R ECOMMl:.NDATlONS I·OR COW BIRD M A '\JAGL:.M ENT IN R ECOVERY EFFORTS rOR I HI:. SOUTH W l'S 11:.RN \VILLOW FL YCATCH ER

S11p111:-.. I. Ro111s1r·1N. BARH\R\ I ~. Ki s. M\R) J \\111111111>. ,-.,,,()ts\-; .I. Sn RR\

\/l\t1t1t t I he m..:1d,•ncc of Bru\\ n h,•,1ckd ( \m hin.J I \11•/111/1111' '"' / I p.11."11i'm ot S11uth"c'1,•rn \\rllm' I l)Lah:hcr' (/111111.!1111<11 11ml/11 1xt111110) '' lrn!hh \,tnahlc. r.mgmb frnm k'' thm 10" at '<lllll' "'c' Ill ll\Cr <;1)1 , .11 olhcrs 1'.1r."111s111 u,u,111! re,ult' 111 LOntplcte h"' nf 11) ... atchcr repro<lucll\e •111tpu1 nc ... au'e m•ht para'1ll/cd ncsh .uc dc,cne<l or fkdbc onl) lO\\ hml, oh hough turd' th:u dc,en olten f<'llCM Despite the reduced rcprodULll\ e out rut frnm 11101\ 11lual tl)C..1td1<•r ne,h. 11 ' ' nut dear 1h.1t Cl•\\hml rara'm'm .1tlC((S South\\CSt<"rn \\illo\\ f l)C.lllhcr 1i.1pul.111on "l/C' C1mhml LOntrol r<'<hll<"' p.ir.1'111,m rate' ,111d mue.1o;c, the 1cprududl\e output of South\H".sllrn \\ illo\\ fl)<.1td1<:rs. hut there " no firm e\ 1dcll<C )l.'I thut 11 h.1, r..•,uhc·d in .Ill) 111n<".1s,·s of ll)<·.1td1er populatmn' or lm••,talh:d dcchn.-'. '11ggc,1111g 1h.1t p<•pul.1111111' ma:- h.: h11111ul h) <lllkr l.1<.:tor,, 'uc:h '" hahn.11 Co\\ h11d .:11111rul ma) nt'\ .:11h.:h:" h,• .111 11ppropri.1te rnan.1gcm,•111 11pt11•11 h<"<';lll'C ">me popul.11 '"'" Illa) hc•nehl and there Illa} h<" hc'll<'hh that h<l\C not hc.:n tkl<'Cll'd I lll\\C\cl, '""' hirJ Lllntml clln1h 'hould: (al hc app lici.J .:autiow.I) .111d "lwn ha,<"hne d.lla indi<-.Ltl' '.:111111' irnpacl,, hel·m1,c n>nt1lll " C\J'l'""''° .111d ha-, a numh.-r 111 111•t<'llt1.tll) n.-g.1tl\c "'f'C<'h. fhl h<' gl»ucd lo\\,utb aitieal a"<""lll<'lll' 111 till' l'lhcal·\ nl the "'ntrol. \\llh lll<Tc'.l'"' 111 lhl'atd1c1 popul.!11<111 Sl/l'' lx•1ng the ultunate llll'.1'lll<' "' cll11.:.1l'): and k) he• rer.1rdcd .as .1 'hon 1.-1111 m.:a,urc, 11\ll .1 fl<"11n.111cnt m.1nag.-menl actl\ it)

1\1) Hord>: hrood para,111,111. <.:O\\bml u•\\h1rJ management, <.:<l\\b111l <:••ntrul, l.mpu/111111\ 111111/11

rM111111> cnJangcreJ 'J>e<:1cs. \fo/othrm alt r Snuth\\C,tem \\ 1llml I l)L·"' her. \\ 1llm\ Flycatcher

\ 1.111) l.11:1<1r>. ,·an lo\\<.:r th<..' rcpwdth.'ll\C' uutptll ol J"t''''1tnc' (\larun 1992}. 1ndud111g ptl•dat11111 111 egg' .md ne.,tling .... poor food 1c,...1urce' lh1,• to m.uginal habitat or indi.:ment \H'.Ltlw1 •• tn-

1hmp11gcn1t: tn\in'. anti hrouu p<u.1,111-,111. I hi' papc1 add1,·,,e, the \\a}' in \lhid1 u>\\hitd <. \10/111/11 m 'PP· I para,11 i-.m .11 kt:h l h.- l'ndan­gl.'1 t·d South\\t''tcrn \.\. ilhrn l·l)l.'atd1c1 t / 111111-

du11t1~ flt1ill11 1•\tim1t\). Kt.:) i"u''' t•lll,tdt•r,·d a1c \\ht:thcr tll\\h11d para,lli'm .ilte,·ts hoq pop ul.1tton grn'' th or regulattun. \dll"tltl"r popul.111011 k' cl cllects on h1hh .ir,· ,ufhucnt It• \\ .1rront m.tn.1g<'lll<'lll .1<.:1i11n, .ind the most .1pprop11.1IC" .1< \11111,, th1tt I.mt! 111.111:.ig.:r' c.111 1,1kc 11 CO\\ h11d ma11.1gc111L'nt " \\.in .llltl.'d.

l'hc-.c .U <' .:omplil'ated i-.-;uc-. h,·,-.111"' , o\\ h11d" arl.' 11,ttl\ L' -.onghird' and hL'< .lll'l' 1mp:u.:i... 111 indi' idual \.\'illov. Hyl·a1d1l.'r"• th.II .itt' p.u.1· ... i1i1cd, no ma111:1 ho\\ sc,i.:rc. 111.1) h.l\l' link• 111 no Clll'<.l on ll)C<11t·h..:r popul.ttt<111 ... h11 th.:r n1111 c. l.'O\\ h11d 111.111,1gcmcnt co11,1111w' l.1rgc 11llllUllh 111 l11nik·d 111a11agcmcnl lumb \pprox-1111atcly .1 m11l1on dollar' t' '(lClll .innu.tll) Ill

C11iforn1.t .thrnc (Hall and R01ho;;tc111 191)')), pn· m.trtl) Ill pnllcct the end.mgcrcd Le.1st Bell'-. Vireo (\'111" />1•/111 pm1/ll/\) On thc 01hc1 h.1nd, e' l.'n ,,11,tll I l'du.:t ion' in ~outh\\ l''l<'l 11 \\ r ll<1\\ I ·I> catd1i:r 1 cprodul.'t1 ve ... uc.:c.,., due IP L 11\\ h11 d ... l.'ou ld 111.ikc th<.: d llfr renc.:c bel\\Cen a di:clm 1ng popu lal11>11 and a 'tahlc or gm'' ing lllll' ii' a pop· ul.it 111n " i.:'petienl.'111g other dill1..:ult1l.''

\ \ 'e li11111 tl11-. paper to i:on-.1dera111111 <11 <1111)­thc Bnm n-hcadcd C1m h1rd I \1. m1 I). l he

Hron1eu C1"' hml ( \/ m "'''") j, ') mpatrll' \\1th the Soutll\H''tc111 \\ 1llm\ H) t':.lll'her hut onl) l\\ll l.'.t'<'' ol p.11.1<.111,111 .tr<..' kn;l\\ n tSkagg' l9lJ6; ,\111011a c;.1111e .111d t· .... h DepalllllL'nl. llll pub I. data). Cit\L'll ii.. prl'li.·ri.:nl.'e l'nr n10ue1 all' 111 large pa .. wrilll'' (I iiL·dm<lllll anu Kiff 1985. I O\\lhc1 lll1>S). 11 j.., unl1kd) that the Hro111ed C1m hr rd \\ 111 t.:' l'r Jlll'<' a tlm.:at to 11) l.',ttc:hl'I popu l.1t 11rn'

l:\IP,\CJ S <>I· C < l\\ BIKD P,\R,\SITIS\I

\ Jo,t par .1~1lll.' hint 'P<'l°il'' ~pedah/c llll ont• 111 ,1 fC\\ hmt 'llC' 1cs ( lohn.,gar<l 1997. < )r teg.1 I 9lJS. Rolhslcm .mll Kohm-;on 19•1S.1.h. 1 ),I\'".., 21)()()). hut Bro\\ 11 h1..-.1<kd Co\\ htru ... • m: 1..mm 11

111 h;I\ c pa1,1'1t11ed .11 k.ht 220 bird -.p.-c1c>. !al 1h11ugh at gn:.111) "" )1tlg 1111en,i11e-.) and to h<l\t' hel.'n rai-.cd h) 1-t I 111 1h1..·-. ... (l O\\lhl.'1 l lJlHl E'en indi' idu.d k111.1k Cll\\ht rd' do 11111 11,u.tll) 'Jle1..ialitl' 1111 .1 ''ngh.: h11't 'pccie-. tl-riedmann 1963, I lc1'l'l1e1 I 'JX'i, 11.thn et al. 19911; Aldi.:1 'on .111d G1hh, l l)•J9,1.b) I hcrd-.1rc. p.ir.1,1t1'1ll can un\l' •' 1are host sp.:1..tc' to c:-..tim:11011 he n1u'e there .... nn IC'cdb.1d; proc.:e'' th.11 l<mcrs 1..'0\\ h1rd m11nhcrs, .111<1 thu' par.1 ... i1i-.111 r.111..·s. \\hen .1 r.1r1..· nnd ltc.l\11) 1mpactcd hu't 'Pt'l'IC' ded111e-. (Roth'll'lll t•J7S.1, \.l a) held 1977: Grt)­ho\\ ..,i.; i and Pl.'.t'<' I lJlJI), 20001. Common ho't ...pcne' can ma1111.11n h igh CO\\ biru popula11on' even as a rarc ho't i-. pu-.hcd to c'-'illt:tion b) para,iti,111.

Another a-.pt'l'l 111' C:tl\\ hird hrolog) that raiw ... the p111c11t1al 111 111.qor cllci:i... on h11-.t popul.1· 11<111' " th..: lugh l.t) mg r.11c 111 female t'll\\ hi rd-.

157

158 Sil 1>11">1' \\ I \' BIOLOCi'i

Fl'lllak' I.I) on aboul 70', ot 1hc d.1)' during 1hci1 hrl•cding 'ea-..on 1Ro1h,1ein et .11. 1986. I kl'Chl'I cl al. 19871. 1c .. 42 c~' tor .1 l\\o-1110111h h1l•ed111µ ... ea..,un. H1me,c1. 111;111~ and p.?1 -h:qh 11\0'-t of lhc'c egg' ha\e llllk Ill llll dk1.:I on ho,1 product1-.ity bc.:auw thl')I arl' laid in nc'h lo't IO predation. in nc't' of ho.,f 'pc.:11.:' thal Cjl'l'I them (Rolh\tc111 1977. Rohin"in et al . ( l)lJ5a. I l.1hn l I al 1999). or in lhl' ne'>h ot ho'I' 1h.1t J<?,l'll and 1hcn renc't (Ho"ii .ind Roth,1e111 2000).

Allhough ne,1hng c1mhinh 1.11..l• no d1rec1 .11.: ­

tion agai1hl ho't )OUng ''l'l' I lotf111:m ( l 1JZ9l 111

Ahle" .111d T1,dak ( 1998al and Dc.11hom I llJ•J61 tor po.,.,iblc r.m. C\1.1.:pti•lll'I. ho'" d1h'rl paren­tal c;uc llom their 0\\11off,pring111 Co\\h1rd nc, . tling' and neail) al''<l)' c'pl·ric1Kc "1111ll' reduc-11011 m 1heir ov. n reprnducti\c output I l'l'a'e .ind Gr/yhll\\ ,j.;i 1995. Oncg.1 l 99X. Payne 1998 l. Co\\ bird ne,Llmg' oflcn out-compl'I<.' h11,1 ne'­tl111g-.. for food bccau'c lhey u,u,ill) hatch hr,1 (B11,l..11: and Scal) 1990. ,\1c:\1u,1c1 1111d Seal) 1991\ I. and arc uwall) larger ( h 1cd111an11 ( ll(11, L11\\1her 19931. H<1-.1 hi"c' arc .11~11 d111• to le-111.1lc 1.ll\\ hir<h remm ing mw or 11101..: h<1't egg' trom Ill'"!" lhl') para,ili/e (Sc.ii) 1992) .iml 111 ho't egg' damaged b) ad uh nm h11 d .. I Pel.'r aml Scah llJlllll Rnbin,on et .11. I 199~. l'J95aJ. Or­tega c I 998J. Morri-.on cl al . (I 99lJhJ .111d Sn111h ct ,II <"'0()()) prmidc comprl.'hcn,iH' ll.'\ icw' ot i:m\ bird biology. impai:i... and 111anaget1ll'nt.

C1mhirtl egg-. hatch atfrr I I d,1y' ot incuha-11on 11.11\\lhcr 1993) and 'lllall h11,h \\ 11h lllng ineuh<ll11111 pcrio<l-.. .. ueh '" thc \\.'11111\\ l •l)l·.11ch er, "ho'l.' egg' h<llCh 111 12 15 d.1) s (Soggl.' lOOOb ), c'pcriencl.' lhl.' grl.'.111.''I lo"c'. u'u:ill) lo,111g ,111 ul thcir 0\\11 young 11 .1 <.: o\\hird egg h.1td1i:' l \cd~ \\id: ,md lko t •)•)1J. \\ hithdd 20001 I 111 \nulh\\l',ll'lll \\ 1lh)\\ I l)<:.1h.hcr'. nnl)' l•l'' of I ~J aml I~<: ot 3 I p.11,i-.1ti/cd Ill''" 111 Cahlorn1a in An/011.1, ll''fll'l'ti\cl). pro­dul'l'tl any hm.t young. l·nmparl'd 111 'i I'< of 190 anti 60' 1 111 113 unpara,lli/l.:d Ill''" 111 tlw'.: l\\o 'late' (Whit held anti Soggl' I lJ<111 l

Arn''l' Cl al C 19961 han• b)poth1.•,i/l·d 1hat CO\\ bird' Jeprc<late un1x1ra,11i1cd nc'" 111 c.1u'c ren1.•,1111g h) ho-,1< .. \\ i1h ne'l'> too .nl\ .111ced to he para,11i1cd, llu1 e' ideni:e for 1hi' h) pothe'i' i-.. mi 'I.Cd. There are puhh,hcJ ob,cn alum' ol i:1m hirJ, reml\\ ing ne,tling' .ind egg' .ind 1hcrc­lo1l· a1.:1111g "' predator' ('fate I lJCi7, Senti and ~kKinnc) 1994. Sheppard 1996. l· tli11tt llJlJ1)). hut -.uch anccdo1al repon' do no1 mean 1ha1 l'l\\>,,hird nc'l pn.:dation i-, 1:111111111111 Similar ai.:t-. ot predatmn h:l\c al'o hecn d1ll'lll11Cntl.'d lnr •llh­o:r pa-..erinc., not regularly thought to ll1. pn:da­trn' wd1 a' Red-\\ 1ngo:d Blacl\hirtl' It\ i.:d11i111 plwt'lll< t 111), YcllO\\-headed Bl.11.:l..hml' t \'1111-1'1on•11'1<1l111 1<1111/wccplw/111 ). Yl• It. 1\1 -hrca,ted

Chai'> (f, 1cr111 nl<'/I\) , and Gra) Catbird' 1/)11

mctl'lla < 11r11/111t·11111 l fBelle,-J,le, and P11.man 1986. Seal) I lJll·l . ( 1mpnch and \1oorc 1995. Parad/kl\ l' t :ii. 2000) C11\\binh \\ere rc,pon­.,iblc 1111 onl) 11nc ol 2'i 'ideo taped predation C\·enl.., 111 tWll fll'ljUl'lllly para,it11ed ho-,t 'flCCIC' al ,, M iv,nur 1 'tudy 'lie \\here cow bi rd'> were abund;1n1 (I ht11n1h1111 cl .11. 1999).

