vin ?nn nimn tin nwab

j77/7 >tf> 7>/j># jjop npiima tfn n^npn nxio n">n nsan >nt>&2 nprinnt mwp nn>n n nprino .nmm vnx l?v wivs nxvir Dnsx -

VJpJID - D>71DV d?7hV dhh10 5\>> dt7w>dd j?W2 JlDJIp

j>n vyn n?vitew nyj n">n nxan .n^npn Jiupni? fvyi iwrinv mmnn nwmn .D?nn >amn ten vpdd rmwu> prt miwni> n?vj pn .vyn vipJiDn 5u> tsmwrin 5wn nmmn mnnn inv nprn nrvn npm mxn ,nmnn nmiDn jrtw jm nmw nwin mv>iw t>w jntvax >w>u> !?u> 7>>nn >jx>j rinn .n>mwnn mmnn nixi> wmn mn iiyv .nmn mmyi nmm nmmn rnvDi? t>y nvvmnn Dt?yn nvvrin

n5i >tete w >v>5id wvn *w nwDiinn nwrn nivwrrn nmnp >a> nrivm ns avow d>idj oy D?mnnn wmonn .Npm >m layn ;wj po nxxmn .n^np1? nvNDivsn nvmwn nvmnnn nwvnn >jivn wyo vwn nfryx nte>p minrnw ,muviv\>>n->N pipyn nuns o?rnnnn nvnpyn nx Dsn nvnnn mmnn nwvn *nm .qiym ja pirn >v-i>y ,7aym mmnn nnvmi> wyn nvxn .myan ja mnw minima pn1? vwn >mx pi nnon Jinrrn ,n!?N\>> jn>vn ,mnnn 5u> mwmnn mw nou>n nmm nmvn n$N\>> n>nv npitmon .n^np1? nmiDn nmynn mv 7* ,m5>npn wirnnn nv>vnn pnnn> yvv nm n>v>5iDn-n>teten-n>ninnn nmynn nmpo nx wonu> o>u>rnn

.mimn 5v p*?nn *?v mwyn nnxan

nNnn bw nu^n n^nnn ,nii* dih h>n .nbn vy>2 >rnmn nnnn an .nww nvm^yi nvariN ,nvm n^iap nn^vn aann n>n 18-n nvm nmip >n\>> in^pnn ,\>>oa d>y\>>rD nan\>) uio^nboin

Jewish Political Studies Review 12:3-4 (Fall 2000)

13

>tf7/7 fIV 14

o^iVDN mbyi inv rmup m:mpb ibsDnnw ,mbm nvnbt?n-Nb y>an D>Tin>n iat>n ibw jdsi <)bN nnwyi mn onsun iaon .onnvn n>nbt?nn pi n>tm>n b\y >ua\ynn nonn .\>><m d>abN nyii*o nib irmonn om^ >:i\>> by bnpn mn nann >nbwb ly ommm on>mb urn ibbn mynn msup .Dioini irnn mym mmr D^nn^b ipwn mmn .D^n^on ]nw>& bimn nan mm mnunrmni rmbiron nnvn tin rmb wi i\>>n ,mbi;im n>pw iaon nbipi mon on mbwn unib ibN msiip ibi> ,n>nbt?nb omi o>mm ommm onsun bw n>t>>n n?i:i nnyn pinb ,rmwb\>>n bw miiiyn bi Nbb jmmn tin mNnsy -prn mnyn io?b ,d?ibn->nbi o?m many nntnn ,n^n^y

.mm>n mmyn abb v>ym d?n^an Dn?n nn bmbi nbya in ,jvrimn mmni lupo m non d^nn'nyn nmobwn nmn ,n^iu bD by ,rmNn'nyn nunnw pvm /ibbn b\y n>nn>? nwynb m ynpi pb DNnni .rmiwn mmn >d by nbmnn wn ,mm insy nmn nmwn mbmpn .^nn'riyn wyn prwn b\>> >bbm onn .11 in ino ,dhdh bw im\>mii inbiD mpn i>it> miNmi im >d by nmN wni b\>> iminob <pDii nbmnn n>m-n>nb>np nuon bi ,inibi nmubwn >3Di nnimn nb>npn ̂"ni biai vpon Nb>n nr ;pmn !.mn mmn nbyo nn bw mb .nninm nbmpi nuiubwn bw Din n^uh nbi^nb o>i?\>> nnvn mm mn in nni:i\>> - d>miD nyiw

- nnii>* b\>> mnyb morion b\>> onunto .nb>npi pnnn nbiSNb on>n .rpTirvn nunn bu) no>n mmnn vn nnn>pb biyob Dno>N^i nb^npn ]wmn .Dn^nnoo on>p d\>>b nn nr d"ibn vn d>on^ni nn ,n\>>ynb -n>mbnn inmunb ippn d^nnnn ibw d>t?nDn h>i\>> d>y^n?b ppn ,nn n^Nin nnn^n mmnn b\y nrnino ,p qn lonny^b nnoinn niinon in m ^ ,nb>npn >3i bu) nnoiibun-n^mn nunn in nb hni \>>nii nnniyb ni^t)b\>)n bw nwnn nniin np^yn\y n^Din mi ny Nbi n^ipn ny yann m iDnyn\>) ,d>^n'nyn niiiob^n .nb>npn vpv wn1? i\yp>i n^ im ,uiy>nn ni^iip ran^n iprn ,i>n>n 3.mn ni^nNi nvm rnmpi nyoi\>)n nn>nu) ,nnDn>?n >imi nyun

?pin nn n^Hiii nb>npn mmn bw nnii>^> ,ibm p ,nDivNii l>i nmn>n nnn^n nynm nn?p nn>n^ ,nmrn b\y nsv byiD nn>n n>n it nwjp b\>) n?ib>^n 4.mn b\y nnvpb nb>npn b\>) nnvp

.n\>?vi mmn miyn b\y ̂mnn nbip n\yn>i bnpn mmn miyn nvw ?n nmpn mim nn>n ibm d>ii mm i\yni nny ibm rpiiynomn nb>npn \>)kii .lib iNn iido >u)iun iyun iu)?d Vibnn inb nun?nn\y ]>n nno^nn D>\y>? .mm mint? nbyi np>m mmn w*n on ,T"on n^nn nn>>Nii ibnb ibn^ n\yynbi ,n>iiynomn nb>npn i^b nn?pnn rinioon nb^npn n">n nnnn bu> no>o by pi >i nnn 6.mb>ipn mnyn >n\>> n?n\yn n>ib nniDon n^iin >vi n^>bion mmnm n>innn mn^nn nnw tik nr bbui n^nipnn n^mionn mmnn ^oidi n? i^n^u) fvm>ab

Inuni n\yii>n ̂mn

15 vis ?nn nmm ns ntwi> onos mn nviv

,nN>ab bNinw nn n>n ,abna niaaia in>a\>> nwab n>ab p\>>Nm i\>>n TV ,nna\>>na n\>>wa nainan may TNn 8."n>bm bya" via>aa yrrn nwbw mNb ,(b"\>n) nwab nnbw bN<n nn mwnb nanna 1750 nawa nN Tnanb 1787 nawa b"\>n am wp>a ,nbmpn n? ddv> ]na 9na\>> yaw on na>nb inaon .i?na ny nbmpn niaai inaa tjnDN mm laa bwa imwna inDbi <ptnnb mbiD> mm ,np ,tD?na>oa-d"a>Dp?aiN bw mi\>>>Di innnw ,ian\>oi ,Nt?>a inn vby binnn Tain biyni inapt nbyn ,>ia>nn nwyn by onyiyn inpwn 10.Nt?>a ttne m\>nb dhdn m nanai ,i>by onyiynn niayv> nNi >ia>nn mi nN amn by b"\>n am o*y by nyiyb nNa naiwNm .nnaannn >aa vn niayu mw .nsbnn iiNb ,pa mamn n>a\>>n nayon ib>Ni ,niaam van nN ni>nb pn b\>> minnp nanana inwb -pis \>>> pbi ,nm> pia nawb bia> vm>ab nnaN am pN\y iminb nnm na>m>)n /inibD .nabna pib na nwia nmn >a\>> n>aam am .nia>bon nimno bya pna Kb in ,mm y>a*im bnpn nan nN !\>>na\>> mwn ,vby na nwynb natrin it mip>a >a nnam in p>on b"\>n

n.nnv pia na\>>b Nin in ana mama maw wma ,inm *pin m>bN am >obD b"\>n am bw vnvimxmn 12.nibNi niaiaby nnon na ny ,mva n^onm vwp ,na>nb nnaannn nm inm -pin m>bN amw ,maiyn in nama in n?a\>>n pa nianm nvyon *i\>m ,nbnan npibnna b"\>n am by ipbn iwn ,nmm ̂ ?in nnnmn b^) nmo^oD a>at> ,pb mip d>a^) noon nai* din nbmp nn ,17-n nunn >nb^? mn abna ia^>mn ivk ,(t?ipaion) Dmoon Dnm>n

.nmiapnbi nbmpn >pmb >aiy>u nmnn mnon mv piny in\yn o ,nbiy nnam in niawab b"\>)i am b\y inaon nmnn na ̂ ,maam nwmb nnaannn napn

- nmban nia>on nanN DNn ,nbN\^n inam ]bnb .nyi^>a vaN n> by vm>ab nnoN anb niaam n\>nin iio>a vn p?

