0.0 0.036.5 1.1 7.6


ORGANIC FERTIGATION PLAN

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! Emphasize nutrients in short supply ! High soil pH: emphasize ammonium

(UCAN-23) ! Low soil pH: avoid ammonium & emphasize

nitrate (CN-9), minimize thiosulfates (KTS) ! High soil salinity: use high analysis, low salt

index fertilizers (CAN-17) & applied at low rates

! Limited roots: frequent, low rate applications ! Deficit irrigation: frequent, use low rates

STEP 7: ACCOMMODATING CHALLENGES

! Like business plans, mineral nutrient plans are guides that a subject to change depending on changing conditions or management objectives

STEP 8: CONSIDER CONTINGENCIES

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! Wet year: delay fertigations; increase rates? ! Dry year: begin fertigations early; decease

rates & increase number of applications? ! Small crop: decrease application rates ! Large crop: increase application rates,

especially for potassium


! Damaged foliage: apply a low rate of nitrate (CN-9)

! Low yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) ! Increase pre-bloom & post-bloom nitrate (CN-9)

! At 2 or 3 foliar applications of low biuret urea at ≥ 20 lb/acre between fruit set & the end of veraison


3/12/19


THANK YOU

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VINEYARD MINERAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT METHODSrvwinegrowers.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/... · Mineral nutrients in vineyard soils are seldom in balance with vine needs ! One