II .;m\ hmh pro:fe1e111iall) deprcdate unpara­'i111l'd nc'h to 1.·at1,l' rene,ling. unpar,l'iti/ed ne'h ,J11111ld lul\ l' higher pred<llion rate' than para,il1/cd nc,h, hut no ,u ... h ll\erall lrcn<l ha-. hecn tound < l{oth,te111 l 975h. Ku' 1999. Wh11 -1icl<l cl .11 . l'Jll9hl. If i.:<mbird' .ue trequcnt agcnh 111 ne't prcd;llinn. predation 'h1111ld dc­dinl' ,.,hl'n ho ... 1 p11pulauon' arc prnlclted h> cowbird rcnH>\al program,. No ... uch dccl1ne " C\ ident fo1 ~outhwe,tern Willow Hyt·ati.:hcr-,, eithl'r a111111rn :,.c.ir' \\Ith ve1su-; w11hou1 c.:11whird rcnHi\ al 1Wh11licld cl al. I 999hl. or within the -..amc )e.1r hl'l\\<.'L'll .11e.1' \\ith and v. 1lhou1 l'll\\ ­hird rc1m1\,1l ( \\'htthdd :!(X)()). There \\a~ abu no marked c hange 111 prcc.Ja1ion of Kinl.1nJ'-. \\ arhkt ( /)1 11dn11u1 k.1r1/a11d1i J ne'" after a etm hinl rc1111l\ ,1J program began (\\',111\in,ha\\ Jl)S'l) . S11nilarl) . Stu1chhur) (19971 rcportcd that rem•i\al ol nl\\hmh had a large effect on par ,1,i1i,111 r.11es ol I l1111c.Jcd Warbler' C \\

1tl11111ia ci1ri1111 ). hut no cllcl'I 1111 rcprodu1.tivc 'ui:1.·c" be1.·au'c.: nc't p1.:d.t1ion wa-. high 111 arl.'as with r1.·duc.:.:d nm hi rd numhL·r,. The prc,c111ly avail .ihle daia do 1101 111dic.:;11c that i.:owhird' lkp1cdate unpar.1.,1t1/cd lll''I '> 1egularly enough to mal..e 1hi' a 111an.1gemcn1 c.:onl·crn hu1 addiuon<ll re­'car.:h 1s need1.·d . 1he1.·ritk.11 i"uc j, not \\hc1h­er l''''' bird p1cd.1t11111 occur' hu1 w he1hc1 ,,11,:h prcda11011 1, l'o1111nn11 cnnugh IO '1gnitk.111tly 1111-pa~ I ho't population,,

RcduL'l11111' 111 1cpn>d111.·t1\'e 11u1put of ind1\ld ­ual ho'" d1• m11 nccc-...1ril> 1mp<ll"t ho't popu ­J.11ion' or l'lltlrl' -.pel.'ics because densll} dcpcn dent pwel·~-..c,. 'ud1 "' hab11a1 availabil ity. may limit pa,wrinc hi1d' (\herry and llolmcs 19lJ'iJ It 1hc1e '' 111,11fltc1cn1 hahi1a1. Jecrea'c' 111 <1

ho,1 ' , rcproduc1i Vl' nu1pul Jue Ill 1:0\., h1rd par.1 · 'i1i-..111 Ill.I) ,jmpl) mean tha1 fc\\l'r e,1.·c" 111 -

Ji\ 1dual' die "1thout producing ) oung.. Deter­mining \111~·1her ~·0\1 hird para,iti'm ha' an im­pact .11 the k\ l'I 1•1 .1 1111 ... 1 p<ipulation or '~i.:11.•, i, the 11111,t '1gnih1.-.1111 challenge la1.:ing con'l'r­' at ion hinlngi'h con..:erned with 1:0\\bird' and their llll-.h. l : \l'll ii para-.i1i-,m i ... 'ho,.,n to limit a hosl ... pci.:ic'. one mu'l 'till decide whether 1ha1 limit<llinn j., a 1.·a11,1.· tor concern bccau'c every population 1n1l't uh111rntcl) be h11111cd hy "1111c factor. Unlc" populatmn limitation due Ill par ,1,i11'111 i' a l'l'l'l'llt 'i1uation brought about hy an1hmp11!!cn1~· lal'tor,, it i-. a' natural .1, limita-

-CO\\ BlRD MA'\ \GEMl::.'\;T-Rotli1tc111 ct al. 159

tion by compernion. hahitat. ne't predatmn. or d"e.1se.

On the mher hand. any !actor that limits a rare 'pec1es or subspec1e>. is a soun.:e ot concern and ma) re4u1re management actmn. If para-,ill''lll is the rea;.on for a ta:-< on·, r.1rit). then long-te1111 reductmn of cowbird impact>. ma) he needed. Hm' e\ er. all endangered pa-,serines that .1ppear to be impacted at the population level hy para­sit ism also suffer Imm a ... evcre .. carcit) rn deg radt1t1on of habitat due to .mthropogenic.: fa1.:tor-.. ( Rothstem and Cool-. 20001. It j, possible that all ol these endangered bmh \\ ould be able to c·o­e"1> ist \\ith CO\\binh 1f their habitat prohkn1' \\ere remedied.

HOS r DC:l-'l::.l\Sr.s \G ·\l'\lST COWBIRD Pi\RASI flSM

About 25 No11h Amc1 ican pa ... scnnc >.pecies n:movc cowhird eggs Imm their ne>.ts nearly 100'1 of the time. Unlil-.c the ... e "rejecter 'PC­c11!-..," the maJorit) ol 'pcc1c,, 111cludmg the Wil­lm\ Hycatcher. are ".K·ccpter-.." and show no egg rec·ognuion ( Roth,tem J 975a. Onega 11198) and a small number ol ... pet: 11:>. ha\'e lo\\ to mod crnte level-. ol egg re,1el'tion ( Burhan-. and h1:e· ni.111 l 997). Although ac1.:epter-. do not eject cowbird egg-... the) olten dc>.crt naturally par.1 'it11cd ne ... ts and rem:-.1 (l·ricdmann 196 ~. Roth­stein 1975a. Grah.1m 1988). Dcsenion is pn-111.1111) or c·ompletel) .1 re pon,e to detec.:11011 of adult l'O\\ hi rd' ne.1r 111 .11 ne,1-.. I Burhans 2CKKll and nm a re.,pon\C to cowbird eggs, hecau'e it I' vcr.> rure after nests .11c c'pcrimentally pa1,1 !>it11t•d ( Roth'-te111 I 975a.h ). Paras11Lretl nc..,1' arc• 11111st llkcl) to be de..,crtcd h) 'pc<.:ic' that ha\c broad habitat overlap "1th co\\ bm.b anti that C\·

pc11cncc high lo,-.cs ''hen the.> accept p.11.1,11is111 t Ho~o1 und Roth,tc111 :?<)()()}, as i-.. the 1.:a<,c tor \\11low Flyl·atc.:hcr,.

So111hwc ... tcrn \Villm\ l•l)c.t1chcrs de<.ert .1h1111t

----SCIO

Su p<c Keg ion «mba

35-57"l' ol parasati/cd nc..is (Tahlc I I. Bci.:au'e small passenncs that de,ert parasiti/ed nest\ of ten renest and succcssfull) rear thc11 own young 111 unpara.,ill/ed nests 1Gmha111 I 9X8, Hosoi anti Roth ... tcm ,:?()()()), Jc·c:hne., 111 \\'11lo\\ H) catcher rcpro<luctl\C ou1pu1 due 10 i.:m\hml para,1ti.,m arc much Jc.,., th,111 the parm.ni ... 111 rate lncrea-.ed reprodUl"li\e cl lrn t could theorcucall) mal-..e the COS!\ OI rcm:sllng .,jgnificant through advcr'e ef feels on aduh condition or sun i'i,11. hut sud1 costs ha,·c not been detected in Willm.\ Fl)­catchcr., CScd~•\\ 1cl-. and 11-.o 19991

In addt11on to nc't de.,ertion as a host defense. man) ho.,ts. 111clud111!:! Southwestern \\'ill<m FI)- -catcher-. ( U) chara and :-.:arin' I 995 ), recogni/e cowbird., '" ... pcc1al threat-. and .111.1d.: them or sit tightly on nest-. to keep cm.,,hirds Imm ht) ing (reviewed 111 Sc•tl} ct al. 199X). llowc\·er, suc.:h tactics arc not ver) cffecti\I.: especially for small ho,ts. \\ h1d1 arc often par • ..,iti/cd at high rates despite their rc-.ponse' to adult Cll\\b1rd' becau'e the) .ire unable to dri\ c c1>\\ hirds a\\ U).

1:-.:0ICATORS Of l\IPAC.T'> \I lllE~ POPL'I A no:--; I I \ 1-.l

A cnti1.:al i"uc 111 as ... es ... ing populallon level impacts 1s the parasitl'l11 rate «: 111 nest<- para 'Iii/Cd). Brc·cding season timing ., .111 1111ponan1 detenmnant of para-.11i'm rate. In '>11111e region ... CO\\ hinh hegrn 111 hn .. ·cd later than 'ome of their major ho-.ts and because earl) 111.:st' tcnJ to ha\e the greatest potenti~1l prodlK ll\ ll), e.•rl) brecd-111g host .. p..-c1l'" m.1) expenclll"C little or no im pact at the pop11l.1tmn le\'cl e'en 11 late ne,1' suffer high 1atl'-. of para-.iti-.111. I Im\ C\er l)outh \\estern V.'alhm l •l)catchcrs arc ,11111111g the la-.1 pa"erine' to hrc•ed (\\ hitlield .:?CKl<l1 .ind 111'1)

e'pcrienc·e high p;ir,..,iti'm leH•I, of their l'arlic't .ind pc11ent1 11\) 11111,1 pm<lth;ll\ e ne .. i... W 1lhm f•Jycatd1e1' Ill.I) nho 'lllllCllllle' be 'Uhjetl to unu ... uall) l11gh 1.11c .. of p.1ra,111 ... 111 due to the

I< frctl<

CXl/1111" /\numa No 7' ( (:;?0Jd1 P • .rad/lck ct al 1'>99 t lfllllU \ C.1hton11.1 '11.: .. C18" <I'll H 1m' 11>1>1 I' I 111111 I Cahlor111;1 \c, 6.V.4 ((>()) \\ h II held 11)1)()

(0 '1111111\ New l\k:-.irn No 22« <1291 3y; 121•1 Stoleson & I 111.:h I 1J99

tni/11 Colorado .'" ~<;·~ <271 82<; I 1 l J Setlg" id. 1\:.. Knopf 1988 111-i/i1 M1~higan Yes 10'.k (\2'\J 27' (.H) Berga 19<>7 /rt 1/11 Ohio )e, IJ' • tXX) 63' IX) tfoktllllt> 1972

• P pol~ OM noted~ "'\C°' unda 'C'M> < onbel v.erc allOJlilUK \\1lh rnpec.110 r.o\\bard" tn pre t olu nb1an 11mc~ ti' rcftC\:u number or n«l~ for •h1ch pu:'u1sm Ma.h.1 ... (JXI' 1t11.cd -.~ onpar~1uznH could be dctcnn Md

'rctkch n Jmbcr of J"IOU1..,lllt~I nah lor \\hu;h dc:~1on b«u' h~ncd or nol "tc:KncJ cuuld he JciC"rm1ncd ~ l nc~h tNcrc pr"-tli..'\:tcd h) t.:O'-'hud <nrrmi hut \\Uhm the tnl.al ~mplC' para,1u .. m 11.11"0 llC'\ \\,th no trappmg \\J\. U of IS nol\ C-\lamo l.al.c)

o11HJ h of lh l'I('"'' I Camp \crdcrJ ir \cd~v.i1.lo. am.I f\nopl rlYX.)q 1l1ough1 dw~ high clC'\..tlJnn pt1pul.ation "" onl) rc1.:c:nch C"\f"'tWd 10 r:1r.t 1tl'"' hul 11 11' do-.t> l•' 1h1. 1.11"hirJ' 1.ir:n1.:r t1l 1hund.1n'-·~ 111 1hc GrcJt Pl.on:it. < h.11..c 111d ( ·ru1 1 J9'>k1'ug~l''t1h.11'"""h1rJ,1..'l..·c..:um:tl tn lhC" 1q.~1un 1n H11..· l~ou-... bctor"-• h1,on "C'11.• n~·.irl) C\.t1rp.11'"·J

-160 \I l Dll ~ l'\J AVIAi'. BIOi OG'l

I \Bl I ;! Gt oGR \Pfffl \ \Rf' 110:-. " Co\\ BIRU P \K" TIS\I RI\ 11.s (" I Ill ,\us1'l1 Of Co\\ Ulll > Co' I ROl..l Of

SOl1'1f\\ISTF.R,W1110\\ FLH\l<lllRSIRO~I DUllRl'l RI il0,,(1)\1\ \Ml ffHl\f\\lfllllllD ""<;" I 1l•)l)l)) l 'I'" No111> 01111 R\\ISI)

1995 1996 2001

'tHntlC'r of n..:'1'

y, ()<, ..

San l'<•d1 n R1\'cr AZ 101110 C1<·cJ.. ·\/

(i1J,1 l<i\l'I '\l'\1 Ciil.1 K1\cr "l'\l RtK•,C\t'h I • l' \Z \\lui. \h11', \I:

I •NS. 1997 Jl)<J7 1999 1995

61 II -19

129 17 l(l

1-1 17 16 10 I.I 25

I X'r IX .~

\; 1rg111 RI\ <'r dcl1a. :\:\' S;inla 't Ill'/ R1Hr, C,\ \ crde Kl\ er, \Z \,lrlllll' 'Iles :-.;1\1 \'l'llk RI\ er, ,\'/.

199.' 1996 1997 l99'i- 1997 I 99~ 191)<; 199h

(11and C.111}011 \/

Sonlh hul- Kern Rl\cr. CA llJX2 19X6. l'JIJ:? 19% llJX7. 1989-199::! 16.1

.JM~

-l!i'r ()()',

I >.11.1 lwm \nuth 1.·1 .11 "'llCIJ lllL·rl' \\,I\ i.;m,tmd ,,1111101 ;11 1111' !II.I(~ 111 \c.1"' pf\"1.1."dlll!! 20lll ti l>.11.1 lriuu \toll 1111 .1h.t I irKh fl 1.)<J'>.ll .111J "\ S1t1lc 1111 crier" <i•m111) Th1..·tt.· v.c.•1(' 1't.J11c .. 1 in 1 1~>7 9" au t ,,1111ple '"c lt1J lll'-N lh~I\ "'''' 11111 A\ 1 hie h n1.c nu1nbcr ct n~ h '' ~1\tn ~ 124

l}.11 .. frnn I armer (llJ'l/Q,u P.tr.1,1f1 ... m r • .i, ,,, "" O\tr II one- nol a nJC"an or lht" ;Uc for C3f.h "('1)a1 1tc )c.Jr et1\C'red I> I• from l'a 0ttlt1d. ci al (19991

'l'arCll) 1>1 01hcr ho'l ... pcdc' nc,ting l.ttc 111 the ''''<l'l•ll. Thu' CO\\ bml 11npac1' on \\ llhm H)­catchc1 population'> arc potcllli.111) g1c.11cr than on 11111,t hn'l 'pccic .... HO\\l.'\l'I, I.Ile \\'1lhm f·l)­catd1c1 nc'h an! likl.'I) to e,c,1pc par.l'iti'm c11rnplctcl) hc.:cau-.c the CO\\ h1rd ht) 111g 'ca,on gcnl'r•ill) em.I' in earl) 10 mid Jul) ( Ro1h,1e111 c1 al 1980 ~Lafford and Valcnt111c I lJX"i. I owthcr l 1llJ ~) ;ti though l.'\Ccp11on.tl l.'L'g' 11'1\ l.' hec.:n l.111.I 11110 c.111) 1\ugu,1 (l·ncdm;11111 ct .ti. llJ77:..J7).