- ni\>>n>mi -nvnian niawa vn ib nnpw nnaannbi nT nu>ynb Nn^ in ,i"na ny io\ynni nanann naan nN nynyb nny i\>)n ,nimN nvann-nrbDbD

.19-n nNnn b^ now by abn nbmpa niinn abna nnm>n nb>npn >d ,miNDb n>n nNia yman piannb naaiin nbmpn nnm ,byioa .nnN nanan nnn nbyion ,n>aainin m>n> ^bn\>) ima ,nanN .Dmynoim dhido - b>yb niiDtan ni^iapn m^n m\y pa Dm d>bian i^o\>)ua ,abna moo n>nian bv> nnia\>)>mn TNn bnn ,nbiN .ubnm Tin>N nNipb nnyi* in >a nm nNiai ,m^iapn ip>ya ,DHiDt) nnm> onnro abna a\y?nnb ibnn 17-n nNnn mbwn Nbb ipT>n in ,nb>npn ]n moa DanbN nanN ivn i^n ,n^aii lanvbn Tbnn nN pa mwni ,nb>npa nioon oanbNn b\y mint nN poo

.nbmpa nrsraainmn ,aiynb nntn pa\>) >niNba>an mona abn b\>) ai\ynn nnipn bm in mon >na b\>) n>aaioi d>dii>n nnnm n>a\>>a niNn nrn na ia\>>>

nin^yn b\y n'bDbm ininn nnan nptnna 17-n nNnn TNn .nwam >nDt?n 13.mai^n uaabn nnan my^nNa ip>ya ,>aiam-d>n mob naivN

non^n nin^ynb n>aNn;nyn nnonwn ]>a innna\y ,m^bio>Dpn

>*7/7 j1v 16

on .nui nvoawm nvinon nvab'ano ibbn nnmob ip^yn ,nm\>>n pa .DN*in yiN nbiwipn v*:ib NbN >wn'nyn pwb o'Diaa vn Nb .dhtih dhiiv vn ,nn\>>y by nby Kb Dioonw ,ibbn nnnion bw nnianinnb 18-n nann bw ruiwnn n^nnn wan >baban awawn d'dwnh nnmon bba >a /narb w> 14/vya tvrm>n nnmon na\>?n "o>abn"a nbiyn nn*y ini Kb ,rnm d>3\>> i\>>na n>nyb ,abna munnu) nv by noam vya nnan>>> .n>DWNn Dnimrm onim by nnw NbN nN nnbb wio Kb Din .yip ninao Nbi Nina o?poy maisb n^ma ibnb onnawn >m Dn>ni\>>3 n? wanb wio n>oyn ,n>aiyn no\>>n vya tid:i uma Hin in n>n nnnnn mpn .nvnipn o>\!)3 n>oym DHin>n nnmon m 15.n?mpnn ma\>nnn b\>> nnnnn nmawa Nbi nn?n >mnn ami ,nmmn miawa wmnn Kb on <]N n*DWNn nawinn in pbn NbN mnmn nb>npn in pbn nnsy inn Kb nmpionn oma mwn'nyn mbaan >pwb o'Diaa vn Nb on /vya marv^n ip>ya ,n>Dii>N nnsyn bw nmona on <in ibvo NbN ,n?mpnn n>nmb

16.nai2

Tn mvn miw mipnn nimn nam miynnb ymn bn nbw bwn -

"oipno oivvo" - mawNn ommn nnmon nnbiyo na>wa ibm nnan>>> nN on m ini ,nbmna mm .nna:in onmon niaona n?mn o?na b>ya pbn ibvn on jmn nbw ,>yiN

wm abi ,nnb nnr vn Nb mmniiN\>> ,mnipnn mnmn nbmpn vya onanyny v ,t3ipm ooannbi onb> vbmb ,nvnipn d>\>)3 nn\>>bn b\y n^p^iD n^ iHb>n tnpnan ,mvi n?t 17.vip ni>u)> nvnb nion urn nni^n ,d^iu) vn nn>\>)iibn .rnroi DHin^b non^ "mmn nn^n^nni n^^n -rnvnb nmon?nn m ,ibnb nNmu) >ddi ,mpt nb^b

18.ibn nb>npi biipnn omn in rvw nn>n nnmn bw ni^b nnn^i nibn ,18-n n*nn bu> niniNb o ,p dn ,nbn:i bvi ,>oo>o>b? ni>2 b\y mop niwn ,n>nipnn nmn>n nb^npn in pbn in^v mi Kb nr .nv?on>? nvniin rn^^ni linn in^v nnn NbN ,ibni d^niinn d?bi\yi nnpin ivk ,n>nipnn nb>npn .nn^ >mm *mynn nmmu) n>on^n ni^inn in pbm n>nnn nrmn n>m-n>nb>np m^on msyb d>pnb nr ni^ \yp>i Nb p own >bin .n>nipnn nb>npn nnoin bv d?mn vdi^ nvp nrnan inmi ,miD^

m^n dv mb>Dm oipnon nionn\>>ni Tin?i no>i n>b inn >bibi mvnn iim Dinon >povb nninu> ,wpnan ,tivi n^r .mipnn nnoim mm in nnn nbn ,nbi nnsyb oiwy nn nnu) Kb ,in>N bu)i nimn ninbn b\>) nnprnNi iv^oi ,nb^npn b\y lonni npisn ,DHonn nib>mi n^bm np>i nmn bu) nniT^n vn on .n>mn n>nbn nu)yi n^r bi 19.nyi ibn mn> mv n>vnn nyiiN Nu?b i^hto nni nupna bbmb Hb\y n>apn oipnan ?n>aa Nbbi nno^bv mm no>bnn ,p dn ,>nv .n^i\!)n n>nnoinb o>didd nvnb wbi nb>npn ?b nnn>n^ nbw .18-n n?nn ibnna abna nnn*\y mwNin n^inn ,p\y pvan .nvsb NbN nb>npn iina Nb ,yman h^h n^oan nn>n it no>bNW pi ^b ,n>nipnn n>mn niaonn m nn^y by nba>p\D pvani

17 vns ?nn nimn tin ntwl? dhdh mn nmv

nri nam nno nnn* mnnNbw abn ,nbmpn by ovn nmvn Kb it ntPbn b\>> nnmnonn nbin .oipnan no>bN bw nnmnsi nnvpn nbmpn *pnn nnn* iipn ,naou n\>nn no>bn b\y nnronsb nwin

.nbiyn nnnwnb n\>>p>n pun nnm ibm nmm im^n p>an\>> nibrun n*onn nmon nna ip>oyn ibbn .oipnan nwwi nbmpn m >jdi nn<u\y imn nnwnn ,noiinn ,d>dod win ,nn>pD ,o^nmnn bw ^ mnon >i"mb nnnwb iy?o nbN n?nipn nnny .nm-iwni d>byia ,Dnotmn pwa jvmpnn nvbo^nn nmnn n?nipnn n>pu\>>n nnmai d'awan nm m tin nnwwi p>t>ynb n>DWNn nnmm nnmon isnyn ,>yio ,nbo ntHDnb pi Kb p im idt ibbn nrmnn nwun d>m .n?mpnn d>dwn mwni mnvnn iyii iwn nvabnnon in urn NbN nnm tnpnan b*n mwn nwn ,n\>>ynb .>wn'nyn pinn in d'ypainn bwi in ,mm n>m>> mwn bwi in nbmpn n^Nn Dm b\>> dwdj nawn bm jni ,oipnon n> by d'poyinn ib niim munn tnooon

20.m\>>nb nnbm nuiwn niub'inan nnvD^n >nmn m immb nwpii omwNn n>biwipn /nyi nw pn ,numiuin ip>yi ,ouw nn>poni nnwn >byib onion nN ip^yn nio:on na bnmb nwpii 21.uNO'nvn pinn ni\>nn oniN oa iy>pan monn nrm bw anann n* tn onsyb o>bioiipn ibpo ,n>bio:npn nionn >np b\>> >i>op>on oniwm ,dhid3 n>nno minn nnbio^ipn nbmn ,1784 nwi ioi'vd bNDi b^> vu>n nn^b ,n>bionpn hiivd b\2) biwipD p in^i ,nbm nnuoin b^> nnbiwipn nuDion by minns

bioaipn b\y mionn un: ivn nnin>n biy niDon bin ibn ,n nrm ,nn^u in DHin> vn pn ,ibbn n?nipnn 22.nm >nn mnn

mm Dn>?vb ii^>b wpn ,nnTn nvbit^ipni nnnion n> bv ipDvin\>) nnuriNnni nuiob\>)n b^) niDn bipb ,nnipnn nnb^npn mnoi n>vmn b\y mnsn mvnn in >n\yi pini mnnwnb pn ,mnDin DHiDn n>o>nn nibwnni n>nbDin-Hbn n>uu?nn >n Dunn'nvn \>nn >nnn invn >n i^)pn ^^n'nvn pinn in pi Nb nbiN .nuiub\>)b pnnnnb m ibbn i\yp>i nnb npiym\>) niTn monn niysnNi .pnmb nr tv nib ipmmw ib?d vni ,dk^in nib>npi n?n>iDn n>o>nn nibi^nn

23.nnu^^nD nib>npn n>)*m niDnn >h nvm hd

linn nr\mv nouveau richo mini m?DNb in>i i\>)n ,it no>bN byi nnin>b^> bv >nvn^)n dvh nnivn ,mnn pronb n\>)p>n nbmpn onnN vn it nn\y by nunan pi ,tivi nHT .nb'npn b\y mom iK^n ,nmnn n>bibm mnvm Dniibn\>)n n^vi iv)? ,nb>npn >onon

.npmnn nmb>npn nnwnn nbn n^n nion^nn n^iip nnv nnsyb nm ,nvnn n>bvn ibnn n?mpnn n^onani n^mn Dn\yvnnn n>i>m^nn .nvnb>npn niniun nvnpi nn>bv n^mnn n>nbn d>dhv ,n>ninn n>nbn b\y nnmvnmi d^bTbTn ibnn nn nmmnn niiwb