,\, "ith all ho'>l 'pcdc~ (Roh111M111 cl al. I IJl)'i,1). para,i11,m rate' on \\'llhm l·l;.c.111.:hcr' .uc lughl) \,111ahk in 'pacc :mu tune. l:,cn pop­ula11011s 'epar.11eu h) onl) .1 k\\ km 111<1) cx­pc11enl·c marked!) difll.'rcrll p.ir.1~11i"11 r.llc' (Scdg\' 1~ ~ nnJ l~n 1999). In thl ,,i--,c1ll:l.' \lt l'll\\ h11d l'IHllrol para,11i ... m 111 Soulh\\l.',ll.'rn V.'ill1m l •l\.catcht>r' ranged lnirn 29' r lo (>6', for C.ilil111111a 'Ill.''> ;111u from ~,, to lX'i lor \n l'ona ''le' ( rahlt: 2). Bccau ... c of th" large range. ha,clinc 'tud1c' need lO he done on cach p11pu­l:11i11n 111 determine \\ hc1hc1 co\\. hi rd p.11.1,1ti'm i .... 1 ":11ou' problem t Whithdd .ind Sogge 1999) 'innll' population ... 1h.11 inl'U1 pa1.1,iti'111 Illa) he do mg "ell e\ en "11hou1 l'll\\ h1rd m.111-.1gcmc111 dtorh. for example. lhc l.m•c \ou1h­" c'tcrn \\ lllo\\ Fl) callhl.'1 population 111 the Clill-Ci1la \alle) of r\C\\ !\lcx1t..·o }.!ll.'\\ dc,p11e par,1,11i'm rale' of 11' < 111 I 1J<J7 .111d 27'' 111 1998 ( 'itolt:,on and Finch I 991Ja: \ II Stok,<.m. J'l' ..... l' 11111 Ill. )

GiH•n the 1c111poral variahillly in lhc lrcqucn­l) 111 cowbird para-.iti-.m <Scdg\\1cl.. and lko 1999, Wh11licld and Soggc 1999). hasclinc 'tud-1c.., lo ·'"'c" degree of n..,k UU<..' 111 co\\ hird' 'hould u'uall) 111dude al lea't 1\\11 .md prl.'fera-

hh more H'ar' 111 d.11.1 colkct1on hci'ore n>\\ hi1d m:magc111~·111 '' t..'Pt1'idcred. Hll\\l.'\Cr, a fir,1 ;.c.11 of dala nillcl'llOll 'hm\ 111£ a rale or pa1.1,lli'm of >JO', Illa\ ,ilon1; \\,1rr.1111 co\\b1rd ..:111111111 management <l \ I "h and \\'ildlitc Scnil·e :wo I ). I mpach ol p<u ""'"m can he rcduct..•d du1-111g h: .... cl111c ... 1ud1c-. h) rclllO\lllg Cl>\\hird l'ggs from al'l.'l''''hlc pa1a,i111cd nc!>h (ii aulhlll i/l'd hy 1hc ll'-. l·"h and Wdt.l11te <)l.'1\i<..t..'1 or by audling lhl'lll, '" ,1 Cll\\htrd egg Ill a ne'l fll,I)

reduce thL' cha111:c' of 'uh,equenl par.1,111,111 (Ortcg.1 <..'l .11 I IJlJ..J l SuLh manipula11011' h,1\l.' pnl\l'll l'lkcli\e \\Ith mother endangc1cJ t..'11\\­hiru ho-..t c Ku .. 1 <JlJlJI

RI•CIP\I ICOIOC1IC \l CHA"-C1ISlll,\I \1\'t 11\\I I C RI \\I DCO\\BIRI> IMP\( T\

Ctm h11d lo..,,iJ, from C ahfornia. f lorid.i. Vir ginia. Nt•w Ml'\1co and fc\a'> dale from 10,000 lo 500.000 )'l'<ll' ,1gn ( LO\\lher 1991 ). and l>N I\ ... equcncc data ind1Glll thai l'O\\ bird' ha\ c h.:cn in orth ,\mc11c.1 for al lca ... t l<00.000 \e;11' 1Rn1h,1ci11 l't ·"· 2<Xl2> rhu ... C<mhinl' all.' an anL'icm componcnl ol the orth ,\meric.m fau­na. 'o 11npat..'h on endangered ho'I '[)\:l.'ll.'" ,1rc like!) 111 Ix· tllll' lo major ecologic,11 change' wch "' ;1 lo" 111 dcteno1a11on of brc.:d111g h.1h· itat. 'omc1h111g "ell reeognii'eu ,..., th.: maim cau ... c of 1hc decline of 1he Soulh\\l.''>lcrn Wallo\\ Flycaichcr (l mu 19~7. L .S. Fi'h and Wildlttc Sen ice I 99'i, 1 00 I) and other cndangc1ed 'Pl.' nc ... 1mpac1cd h) l'll\' hird' ( Rothqc1n and Cook ::?.000) Ano1hc1 po,,1hle ecological change tha1 could PL'rlll1 h ... 1ahk cowbml-ho-.1 1111crac11on' " an i ncrca'c in 1he .1hundance an cl d1,1rihution 111

CO\\ BIRD '\1 \ '\ \GI \IENT-Rot'1,tt•111 ct al. 161

CO\\ b1rJ,, I lo't population' that ha\ e onl) hegun to e\pcnence para,lli'm due Ill recent l'll\\ h1rd r;mgc l'\ICn..,.on-. might be c ... pcdall) 111..d) lo <ll•d i Ill' 1 I the) .trc tkticicnt in C\ ol' ed tm ... t de­fc1hc,. (ii\l'l1 the'c con,idcration,, lrl·nd' in cowbird nu111he1-.. and range e\ll'lhion' .11e 1m­p111t<111l '''Ill''-·

' I he 111·,1 .t\itt lahle hl'toncal record' 'ho\\. the pn.>,enl·e ol cm\ bird-. 111 the mid- I 80()... through· mu the South\\c'l "' far \\C'l a' the Colorndo RI\ er ( Roth,tcm 199-H. Ctm bird, c.:olonl/cJ 'ou1h ·rn Caltforn1a and all ol the .ircu \\ c't ol the Sierra :-.:c\iu..la and ca ... eade... 'lllCC 1900. Thu-. p.1ra ... it1'111 ts a llC\\ prc ... ,urc 0111) for Sou1h,,e,h.:111 \\'1110'' Flycatchcr ... 111 California. Ho\\ l'\l:r. CO\\ bird-. might be morc i.:0111111011 and murc \\ 1tk,p1cad ioday rhan under onginal Lllll·

ditio11', i.:vc11 wi1hin their h1,Lm1eal range Some ca1 I) prl·· 19 1 0\ '1'1lor" 10 the cowbird', 1111g111al r,1nge 111 the Soutlrn.cq reported 1ha1 c.:m\ birth \\er!! uncommon '' h1le othl!r' rcpo1 tcd them w Ix• co1111111111 m habitats u'ed b) Sou1lm e'tcrn Willow H)C.tlc.:hcr .. (Whi!ticld .md Sogge llJIJ9, Pcnm.111 .111<1 Kdl) 2000). Par.1si11"11 rare' 1>1 S11u1h\\l''tc1n \\!ilhm f-lycatd1c1' 'ho\\cJ l.trge inl'rl'il'l'' .titer 1he earl) 190<h \\hen J.11.1 lor C.1hlom1a .111d Ari/ona were lu1111wd (""hit held and S1>).')!l' I lJl)l)). liowcvo:r. 11 " u111'k<11 11' the sa11w lL'l1lpor;1l trend woul<l ncClll ii analy"i' wen.: 10:,11 icte<l 10 only data for tht· llf 1g1nal con· ta1.•1 areas 111 1\ii/<1na.

,\lthough therl' 10., unccr1.11nt) conco:1ning co\\ btnl p11pul.tl11lll trend' O\ er 1he J,1,1 cent Ur). Hrl·cd111g B11u S 11\e) (BBS d 11.1 prmulc rdi .1hlc 111d1l·.1101 1•1 recent popul 111111 11cm1' \\· l'1.1gcd .tulJ"' :Sonh Amcnc.1. 1.1\\\h11ds h,1\c lih1mn a q,111,t1l·alh s11?mfica111 (I' o Ill) lk dllll' of I.II r, per )l'ar 'incc 1hc 111ccpli•>11 ol lhl' S111 \O:) 111 196(1 tSaucr cl al. 2000). h>clhing on lhl' 'talc' that contain the la1gc.,1 1111111hc1 ... or Srnt1h\H''l1'111 V.1llow I·lyc.:at<.:hc1,, cm\htnl\ dl' d111ed 111111k1atcl> in Ari/ona .u1d Caltlrn nia .md inL'll'il'ed modcr:itcl) in Ne\\ ~1c\ln> <all 11<·nd' ... 1.1ti,111.-.1ll) IHHhigmlicantJ trom llJMi 111 JlJl)<J I·' l'll 1 t t'll\\ hu <l-. hu' l' nnt •111:re ..... cd srncl.' the I !\OOs, \\ti km H) c.11chcr' .m<l other np.111,111 'lll.'1.'1es h,1, c Jct rea,cd due to h.1h11.tl loss I hu' 111crea,111g co\\ hrrd-to-ho,t r.1!10, ma) h,I\ c rc­'uhc<l 111 c,,c.:.1latcd rate'> ot para,11i'111 C\ en in <m:a' ol h1,10rii:al ')mpalt) bcl\\l'Cll c11wh1rJ, <llld <;outh\\e,1crn W 1110\\ fl) ..:.tld1l•rs. I 111.'l l'<l'L'd c.:m,bird imptrc.:h 111 the ahi.cncc ol i11l'rl•a,cd CO\\.hitd number" ma) be.: c-.pcdall) likel) in ri­parian h.ibit.th hccauo.,e CO\\ birth o.,ho\\ .1 d10.,1111ct p1clcrcnco: frn riparian hahllah in lhc We,t ( Esrme1 I IJlJlJb. Tl'\\ k'bur) e1 .11. 1999 ~.

CA'./ SOL'1 H\\ I S 11 R'\ \\ILL.OW rLYCATCHI R"i \'\D CO\.\ BIRD<; COE.XI') r·•

IL j, dc,11 1ha1 11111'1 South\\C\tern Willm\ Hy­catchcr popul.1tirnh •lie '1.1hlc C\cn \\hen cx­po ... cd 10 c.:11\\hud para,iti'lll. at leas! undo:r pri­meval cnndi1i1111', hL'l'illhC cO\\ bird' ha' c long 1x·c.:urrc<l O\ er mml ol lhc flyc.:atchc1 ·, r.mge. South\\C,ll'rn \\'tllo\\ l·l)catd1er-. in 'oulhl!rn Cahforma onl) re\.cllll) C\pn-.ed to cm\ h1rd p<H· a ... 11i'm migh1 1101 he '1.1bk in the pre,encc ot lO\\ bird'. bcc.1u'c the) l<id, c\l1h c<l <letcn'c' again.,t cm\ bir<l,, '" p11>po,cd for the I .ca'! Bell'' Virl.!11 <U.S. 1·1,h .m<l \\ ildlilt.: Sen ice 1998 ). llo\\ e' c1, dc\crt11111 and rcnco.,ting .titer para,itl'ill 1' a ... lil·quent in \outhcrn Calilornia flycatcher' a' 111 popula1ion.., further c,hl with longer hi,wric' uf puni...iti,111 <Table I). l'hL' tll'

curro:nce of h1!'h ne't do:,ertion 1cmkncic-. in California Wtlhm H)c.ttchcr' i-. lil..cl) due to relcntion ol h11'I tklcn'c' 1hat cvohe<l in .mcc,. lral populatio11' 1h.11 c\p1.·ncnce<l CO\\ bird para­'ill'lll (Ho,01 .md Rotl1'h:111 2000) and/or g\.•nc thm from p.11 .r~lll/cd population .... Thu' ,I\ .1il­::tble C\ 1dcncc 111J1ca1c' 1ha1 nc\\ I) expo,e<l pop­ulatin1h c.111 coc:o.1,1 '' llh l'll\\ bird .... unlc" the) .ire expcncnc111g a m.1rg1nal c\lstcncc due 10 olhcr 'lro:"c' 'uch ,1, lo" ol habitat. high le\ c1, of nc\I prc<l.1111111, or lo\\ lcveb of ju,cnik and adull ... un i'<ll

,\ dcmog1aph1c analy'" of the Southweslcrn \\'ilhm Hyl·~11d1c1 popul.11ion along thl' KL·rn Ri,cr indil·.11l·d that undl'I current n1n<li1ion,, th" populall<•n 1.·a11111•1 g11"' unlc" p;1ra,111"n 1s uhout I 0' or lt•s, t l )dl.ira ct al. 2000). ,\ pop­ulation th.it \,,1n111>1 ,u,111111 11,eJI in the prc,cnce of o.,uch .1 lo\\ par.1sll1,m rn1c 1' proh;1hl) cn<lan­!!Crcd b) la.:tors 1>lht:1 1han co\\ bird p.1r,1,111"n fh" -.anre pnpub11011 "a' able 111 rema111 'trahle .ind po ...... 1hl) C\Cll gro\\ Imm 1982 191\lJ <Whit­held 1990. 2000) dc,p1ll' a 68' ( para'lll'lll ra1c 111 1987 llla1r" 11)l>I ). lhl' onl) year thi' rate was de1e1mincd. 1 lwo., ii i' 111-cly 1ha1 ..,omc crit­ical \.ariahle h.i-. .:hanged in rc<.:cnt )car .... In 'hort. a'<11 labl1• da1.1 111drl·.11c th.it Southwc .. 1c:rn \\'illn\\ 1 ·1)catd1c1' 111 1:111 rcgi1 n' l.111 Cll·C\i't "1th CO\\ buds unlc's the) .11-<• e\pcncm.:c ,,1111c nc\\ pre"ure 'uch ·•' 'e' c1 l' hahitat ln"c'.

OOFS COWBIRD I' \Rr\SI I ISr'-1 '\IC E'\SIT \Th :\IANAGI l\1F'\ T \Cl 10'\~'

A.., do:,Lribed .1hme. 1.11\\btrd para,111 .... 11 per 'c doe' not l1L"Cl'"'a1 ii) \\,trrant managcme111 at·­llon. Para\ilio.,m ,., a 11all11ally occurring pm~·c...s and may h;l\ e I iull· 1>r no effect on the 'i/c of ho-.1 breeding popul,1111111 .... cn:n rf it c;1u'c' Ill.I· jor reductrono., 111 ho'I breeding o.,ucce ....... C1m­bir<l' arc nati' e hird .... ind a' 'llth arc 1111po1 tam

162 S1 l DUS I"' A\ IAN BIOi O(iY NO 26

to biodiver,i1y. The) ma) e\en allc1.·1 o\erall :l\ifouna' in comple' and un..:,pcc1cd \\a)'· b). for ..:xarnpk. limi1ing 1he numh..:r' of 'nmc com­mon 'iJl.'Cte' and lhcrcb:,, allo-wi11g the IJ\!r\i\-1cncc of olher <,pecies 1ha1 m1gh1 01hcn\ j,c be out -compclcd. as is the case !or 'OlllL' pn.:dators 1ha1 enhance b1od1vcr,tly (Simbcrlort 1998).

Ncverthelcs\. there are ... ome cin;um,1ancc., in \\ h1ch tt may he prudem 1n cmplo) mana~·emenl a1.'ltOlh to deter 1.'0\\'bird para,itbm. rhc circum­'tunccs 1hat 'hnuld trigger CO\\ hird management may difkr lrom 'ite to 'tic bccau,1.· of 'ite-'pe citie l:1ctor' 'uch a' a hn't popul,111un·, current 'i/c, recent population trend. para,lli'm rate. amount of -..uitable habit.II. and 1hc e'tent of the Jo,,c, attributable to cnwhird p:ir.1,1ti,m . fhese and other laclllr' arc d1scu....,cd i11 grca1e1 detail below. but 111anag.cmcn1 ac1ion' arc con,trnined by what is 1ws,iblc 10 achtC\ e 1 rn C'-ample. no amoun1 or cowhird management will rc,uh in grow1h of a llycalcher popula11on thal i' limned hy habi1a1. h1rthcm10rc. 11 'udl a populaiion is 'mall. ii "ould contribute negligible numhcr.. of indt\'ldual' 1ha1 might dt.,pcr'c Ill olhcr popula­tion ... So lirst '' e revie\\ the range ol managc­mcnl action' that ma) he ,\\a ala bk

POil· NT 11\I J\PPROACHl-'S TO C'O'W BIRD MANAGI ·M l· '<T

Cowbird dtstribution and ahund;1111.·c 111a} be reduced by land..,cape wide m1.•:i...ttrc' that limit amhropogcnic intlucncc.., th<tt hcnclll tl11' '-PC-1.·1c\. Cm\ btrd' typical!) feed 111 ar1.•a, with 'hon gra ..... ( r riedmann 1929. l'v1on i ... and 'lhomp ... on 19981 .tnd in the prescm.:c nl ungul.tte ... 'uch <h

hl\llll and dumc,ticalcd li\C\tod.: . Co\\ hirJ, aJ...o ol h!n Iced .11 campground .... 'uhurh.111 .11 c.1 .. \\ 11h lawn' .ind bud feeder,. and goll cour'c'. It i .. un~ lc.11 \\. hcthcr um b1rJ ... ah\·•} s 1 cquirc anthro­pogcni1.· fnn<l \ource ... or natl\ c 11ngu la1c' t (lo­gucn and Mathcw' I 999) hut rcduction' 1n the lormcr 1111ght reduce cowbird m1111bcr' 11\cr la1 ge IC!'Hlll,.

/\llempt-.. to limit CO\\ bird numh1.•1, on land­sl·apc 'calc.., \hnuh.I con'1dcr 1lw l"ll\\ bird·, com mu1tng bL•h;n ior (Ro1h ... 1ein Cl .ti. 1984. ' I h~>mp 'on 1994. \hlcr., and Tt\d,1le I 99lJa. Curson et al. :!000. "icchri<.1 and Ahler' 1/111 m/11111c, Ti ... -dalc· I kin and Knight '"" w/1mw1. In man) re­gion.... Cll\\ bird' 'pend thc morn mg d1-,per ... ed O\Cr ho,t-rich area' <,uch "' tore'l edge' or ri­parian 'tnps. Thc) typically lc;t\ c thC\C brccd-1ng range' h:r late morning to carl) •11 tcrnoon anti commute w feeding \ile\, \\ l11.·r1.· groups rrnt} feed on conccn1ra1ed food ... oun:e ... I I t«m ht rd\ arc to hc reduced by rernm mg ar11hrnpoge111c lood 'ourn: ... 1hc ... e remo' a l' need to he done O\Cr '>paltal s1.a1e ... that exceed the d1't.111cc\ OYCr "'h1d1 mo'l local CO\\ bird' tommtll1.' \It hough

ma'1mum commuting di.,1ance., of 7 km (Roth­'>lein et al. 1984> and 14 km or more (CuNm cl al. 200<)) ha\ e hcen reported. most 111d1\ iduai... commu1c 'hortcr dl'>tance .... a!> cowbird abun­dance dccli11e.., over Ji,tanccs a!> !.hon a' 2 4 1-..m from anthropogc111c food sources (Verner and Ro1h ... 1cin 1988. rcwt... .. bury Cl al. 1999. Cur\On Cl al. 2000, Sechn\l and Ahler., 1hi1 t'llltmw). GI\ en the pen.<1'1\l'ne'' of human influence. and the J,11.:k ol commuting behavior in area' \\ ith \\lde,pread leedtng opportunitie., for cow­bird ... there Ola) he fC\\ in,tances 111 whkh land · 'cape-leH:I manageme111 measure' 1.·an com · ple1el) eliminate local cm' bird popul;11ion ... . Ho,,e,cr. cm\htrd ahundance ma> at Jca,t he re· duced by land,cape-kvel actions. although 1his m:l) not prm1dc ,ufticienl protection if a fly ­catcher popu lalton h severely impacted by cow birds. Furthermore. lan<.J,capc-lcvcl mca,urcs may be 1.·osll)- ,111d 11me con ... uming ii acli\.tlte' and tacilitie' 'uch "" gra1111g and golf cour ... cs arc cun,1ilc<l. In add111on. land manager' ... hould ... tre,., rc<l11l·1ion' in ;111thmpoge111c food 'ourcc' onl) ii the 'ourcc' subject 10 their regulator) ac1ion are the major food source ... 111 an ,1rca. For e'ample. II thctc ate feeding 'ite., for c1mbirds that '' i II remain alter regulator:,, actions. there may he little Jll'tihcation for limiting calllc gra1 -111g. although the <l1rec1 1mpac1s ol c;t11lc will often w;u rant their rcnmval from riparian hahi­lah (Bl• l,1-.y ct al. 1999a).

Para ... tt1'm rate' and cowbird dcns11ic-. may decline with 111c1 case' in vcge1a1iun dcn\11) ( Lari-.on l'I al . 1998 \\crill- Murray Cl al . 1999 Farmer I 999a,h. "ipaut1 1999. S1aah and Mor­ri,on 1999: hut 'CL Barber and \fart in 1997 ), becau'c nc ... i... ni.t) lJ\! more <ltfhcult w ltnd in den'e \ cgeta11011. fhu' CO\\ bird para-.itl'>m might he rcdu1:cd h) mcttsure' that n:,uh in dcn,er npartan \cgctation. Furthermore. man ager' 'hnuld al'o \tgorou'I} pur ... uc long term effort' IO augment habitat becau'c habiiat lo" or dcgra<la11on " prnhahly the ul11mn1c t•au-;e ol decline 101 .Ill endangered host\ 1Ro th,u:1n tind Cook 2000>. including the llycatchcr cU.S h .. h and \\ildlifc 2001). llO\\.C\er. a1tcmp1-. lll tn · crLa'c and impro\ c habi1a1. for example h) Ill·

crea ... ed \\:ttt'r llo\\S .• ire fraught with e(.·onom1c and political eor1'traini... that can delay ch:111gc' for year ... . l 'nlortunalcl). flycatcher populmion' threatened b)' para,iti'm may require acllon' that produ1.·c henl!f1h more quick!) Therefore. although land 111,1rwger-. should have long range goai.. 1hat augment the quality and extent ()f bah ital and that addrc...., landscape-leve l ac tion.., in region.., where parasi1ism is a threat. cowbird control will uf1en he 1he mn<,I effective action ii CO\\ bird i mpat t' JU'lt f) manageme111 tnlcrven lion.

COWBIRD :\.1 \' \Gl.MC~'T-Ro1h\11'1111•111/ 163

(\l\\h1r<l' are h1ghl:,. ..,m;1al ( Ro1h ... 1ein el .ti 1986) and are atlraL·te<l 10 dc.:oy LnlP'· wh1.:h .:<in IL'tlltl\ c mo ... 1 1n<l1\1dual' from large .in.'," ( Fd:rid1 et al. 1999 lkL1p1ta 2000. Griffith amt Grit fith 2000) Shoo1in~· (.'ll\\ hin.h aur.1ctcd 111 pl.I) h.1ck of email t..tlls (Ro1h ... 1cin el ,ti .20<Kll .:an he a \ aluabk 'upplcmental ''a) 10 redul·l· c.:o\\hird m1mb.:r ... (l .dmd1 et .11. 19991 Rcmm ­ing or .1tl<lltng. c.:o'' h11<l egg' from para.,1111ed nt:'l' l'an further rnh1L·e ho'l los"e' (Ortega cl al. 1994, Hall anti Roth ... 1cin 1999) Although 11~1pping i' u ... uall) the mo..,t cl fcct1\e mean' ol c.:o\\ hirtl control. o,hooll ng C.:11\\ hirtl., and re mo\ -ing/.1duhng c.:1m hir<l egg ... ma) b.: more (11,t cl h:cti\c .md practit.:al 11 Co\\ hir<l and/or h11:.1I ho,1 number' arc lo" and \\here the ... ct-up .md 't.:r \1c.:1ng ol trap' i' d1flit:ult 1Win1cr anti M1;Kcl\t.:) 1999)

H I l·CTIVE~FS'> Of· COWBIRD CONTROL

CO\diml trapping ellort., :m: l) p11;.tll) h1ghh ... u\;.:t:,..,ful in rctludng par.1s111 ... m race' :md Ill·

cre.1'ing hos1 rcpm<luc.:ti\ t.' 11u1pu1 Co\\ hml 1r.1p­p1nµ along Ilk \outh hut ol 1he Kern R1H'1 inc.:1ca,t.•d the mean numhl'I ol young c.ich fr. m~1il: Souchwe,tern W11l1m Hycatcher tledged pc1 ..,l..',1,on Imm I 0-l hdorc c.:oncml tn 1.88 .1llel\\.ird-. (Whitfreld ct .11. l99lJal. Co\\hml control h.1 ... re,ulted 111 '11111br pmJucti\ it) in nea'L'' \\uh ch rec otha eml.mgcreJ 'pcc1e., · Bl.1ck t·.ippcJ \ irco ( \'irt•o a1ri1·t1pillm; l\ lo;rid1 et .11. 1999. Ha~dcn ct ,11. 21Kl<l). l .:a ... 1 BdJ', Vireo ((inllith and G1llhth 20001. and Kirtl.md' Warhkr ( D.:Capita ::!()()()). l l11\\Cve1~ 1he d hcaq, of cm.vh1rd control cffo11 ... tor S11uthwc,1e111 W ii l1m Hyl·atcher' c.:.m not hi: u-. ... c-. ... cd Ill -.ome ''" e' 111 C.tlifomia .1ml Ari/ona bccau-.c h.L-.dinc d.ttu on para-.ithm rate-. .111<1 ho't nc,ting 'uc.:ccss \\Crt' not collcctcJ b<.'lure control hcg.m (\\ mtl'r and \1cKehc) 1999).

1>c,p11c 11-. clll:i.:h on the producll\lt) ol hn ... 1 nc.,1'. l'll\r,,hird conlml h,t, .1 mi\cd renud ''lll'll it crnnt.'' to increase.., 111 ho't breeding popula 11011' < Roth,tcin .111d c ooi.. :woo1. The Lc."t Bell's Vin:n anti Blitd. t·.1ppcd Viren h;n c gen· er.ill) 1111.:rc.1-.ed marked!) ... mec CO\\ h1rd control hi.'g.111 (h:krkh ct .11. 1999, Gnffith and (1rilhth 2000) . • 11lh11ugh little .tltl'mpt ha' been made lo ;1s<.("" 1he extent 10 "h1ch other mana)!cmcnt ,tc­tiom., -.uch .. .., impnnt•d ,md expandt•tl h.1h11a1 ha\l c.:ont rihutcd to the mL·rea-.c .... On the other hand i...1rtland·.., Wa1hkr .mtl Soulh\\e-.1c111 \.\ii Jm, l·lyc.:atcher ... at the Kt.•111 River did n11t 1n c1e;1'e .titer Cll\\hird 1r.1pp1n•• trapping Illa)

h.nc lnrc ... talled lur1hcr decline' m the..,c "(lCl'le' t lkC.tpl!a 2000: Whitheld ct al. 1999,1 . .:!IK1<ll bu1 Roth-.tcin and Cool.. <2000) argue that the ev1dt.·nc.:t.• for ... uch cllc1..·t-. "' far from condu-.i\l'

hKu ... 1ng on the Willow Hycall .. hc1. the Kern

Ri"er Vallc:r populauon ha" dcd111ed from 34 pair., in 199J 10 12 pair" in 2000 dt.''>p11e cowbird trapping -.inc.:e 1993 Cowbird.., h;l\e been con-1rolled at Camp Pl·ntllccon ... ince 198.\ to aid re­c.:m er) of tht.• I .:.1 ... 1 Bell'' Vm:n (Cinffith and Grifhth 201Kl) ()e,pi1c a rep11n ol .1 moJe,t in­crca-.e in\\ 11lm\ l·l;.c.:accher' a' of 1991 (Griffith and Grifllth ( lJ94 ). thcrc h,1, been no marked mcreasc in llyt.•atchcr.., a .. of 2000 alter 18 year., of cov.bird t.'ontrol. e\en though there appear.., to he suitablt: habitat that rcmam' u11ot.cup1cd. Be­catl'.e it h <le..,igned to protect L t.'<"1 Bel rs Vir­eo.,. CO\\ bird tr.1pping at Pcndlc11tn t.•nd' \\ell be­fore the \\ 1 lln\\ H) catcher hrct:d111g ">Ca,on end,. 1-hn\.e\er, onl) minimal m1mhcr ... ol CO\\ -

bird" rem.tin \\hen \\.'illcm l·l)cacc.:hcr breeding hcgms m June (Griflith and Grillilh 2000) anti no parn ... 11i-.rn of llycatcher.., ha' hl'Cn detected -.mcc Ill''! 1111111i10ring began Ill 1999 <B. Ku .... per.... ob'>.). ,\, \\ i1h Camp Pendleton. long term nm bird 1r.1pp1ng 10 protecl I e.t,l Heir' Vireos at another 'n111he1 n California -.11e. the Prado Ba­,,in. ha ... not 1c>.11hcd in an incH:."c in 1hc 'mall number ol 11)1..'atchcr' (three to 'c' en tcrruorie' per ) ear) 1ha1 breed there I P1 l..1. .:t al 1997 l

Trapping pr ogr.111i... lo protc1.t tlyt.•atcher., be­gan in I 996 and 1997 in A111on,1 ( ll1hlc Jl No ha..,clm1.; d.11;1 on par;.1-.1t1.,111 rat'-'' were c.:ollecccd and loc,tl tl)Cald1e1 habitat \\," 11111 complete!) sune;.cd .tt '>tlllll' '11e .. hi.'lnre trapping b.:gan. A critical ,1....,cs.,mcnt ol the et11cac) ol CO\\ bird c.:oncrnl 1111 thl''e Ar11ona pop11la1inn' ~an onl) he done .ilte1 c11mpen,a1ing 1111 d1.1nge.., Ill -.ur­ve} etlort and 111 hahitm area and quality: un­fortunately. ;l\t11lahlc data do 11111 .tllo\\ ... uch compen..,ation,, I he he ... t O\crall :"'-L'"ment b) held \\orker t.1111iliar '' ith thc'e popul.111on' i-. that mcrca'>C~ 11 the Roo ... e\clt l.-11-.:c. S.111 Ri,er mllo" '1tc rclkd the dleds 11f 111~rea ... l·J .. unc;. cllon and 1ncrc.1~cd habitat hut 111.1y ,1bo b.: par-11all:,. a11rihut.1hk to cowbud conllol . 11 1 ... worth noting that 1he1l' 111>1) ha'c heen p11pul;1tion in­crca"c" .11 otlwr sites 1c.g .. Clil.1 '>itc..,, hetore conlrnl hi.'gan and 1ha1 1he Greer/Alpmc -.11e de­clmed al 1c1 eoncrol ncgan, althllugh it lll:t) ha\ e alrcad) been .1t d.111gemu'I) lo\\ le\eh (lltble 1).

Data llorn S.111 \1.trcial. .1long 1he Rio Gr:111tlc in ~C\\ Mc'l.i~11, ..,hll\\ no clear henehi... ol c.:ow hi rd trapping. 1 hi' sice had ,j, ll)'cakhcr ne't" in 199.') "hen there was no .:owhnd .:ontrol. Control lll'c:·um·d in 1996. J9ll7. and 1998 when there were one, l\\ll. and t\\ll nc-,i-, rc-.pcctivcl) ( Rohert,011 1997: Ahler' and I 1.,d;1lc I 998b, I 999hJ. At p1c,cnt llll c.:ondu'i' e rc-.uli-. ari\e I mm the'e Antona <1110 '\;c\\ !\k'l.1c11 daca but ll 'cem-. de.tr that there ha-. not been a rapid in­c:rea'c in an) fl ~t. .llt.'hcr populal 1011 o,oon .1fter cowbird c.:ontrol began. unlih· the int.•rea ... e-.. 111

lo.I STLIDll ~ I"- A V IA'\ BIOi OG't '\O. :?6

I \ 13L l 3. Nt \1111 l<S tll Sot I H\\ I sn RS Wu I()\\ Fl H .:' \ TOll I< P\ll<S Ctll 'dlD ,\l Al< l/()S\ Siii\ BtlOIU \'- II At 11 I< C<>11 lllRIJ Cost 1<01 B1 <,,..,

\ Uc/ \ r'\"'A 1991 199~ lW\

···~· l'N 7 l<NS •rN "'OU I 1• Cl!