,b>yb^ nnnn in n^^im 24.i\y>n mon nunb ii^>mn Hb^> nnim .b;/^"i nn ,nb^npn b\>> mnnoi Mr^yr^ by ip^yi in dvn bom

18

mmn nnbynn ,abna n?y*iK o>awna i^am tnpnanw jm ba ,mt?mbi nb'npn nupnb ibbn b\>> nniD'aa nbmyn nmipnn nb'npn itmmm nbmpn nntnnb na> pya mm tnpnanu> mraiyn unb nn?a nnrnK n\>nm>ni nabn\>> baa nbin .ms mmya nnnv manbi nmanb riH mnum nbiy nb>npn rmpnb nniD'oa nbN\>> nbnn ,nipna nbmnabn nmD3 nn>n\>> in ,npmm mvn it nbN\>>\>> pm .nmmn Nibna NbnbN ,nm^n bv nbaipn mvnw rn\DD bw jna by m bn nbmpn >omn tnpinob pvjw noon n?n ,nbmyn nnmm niD>oa mn mv^yn w pa biann ,pm .nipnn >n nninm nmmwn nnb nv bv D>pwmn b\>> nnaw "pnn bin nb>npn nupnb mpnan npibnnm tnpnsn >m?m p^ya ntwnn *nb>npn >oma npbn nn in 18-n rmon b\y n>ya\yn ni^ 10 by nb it "pnoa ina tnpnan p>3ya

25.nm mwp \>mnn nbynb na\ym tnpnan p^ya npibnnn .pibmna la^ Nb o^'nn .mva nnaa nnvn o>boin vn abn nbmp by by n\>?n onn niat> NbN ,nb>npn nnvn rmwbwn n> by nnn&> 26.nnan pa mpibn jdi? by o'bnnb nmmoiNn nb mn>Ji nb>npn

,tnpnan >mwn n?ya namin n">n nNnn b\>> n>3\yn msnna a>ao >nabnn pnn .nb>npn >n inw ny npbn pinn pnnnnb i\>>p>a "nnbw b\>> ivi ma" *i?>t>a mm>t> nwmn pnnn Nini ,api:i mn it nbN\>>

moab oipnon O'wan) notmnn im bv miyo bin 27.b"\>n am in ipn?yn may vvnv 9(Twm ,nnyn) iNn*van bu>a nbmpn >omn o^iyn> b\>> natm b"vi am ^10 ,bifii3n55W3ipa nwwn v^wn pvan\>> fmn b"w a"in b\y namn i^y>o .n myu mmb nna n\>?h

ibp> orm y^iau) nn nmpn ,nb>npn >ia by oip^iDn >m\>>n\>> ,nb>npn >n nn> by onn bui iaa> ,onn nynoa iDnn\>>> Nbi nn^y by

n> by o'poyinn vn n>ai nnpna /nyi r\m 28.n>aib todh n>n> pai mv *ny mn^nb i\yp>a i\i>n ,Dn^y bu)n DH>nn n>poy >bya oipnon .oipnon ny D>anpn nnnwpn mya^n ni^b>anon,i mbpnn in pnob wpn iu)H ,nb>npa^) nn>nHn npn nyo nb ibn vn pn nn^ina ,bioa n>n pn ya^ pnn .nb^npn nionnu)nn biy m nn>byn id^oid t3>poy bmb iD^oin^ ,oipiiDn >m\yn bu) am tn\>?yu> pvan Tiya ,nb^npn by tvonn bm m vitnb rmiobum m nv* ,nnbwn Timbn nb b"m am ,p^ *)tma 29.biyn in onn^nb n^pan ibbn iiodhi monn >anaa n>aitn tnpriDn >rn\>>n ]>a >a ,mva nay Tm by n>aTD nnriD nwoi n^in >\yyn mapya D^i\>)n nnn^n b\>>

30.D?^in nbnn ibnp mb nyba poioa b"\yi ana mannu> ,p^ nann >^t)nnn bu) nnpnn nmn m?3aa mmb in>i ,nyiynnb nnyi mm m bapb naa abnb ymn n>Dt?^ n>ai\>>n n^ai nu?ib\>)b am ,tmim bnoi am n^n^ >m \>)hi rn nwb^n .pi^n p^ya nyn nmna in^au> abn mann ,p^m npi^ ami piann van >arm nntynn >H^onnn nn imob w o ipoa mna n\yib\yn .imn bv naia am *m ipa^na yamn nn npTm it maiy .nb>npn >omn oipnon b*n bv inia>oai ,nn?b nnn n>nm nmbv niiyu m nm pmnn .b"vi

19 vnx ?nn nmm ns ns>ri dhds nin nviv

onnan wbn m qhudi \>>id Kb ibKU?\y nbiwn ntm >d ,iyu in iwn 32mii pn*> nn v>yDb\>> nn ,ibn mib iwni 31.n^imn

nn bw inp>OGi n>mi?> nbiD nan ,b"un inn bu> ,mpn?D by wq tvaou d'ddh ny^Q mbn >pt>9 mi w >d iyt> >*owmn ,dmn 33.b"un .b"\>n lib tmiNinb n>Dt>n Kb Kin in ,nb>npn wed mm onman ,inp>0D >y>:m nn Druina nyn b"\>n 111 ibn 'Dirt m>nn >d nnn <ppy pwiw ,nb>npi onn bu:> npibm nw> nyua yunb nni iwn iwnd ,nn:i in n m>nn .Dm in b\y idioi yuab nbiby nnm pin rm udi pib nnyb notmnn ivo b"\>n nn bw un pt?Db mum vt>>n Dib\>>nb nb>npn nym by inynbi ,b"un nn ni\>mii ,ibn b\y ibn mi \phi b\>> uh ppDb nymn mini .tmnnn mnnyn\>> >dd on?i ^tm pit? >wn n>b hi >mpnn pin rm >:iai pib nnyb iiiwn miran nnnt>bi numii imyb ibn nb>np m bu> m iy vnon >nban otnini pTn b"\>n nn b\>> nnyn n>n pny it ny\yi bi by .vm nb nipvn in unw ,n>mnn n>nbn npii nb>npn m 111 npi nan

34.d\>>nii iniyn niT >ni\>>n ivn pjyi b"\>n nn b\>> it na>pn niny >d ,uwmb \>>> nuwbwn bw nmnyb nnT nn>n nb>npn >t>>m npbn nibwm tnpnan nitmn >byi bayn nnninn nn na> pyi ihi nb iwn ,o>3Nn'nyn ,pt>b\^n nttmni yaa iwan >bipn iat>m nT bnu .nwnn onroan

miyn /nyi nw .nionn >byi bu> nbK nviiT nb>bu)b pinn bn>3 iu?h fnn^un it ip>yi ,i?iy>nn ni^npb n^nbomn pi nmnonn on>n>n n>v^yi nnTn n^biwipn b\y nnmiyn nmm .nunu)nb nbnn inmn m nion ,nnion >nb y?Db nwpn ,nnDQ>Hn b\>> n?n^Dn >Dbi d'nbtnnn b\y nHiw mo ,nui^n mxv nbnni inyn >myrm ,nHin>n nbmpn b\y d?n>ion n>p>3yb n^ nnmy ,u nmiyn 35.nnsun

36.nb^npn wnii imyn b^> mnnt? n^ wbnnbi yuob hd ni n>n Kb ,n>nn^n by nn?Ki nb>npn -pnn nyi^ ,n no>om ,Dii>ob

m n2>b hdi ni n>n in ,b"\>n nn b\y noym yuab hdi pny nm ny Avi pmn nn\yn nub nbmpn m b\y nonn t3^iu)Hin n^pion \2mi bu) n^b inn m^ ms?nn pny n^mnn n>Qbn ,nm i^hi ,nbmpi m^nm mmnn nrmm by nn^b nni mpWD\>> ,nbmpn it ni>nn nnn .n>mnn n>obn bw mvnn omyni nyuD yunb m p

.Dipnan npibnn nna i^)Ki ,i>t)ibnb n^DU in nb>npn nupnb ibm oipnon b^ nnwDi mo npibnnn l>ib oipiion mn ]>i\>> ini nn^Hi 37.ipnm >bi^ idiki niNin nn niDib hd .i>?nb \yp>i nny^ ,oipnDn nuan H>n n? /imm DWiDi oipnon pn pH dn ,b"^)i nn n? bym bNW ,n^by myi bnpn nupn bn nn?n oipnan^ ,i>\>)n nbn .bnpn nupm mvm nn>nwi n^ p byi ,nn^yb pi m^yb n>biD> dvhi ,vniDDoni nnn nn niiiy b"u?i 11b byin b^? m?dd .nipan mm miDD ^imb b"\>n 11b nb>y mini wwn niinm ,nnyib .oipnan ^hi it niHumn 38.innn nnn no^mbi niwbi nn>DbD mvviQ n? nu\>)b

wn m nb>npn >n bD by rm poiDD iin\>)nb b'^i nn b\>) ui^i by

>tf 7/7 j1v 20

nrin> nin bw inmn m nionnn mnn nmnnn >vnbn inw mnyb <)t> by nbnnw ,npibnnn 39.b"\>n nin b\>> mp>t>a by n>pbinn wni ,p*p nin np>OD to oipnon i*b nbn >nnn bn m?nn mi o>yn\>>n bw rpi" ,b"\>n nin b\>> noo t?D*n\>>n 1775 mm nannn ,b"i>n rmpm tnn>nb tnpnon tin n?nnn un pt?D o"b '>on Nnin im ,"nnb\>> nrm> nin tin vny nt in .vyn >nnn imp bn np>oo to nwi ,bnpn nbn >nnn in> nnuni mnun im ,"min> mnn" noon pbn nmnb p*p -piNb .iin>*n m immn mm bn\y nrwn byi b"\>n nin np>oa by ONnnn nonbnni nnyi N>n npibnnn bu> nnvp nuip niwy wann ,nurnrn bnn nt>>3 b"\>n nin i\>>nd ,nm^n bw n*nn nniynbi nin>t?b

40:oipnan by m mnn nn <pnb ,vnnpn nvyn nun iwnd ,pb niip ny b"un nin t>p:i\>) ,nny*b naiosn it nw* ,nnnb din pn\>> n>r^yn pib ninno inybnn nnn imbn Diwb pN >n

nmbnb n>n> n*ru dn D3 ,mp>t>D by lyiyb bnv inN Nb <in >m nN iiwnb nnn oipnon iwDnwn nn notm myo .nyo >n nmnnn by b"\>n nin bw mow mmy p>2 nn?n ,Dv*b D>nnnn n>nbn nnn\y onona nN na>p pm ,mi^ nmnb mybnn n>nnnn nmbn bn id?n nbnn nmnnn nmbn ^on on>nuyu Dalian /mwnn nN nnvni ,bnpn ninnonn mmi) oipnon pN >n ibbn innm Nb dn >d ,oipnon ,miD3 n>nb>np niaon in>p> ,nb>npn ny yan bnn poibnb ibbn nnibn 41.nb>npb Dn>nim:i m ip>oan ,bNii>>> yiNn D>m nnsyb i?>n>

wqd nn^n oipnon bw nnnmnm nn>nmn nmnnn nmbn b\>> \y?m y^on ibbn b\y nnnmn npoon o n>n bmn nwn .nubnin

42.nbn nun bv> nmnnonn ?in>t)n n^ pm ,nnoinnn mi^Hini

oipnon t\h itDDb nmnnn n>nbn nn^pin^ iinn ,nin>ob vn o^pnon fn^m .d^tdid n>^y>o m>nb\>> n>biy bnpn n^pnn nn nuwb no3n\2> Nin b;,^i mm ,nbnb nyun tnd ni^pnn id nnioD nn ,niDDonni ni^pnn by nnnnn n>mn i\>)nd ,n>i\>> .up trrooon

,nb>npn yipn nvvn ,n>\y>b\y .tnpnon by ibm> Nb ibn\y d^iidd nmb>yDi nn>niDim bn im>Nbi oipnan bu) obnin pm^b lum nb>npn >nn ibN b\y n>m nnoanb pi ,nb>npn |ynb nn^ibnn

43.m> by n>poyin noinnn in unno Nin }mv ,vn b"^)i nin bu> n^r^yn i^iy>o pinn n>n jitM1? bNiD\>) nin ,vnN m >ni ,bnpn niipnn tnpnan b\y nnvn noipn nobn ,inmb 44.bnpn ni^pnn oipnon nN o^nnb nnn pbni ,n>nn mi nn>n wvw mnb ,nny >m ,>yiN >n\>>v oipnon noon ,iiyi nw 45.ni]pnn i>^yb nb>npn >nn tnnv nn ,nbnn ibi^ ^n nsyD nniN idid wpn ,nnr wvrv nnvn b\yn d>o>dd nnb )wm \y\Din Nin 46.bnpn niipnni ,nb>npn >nii>\>)b n^ppnn nnin> nnvn isivn mv pvnn ,ni^pnn ]D nnioo vn> oipnon dn Npin npibnnn 47.nbmb ww d3>nu) d^hi d^d nwd bu) n^inn nb^npn >n m> b>?N ]>n imn ym >n ,oipnon myob mmu)n Nin mvn n\ypn i^iy>o nbiN on>>Nn b"u)i nin .oipnon by m ibim nn>niipn\D ,n^nnn nbn >m

21 vis ?nj nmw ns nwri dhds jm nwiv

nnvn mwn mpnon >DbD noum ibm mninn n>nbn bbi nN vmb ,nyi nw 48.n:i ninan mom ibyo m ,Dm?nDb Dm n?ibn dn ,D>mnn n>nbn im>> bD b\>> nn>nuinbi Dn>mobnnb "py bD pa invn nwynb *onw pinn ,bnpn \>>nid myi by d^pj dvn nnnn jnd 49.nvmnb run by nb>npn n> by iniw ,D>ninn n>nbn niD\>>n iwn ,invi pib bnpn Din b\>> mnno nbN\>> mo npibnnn yir yin

mnb naub onDH nn b\>> vivnb nnunnn mv inwn nnn* nnn nn bw nvmbnn vnuyo by nn?b nn? mn>>ni .vin ?m riy bnpn wn n ,pmnbn yjmnb ibn >nm m?i psp nrin> nn ibD> Kb b"\>n ,nyi mo'bwi vn Nb\>> D>ninn by Da wnno >nmn nn immb nmn nnm?nn o iwwn Dn ,Ntw p>Nn .nnym nobmn ninbynn Tin paw nnpya nb>npn b\>> nniovnnnnb ,bm m yip n^b n>nbn ba m?nn p apy .oipnan in nb vn\>> roonn nmo ba na nnai ,psp nnn> am ni\>nm ,bbm id n*v Nbb ,ibm n>nann nowwa nn>vya vznw nn to /rmub in nn ,b"\>n nn bw vm

50.nniD\nnnnb ,nb>npa nvnno nanbi inv pobwb ,b"\>n am ,Nin*n mnn bw mp>t>D iu abn >mn b\>> nnp'OD by vn npibnnn niNsm ^.pwmai n>b\>>nn nmm mwn Da innon bin oipnon mnya ibm D>mnn naaw bD b\>> naiun nm>nn .nnna ,d>it D>vnn oipnon bw mvnn Dinyni b"\>n nn b\>> invn nmy 52. nm D>i\y iiy bnpn nupnb d>didd nvnb Nb\y iD>om nm>> ,pb innn

pnb nDb nipmin nnmn pi nyi 18-n nnm ibn i>yn n>wibDiH mv npm nn>n niinnn n^nn .D?nn >mnn bn uym nuinu) oipnon b\z> Dnii\y?nn b^)i n^nboinn mini i\>mn nnm^n mini i\>>kd ,nDb >p>nin D>nv\y iiy nnbnn n>nn>n niinn mm .i>yi npin ni^n mini ninnn pKn m nnvv nwin niu>bH b\y inn>n>? by uyv>5 Nb ib^ nn npin .n>nnonn mn^nn b^> m>^b D>\yin nn D?u>bn mnnn npm nnb ni nnn Kb? ,nb>npi n?nuD tvmu ,inibD .nntn D>bioiipn b\>) omom nv^biD>Dpn >nDon ,np ,Dui^>n DUNn'nyn n>u>b\>)i DHin>n b^) nnybm nmbn nn^nu^i nyn> m>m ,nyi nw .n^n^on n^nuwinn nn^n ni^on nynpb y^un bn nbnn ivk ,n\>nn pnn nbi^H ibyn nwmn nvbibDn nvn\>)DHn v pnn nbi^N .np>nin t?n>n nbi^h b^) ni^b nnipn m wonb n^)pm i\>)? ,ibn nb>npi mnn uivin mynn b\>> mvnnn n>\>)Hi nn>n vbi >nnnn nnm nv\>)b .nbmpi >^vnn nvnb ion nuwn n^nm n>nnn nnnb by noonnn nbiyn no^m b\>) t^^i

.nmn nmyi nHin>

ny nmx 18-n nnnn b^) nu^)n n>^nm n>mpnn nbmpn .n^niinn vi^)pi vpoy nvmn nbnn mn>n b\y m>n>n mwnub^n 53. >bibD ih >o>bn myn by nioonnn tnwin nit>n?nn ni^np mu

,Hin >nh nbiH ,n?>bn nnin> n>nnn nnnyn by 111b inu ?b pny n ,\yumb w> .nmn>n mini in n>n nnii ny n^nunn n>WDnb\y

HbK ,n>nipnn n^nbDinn nwibunn ny n>nnn nnnym iinn p? nn^u ny m nn m>nn ,nn^un-nnn^n mwnn >n ny ip>yi

>tf 7/7 j1v 22

m mbp m?a mwan* - msvbwa bna \>mm - it nyam .n?mpn nnm>n nb>npb nvaivxn nvmmn nvmann nwann bv )mnn \>)Dn3 *nya\>> ,nmviv\>>n >n pipy .nw>nn natm vn nt ybrwb .abna

/pym >man wdi m> nmnr tnvn nbm nba>p iniaraw ,>vau *ma ,nnm>n rnana n>mnn nmmn n\>nin mm .obnm na naa nm Kb o?mann nimpvn n? nan Kb 54,mma mbomn mmn id yawmw nnvm ornmajipni mmnn nnomb nvvn nv*n .aivnn id mn\>> inn rva ^aa pib riovb annm .mann id pbn n> by nbxv ]D>oa nntmmn nanvoa pdn mm bw wai ivn nanp nnnn mipDn <paaD