\l.1m1• Lake () (I :! 4 h l) 2 1 20 IS \lp111c/Grccr 7 10 10 ll ? 7 s 3 2

Citla Rl\cr 'tic' () I) (I 1 30 46 58 48 40 Ro<1'CH'll Lah-. S,th R11cr 111tlm1 I 15 9 18 17 20 52 80 106 R110,c1ch Lal..<.', linlln Crcd .. mllo" I 7 K TI• 18 23 22 25 25 s,111 Pc<lro Rivcr ' J() 26 27 ..io • 38 61 59 67

' " " D.ata undt."rlinctl .tlHJ in h..tM dt·noh." \ Caf', \\llh \ l l\\ bm,I t..l.lfllrtll rntercnu..·"' \. tHM.l"Hll llJ.' llUllh.'m : al trl"lld .ttl I \. 11\.\ "lrJ u 1ntwl tx- "'" lh:

('omph1. th:J h} ,:ha n 'l" 111 h1h1l.il C\lcnt anJ 4ual1t), llf\t \ tnlCflt•lh anJ oamount u l .u roa M H \(' \ ctt (!>Cc te\.IJ l>Jt.1 trt lrn1 1 \111l•ll.1 Ct..amc o.ind I \ h t>crar1mc:n1 anJ \\ hHc and fie.M ( JlN'11 . ... her numt'C'o. o( ti rd ~ hl cl) due 10 11'\(rC'MOJ Jf\l') cffon nol lo ;:m Uii.'fu.1111 lrK."tt 1n lht- rorulatton tt c av.bird control h.1 cx"C\lnrJ at only one ( ~""C"r.el 11

l hi!hcr numben of hard" n lhc~ I uhv:q~t ye~ are hlch Co rcHect xtu;aJ tn('rt"a.~ 1n population~ due to 1nc;:r 1n muunl andfor q it)

ol """"'"

l .easl Bell'\ Vireo' immetliately .1ftc1 cowbird eomrol c-.ee Griffith anti Griffith 20(X)\

Lven if 11 rc,ulh 1n the gro\\lh of .i hn,l's hrccding popul;H1on. um bird control ..., a 'lop­gap mca,urc ( l S I 1,h and Wi ldli le ~en kc 1995) th.it mu'l Ix done for a number ol \ear'

11 .1 host popula111>n 1' to cnnunuc gnming. llw. 1.ontinucd effort '' nectlcd because .Ill 1.'0\\ btrd control program' 'how that control c11h1:1 ha-. no cfkct on cowb1rtl number' 111 ... ubscqucnt vcars (h:J...m:h et al 1999. DcCapita 2000. Ahler., and r...,d,1le 199%. Glilh1h and Griffith 2000) 01 too ,111.1ll .tn effect w r.:ducc para.,iu ... 111 to ncg ltg1bk le' cb (\\'hitficld Cl .11. l 999a). \!though mlen­'" c 1.·tm bir<l 1rapp1ng dton-, do not negate the ncc<l for lrappmg in ...uh ... e4uen1 )l!ar .... 11 1' po'­... ihlt: 1hat trapping may not be n1:1:dcd as a p1:r­mancn1 solution . II a -.mull ho-.t population gm\, . ., and bccnmcs largl.' a' a res uh ol cov. hi rd 11.1pping and po.....,ihl) other mca\ltrl!-.. II Illa) C\­

p1:ncm:c reduced p.11.1•;iu-..11 rates ..i' 111c1e.1,1:d host m11nb1:1' 1,1\\Ct the per capita n''- ''' )Mr.l · ,,l ,,m, The-.t.> ln\11.•r 1.11e' of para .... 11-..11 might h,11t.> no s1g111hcan1 1111pach on ho-.1 populalion dynamics. Swpp1ng 1.0\\ htrd control al rcr a local ho'l populalton ha-. i11 .. ·1ca,cd greaily wou ld re \1.'JI whether pa1 ..... i1"111 ra1e ... are lo\\ er than '"hen 1he popul.1tmn 1"''' much -.mailer. It 1.·ould al'o h;n e high 111an.1gcment 'alue hc1.:<1u'c con ,jdcrablc re ... ourcc' \\OUld be -.a\ed 1f para,111-..n r.11c' \\Crc .,11 Im\ that )l!arly ClH\birJ control i' no longer nece-..,.1ry. I 01 1hc'e re.i,on,, it " pre­malure 10 conclude 1hat an endangered hosl will require cowbanl control 1n "perpcw11y· a-. " done in the draft recovery plan tor the Le•hl Bell'' Vireo ( l l I.) I 1\h .111d Wild lite Sen ice 1998) Ne,enhelc''· 1f cm\btrd para'1tl'lll I' in ­<lecd .i limitmg fac1or gf\en the amount ol cur­re1111\ a' ailablc hah11,11. agencie' ma) Im\<.' lO com mil to a tlcl.'adc or more of co\1 bud 1rap­p111g. But the mo't cniical 4ues1ion tac111g man­ger' " whclher niwbird 111anugcmen1 " ltJ...dy to

produce '1gn1hcan1 benelit' and whether 1hc fund' u'ed for ... m:h managemenl might produce greate1 benclil' 1f expendetl on otht.>r mea-.urc, , 'uch "' habitat augmentalton

RE \SO'-~ £OR CARbf-L I Dt LIBERATIOS It'. THf 11\1 rI .\TIO'\ 01 C 0\\ BIRD CO!\ I ROI PROGRAM">

Manager-. 111.:ed to he lle\iblc 111 their ap­prliachc' and 'hould n<H '"'umc thal cowbntl control 1, one ol the '>Crj li1,t 1l11ngs lhal 'hould be done \\hen para .... 11-.m ol a popula11on of any endangl'r .. ·d 'JX:cic.., " documenlcd S1m1larl) , manager ... 'hould not adopt <.0\1 h1r<l <.onlrol JU\t becau ... c lunJ111g be.:ome-.. a\,nlahle. and regu ­lator' 'houl<l 1101 earmark management funJ-. 111 cowh1rd \.lllllml Simply hc1.·au'e th" j, an ea-.ily cxt.>cutetl :t\.'t tnn An entlangl·r1.•d lm't may ben ­elil mor1: 111 1h1: long run by 111,t u ... mg fund' lo mon1101 1h .. • c\lcnt and 1111p<1eh ol para'lti,m. ,,, <l;ita ma) 'ho\\ that funding \\ill he ol more h<:n­cfil ii • pphed to managemcm Ul tinn' unrelall'd lo CO\\ btHI, ,

\\e ... uggc'l 'ome .:aution 111 111111<11111g t.:0'-1.bitd conlrul progr.11n' for 1 wo 1 ea ... 011,. I 'ir-.t, \\ hilc co-.\bird con1m l typically in<.:rea'c' reproduc11vc output. e-.1tlencc lo da1e 1ntl1call.'' that il docs 1101 u'uall)' ''-''Ult in incrca'e' 111 llycatcht.>r breeding population,, The extra bird' that are produt.:ed ma) not be recruiied into the hrceding popula ­tion hcc<tu'e ll) catch1:r-.. ma) be ltmilcd b) breetling. \\ intenng. or 111igr.11ion habitat ('cc paper-. m I 1nd1 and Stole,on 120001>. Ne,enhc le''· c1m bi rd conlrol ma) ycl pro' e to boo't -..omc lly1.·at .. hcr popu lation' to which ii i-. ap plied. Mon:over. 11 is po ...... ihle th .. 11 the cxtrn 11) -catcher' produce<l b} fl)catchcr populauon-.. pro­tected b) co\\ bird comm! may d1,pcr-..c to mhcr popula11011, , ln<lee<l. dc1cr111111ing "'hcther -.u.:h di..,pcr,al m:cur' and bcnclih 11\l!rall me1<1popu ­la11011' " a ma1nr re'>carch need .

Our 'c1.·011d n.:a'>on rrn 111g111g caulion an'c'

CO\\! BIRD \.IA''- \GI· \II::. T - Rot/1111·111 ct al. 165

ln1m a ... cries of po1cn11.d problem-. "''ouatcd \\ 11h l'm,binJ control /\ cowbird contrnl pro g am \\llh l11tle pro-.pci.:t ol pn>ducing -.igndi1.:ant hcnchh use ... fund-. that cnulu like)\ produi.:c grc;11cr bcndii... tor lhl nchcr ... ii ... pent in another m.mnc~ lk ... 1dc, u-.111g hnull'<l rc-.ourcc-. 111 ,, Jc~, th.Ill 11p11m.1l \\a). 111cllc1.:ll\C nmtrol progr.uns rn.1;. deter alien lion I rom other management nl'l'd .... In a wor\l C:il'l' 'l'l'n:11 m, cowbird c.:ontrol m1gh1 he m.cd to lel:'ll1m11c harmful ac:livitii.:' I m e\amplc. c.:owhird control ma) be done 111 n 1t1g.11i.: li\e-..1oci... gra1ing 1in public land..,, \\hen in fact the real harm ,.., habitat damage due 111

O\ crgra1ing rather th.111 l'tl\\ h1rd aurauion. Ben­.:t1h or 1.:0\\ bird contiol might be in ... ig111l11.:ant hcc.1u ... c pre ·1.:ontrol Jc, cJ.. of para-.itbm ''ere luv., hcl·.iu-.c a remote hahitat patch ha-. too little huh11at to '>Upport more llycatchers. or l'o1 other rl'il"lfh /\ cm,bml control program that ha-. ht tk prn-.pct·t ol produc111g 11nportant bi.:nclll.., is c'llCl'lall) unfortunate hccau'c ll m.1) '' astc re ­'llllll'l'' lor man) ) ear,, as control progr.mi... tend 111 contmue indefl111tcl) .

Control program' t) p1l·all) cont111ue 1111kh · nitcl) hl'l' au ... e cont1ol in one )Car u'ually ha' little eflect on CCl\\hird numhcr-. m -.uhwquent yc:ir.., In fact. nm bird 1.:ontrol program.., nltcn 1.1J...I.' on a Ii le of their 11\\ n, 1wrhap' bel·au,l· the) can he highlighted "' proactl\ 1: m.1nagc111cnt. "1th till' number' 111 "'11" h1rd, l.:11led becom111g .1 nunwn .. al ind1.:-att11 ol .1 1x...,1ti\e bendll h11 c i..1111plc. 1nten ... e u1\\ b11 d c11ntrol contrnuc~ tor l.e.1,t lkJJ'.., Vireo manafCllll.'nt al Camp Pendle· ton altl'I almost 20 Yl'ar' 1.ll.'!-.p1tc.: a 20 told in ­l'tl.'a'c Ill \11co-. (G11lltth and Griffith ,000> .111d

1111 "irtlaml'-. \\,1rhlc1 111.111.1gemcnt 111 M1d1ig.m .1f l'I 11\ l.'r 30 years Jc,pllc ,1 lh c loll.I 1nul·.1,c 111 '' a1 hJcr, I DcC1p11a 21XKI) In both l.1sc,, m.111.1gr1' ~1111" lilt le 11111:1 est 111 rc.:dul'lllg l'o'' -li1rd tr.1pp1n1,? ct Ion' to dl.'tl·rm111e "hc.:thc1 1nwn­"" l' umtml i.., -.till nn:dl•d (S. Roth,tl.'in , pc.:r ... . oh' l Management ac11on.., th;ll would p111dtll'I.' long tel 111 benefit.., .111d n·dlll:C or cli111inatl' thl' need for ;.early action~ :ire ckarly prde1.1hlc hut 111.1\ not he enalled hc1•,1thC of conn 1ct ''1th !.pc nal 111tc1c ... t groups. ,\n ex.unple is gr.11111g and the co\\ bird contwl progr.1111 to protect thl.' Bl.ll'K headed Virl.'o ,ti I 1111 lfrnld. le,a-.. l~\ ­

pcn11wnt,1l reduction ol c.11tle numbers on I.trgc pa1 '' ol tlw. arm) ha-.c ha ... hcen shown to 1 educe cowh1r<l number-.. (Cm11'. ct al. 1998. Kolovai and llornc 20001 lcad11w Coni... ct al (I 9lJX) to c1,nclude that .. The lll.'l.'d Im (c(mbird) 1r.1pping " l.1rgd) a n: ... ult ol ,1 eontinuou .... 111d lno'cl) rq~ulatcd J!ra/ing ') 'll'm on the.: in ... 1.1llation ... 'e'cnhele-. ... mana)!et' ha\e opted to ulntinue C\tcn"' e nm bird 11.1pp1 ng and 1111cm.e gr a; 1ng evl.'n though cowbird att1at.:11011 i-. not the onl) 1mp:u:t gn11ing has on the ha..,e·., natural 1c..,oun:

e ... !Sanche1 and Batl'helor 200<)) hr1<11l). an im· portant issue "''nciatcd with c1mh1rd control i., \\ hether a -.pcl'le.., can legall} or hl!'ll'all) be re­moved from till' endangered 'PC<..' ll'' ll'>t a' long a' human 111tcl\l'l1llon (i .c . ul\\h1rd controlJ umtinucs.

Becau ... c thl' ultunate 'alue ot Ctl\\ hml comrol i' not 1'nown. control -,hould nc\er he the .,oJe m111ga1111n mca ... urc to compt>n,att• lor habitat de­.,truction o t any endangered <,pc1:ic.., I'111s i' c'­peciall) t1uc if Ul\\.hird control "initiated with 111 ... uftic1ent ha-.cJinc c.fala on lht: C\tl.'nt of para­'iti'>m. In the .1h ... encc of ba,elinc data, huge 'um-. ot ..,car1.:c management tund.., ni.1)- be .,pent for no good purpo'c and CO\\ bird l'ontrol i-.. in­deed e\pen'''c. \\Ith contractor-. gencrall) charging around 'l.2000 per '-Ca.,on tor each trap. If cowbin.l <..·ontrol "adopted a ... a n11t1gation for habitat Im ..... there would m lal'l Iw no mi11g.uion if para ... i1i-.m had little effect on the P•lpulation impacted b) hahitat Im,,.

Clm bird t1 .1pp111g " oltcn done h) pr!\ ate con .. ulting hrm,, \\ hich rai'c' thl' .... -.uc' ot profit incenti\c' .ind u111 ... ultan1 a1ht•<..'.IC) becoming the 1mpetu., to1 ,.,uch program-.. While there 1.., nothing inhl.'rcntly \\rong with p1ohting from '-ll<..h \\t>r1'.. 111.magcr-. and regulallll'' -.Jmuld ba'c cowbird 1.:ontn>I decl'>1on' on the \\ork of rc­-.i.:.m:hcrs \\ho Jo not prnht hom u>ntrnl. An­other reason tor ini11.1ting n111tr11l pwgram' uni) "hen \\ell Jlht1hi.:d 1-. the need tn sho\\ that na ti\e anim.11, .Ill' twrng l.:illcd on)\ \\hl'n th.:re " ,1 good rca-.11J1 to do ... o. K1l1111 • largL number' ol a nathc ..,on~·hml, such :i., tlw l'll\\.b11d. \\hen there ,.., no ha"" 101 c'pect111g ''~'rllh<..'ant hl.'ne· ht-. i.., eth11.:.ill~ que..,tionable and could create a public np1nmn h.1, I..Ja..,h that jcop.1rdi1c-. 1:11ntml pmgram" th.it .ire "••rth\\ t111c. I 11'.I.'\\ 1o;c. captui· 111g non· t.11 £l't spc< ll'' " ol l'Olll'<.'I n C.nl hth and Gnlhth (191J.i1. lor e\amplc. rcp111t<..·d X.t53 c.1p­turc' of .1hnut 1500 i1uli\iduaJ., ol non target .,pcc:1c.., during .t -.ingk yca1 nt cm,hnd trapping at Camp Pl·ndlcton ">pecie., othc1 tlwn Cll\\hirds h.1\C highc1 11111rtalil) rate., in trap' .md ma) ... ut­kr breeding l.11hm: due to time 'llClll .m.1_)< from their ne'h

REC0~1~\HmA"l IO'JS I-OR I Ill 1'\llTIATIO'.\i ,\ND DESIG"' Of • CO\\: BIRD CONTROi PROGRAMS

Cowhml <..'t1ntrol 10 aid local W1llm\ l·lycatch­i.:r popultllion.., should be in-.11tutl.'d alter b.1~clinc data 'hll\\ p.u.1'1t1,m rate.., to he .1h11\e a critical le\ el <L "> I "h .md Wildhlc \en u.:c 2001). a-. aho pmp<N.:d in recmcr) plan' tor othcr cndan· gered 'lllllh\\ e .. tern ho't' ..,uc.:h a ... the Golden­chee1'.cd \.\arhlc1 (!Je11droin1 chn lflJlllria) and Black-c.:apped V11co 1C.S. h~h and Wildlife Scr­\ice 1991. 1992). In a review o l cowhird man-