- mnN mna mmo - mm nm naya m .n^i DnDiyai vmn on* pa nnnn rmra nnyv nn ,mann >bbab obnm jawa m*v nbmpn an b\>> mvmb ddsv <pab oama ,oipnan .nbmpb miamnob bab ,ntnan n>a mm 'ib nbn bv vvpan m mtmb iwp>a ,vnnpnbi ,n>mmi nnaim rnana n>an?:iovNn nnianvm Dmabnwn m vna>

v>>p>a Kb Ntw yimn n ,\>wmb w> .iaa mnn nwa>a niwvb i^ni\i> >aa nvnan nnv* m n*nb in nuam by npab nnnnmi tnpnan wtebv nnipnn id .mm nvpanb vnm baa ,nn>>VD in nuibinnw nnip >a bv mmn nN asvb nmn muwwb nnv TDia <\h nbiy Nb

manw aiyDan D?mm D>v>aNDi n*mn ibnoa mw bn nmvDa m ,Dmann nmbn naawb i\>ma nbiaa nan naDtH nnn ,nnnai nabn nbmpn *priD nnmna nnibn .18-n

man b\>> aibny >bw nnm Dnn>oma Dnamn .tnpnan bv mnbw by m m ,D>Dann nrnbn naa\y ba bv mDVD m prnb na>NU) dv mm nraan npmm D>onan nanw 55.n\yma imyn to nH>^n inn nain

bu)a np^ya ,oipnaa ipaNDa b"vi am bu) ivD>b na*?nn ?bi ni\yn? it naa\y ^ao Dnaa^ d>pbn .d^nnnn >poya omntmn nn>pov aib>^> liom n^*mi nn>iD n\>>ynbi ,mnn >baban->mann moa n>abn\>m ibnn n> bv nb^npn >poy nn^tn .nn^a pi ?bi nb>npb ymn b? n^ nnv nnnbw ,oipnan n> bv im xbnm nn ,nmma pn bbn m*> n>onan

mai^i nabin nianvn o>bm ibnn ,nbbn Npin >biHi ,nmb*Tann n^aiaa vn ?b nmmaoni nmupnbw ,nb>npn bv mwwn n^r^va >v bv oipnan wpim npibnnn imbv mim ,bvnb ia np>vi bba

nnv b\y n>Dmn nib\>)n nau naivn bv n^mnn nvnb nb>npn nb oipnabi ,n>onan aipD mvi n> bv nava Hbm nt vpan .nb^npn ,b>vb im^n )D yiw ,nb>npa nmian ithd mw 56.]?wb nv^ ba nn>n

rnana n^inn ,,n?^bm/,n nnm>n bv nma m ptnb n>n bibv mtPbw iia\>)n bv ipwi ,n>pmvn "n?:iai"n mman ]nvn by nnm>n n ,n>n nm^ nra^ a^na .nb>npn nnoma ^mn am bv nubnmn i^na ,pn>a bu> mao >jaa nnniv nvmmnn nvnb>npn nn^onn n> bv n>a>onob? nb>np upmv }miv*Kn bv nb^ bom vpia

.tnpnan bv nbu ba n vvn wn .b"vi am bu> vni^n n>nm ,p K>an ,nb>npn bv nnipiann ^bnn m ynv n>^n nmn nu)bm invn Kb b"vi am n ,nn*u nbiK .nb>npa nnvn "na^b m i>a>pva

23

n>nbn maw nipn ipn>3i ,nb>np3 tnpaian rm\& man tin naiaa nnn t>aa>nb tnpamn by maab lavona .m> by nannaw D>nann roabnn nmmn mam mman pan na mnnb 3m wp>3 omano D>m pi mnwaanm nmwn ,D>aioao Dana .romnonn muinb in?nt>a ,b"\>n nb law n>n\y Dam >d by Dbw .iiyi Da mo D>t>a*iDb

ronitnni vmw im D>royb ,>nabn pmaa -pnn ibNaw nmwn D>bn nt ii^d Da nriDb i\>>p33 .mnm nmn nnan nvm-nvbnan ,t?pamn riN ynanb mbs* dn >a ,iid b"\>n 3m >a pro ,D?rom?nn by D>aoiD nyiyb ibnn *i\>m ,D?nipnn nnnnwn nn Da Naib bav b"\>n nn b\y intnam nt ibnn bw obmnn pbwan .nb>npa m\ynn nt pnn *n\>>n .D>nann >mbn niD\y p3b ia>i <pm pn? mwnb w>in mint? nmn nai\>mib nnNi "iwn ,nb>npn >pbn niwb Da bnbn D>nmn n>nbn Da i^hd ,n*an abb ntnin ,main ro\nbit>3N rvan ,nn b\y ima>nan3 bna nt ron nwynb .nbw nba mn>yb D>N>n>

mman nnyni naw in /mb>np3 roronnn nowm pninb vw ,rovpbiDn-robab3n-nnmnn nnyni nmpn m won iwn ,D^*rnn

wp*>i ivk ,nb>npn >ai bayn .nmnn b\y i>bnn bw imarya nnsnn 1784 nawi i\n'a>a bN*n nain n\>>N3 ,bxn ibn ,n>bN nronmnn pinnb ib mwDuw mny ,ibm nnwwn nnbioaipn maaion by nainna psp nnn> nn ana it nawi .nnwwn monn >bipD bayn 3>nmb pnya "min> nann" nao b\>> p\>mm pbnn nn iron nab lino y\ym d>^ ni>^i ibn >mn iddid pb iidoi^ n?na .npibnon

57.oipai9n npibnn p>ayi dt> by "mpioon mibn"n vn nbiyDn yrvv nomi po^n iDin .biai ibn b"\>)i nn by ynbn >n ,q?y >d fb>yb wnn\>> ,inn D>ann vwiy .D>bioa >nbi nHian >m ."inNn wdiw n\y d>aaoni on\2>nw Dn nnvi vby d>u)pDn nti^n >pbn

mini i? ,inmnb nnnp yn\>?ri\>> hid ptn pny n>n noyn ,DaDW o n>n i\>)^n .mam n?>ab nb^i\>) t^^Q ,onDN ,iai by nn nnoa n>umb pn ,vmi *ny imanb ̂ pn p byi ,iam yiomb i^)pi> van* miiann b'^i nn invri ^b i^a Da ,Hpy hi .nbwiwn i\>)nn n? bban ,iu^n in pbn n> by \>)Dna nt iy^ >a nnn .Dnpnn ion ny^b pw^ab qoia nvpn ,inm inn in>b? nn duwiti d>mn n>nbn Da nt inu)i ibnmb >bm nb>npn by nnbitnn pwa b'^n am b\y imobnwn va^ mnya inn^ ,nnnb nnoN ann^ nnnb i>ao .D>nann n>nbn ,n\>)pia mny mbab n*ny in ,b>yb rma\>> >oa >bwi ,tnpaian npibnna ?bi am m>naa pbn bi iboa ?b oipaion .ibbn by na baipn n>n nb Tat> DbiN ,nb>npb yinn nnvn m\>>n ,nt pnya ni>\>>> nyn iy>an naannb onw nmyi D>nann n>nbn nrwa nynw nnyi >a nunb

ybna ,in^y noa nnip ny>u> bya Din i>nbn /rmnb d>idh am .na>nb on ia ,nb>npn nan Dm D>nnn vby noabi n\yyn m^yb isnyn m>n3 ,imu>i nn b3pbi vpoo nn nn>by b3pb D>3?nnn

inp nt m\y b\y miD>pn m>n by na Dbw .Dn>n nwibw nD3 pnnnb 58.pmy

twin /n> 24

iv nsbnn >a by rum nvpm byi vby pm m nirb b"\>n rm nmbn bw DniN>2Di nnn\y nvmb ,(1793) T^pn moi 'n mm Dvb Dbynnb <pt?n Kin .nbmpn "pmm nDrmn" udd o>bm d>ddd by rn\>)Dnn mbnn imw niipyi m>m\0 ,nnnnnnnn in mwp'yn nym n nnunw pn> .n> by m b\>> mm irwb mi) i^h ,my-r ^b b"un nn .ib ynnbi rnnnn nimnDi ibmn nanan vnnb innmD nmymw ,n?>3b nbwiwi nann^n n>bmn mm bnpb nm bo> roiyn bw pnnm ism nm Kin .rmmn mnm didd ibn nbmp u>*m Pvdd .inn* m bwi ,nnyni im\>m nmbn nnm niw ,n>ny-nmnt>d nnuiDi by iiyiyb n^my tm?nnb w notmb baitm nm Kb *on NbN ,m\>>bi nbupD *jmi iw Kb Tioitm 59.n mitm bw nniD'pm nn>m vm>3b nbww in ,pindi n*>:> b"\>n rm .mup \>m by pDb <pom nmb onon mm ,mm innb wru nmvm dddn .nnyDi ,D>nb hdt Nb\>> pvdd 60.(i805) n"opn oiwi n"n mm nvb iy im\>mi

unibi ,vm^b nna\>m >nn Dbynnb mbp m?i ibn mm nny ibi> hi pi .d>ii\>> pi pwn b\>> myDi ,bnpn Dim nno\>mn >nn Nb\>> nil by D3 ̂ ,nns din nbmp wmi rm^b n>ib D>nm nbwiw by ypn nbmp wmi nny^) D^in in im Nb in .it vyi nmm nunv mm

.vmN mb im\>m nn \>mm D>Nin nnm ibn

by D) rnibwn it n\>nob vn o^n fn>\2)?i .pnb mbnv iddd nm3 ibnn\>) niran ninnn mm ,19-n nnnn nbm mmn b\>) nmm byn ninob w m\>)in nviD>H byn nib n^m nbmpn tiii^d bu> nn>\>>mi .n>b>b^ ibn rnbN\2>b nii^nn .nnr irmim n^i\y m\>>Dn

n^Kn'nyn nnon^n bnmni pub\>)n mm mw innonb bnn n n^n n^nm no>Dn ni^i^ Kb pny i? ,non>k ntn^yn nyDU)ni ny^D^ nb n>iniin iniDno .n>>mn im b\y vnimnoi nnynb i\yHn >ryn pi nn^n >^yn p ,nb>npn \>)^id idiq nvnb <pt?n Him byion

^?in mn b\y nipDnn nnym nr\>) .o^Nn'rnyn n^iob^n pi ibnn ̂^nd'nyn nnonmn nmi niDDiD nibmpn iqd ,nbni ^irin inynn ^n^nni irnnnw nn^b ,19-n n^nn bu) mwn n>^nni nQt?iDm\>) ,"nin>n nbmn npin" b\y nni\y> nnKbi nbmpn bownm