166 S1LDIL <,, l '\i AVl .\I\ BIOi OG'I NO 26

agcment tor ho'r' 111 gcm:ral. Sm11h ( 1999) rcc­ommcmlcd tha1 management ... hould only be uin .... Jcred if p•11a ... 1ti..,m i., > 60'< 101 l\\O or more year.... but Ji,teJ a number ol con,1dl'r­,1111m ... that J1c1,11e r,u.,tng or lo,,enng tlw, thre ... h ­o!J. In panicular, he recommended that the crit­ic.ti para,ttl'm lc\cl lor management con,ider­. 111on' be lowered to >5m< for 'pel'ic' Ji..,ted a' threatened or endangered

Given the Soulhwc.,tern W il low Hyl«llcher·, lov. number' (Sogge cl al. 1/ii.1 1·0/11111t'). we rec­ommend that cO\\hml control ... houltl he con.,1d­crcd if para. ... 11"m e\cccd' 20- 3o< r .titer collec­tum of t'' o or more } e,m, of ba ... elint• Ja1.1 hcc abo L.S. F1..,h and \\ 1h.Jhfr Sen ice 200 I). But tlus gu1dehne ... houlJ he applied v.i1h llc\lb1hl) that give-. we1gh1 Ill a~ailable data on 101.,tl pop ulatton,, such "' curn:nl populauon 1 rent! .... For C\ample. there ha ... been a decline in llyc<llther' al the South r-ork Kern River ... incc CO\\hlld con­trol began. dc ... ptte a rcJuc11on in para,i1i...rn rate-. Imm 65% to 11- ::?0't Imm 199-t-1999 (Whit­held ct al. I 999b: M . Whittie le.I. unpuhl. Jata): 1nten,iticc.I control 1hal rcc.luccs para,1tt.,rn e'en fu1 1hcr might he ... u11,1blc tor tlfr., populatl\ln. 1 lowcvcr, the larrc Chit-Gila 'Ile 111 Nev. Me.x­ll·o grew between 1997 99 de,pill' para-.11i ... 111

iatc' ol I 1- 17',. 1.t1e ... of 1or, or eH'n higher ma} not ''arrant C1l\\ b11J control tor 1h1' popu­lauon.

:\1on11onng ne ... i... lo collect ba.,cl111c d;Jl,t on para.,iusrn rate' 1.·an be co..,tl). hlll could ,,t,e lune.I' 111 the Ion~· run 11 11 'hov.' that 1.011tml i' not necessary Ahlmugh avai l<tblc re,mircc' may make 11 unrcali..,lil to monitor nc ... ts 1n al l .,m,111 populauon'. population-. v. uh more 1han ll\c 1er­ntonc' .,hould be monlloreJ. If ,J\ ail.thlc lunJ, <illov. •lllCnllon onl) II> 'omc ... mall popul.111un,, 111.1nager-. 'houltl g1'e higher pnunt) tor hoth l'ontrol anc.1 ne..,t 1111\Jlllonng to popul,1t11lll' that Jo not appear lo he l11nitec.I h) hab11at .1\i11lahil -11y. Cov.bird egg' ... 110uld he remo.,,cd Ill addled during years when nc'l' are monitored unlc....., a populallon i-. part of an c\pcrimenl tlc,1g111:d IO tc ... 1 '' hether c1m bml trappmg a her... llyt'.llc her populauon trcmh <ne\I paragrJ.phl.

II a CO\\bird control program b 11111i.11ec.I, v.c rccomrncnc.I de' clopment of an 111i11al 'latement ol goat... that dehnl· cond1uon-. that v.ill enc.I the l'ontrol program and periodic (3- 5 year) pei.:r re­view ... that judge the p1ogram ·., crtic:tl') Becau ... e n1rrent cowbtrc.I con1rol programs ha\c not yet re,ulted 1n clear 111crca'e' 111 South\\e ... 1nn Wil­low Flycatcher .... "c .tl'o rc1.ommenc.I that o\. era II control program' 'houlc.I tx de'1.!!nec.I "' e\pcn­meni... that ha\ e thl' potential for uitic.ll a ... .,e,.,-111cn1 ... ot the cflicacy ol control To accornph'h th1 .... populatmn ... v. 1th nm bird control ... 110ulc.I be compared w 11h a l11ni 1ed number o l comparable

popul<1t1011' th.ti h<l\C no cm\b11d control. We al..,o adv1..,e 1ha1 managcn. shmild re-evaluate the need for con111111ed ccm hint con1rol ii a llycatch er population ha' grtmn lo he l.1rgt'. hl'cau..,e en larged h1i..t populatiorh 111.1) e\pencnce lo"creJ le'.:!' ol para,iti,m. e'en in the .1h ... ence of nm ­bin.I control .

In ac.ldttion. \\e rcmmc.J m.m~1ger.., that the goal of ctmbirJ control b to •ml impacted hosl pop ula1ion .... not to maximi1c the number of l'O\\ ­

hirc.J., l..lllcc.I Although the nu111he1 of cowbirch killed can bl' increa-.cc.I hy 1r,1pping al co\\nrn.1 feeding ... uc' and at 1i me' 111hcr than a ho"t"' brccc.J111g ... c.hon. manager... need to c.Jc1cm1inc \\ hcthcr thc..,e trapping pohcic' pm' idc in­creased prntccttnn for endangered ho.,h. There 1s h11lc 1u..,111ication tor tr•tppmg outside of an cnc.lange1ed ho..,1·s breeding 'ca-.on 1f rhi-. trap­ping resu11 ... in killing largL' number' of m1gra­tor) u1w hmls. Trapping I mm I Ma) 10 31 July should prm ide 111a\1mal prmeetion for South­" c .. 1ern Willm\ Pl) 1.atcher ... . Trapping 111 hn ... 1 brceJing hahilut " hl..ely 10 be the bc.,I ~tratcg) 1n m1ht ... i1uat10n-. a\ Lh1' 1c11111\e' 1he CO\\bird' that m.t} put ho..,i.. ,\l ri'k I llmevcr. conc.Jiuons 1n 'omc locul landscape.., may make trapping at CO\\ bird !ceding site.., worthwhile Becau'c no smglc co111rol protocol i-. lx·-.1 for all .. 11ua1iom •• managL'ls ... tmuld con ... ult ,, r.mgc ot publt ... hec.I . peer- re\ ic\\ed account' of nl\\h11J control pm­grarn.. (e .g .• Flkrich ct al. 1999 Wh11ficld ct .11. I 999h, ::?000 Wmtcr .ind ;\.h. l<.. clvcy 1999. DeCap11.t :!!>00. Gnflith and Cinlhth 20001 for inform;1111m 1111 the dc...ign. 11umhc1. p lacement. anJ 'i ... 11 'chcdulc for Imp .... on humane cu1ha­na ... 1a m1.·1hod ..... md on .tcti\ 11ic' thal ma) ... up­ph:mcnt 11.1pp111g.

\1,m.1gcr' .11 ... 0 need to ensure 1h.tl impact' on m111-1.ugt:1 'fk:'-ie, arc lllllltl\\lll'\I. e .g .. h) ad 1us11ng lhl' si1e ... ol trap opening' 111 reduce cap­tures ol other 'pccic-.. and h) \ 1'111ng trap' once or more pe1 day In relca ... e al l non-target h1rJ.., a ... 4uid.:ly a.., po,.,ihle. lioweve1. rca,onuble le\ cl., ol un.I\ 01dablc negal 1 \ L' i111p;1t·1., on common, non-targl'I 'IX'cic' ..,fmulJ not deter l·owbird trap­ping 1' control is \\.ell JU.,llhcJ . Impact-. on non­target 'pec1es .m: an unde..,irablc but una\oic.lahlc con,ct111l'nce ol trapping prog1.11n' that bcnel1t cnJangercd host'

L"tly. managers ,110uld 111i11atc public cc.Ju cat10n prognun.., 10 in form the public about the justificalHlll Im controllmg Lmo.birds and about other mc.i...ure' 1ha1 can rcc.lucc co\\h1rJ numhcr' such .i... su..,pcnc.ling bird tcedmg .1eti' itie.., during the pa ...... crinc breeding ... ea'l>n II cm,bird con­trol clic1h complaint' that II '' \Hong to kill one native hird Ill help another. lll<lllager' 'houlc.I e\­plain th.ll control '' 'iewcc.I ,,.., a ..,hor1-1crm man agemcnl 11101 ncces~itatcd hy 1ncrea,cd rare' ol

CO\\ BIRD \ 1 \'l\Gl:..;\1ENT- Rml111,•1111•1 al. 167

pani-.i1i'rn amVor c.Jra'>ticall) rec.Jucec.J ho ... 1 pop­ulation-. that arc threatenec.J b) lo" ol repmduc.:­tivc potenttal Manager'.> '>hould explain that <lc­uon agatn\t one native bird to aid another re­flect\ no value .1udgmcnt a\ to the \\.Ollh of one \pccic.., mer another but in,tcad refkch 'ocie ­ty'.., commitment to conserve cndangt·rcd 'pecie.., and main tarn le.:\ cb of biodi \ cr.,it) .

\C"K'\O\\ I HXi\11 '\I<;

\\e than!.: our re,pcd1\C '"'111ution' and agcm:ic' for log"t1cal help. Roll1'lc111 \\ii\ 'upportcd b) NSF- granh IB:--1#97:?8091 and 0078 I W dunng preparation of 1h1' paper. We haH' ha,ed 1111, paper in part on an appendix to lhc draft rc:c.:m <'I y plan Im 1hc 5outhwe'>tern Willow Flycaichcr ( l .S h'h and Wi ldltfc Service 200 I J. Thi' manu,cript doc' not nc,·c,.,.ml) rcprc'>Cnl the olfo.:1al (l<l,ition of the l .S 1·1,h .111d Wildlife Scnicc.

<:,wu1c' in "' ian Biolog) '\o. 26: 168 176. 200J.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAM INANTS I SU RROGATE BIRDS AN D INSECTS INHABITING SOL'THWESTE RN W ILLOW FLYCATCHER HABITAT IN ARIZONA

Ml(;\ 11 A. MoR \. J ''11s Rm RKI. S1 s '~ J. S1 ERR,\, ,\!\D KtRKI Kt'\G

\/HllCld .Se,cral <lch>rnwd South\\C,tcrn \\din\\ Fl)Catchl'r' t/ 1111•idmu11 trail/ii <' \11111111 ) \\1'rl' 11· p.111ed rn Arr,rona <lurrng tile 1.1" le" )C.tr, . Emironmcnt.il u>nt.1111111,rnt- . p.1nrcularl) per't'l<'lll llu>.tl" <UmJlatt\C pollutanh, haH' Ileen a"oc1a1eJ \\rth <leforrnrtrc' 1n otha llrrd' lrom dr\cr'c .1rl'.1' ••I thC' l n1te<l \late'. One ••llJClll\C of th" 'tu<l~ ''a' to dt•tcrmin,· 11 cm m•mnental <"Olllamrn.mi- «•uld be hnkcd to del11m1111c' ••I the S•>llth,,c,tcrn \\ 1110\\ H~c.1td1cr rn ,\ru11na. \\c me;i-im:d le\ ch 111 'Clc<·tcJ morganr,· and org.rm< contam111:rnh rn [l(llcntral '"'''ll pie) ol the Wrllo'' Fl)c:.11chcr .tml 1n .t\ tan 'urrngate 'J'<!•IC' .it 'elc..ted 'Ile' \\tthrn the S.rn Pedro RI\ er .mJ 111 Ro<N!\eh Lah• ()f)f• .111d f>Clh \\ere the onl} org.1nod1lonnc <nmpoumb quamilicd .tho\l' detec:tu>n ltmtt' in all .. ample, . !'one ol th1· mean conecntr .1tion' ol Dl>l: and PCB' in egg ... nc,thng~. or .1dult bird' \\Crc near or .tho\ c the thrc,hold for pllte1111.1l 1ktrn11ental eth:u .. on the bmh tht•nt,eh l'' or on predator' that ma) Iced on thern. Abo. none ol the 1·011cerllr.Hin11' of metab an<l 11wtalloilh in egg,. nc,tling,, a11<l aduli- \h'll'

.11 lc\t:I' 1-nown to aflcc:t rcprndlKlron or that ha\C hcen .1"11<.·1at.·d \\1th <lcfnrmitic,. Selenium \\,t,

rdat11cl) elc'<lled 111 h1rd ,,1111pk' (lip to 5.8 µg/g dr) ma"l ho11c\et. thc'e lc1el' \\crc ,1111 h1•hl\\ 1h1he that ha1 e t>ccn a"11<.·1.11cd w tth Jcform1t1c' rn hint... \\1· 1kteueJ high 1:1m.:entratwn' ol Sr (up l•• 450 µgig dr) 111.1") 111 \\hole e gg' nf Yellcm -nre.t,tc.'d Ch.th (l..i, 11<1 1frtm) th.II ..-ould .tlle.:t q;g ,hdl 'trength. hut nwr« r<'>.c.tn·h r' 1ecdeJ. 0\ erall , the 1:011t.1111rri.tnh rcponcd in tht' i.tuJ1 .trl' not lrkcl) to be 1mphc.1tl'd rn the dl'lormr11c' ob,cned 111 Smllh\\C,t<'lll \\1llow H)~.ikhcri; 111 the I 1mer S.m Pedro R1\\'r .rnd ROl"C'clt I al..c.

l\n ll11n/\ ,\n1ona, <llnt:tm111.111h, DDI·. f111p1dmuu trm/111, 1111111/\ , 111orgamc clement-. 111'c"tt' oroii- t>m1'. PCB,. Soutll\\l''tem \\ 1lhl\\ Fl)C<1h:hcr.

Th1: llmc1 'Ian Pedro R1vc1, 111dudint• au1a1.:cnt unwm.trc<1111 rcachc!> of Lhe (ltl.1 Riv1:1 {~an Pe­dro (iila ri1cr-.) and Roo,e1el1 I a~L' 111 Aruona prl\\ ii.le important ne ... ting hah11a1 for man) pa .. --.cr 111c hmJ .... 111duuing. the lcdcr.1lly 1:ndangcrcd \outh1\.c,tl'nl \\ i llm1 f'l)eatd11·1 (/. 11111iclona.\

trwl/11 1•1t111111') Em ironnwnt.11 co11t.1111in.1111' .. uch ,1, pol) chlorinated hiphcn) J, 1 PCB'). po­l) chlorinated uiht:n10-dio'111'. pol) t.:hluri11.1tcd d1lx·n,ro lur.mo;, aml 'ct.:nium h.t\C he~ n .1"1>ei­.1kd 1111h do.:!1111111111:,, m h11J, lrnm d1\Lr'L .111...1' ol till' 1 ' rutcd St.He' (Ohlcndorl ct .11 llJ:S6 (11e­"> l'l .11. I 99~) Some or the mo .. l Ullllllll>ll Ul'· frn miuc, arc cros ... cd bill'>. "11,111 or nw .. smg t:)es. and dubbed feet. but othL·r I} Jk'' of dl'for­mi1ii: ... a l..,n occur (Gilhcrtson cl .ti 1991 I \). 1hough fi,h eating hiru" and h11ds .1t lhL· top of the food chain an: u-.ually the most .1tfrctcd h) per '''tent hmaccumulati\ c to"c.1nh (Ho fl man ct .ti 199()). m"_·cti\ orou-. bird-. 111.1y .1ho be af­fCdl'U C\kCart) and Secord 2000>. lcrrc,trial .1ml cmcrgrng aquatic 111 ... ect' 111 the )m\cr San Pi:uro Rn er and Roo'c' ch I ak1• m:t) .tel umu­la11; 1o"c.111h from agnLL1hural pc'>tic1dcs. 111111 -

mg h} product-.. and \\astc11a1cr ttcatment crtlu­cnl. rhcrcforc, in,,cctivomu-. bird ... hrccdtng on ripanan corridor'> in both regions may m.:cumu­lalc to"cant.., from feeui ng. on tn'cct-. or other diet, ,

lk111i:cn 1996 and 2000. 12 adult. one llcug­ling .• mu t1\l1 ne,tling. \\11lm1 l •l)L-.tteher ... \\.ere

found \\Ith h1JI or C)C uefon111t1e-. 111 J\11/lllla, Colmadn. and Ne\\. Mc\ll"O (Sogge and P:"ton 200()) The mandible anJ bcaJ... Jcfmm1tic' wcrL' \;ha1.1cteri ... 11c of tho,e oh ... erveu in fi,h eating bird' fiom the Ci1c.11 Ltl-c'. "'hich ha\l' hc1•n attrihull·u pnmanly to dto,in-. and PCB, 1Gic') ct al 1994) lkc,m'e c111 ironmental cont.11111 nan ts ma~ he allccung the \\ ill<m l ·I) <'ottd1er and other wildlrk ot the l<l\\er SJn J>1·dm Rl\er. It i.., 11nport.tnt tn c\ .1luate en\ rronmcntal L"Oll· 1.1m111an\\ 111 lklct t111nc 11 there '' a \·onn<'l't11111 \\llh fl) 1..ttd1cr Jcto11111tte' m J\n/\m.1

The nhjl'l'll\c' of th!' ... 1ud) \ver1· to dc1c1111111c lcvcb ot 'elc\'t1•d 111orgn111c and org;m r<.: L'Olllall1 inants m potential rn ... cct prey ot the Southwc'l crn \Vilhm H\cateher and in ,1\.ian -.urrogatc .,pelics al potcnt1.1ll} impacted ..,lie' 1\ 11h111 the San Pc<lro RI\ u rip.ui.tn 1onc and Roo-.c\clt Lal-c Spcul1< .• tll). \\c <lctermmeu conccntra lions ol per-.1,tcnt en\ 1nmmcmal co111.1111in;tnh to pro\.1de u,t:f ul 111'1gh1-. tor C\ alua1111g c.1u,c-. of dcformitic-. 111 \\1lhm H)Catchcr., in Ari1ona \\'c ,Ciel tcd 'unog.ate 'pccic.., that O<.'cup)' the same hahitat and ha\c u1c1' 'imilar to tho'c of the Will<l\\ I l)c.ttchcr in Ari1ona <Drml <'I al. 1998. Yard 1998). Therefore. \\c expected 1ha1 cont:tmirrnnl burden ... 111 adult~. nc~Lling .... and egg-. of .. urrogatc 'pcc1e' \hould reflect 1how nf the Willo\\ l·l)catchcr We anal)tcd tor conlalll· inanl., in a<lult,, nc..,1l111g. .... egg' and 111":l0 h in order to c .. 1.1hJi,h the chermcal d)nam1L' Imm