61.1865 m\yn nnnn b^yb rnptnw n\yiDn dkh ,?>n bp\yn nbyn mm nbnu) id myDi ,ibn nbmp *?v nmnbim mwb mn ninob i? mon mip^ linn it nbNw pmb nm> win in .munn Dbiyn nmpb ]wn Dbiyn D>bbinnn ibnn 18-n nNnn .nnibbDi nbn i>yn b\y inr nnrnn nmonn obi? ,ibn Dn>mi D^in Dminnn rpsmnni mw n>bnn iid yip tnrm .19-n nnm pi D>n>yb nD^ ibbn D^nr^n bu> DnyD\yn bw ibnn rninn nnm Nb ,D?i:p\>m bv nmin nu)pn nnnb o ,n^nm Dnnn 62.nmyn nm^ni nvmm nmpb nyn bu) i^nn 18-n n^nn niinn p nbiii it nbmp Dbin ,nnmm nb>npn >i^b m mmi "nmn mm" nmw D?on>H nnm> nimb nobp\y n>nbomn nnnnn imb nn>\y> *nn vDiy by mnn Dbiyn ,imbD .mTnb non^ nbmpn id Dmbmnn ,DipnDn bu> dhu .nimDi nsmi byoi ,nnmm

25 V2S "113 Jimm TIN 17N>li> DHDS 21,711V1V

pa mntn .mn a>m m> roby irmann-iwimnn Dnya\>>m mtnDQn inn rmm\>> ,nb>npm bnpn bu> d?din pab >mannn->mn Diian nbrm ,d>a\>>a jiihq i^aa >nb>npn niwnn b\2 d'pnaiQn d>a?SKQn b\>> nabDm nnnan oman am nbmpn >a baipQ ron naya dm ,p*ro>nb

mron >a>ya innonb ibnn nn ,yap nan>>> Dipna d'awn DH>ron bba nniwnn rnwsnn in naw - n\>nn Dbw rmnn b\y mip >abnn Da y^nbi biyob "in ,nb>npb firm iN\>>>nb na\>> - mainm nawn ,nb>npn bw n>n\>nn rnaonb yinn rpbmiD nma pa tnpaiDn .roma oipaiDn bw mrrmwn ,nyi nw .na wrnnnn by rnai iy>a\>)n Dbw

mnn) nmrpn naiD^b yinn nnman .^dd jvpd Da nnm nb>npb yinn >rya bna \>m>n vn ,nnin> Npn nrrn nb\>> romann onpni ,cnn>-bN ia\>> ,\>rm asnb Da abn mn> iD\>ma it n^ioa .naipnn >abnn nin>n b^ inyfbi uinb rnana ibya ,d>Dan nrabna d>oaiD ,nb>npn nanan Da nr bbaai ,d>oaiDn pab ann pa mbnn pna nom .rmnnn ann b\>> ait? bab naann nbmnabn\>> - nmnn rryaon niamann - tnpaiDn >n ,nmn>n na*D\>>b yinn Dniann .rompnn niaana Dnbw rnbn on ,ain b\y nnyn by *ia>nn nnnpi nb'npb rpbmian ma?nwnn rmpDnai nmrvn nbmpn o*na naann nn>>*n bw d>pnainn van>on

.>amnn Dbiya

nb>np b\>> nrmna nmpb yun >a ,nn*nn niTiita pyob baia ,pb oaa ,abna tnpaian b\p omawnn Dy annw /'Dnrmn d>am"b abn 63.niaain nnu)Da ran vm>ab dhqh ain nwi^ ano ia^)Dn nya

Dbiyb abn nbmp b\y n^nnn nonDn - d>^yQn mTDn ,riHT dv ban nn riN\>>b DanN iD>Din oipaian .nann naipnb nnma - mninn ,19-n nnnn b\y nDiwb Da 64nb>npa n^ramnrn n^tmvnn ,nDi>pn n>rnann nanob nanaw D^n n^T a^pa iwmnn onain Dbw n>nboiDn nmiann nanon nmy Hb ,nDn>Ka nb>a\ynn nn^ian -nbn oiv^Dn nnana ^hi roma mnnn pamn mTna n>aiD\>>n

.rmnbtnn

nnyn

naaa bw nnyn noun Kin m nana *

"The Controversy over Rabbi Ephraim Laniado's Inheritance of the Rabbin ate in Aleppo," Jewish History, 13, no. 1 (1999), pp. 83-101.

bya m imm Dims tin nwoNb mui bwnw inot mp 'diid1? win .it nan

.in 'ay ,(1996 ,n>b\>nv) dn^vsh d>m omn>n ,t>mib 'n nnmnn i?y .1 nnsamn nvmon nimotm nib>npn nwrom nniann" 'k i?y .2

D>bunv) ,7/717/7 >#>,(nmy) tm 'a Tim ,"mu>y-yu>nn nnan nDNa'niyn .242 'ay ,(1996

,to>dn 'w imi ,"(1830-1650) n^Na'niyn nnaawn DHinm" ,>k:m '> ]?y .3 .83 'ay ,(n"a\>>n ,D>b\>>iv ,N"n) os^sn wxini Dmmnmrim

>*7/7 J1V 26

.109 'm> ,(n"b\>m ,o>bunv), mvm mivn ,y"D '> nnmnn i?y .4 inii>b ,num vu>> ,pn 'a bu> naon odt^ it nna\>m bu> ptmim nm .5 %nm nwm by .[imy pm nbb] in nn nnaum tnm nmpn ,o"bin

mnmn nnN rroiv" ,intni:i 'h pn> mmm nanna nimn nunvn

-i89:(n"nwi) 50 ,/;>y/'nmipmn nmnn mn bm\>>> nib>np bw nnnnn

,pnwmn 'b nm nn*m'nyn nnanwn nibmpn mmn nmnann by .220

<pt> iyi run nnnn mbian nnpn mmn nmnm nbmpn bw mnann" -in nonmnw ,mait?b>ab impii inmn nbnp t3U)b mm ,"n"m nmn

.92-91 'ay (3 niyn b>yb) win nni p .150-146 'ay ,N"n ?n"bwi ,fim /'nQDoni npibna

- nbnn nniyntnm nmat>" ,bnin '> nnmnn p>y .6

npwm ,miDV2 onpno yzip - 7J>7#> ,(aoiiy) bxai'm ywn '> "pm

.138-119 'ny ,(n"a\>m N"n) wrshi nnn >u> nnwv>nni

>pmnb omT ntinin nwiv mm bw miainab iiNnb nn >pmn .7

,nnnb w"i nnmnn i?y .nnnnN nil by m nnatni nmynomn *.h'm ,h"y \?-h"y 1 ,[N"om ,o>b\>m>) ,nai?w

0"vw nnm) ip> >bn ,(i"3\>? nnm) man >bn mat? n\>> by ib hi m nan .8 .1605 nawn luaa .(T"m nnm) td >bni

m ini nnwn nai inn ?nn ny pnn inn pin nnwn tin in nn\>mnn w .9 nn >an D3D'o ynim Dwn b"\>n nn pin nn>a byi in mm inab

".my pi> nw nbn nanv :h 'm ,N"y h ,(7 myn b>yb) svd ,iiNnbn owmnn inn on p .10 nm> >by rjmp rjm Nimi Npnn own 'bay bnn mbmi m?m miyn yian maiwi nu> nTn byai nmn nmom onwi in minun Hb nb>bi Dinn >nipnn ni mmnu) Dnu) >b nt...n npiiT ni>u)i mpT d^i >by ruby ,pv nn> [n^piDi nanni nua] via onoN >b i>p> pn pisnn pnn Dbu>n

.'lliin^ bnb nib>nn] n'^bnn on\>>n pmn nninn nniinb ynnu) nrni ^nn" :h'm ,i"y-n"y h ,(7 niyn b>yb) xvi ,iiHnbn Q^Himn inr? an p .11 vby Hipi t3nDH mpi inn [om imbn] n"n op t3mi> oni mn

mn>pi msy pnb w2 onnn ooddq nmi .inn> nini ^ob bin...iyiy nana >bN inn Nb Nin d^i nm n? nbn p^i nn\>) n>n> bDi mi\>)i nw D\>>b mam p^u) nnbo >Nb)>Ni ins n? iinbbi ?m mm n innb dn n imiaibn nn by Nbi...n^pi om nn^ rmnn loapbi nibpbpyb h*?h ntbi imn nn n^oab nan my mmn mmy nnny hjhi nnis byi >by

Jimi Him mipon nn vnw n pb nnn nnn mnT imvb ,in^bH nmn natn inmn imn inn in^bN nin b\>) iniy>t) npy .12

,v '>o ,N"y ds ,awapn nnmnn p>y 18-n nnnn n>snDb iy mynn oy inonn nbn b\>> nmpn by .13

B. Masters, 77*e Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600-1750 (New York, 1988). Dnimn onnmn b\2 tminu>mn n^Hi by inyou)ni ni^bm^Dpn by .14 nyown nbnn 'oipaniD'n" ,>p*ib 'n nnmnn p>y nbnn troii^n nDDnnn noipn iy 1673 mvn) D>im>n n>n\>)m by nvsbm>Dpn inomn m\>)b pmn ,pn 'n p>y p .76-46:(h"^n) 1 ,/;>y ,"(nmoisn 9 /'npnDH pDsm t^Knbn bNi\>)> mbmp rmbmb ipnn" :?tnm

.124-112:(H"QU?n) A. Marcus, The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity

- Aleppo in the Eight- .15

eenth Century (New York, 1989), pp. 45-46.

27 7 i2N n72 772.777 7N 77N' P17 D7N 7.7 77 n7 7

m\>nnn n>yn ioi'a>o m bw Dromni D"myn" ,bNm '> mnma pn> .16

.ayp'ny ,(t"au>n) t Jnd>d ",i 784-1850 nbm ronoisn '>o ,n"in ,501 'ny ,(n"n\>>n ,d>b\>nv) %riDi>\>> >a> u>r rvn ,nanb w'"i pn> .17

.n"y 'n ,nmpn ,N"n ,a"opn ,imvb ,mm> mnn ,p*p '> ;t>"b nnanan nibmpn nnftnYTinn o>bnm tnpnon b\>> awnn ompn by .18

nm nnan'nyn A. Rodrigue, French Jews, Turkish Jews (Indiana 1990), pp. 39-40. mnyn by did>d .i"d '>o ,n"y nb ,mpivD niDi>n ,(17 myn b>yb) psp nNi .19

p>y np-m nbDbD nnyn onimyn byi nbmpn *pna tnpnon b\>> >nmnn .72-64 'ny ,(14 myn b>yb) >psib mnma

,n"in ,483-482 'ny (17 myn b>yb) un n>n /nanb n> by onam nwn p .20 mm pp >ni irmnybi ibyob din riN^b odiodi yn din bD nt o" :n"b '>t> mb nohvt oipaNYon b*N DniDiDi d>m\>>n 'n dv bD Dnb nt Dinb nwn mm p\>>...yvrD mnN minyn pon Dm my i\>?n muyn in Nam naam mm iDwnw nmD rnmy myb d>iNnn Dyn bDi tiidi i\>ny mnn

".tiddi nbnaa Dnb nannn noipm p>oyn bwnb p .D>m onnannn ip>oyn D>bitnipn .21 noon .mN mnn on>na iwy m? ,Dnnamnn nwy nn\>> nnona bioaip nmwn nvbitnipn Dnnannnn noon nnnan /nbin bioaip Da p>oyn nnr

nNi F. Taoutel, Watha'iq ta'rikihiyya 'an Halab, v. 1 (Beirut, 1958), pp. 104-105. Dmyn ,bNm namna pn> nrnb niaianm ioi'a>o bNoi m>n niann by .22

,(16 myn b>yb) S. Schwarzfuchs, "La 'Nazione Ebrea' au Levant, Rassegna Mensile di Is

rael," vol. 1 (1984):717-718; B. Le Calloc'h, "La dynastie consulaire des Piccioto (1784-1894)", Revue d'histoire diplomatique, no. 1-2 (1991): 139 142.

.Marcus (note 15), p. 46 .23 .n '>o ,iy 'ny ,(T"a^n d>b\>>n>) nwinn nwuNi? w"inn n"w ,nN>ab \>>"n .24

nn ,nb>npn >o>nn oipnon wwnb ]nn\>> noon a>ao no>onn >aab .25 nob ,nniwnnn lyin b\>> myiwn nyapb iama\>> mnvn nn*pm>Nn\>> Nin in p iwn nam pm> am b\>> imnao nyin Nin ,(1772) n"bpn na\>)

yno nob nyi>n N>n^> ,poo |>n Dno bD by .n"bpn 'i und t"o dvi ,|nyi ibm d>DDnn n>nbn nnn nn>n pny nDbnm^ pion ,oipnon npibnn oipnon npibnn n^no ivm ny>npb i\>)ni .]bnb i?yi ,mDibni m>nN

.189 myn ,73 'ny ,(14 myn bn>b) >p*ib i^y nnn^n in pinn >o by nb>npn by iboinw nnwn wx>mn mob niNnan .26

;t;/b ">v ̂"in ,497 ;ny ,(17 myn b>yb) unnu, nNnb nNi bwnn b\>> inb aD-n;/y o> ,D"n ,0t"om ,D>b^)n>) f?sw> >vn ,n?nb ;ni nNnb v''^ ,]>^p '>

M-n '>o ,N"y Da nNi .n^b-t'b '>o ,n"m ,501-459 'ny ,(17 myn b>yb) un ,n?nb .27

. n '>o ,N"y d ,(26 myn b>yb) >iV7t^> >ym b"^)i am b\>) inm .i"b '>o ,n"in ,493 'ny ,(17 myn b^yb) ;j>7/7^,nNnb .28

nnm Dn\>)Di" :i"b '>o ,n"in ,48i 'ny ,d\>) ,b"\>)i am b\>> inn on p .29 Nin wm 7\\\o D>yii> dvn nib'byi D>\>)m d>ddd bNi\>)> b\>) Damn biDNb

ibini bna mio Ninw miN d>nii^) i>yn niD [.n.> .nNiai] ]>y nwi noo msn dv biyn N\2?n Nin\>) d>n\>nni d>obNbi niNnb nmno dv nn?\>n

\y>\>) bDi...DnnN by nmn \>>> >n*ti nrn id dni bbDi nn^n )n d>ymn Dm

28

pin Da pnn ,"insyn in nbnn hud nnn Nb ipbnn onnn by main /a'n? ,n"y no-a"y ?d ,(12 myn b>yb)

.t"b'na ,n"in ,498 'ny ,(17 rnyn b>yb) tf>7/7tf,nNnb .30 b>yb) u>7 n>j ,vronbn nwain b"\>n ann naiani nnatan onam >pt>d .31 ,an-n 'ny ,(24 rnyn b>yb) nwmn ,vmnb m pnn .499-481 'ny ,(17 rnyn

nan dn nnpy pn ,a 'na ,ta-an 'ny Da nmi .n '>o ,ny-tt> 'ny ;a-n '>t> .inani D>b\>m> nn pt>d on>by bipb nnnnn abn

s'l vby nm ny .25 myn b>yb nm .a"apn nnm ,pmp pn noon nann .32

yf"7n >7^D,bNin '* pi ?b 'ny ,(a">\>m o>bunv) ^7^ wh wumpt ty\mb .398 'ny ,(r"a\>m D>bw) rmx din >ddii 5? nvimn miDvn -

.t"u 'na ,i"y Np ,(12 myn b>yb) inn p>y .33 nn b\i) pvNn nnyn tin t"u '>t> ,n"y ap ,02 myn b>yb) Tin iNnn p .34

:b"\>n nn\M] i"i3 nn unin nonw ["pan* bNb nn^ pn ]nna] n">bo f'n bin

ms nmy>] w NDbQ pno >ab pup "W bnao ban by [mpiin nmm b:> [n]'ia>non ban n*mm bano! p^qtdi nianon bDn "(bin ̂ ymw [innvi

ton o>mn 10 nbnan nuaa n?\yn Kin)!) >ab vbN pN>n> nwpn inn "pyoi...Nin nn nbun wy vmv tto ub vN\yn n">b\>n iraab vn

w Kb ton [bNTO> yiN] >"n mibw bnm o>onnn bno ymi o>m>> >by pi\y n?dn bn pnm T\>>y irvoNb non pi pi nrpomi nonnn irrmn nnvo onw n?bn fin* pN] mamiDobi im >ryi .pm i^ob mv) n"v rmvnn nnn onb \yny myi\y onnvnn ]Q W imip bnp] pwp t3'DD bDl D'n>m^) ]VD [HT byi] TWDV1 bDH ]Q QniUD [min Nbi n"t?rnD3 ntnDn nna Dnnnn vs> pwpn oy nnb isi Nb dtti pin >dd >dd nun )h Di>p by msy ion ^qdi dti cpunnn in Kbi onn Hi iriQ

t'31 MmMi...njnDi n^nD p nw d^dvd nnDi...in>b ntn ;n inn ,nnHn Dn'i3n\y iro'i nby po nw'b^i onn^n by w nn lamn nn^Ni

mm on^im v3DD o?op t3>DDni^ ppb [lbpssm [t3]'>QDnn Dmu?3D .tsnn nb'vb

nnnwx ,o^Hib 'a ,58 'ny ,(14 myn b^yb) >psib ;Marcus (note 15), p. 47 .35 nmyn b\y npnn .285 'ny ,c\"n\>>n n>b\pn>) rwnmn nwn t>w mm y?t?n ,ibND mnsnn pnv nmna ,ir n\>)nob nvuaiibi ninnn'ny nnipnb nu)nn ,nny nyb .mbN nniobu?n nion>nn bu) nn^bn mnmb

. nnu)DH mvH ,ibn .60-59 'ny ,(14 myn b>yb) >psib p^y .36

noon oipnon npibnn np>y nn in>n ,77-73 'ny ,(14 myn b>yb) >psib .37 ,73-65 'ny ,(1993 ,n"n) nmrn ma j>n /7;7/7> ,b>nNu-ina .n .isp

np>y by ntin 135-129:(i984) (>) n ,ny; /'nbnn oipnon" nnNnai din nb>np uv Di>n ?n" ,p>wiT 'w n\>?iy Da pi >psib bsN onnn iNinn nbap du)b mny ,"p\pm nb>by iy 18-n nnnn ysn^n niis pa nipibnn n i>ya ny .a"nu)n ,p nm ,ibmna nu>oianiN ,inoin hhi vnma id npibnn by .abna pi Kb ivvn oipai?jb nvnipn mbmp p>oa pbi2)D by .n"d '>t> ,N"y no ,i"sn ,n>ntN ,N"n ,nama >na ,inan '> bwnb A. Rodngue, French nm 1869 nawa imtna Dipanon b\>) miaa niaaiNnn iaiD\>? ̂DD ,"naNia"n pa aib>0 by Jew5, Turkish Jews (Indiana 1990), pp. 39 :monm ninn nns" ,11s nm nmipnn nbmpb ,n>onma oipanan nayna ninin>n nm^bw nib^yoi nannn nm^ >aba nmnsn ninnnn nbap D\>>b mam ",i888-1873 pbnnibip pt>b\>>b mmy >nbDin ii\?b\>>n p>oa by d\>) vninoni 13-10 'ny ,n"n^n ,D>b\>)n> ,n^oioib>ab iiupn iNin

29 nmin ns ns>j}> d>idn nin nwiv

'> riHi jptn nibn pnya >pnibNo bnp niapna oaanb oipaian by niDDb .a"y ay ,ib 'n> ,V'v ,a"pn iam>b ,7d)> >-m,ONaTN

:NHy a-a"y n ,nmpn ,(17 myn b>yb) pap onam nN iN>n id .38 >aionn W2W na nnN hon ib npn nab hi inHn ioya tn>n >nn ins* Nbo lansono yoo [ntmn nm] a"naa wvnai oipnon >bnai nnN dv moN hns* ny D>n>bi .d'oiidi d>m nnp nmma b?ob o>oan inoN nw>p? ib tain Tm lrvab own aaa aiya >nn...b?t>b ma n>ai inonb bnio noyai tnpaman nnm an^a y-p Kb ibwa iosy noy yinb

wn <)K ivyn >m noaon to iron py bN nsinn b?ob n>oy naa yno bo nioaonn bbaa caw tnpamano nyoo Nb dn nyp Nbn nnoN a>on nnNa n>nN Nb >aaNi Toa D>oaaai Toa nwatv oipaNian >oa bai vyn >aa lann] Via b"omn nn tin bNon own ibn...?Ty bo niaima b?ob nana inn n>n nnN dn [n'piai Nanm nnoa nwab nnbo bN<n nn niyib t>ipaN*ian >oa jinn 'not nyinon ait) Nb >a nn>n inaioni...n?n niapni ninaonn baa d>a?n on oipaNian mo NbN royxn anao o>aaa naao >a nb vnm am ivab moN hn own nan .djtin pN ioiai ryn ba iino ow ^oni ib mn ao>n mno noyo myan 'an yinoa wi...N>n iQNb vaa by lnimaim nwoa >ai Nannb impi onn inboi tttpaNian my vyn niapm niODunn bbsa insy o>aanb nnyn nai omb n>oy hdd yrm Nb obiym owa Dwa D>apr lanaNi ia>maN miNi ia>maN ini Hb ion n?i...nrn ovn iy [nais qih] ywiNb lawia dvo nnaon Dioa t?aa>b laana

]ni...ia>anaQ mim by ia>D m binob ib n>n...b*om? m omb mn>n nt n^b Nn>aT...b"oinD am pai oipaniDn pa [opaio myb loy nbaon nny i'dq Nbi ,tj'Qia iniN^oa ainab ioy mm nn nrrn apy...vnnna nnonb

.nnyn ia*t oinb ]?n ia?

id .o>Qoia o>ai o>a?aya b"oi ain bo Nnaibon ia n>n ]^p min> am .39 ro'bnn by mown napn b"oi am ]p>n nao bibm bo o>oyn boa ,bonb

mn^nn romyn ^ by .naoa abnb *pnon ̂nn iddd iDion mry p^b 5ns ,n>nay 'x p>y .iio>nn nn i>nnb mnan ,p^p min> am ,ian>a nb^DJi paya onpibna .135 ;ay ,nbwan lyo ,(N"non ,o^boii>) ww> o>bon> ,N"n) urn pyo ,n?ay fn iina ,o?nn monn ,n^oy 'n nm <pin 'ny ,(32 myn b>yb) nwab ]?y )>^p min> am by .'1 'na ,415 'ny ,0"non

.ab

ono ioy ,H"y a-a"y a ,nmpn ,(17 myn bn>b) p^p tanam nn iH>n id .40

tn >d imma >nn ono noya abom nn^ nny pn" rnpibnnn yno m^b mi nbyn bo na^o>a aopana Nyim >D>pn pai ino >d ,nab miNoa >a? nnmo oyn mNoai ony loona i>yn >aioi oipanion >bna nprn n^p Naym./ny >odhi >an o>ma >nw>oa amab nyon nynn...inNn...Nini >an Nia^nn >bmi an >a >a>a nn ib iba> oai mm>D pn in ubn nay Nb o n>a

[oipaio onn^onb] na">onb nnanb...p^bn naaa Na iitn ib iiqn on <]H on>by nN iba >d nd>n amv nnai i>yn bo mmonn biy on>by bapb [opaprn n^y nN aityn n^b Nma Nni...n^pa oyn ba by ai bonia bioni biy on>by bapb na">onb onnanb oyoa oyoa miwoa ainab bmnni

".mnDonn 0010DO bo onpna oa nimN ni^paoi nt dvn b>yonb lana oipaion .41

'.o '>o ,a"y na-a"y id ,a;,n ,(26 myn b^yb) bNio> >yn nNi .uiv ta^oiya

pnnnb lana oipaion .i/;a ;>o ,a"y nb ,mpioo mabn ,(17 myn b>yb) parp .42

bya oy mmb wmy yaip n^n aa tanamnb minna ion "i^n ai" pyn .nd 'oy ,(32 myn b>yb) nmi ]?v .inab miQD oq'oi n>an

>tf 7/7 }1V 30

D>t>noaip nwnn imm toni iaain ton mpioa ninbn" bu> nma did>d .43

"V"in >am d>pnmnn nnmn innn ton nwn Dnuaipi p\>>Nin onuaip .(17 myn b>yb) p*p iitan Nmn ,D>on>D d"o im oipaian npibnnn

.\a"b '*) ,501 'ny ,(17 rnvn b>yb) tf^-mj/nNnb .44 .o"b 'm ,510-508 ;ny ,d\>) .45

.u"b 'm ,512 'ny ,D\>> .46 .n 'na ,iy 'ny ,(24 myn b>yb) nwrnn ,iiNnb ;o"b '>t> ,518 'ny ,d\>> .47

.n '>o ,ny 'ny ,(24 myn bn>b) dw ;\a"b 'na ,513 'ny ,d\>> .48 mm Da nm .\a"b '>o ,523 ,521 'ny ,d\>> Da nmi .\a"b '>d ,519 'ny ,d\>> .49

m-'n '>t> ,n"y id ,(26 myn b>yb) ,>*7i2? yna .a"n '>d ,n"y \ab ,mpit>o ninbn ,(17 myn b>yb) psp .50

.N"y Nb-n"y u> ,dw .51 inmn" ,bmn '> nnmnn p>y .'Dn n^nn nn>)Nib ly nwynb *p>>na m nsn .52

.123-122 'ny ,(t"um) 44 yD>WD ,"pinNn nbnn >\>>Nn nnnn b\>> nin> by .ninnwn niDmronm nianiwn mntnnnnn nun n>b Nn nmn .53

nm nnin> Dy im nn>\>nni onsia Da lan noin nnwnb pnrn ton .N"y Nb ,(T"opn ,ianvb) yu>> nn ,n?\>y

.200-199 'ny ,(5 myn b>yb) intana pn> .54

.lb>Ni 246 'ny ,(2 myn b>yb) nb bwnb p>y .ninoiiann in N>n .55 na>n T^nn bn imnn nm nn nnsnn miyn by D>otnnn ibN nnn .56 nnmnn id by diddni .pb mmanni nb>npn nna>nn nnynn tnpaion

.48 myn ,123 'ny ,(52 myn b>yb) 7/7/77/7 ,bmn na nm .inN Dipnn n">N bn>b nm) "min> nann" onoaipn >d nbn nm^n nN niaonb Dipnn ind .57

in .1803 mm pi NbN npibnnn nia\>> ibnnn bbn ODia Nb (17 myn nb imtn miyna >biNi it na\>>n Npn ddi3 ynn yiv *dd>n >aab\>) nmpnn ooia iopn d>ao bn by .Dipaion b\>> Dinynn nniwpn nibNW

. tnpaian bw Nbnn nainmn nNi id by iiyiy .n '>d ,n"y n ,(7 myn b>yb) sod ,iiN>ab pn> itwn noia .58

.i"> '>d ,N"y Np-N"y m ,(12 myn b>yb) Tin pi d\>> ,d\>> niNib inn n? pnyn b"\>n mn b\>> npsinn inbiy napwnb pnmn nun .59 noun npibnnb nnp mm nn\>> o>Din\>> "lanb nnn \pnin nbynb" \>)inn

.n"y nyp-N"y yp ,n"bpn ND^ip ,nnb^)b nibynn pnn inn in>bN mn pnb lan nnnn i\>>na inN mn inNb na ,DanN .60 'n b\ynb pn> .mnaybi mann rnniN iiNnb nnaN mn b\y vninNonnni

\ n '>d ,n"m ,n"y nn ,(n"tain ,D>b^)ii>) widn nmo >^7,nNnb ,bNin "> p>y ,nbnn D>na>u)n by .(2 myn b>yb) nb b\>> nnNnn nnmnn p>y .61 ,"1862 mwn nbnn n>miDi nb>np bw nno> - mmn nnnn nomn" npin by .(52 myn bn>b) inmn ,bNin pi nb-*o^ 'ny ,(1992) 63 ,huca

.228-227 'ny ,n"n ,(3 myn b>yb) warn nnmnn p>y nin>n nbmn .Marcus (note 15), p. 330 .62

nnnN mb>npn nwyan by na nyzvn nn>n n nu)iDb DNn pnnb w ny .63 ,nbnn nv)im niamn mnyn 'to nnvo lymb lino ,bwnb p .nnion

nno\>)nn pb nNn h\diti niamn mnyn iv m anan p\>>mn na pooa .maNba

nninn" ,bNin "> ,nbnb nmnn iiamn mnn by nnyo^n b\>>nb nNi .64 ,n>oioib>Db iiupn iNinn nbnp d\pb nn>n ",1880-1840 nnio nnn>n

.98-90 'ny ,1992 ,p nm ,ib>N-m n\a>mnniN