168

CO TA~11'\ \'\TS I'\ l'\SI CTIVOROLS BIRDS \lorn ct al. 169

Tonto Creek

• Roosevelt Lake

Salt River

Kearny

~~~~ Salt River

Gila River

~ _CB Crossing

'

AZ N

i

Indian Hills~

Dudleyville

San Pedro River PZ Ranch - • Arava1pa

: /Creek Cook's~

;.....~~-0~~==5~..m:.=:l}O Km ___ · \ A•»a•pa

Lower San Pedro River 1 l(ilJRI I I nt-.lllllll of con1,11111nar11 "1111pl1ng \tit'' ,tlonl! the l.o\H'r S.111 l'<tlro C11la 11\C1' npanan ;one and Roo'<'H'lt I .1!..t•, Ari1ona

the potl'11t1al lo11d sour1,;.: to adults, l'ggs, .md ) oung .rnd lo d1,cl'rn '' hether ,·ontt1m1n,1111s \\en: more hl..d) to u11nl' from lo,·.11 or nugr.1tor) rout l's.

\I \I I RI \Is i\"\D \U:THODS

'>111>' ,\M1" '"u s,~11·11 Coll m.

\\c collt·.icd 1>2 '"mple, <.:Ol1\1'ling ol llhl'th, 1..11

.:a"c', .111d c~a;' of 'urrogate bird '(lCl'IC' rn 1hc 'um mer 19<J<I Imm ,,.,cral Willo\\ fl)l'atd1c1 rw,trng lo l'atirn1' \\rtlun 1he 1iparian ;one a1 the San l'cd10 Cl1la n\<.:r' <l'111al Count\ I, and from Roose\l·lt I ah• ({i1la Count) l 1n l'Clllr ,ll An1ona (Fig. I: ·Tith le I ). We 1.·ar· lured adult \l'ihm \Varhlers U>l'11t/rm111 I'''"' /11<1).

Yl'llo\\ -hrt'.1'11.·d Ch.ii- (/1 lt'ria 1 ;,.,.,,, ). and Common

Ydlcm 1hro.1h ( < ;,,11fi/1pn '"' "'" l '' llh 111.-1 ll<'h .md cuthan11nl them 1111mcd1.1tch h) ccn ic.11 d1sloc.111011 ~e,thng~ '"'" 1c·mmcd lrom 1hc ne't .md cuthan11ed .1lso h) 1.·c1'1c11I d1sliic.111un \duh and nl',tlir1g ~ar ca"e' '-'Cre \\Clghed, \Happed 111 alum111um 1011, 'lured 111 pl:t.\llc hags. anti kepi on i.:c unlll t.11.cn to th.: lahor.itor) fur Mor.tgl' .11 20 C Yelltm·hrca,1<•d Chat egg' \\l'TC collc{ t<•d from nl''h (mthll) lull dutche,). \\ r.1p1x«I 111 ,1lum111u111 loll .• md 'torctl 111 .1 l'olllmt!rc1al rel rig1.•r,1toi 111111 I turth...r pnx:e"mg C..ollll' hml.en eggs \\l'I<: 'tor.:tl 111 glas-. j<1rs at 20 CJ.

Appro,unall'I) 2 'i !;' ol 111\l'l'h ( llics. bee,. W<"P'· lrue hug,, leatl1opp<'I' .• 111d dr,1gonllks. among oth<.'1'1 \\Cn: collcc:tt'd lrorn Cooi.., I al..<.'. Indian Hill,, :ind Kl'arn) 111 th<.' hm1.·r S.111 PcJm Rl\er and from Roo ,c,l'h Lal..c. "uh mal.u'l' trap' contammg a l.llhng 1.1r

170 \1 l J)lf s l '\1 \VIA BIOi OGY () 26

TABL I \11" ODE,,() P(lh (µ< V1. \\'11 \l\ss) ,, Ec;(,S "-1> C\R( \S\l S 01 ~1snl'G .-"-DA1Jt11 l , s11 -ll\OROl s BlRl>S .\SU l'SFC l S I RO\I \Rl/ll' \ , I l)l)l) ( R \"GE l' f> \RI' Ill! SIS)

(la ' Spr1. 1c~ I O( al1\'1n ... 4 . ~ lll>I l"llh

Adult' Yellow-brea,1cd Chat Cooks Lake 0.0'4 0.016 (() 0 19 0 05 I ) (().014 0.018)

Indian Hilb 7 0.126 0.021 C0.020 0.250) (() 012 0 050)

!<.cam) {) 02J 0.(l-t() Roo,evclt 5 0 O_, I 0.012

(0.017 0.061) (0.006 Cl.02 I l Yello" Y.. aroler Cook' Lake 2 0.090 0.019

(0055 0 125) (0 016--0.02:!) lnc.lian Hill\ () 056 ()ow Kearn} x 0 .14J 0 14 I

((Hl24 0.269 1 (().037 0 .311) Common Ycllov.throat Coob Lake 0 .12'\ 0 .025

(() 07 3 0 2 I S l ( 0.020 () 031 ) Nc,llmgs Ycllow-on:astec.I Chat Coob Lake 0.0 16 0.014

Indian Hilh 2 0 C>-'4 0.0 11 (0 025 0.()44) (() 008 {) 0 17)

Roosevelt 2 0.017 0.007 (0014 0.020) (0001 0.0121

Yello'' \\ aroler Cook' Lake I 0 180 0.022 Kearn~ 2 0 05S 0161

(0051 -0064) (0.119 0 Jli1 ) J.gg, 'l cllnv.-brea,led Ch.11 Cook' Lake o.cn4 0.01 7

lnc.li;m Hilh 0 . 1 (l'i 00.U (() 019 () 155) (0.010 () 067)

Due.lie)' illc 0.0.'5 O.OU (0()19 0.060) (0.01 '\ 0.(>0-l)

GRS 12 0.084 0.0'2 (()078 0091) (0 02 3 () 048)

P/ Ranch Cl.099 0 186 ({) ()49 0. 161 ) (0.024 0.491 )

Ro1\\C\Ch (i 0.027 0.026 W.017 0.041) (0.Cll I () 056)

Jn,eds Se,cr.il Cook' Lake 0.026 0 224 l11J1an Hilh 0 .102 0 '87 Ke.trn) 0.024 0 217 Kc.1rn) 0 ()()'\ 0.020 R<l<"C\Ch o n-12 0258

w11h a doth 'naked 111 acetone .11 thl' lop ' I he traps were p laced nea r the sues whc1e lhl' h11ds \\Cre col lcctcd anti "erc Jell for one or more day' until enough 111scc1 l>mma" '"" gathered 1\her c.:olkd1011, the m 'cc.:ts v.crc 1r.111,lcrred 10 chcmicall) clcanl·d gla" jars and I.cpl .1t 20 C until chemical .111.11)'"

eni1.1t1on. al1ou1 2 got ,,1111ple were u\cd for each anal ysis. l he 'arnples "cre ;.inaly.ted at the Geochemical anti f,m rronmcn1.il Rc,earch Group <GERG). [c\as A&M l ll1\el\1ty.

C1tt 'll< \l "'"l \SI\

Bird \.',lr\.""'C'. eggs. and m'e'°t' \\ere .mal) tee.I l<>r orga11<><:hlor111c contaminams and 1nmg.m11: clement'. The \.'ar .. a"c' \\ere obtained b) plucking leathers. rc­mm mg head, lc)!s. bca).;, anti stomach c.:ont<·nts Egg' v.erc ;111al)tcd v.hole (including egg,hcll\l l>ccau'e 'omc cg~'' were broken anti lro1cn pnor Ill 'cparauon nl the cgrshcll,_ This occurred hcl·•n"c l'ggs hat! 10 be carried around for several hours while 'carchrng for more nests We aJ,o anal) 1etl the v. hok egg to deter­mine total tlepuration of contaminants Imm the adult female lo the egg. Contammanl l'lllll'Cntratron' ''ere not ad1u,ted tor p<.h\lblt: rnoi,turc lo" Alter hnmog-

OR(,\'\(lClll ORl'-l Co\llUl '-D\

We .mal)l'ed the tollo\\mg organochkmnc com· pound': pol)chlonnatcd biphen)b• CPCB,). he>.ad1lo robcn1en..: (HCB), he\,Khloroc)clohe\ane (n, ~. y. and li-HCH> d1lurJane (c• and y l\Omcrs>. cis nonach­lor. tran' nonad1lm. J1clJrin. endrin. heptac.:hlor cpox -1tle. mire\ , 11\)dllorclanc. lo.xaphenc, DL> f f I. l.1 -trichloro-2.2-hl\( p ·c.:hlorophenyl )ethane I. DDr ( 1.1 tlichloro-:!.2 hl'(p c.:hloropheny))ethylenel. anti [)[)!)

r 1.1-tl ichlnro 2.2 lm(p-chlorophen) !)ethane I Approx irnatcly 2 g ol samph: homogenate were mixed w ith anhydrous SIX.hum sulfate and extracted with he>.anc. The 'ample' \\ere el(lractcd following the NOAA 'la­tu' anti trend' method C~1cl.eod et al. 1985) \\Ith some modilication' < Bwol\' ct al 1989 ). The extrac.:t' "ere

CO'\:TA'.\>11\i \ \i IS I l'-<">I CTIVOROU<; BIRDS \.fora t't al. 171

puntw<l h) ,,1rc.l/;1lurnrna column chrllmat••graph) .uni \\ llh llPI <'. f{o:,1duo:' \\O:re quanlllal<'d h) g,1, chro­ll1.tl0).'r.1ph) and clt:ctron capiurl <lc1t•t·101, c;c.1·( D ( r-<11 111 'Phtk" mode. \\llh a DB-5 ( io X 0.2'1 mm 11>1 tu'l'tf · ,1ltl.t c.1p1lh1r) column tScm:.11111 l'I al I '190) ·1o:n pt'ICt'lll ol thc 'ample:' v.0:1c n•nlrrmo:tl h)

'<'c.:ond lllJC<' l1<111 1111 a DB-17 c.:apillar) t'ol1111111 or h) (JC MS Sprl..t· rl'<·m o:rio:, "cro: .1rn1\o: SO', 111 .11l o:.1'c'. '.1riat1<1n het\\t'l'll tluplica1c' ro:111.11no:d \\ tthm I'\ <;, . The lo\\ c't dt'h:d1on hmll for org.111od1lo1111t• .:om­J'<lllll<h \lo,,, app11>\1111:1tel) I ng/g \\C't ma_"(\\\\ I

H1 ..A" 1\11 lAl s A'D '\11 rALLo n"

\\'o: qu.111111red the lulltm mg hc.1\) me1.1I~ .1111.l met allu1tl'> . • 1lun1111urn 11\ll a·,o:n1c (,\,), c.1d111111111 <Cd). t:hr..111111111 (Cr). lt•ppcr tCul. rncrcur) (I lgl. n1d;o:I 1~1). kad (Phi 'elo:ruum (Sc). anti 'lrontturn tS1). ,\p prm.1mah:I) 0.5 g ol 'ample \\a' tl1gc,t1•tl \\Ith n11no: and pt•rchlrn il' .1c1tl,. ' I he lhge't v.a, anal}1cd IOI rn1"1 c lcrnc111' with a Pt:il..in Elmcr. Modcl !'I AN '\000. 111 · <lu.:1 i \ l'I) · n1upl.:<l pl;l'ma-ma-., -.pectn>ll1l'tl'r t ICP J\.IS) \r,c111l· ;111tl Sc were anal)ted \\ilh .1 V.m.111 V<i \ 711 h)d11dc geno:ratton a.:.:e'~'") mounted 111 un .11orn1l· .1h,11r11111111 'JX'dropho10111c1c1, A\ l'o:rl.:111 l•I mer, :\.1odcl io30 \1ero:ur) '"" ;m.11) 7c.t h) th<" ,1.1n­d.1r,1 <llld \ilpor .11on11c .1h,orptmn method 1110: 111\\C'I delt'llton hn111s tor lrnc..- clcmcnh \ .111cd hcl\\ c.:.-n II 006 µgig d\lo for Cd unJ 2 µgig ti\\ fur \I Pc11:c111 re<O\i.'rtl'' of •p1!.c<l 'illllplc' .md co:rt11tcd rcfcro:n<c mat<'rt.tls \\<'fl' nlxlH' 90'1 in 11111'1 c."cs \k.111 rcla ­ll\ C P<'r<l'lll dtlkn.'ncc' bct\\l!Cl1 duphc11ll'' \\l'I<'

IO't .

SI \ 11~ 1 ll \I ,\!\ \l \\I S

Yclhl\\ hrl'a'tt•d Ch.ti' wcre !Ill' 111.1111 'flC'l IC' .:nl ln·tcd 1111111 must h><.'.ot1ori-: thcrelt•r<'. mn-.1 n1111p.11i '""' 11111011g h1<.-.1t11111s ''ere pcrtormt•J 11111) \\ 1lh d1 11 d.11.1 \\c uscd thl" < 1l ~1 pn>ec<htr<' on 11111f..;cd d.11.1 CS \S lns111u1c 1987 1 to 1c,1 for <hllcrcncl'' rn mean -<>n,en1r.it11111' of org.uu, :md 111orga111c cle111en1, .1111ong .111 silc~ (\\ 1th111 San Pc<lro .md Rou'c' cit) lhc I uf..;e) muh1plc n1mp.1rt,01i- prn;:cdurc ".1s u .. cd 10 de tcrrmnc wluch means \\ere '1gmhc::intl} thllcrcnt \\c c:11rnp.11cd C<llllcntr.tt111n' ul 11ri;.m11Chl111111c .ind 111or g.1111, 1:011111<•1111\I' 111 .1duh .:hats "Ith <lat.1 1111111 three li•c.1111111' .11111111 cgg' \11th tla1.1 Imm Ir\\' l.1<.-.1111111,, \Ve c·nrnp.ucd i11nrf.tllll l'll•mcnt <:llllll.'lll1.11tm1' .1111n11g .1dult-. 11l',tlrng,, .111d cgg' "Ith data fi11111 R'""<''clt and lmlt,111 111 II~ .111tl .111 lt•c.ui1111' c11mh1m«I Wl' ,11'<1 n1111parcd l0 t1ll\C111r 1t1 .. 11' 111 rn•irg.1111l ck·mcnts m111111g

,pc,·1cs \\Ith c11mh1ncd d.1t.1 for .1t1111t .. lll>tll social lo cation.. \\ l' 1cs1cd fo1 d1llcrcnccs m me.111 cuncentm lion' of nrga11ochl11nnc~ hct\lieen lo<..1lluns (San Pedro '~ R1K1Sc\ di) nnd het\\ecn ,pc .. ·1c' (d1ab v~ \\ilrhlc~s) h) I\\ n ~unpk compan,on pmc<'dures. fhc le\ cl ut Mg1111r,.111cc \\as 'et a prwrt <ii P 0.05

At l \ll I A 1 lllS I " I OK~ FCW l\1Cf\I ~ A"ll Mf I \ll 1111>'

\Ve e,11111.ttl·d th<.' pmponion ut 111org:1111,· o.:1111ta1111 nanh that h11<h acquired through tho: diet .• 1-.-11111111~· that the) \\l'I<' Iced mg 1111 '"'Cl.'1' '1111i lar 111 1h11w '<1111

plo:d 1n mu '"'"} We '"cd mean 1nrnga111c «10:1110:111 c.:011.:0:11tru11on' trom Ycllov.-hrca,lo:<l Chah tr,1111 'IX' c1hc locallrn1' (Ii ti Jll Hilh ,md RlKhcH•lt) .md lrom

,111 locatmn' 10 oh1.11n .1c,·u111ul.m11n rat11" tn•m 11i-c.:t-1n ilduli- an<l nc,1ltng, , .1duh' lo egg-.. and egg' to nc,1ling, , Th.: ,1,·c1111111l.1111u1 la<'tor repre,.:nh lhc rat11> of the ..:1111c.:n1r.u111n 111 .1 gi\ en l·ompartmcnt (e.g . .:;ir

.. ·a-.-1 di\ 1do:d h) thl' n>nn•n1ra1ion 111 ant11hc1 uim panmcnt (.:.g., 111'.:<·t,) I ho: at:t:11mul.u1on l.1ctor 111d1 c:.Hc' '' hctho:r " l.'ontam11wnt 111gc,1e<l 111 lhc lood " porcnt1all) .K,·111nul.11<.·d 111 adult,, 1hc prupt1nwn that " tlepurated h) 1hc kmalt: through the egg (mdudmg dcpo.,ition in lhl• l'fil:•IJCllJ , anti ac.:umulauun in nc, . 1ling,. ,\ raun I suggo:,1' no h1ua<·l.'umula11011, \\hcrca' a 1<1110 I 111tl1<.atc' h11•accumula1inn

Rl:.SLLTS

OR< ''cx·111 dRl"I s

DOE and PClh wer.: the onl} organo.:hlonne compounds delecteJ in all sample-. (Table I) DDE eoneen1 1.111011\ \Vere lo\\ (range 0.003 0 355 µg/g W\\) hut were somewhat highc1 in

adult bird" and l.'gg" than in 111-.cch and nr-.­llings. Pol)<.hl11nn.11eJ hirhrnyl concentrat1nrh al-.o \\ere hm <range 0 006 0.491 µgig \\w): hm\e\ er. PCfh \\ere lug her in insect' and ITTlll'h In\\ er in adult .... 111J ll<.''1hng' There \\ere no ... 1g­n11it.ant differencl'' 1Cil \1 of ranked data. P O.O'il in ..-11ncentrat111n' ol DOE and PCB-. among adult chah lrnm C<•ob Lake. Indian Hills. am.I Rume\clt I ake. DDI:. .ind PCB rnn­centrations aJ,n \\l.'I<' not ... ignilu .. antl) dtlkrl'llt ( GLM ol 1 ankl.'d data. P O.O'i) among that

eggs from Dudk)>lllc. Indian Hills. GRS I? (hy CB Cross111g) and P/ Randi. in the Jn°"er <ian Pl.'dro Ri\ er. .md Rm •-.c\ l.'h L akc. DDF and PCBs \\l.'re no1 '1g111fll'antl)- d1lkrcnt (t lc,t, I' "'> 0.0.'il bl't\\een eh.it <'gg' or c.irt·as ... es Imm the hmer San Pedro Rl\l.'r uml Roose\elt I .11-l'. DOE concenlr.Hion' ,d<;n \\Crc 'imilar (t-le,t, J> > 0 05) het\\el'll c.m.a"'cs ol adult ch.tis .1nJ Yel(o\\ Warhkrs lrom the· lo\\ er San Pedro Kl\ er: hO\\e\l·r. t·11ncl'llt1.11ion'i ol PCB' \\erl' ''g nitic:antl) grc.ltl'l t t te'>t. P 0.0 I) in Yelin\\ Warblers than in dials from the samo: loi:ation-. .

Mtl.\l~ \t-:llMll\llClltl'>

Jn ... ech had proporta111all) higher concenua lion ... of Cr, ,\s, Cd •• 111d N1 than brrd cari:n ...... r ... and egg-. ( li1hle :!) \k.111 t·onccntration ... ol Cr. J\,, Cd. Ni. Sr .• ind Al \\ere 'imilar IGL~1 of ranked dat.1. f> > 0 Cl'i) 111 .u.Jult chah from Cool.: ... lake. Indian Hills, and Roo,c\cll Lake. Ho\\ t.:\er. con..:rn1r.11111n ... ol l'h and Se \\Cre 'ignili· "anti) higher (Cil.M of ranked data. P < O.ll'i) in adult d1ai... Imm lnd1.1n Hills than in adults from Roose\ ell I ake hut \\ere similar lO 1..hah

from Cooks I ake Coppc1 concentra<ion' W<.'rl.' -.ignihl'antl) h1ghu 1Cil \.1 ol ranked data. P < 0.05) in aduh d1<1h from Crn1k' Lake than in tho'e from Indian I lill' and Roosevelt Lak«. C1,ncc111ration-. of I lg \\t're .... gn1fieantl) higher

1'1\BLE 2. Ml ,,, 1'01<UA"C 61 l·_\1!:.:-<l C<>,CL,TRAllO\."'i A'll R""'' ·' <µci/c: l>1<Y ~lt\ssl I" E1;c;s ·"ll C\kt"ASSl'S 01 N1 sn I'<• '"I> 1\1>1 1.r B11<1>s '"ll 1:-.'I c·is 1 R0\1 -..J

1\kl/O'OA. 1999 f .j

,.\,c Cb.u '\ptt1a l.oi.+ation ' C"I .... Cd Pto ~c Ilg C'u ~. Sr ,,,

.... - - ---1\c.luh Y1:1Jm,. Cool..s J 0.83 0.17 I. I I 034 1.79 0.11 14.0 0.22 44 21

l>rca,tcc.l l.:il..1: 10.53-1) (0.10-(1.22) (0.S3-1.40) (013-0.46) (l.'.11 2.1) (0 l-{1.12) (10.6-19.6) l0.15·027> <'.19.4 51) (IX 201 Chat lnc.ltan 7 0.71 0.23 0.50 051 1.90 0.14 7.6 0.72 :!lJ 30

llilb l(J.32 1.9) (0.110.35) (().26..{164) (02S-U>-I) (I 1-241 (0.1-0 23> (5.2-10.41 tCHll-.1) ( 15-46.t ( 12- 5XI Kearny I l.J5 0.26 1.15 0.52 2.01\ 0.4X 10.6 0.'.15 21 21 R1)(1SC • 5 0.79 CJ.IX 0.49 O.IX 1.().1 0.36 7.2 0.15 21 20

\di t0.53 1.25) (0. I --0 24) (().17-1.J > j() 13-0.2<i) (0.87-1.24) (0 24-{l.4) (6.3-7.8) t0.05 ,().41) (I 2.4-2SJ (144-26.7) Yclluw Cool..s 2 0.36 0.20 0.26 0.49 J.07 0.19 8.9 0.40 22 25

\\':1rl>lcr l.al..c (0.27-0.4.i) (0.12-0.27) (0.2~-0.29) t<Ull-0671 (2.91-J.23) l(l.17-0.21> (8.0-9.2) (0.2Ml.51> (16.2-2X 7) 119-321 lnc.l1an I 0.50 0.36 0.21 3.85 5.X7 0.14 20.X 0.46 15 .w r.r

-1 Hill' r

K1:arny x 0.90 0.17 0.20 0.57 5.IO 0.21 11.9 0.24 15 26 0 (0.5-1 71 <0.11-0.231 (0.C17-0 6.1) t0.42-0.Xl 12.1-66) 10.110.111 110.1-15.91 <005-0.541 llO.J-224> 11.U-42.41 ::i

(111111111111 (°()()b .1 0.78 0.36 0.17 0.22 l.7J 0.25 9 0 0.20 15 15 C/l

Yclllm I .;1kc 10.27 1.181 ({).09 0.X I I (()1-0.211 (016-0.26) (1.41-2.051 (0.11-{}32) (X.7-9.21 (O.OX-0..t6> (I 2.X-15 9) ( 11-17> 1hroa1 >

N1•s1 Yclllm Cooks I 0.27 0.17 0 ()l) I. ()l) 0.13 8.2 0.17 45 30 < hng hrcao,wcJ L<1kc >

Chai lnc.lian 2 0.95 0.27 0 60 0.42 1.23 0.02 69.5 0.43 52 456 7

1 lilb (0.84· 105) ((123-{l.31) (().11-1.09) l(J.15-050) I 1. 17- 1 29> (19 1201 (011-0.751 (21-XI l (2.11 682) to Rooo,c 2 2.61 0.25 0.18 0.10 0.24 0.27 13.9 0.24 22 161 0

"~II (0.9-4.3) (0.12-038) <0.18-0.181 1001-0 18> <0.16-Cl.'21 (0.19-0.35) (12.1-15.71 I0.12-<U5i (17-28) (43-279) r Yellow ll)()"' I 0.54 0.10 0.13 0.02 l.J2 o.x.~ 9.7 0.40 37 7 0

0 \\.'arl>lcr I .akc -<

Kca1ny 2 1.14 0.16 0.04 0.18 4.84 0.07 8.7 0.79 50 16 (0.96-132) (0.15-{l.17) (0.(J.1-0()4) (0.11-0 . .26) t4.55-5 141 ({l.06-0.07) (8.3-9.05) <0.72-0.85) (JX-631 (14 .X-16.X>

Egg' Yellow- ('{)()"' I 0.16 0.54 0.17 J.53 0.02 2.3 1.65 257 ::>8 l>rc;i,tcd L.al..1: ("h;ll Indian 3 0.30 1.00 0.02 0.17 ,.90 0.02 2.2 0.71 :.HJ I 0

Hill' (0.21-0.42) (0.6-11) t0.01-0.0.~) (0.0:!-0.2Sl (3.4-4.3> ( 1.9-2.9) l0.24-1) t266-J95J (5 J-1.2.4) Duc.lky- J 0..10 1.27 0 01 0.19 3.~o 0.02 3.0 0.50 450 59

\ilk W.16-0.57) (1-1 .t3) (0.05-0 .. 19) <J.2-5) (2.3-4.1) (0.28-0.XOJ 1.124 - 5 79) (2-1491 GRS 2 .1 0.38 O.ti2 0.12 4.51 0.02 3.4 uo 24J 14

1(1.18-0.62) (0.72-09!;) W.<B O.l'll <3.46-5.2> (2.5-4.2) {0.8-1.9) ( 145-.'6·') (IU.1-,15.6.r

P/ J 0.11 o.ss 0.26 2 70 012 2.7 0.33 J9(l 27 R•1nth (009--0.14) (061-1 I) tO. I S-0 . .1'.I) (U-3.9J (0 02-0.32) (2.1-3.2) (() 01- 0 75) (2!0-5-15) <12-64> R<)("C · 6 0.56 0.9-1 0.0 I 0 14 4.SO 0.02 2 ti I. I I 1<>8 ) ., c

n~ll (0.03-1.45) (0.7-1.21 (0-0.02) 10 ()4-0.2!;) (2.7-6.7> ( 1.8-3.8) (0.02-2.8> 11111-2.1.1) (7-JX) f..) ~

c ... ..)

/

,.,

CO IAMINANTS I

:::·

''" ..... r-i

,..., :it: v. ,... 0 ir,

::; C ri

-~(" ... t"'.l l"") ­

..:_c

..... ..... ..... 0 "' ..... -==

Z CZ C ,... _ ..... 0 ...:o

- v , 1r, U ~ :J-. ,..... •nr-1 0 ~ ~ O<"I

z -

'J ... - / I;:; '"' ::::

SECTIVOROUS BIRDS Mora('' al. 173

( P < 0.05 J in adult chat-. from Roo,cH~lt than in tho'c from lntlian Hill' and Cook' l .akl'

Conccn1rat10n' of Cr \, Cd , Ph. Sc. Cu. '\1. anti Al \\ere 'im1lar Ill lhat egg' trom ll\c lo C<ltion' in the lo\\CI Sar Pedro Rl\cr and Roo 'c' cit Lake ( GL'\1 ot 1,111!..cd dat.1. P 0.05 J. Conccntrauon ... ol Sr. ho\\C\cr. \\Crl' '1g111hl".lllt· I) higher (GL\I of ranl\cd dat.1 I' 0.05 l in chat egg;. from Dudle)' Ille and P/ Rand1 Ill the lower San Pedro Ri\er than in Roo'c"clt I akc. "v1ercur} \\a' near detcdion limrh Ill chat e1't''

Conccntratmn ... of Cr \,, CJ. Ph. Sc. 11!!. '\1. and Sr V\,Cre -,imilar bct\\ccn adult.., and nc ... 1l111g chab but differed 'ignilicantl) from conccntm· lion .. in egg-, <GLM ot rnnkcd daw. 'cc he low). Concentrations of A .... Sc. N1. ,md ~r \\ere ,jg. nificantly higher CGLM of rnnkcd data. P < 0.05) in whole egg.., than in adult'> 01 nc,tltng chah: however. concentration' of Cr. Cd. Ph, and Hg were ;.ign1llLantl) l1mcr (UI M ol ranked data. P < 0.0.S) Corpcr t·onc.:L'ntrat1on' were '>ignificantl) higher m ne'>tling ... than in adult.., or egg-. <GLM nl r.1111\ed d.ua P 0 .05>.

Conccntrauon' ol Cr. A .... I lg. '\1, and Al \\Crc '1nlllar among can.:a"c' 11! chah \\.trhlcr-., .ind )ellO\\throats IGL \1 111 ranked data. P ll.<l5J. Cadmwm and Sr \\ere '1gn1hL' ,111tl) higher <GU\1 of ranked d.ua. P 0 .051 111 chat l'.1r­c.:a,,e, than rn other I\\ o 'Pc~· r c ... . Copp( 1 .md I lg \\ere ... igrnfic.:antl) higher <GI \1 ol r.lllkcd dat.1 . P < 0.05 I rn Ycllm\ \\',1rbkr' th.111 111 d1,1h, hut \\ere ..,1r1il.ir to Common Ycllo\\ 1hn1,1i...

:\.1FTAL "'D '\11 f\l.LOID Acct \11 l \110:-1 l • \nO({\

Table 3 pnl\ rdc' mc.tn .lll'Ufllul.11ion lai:tor' of met at... anti me1,tllo1d' I rom ir1'e" h to h11 d,, ne-.tling .... and egg ... . The .1c1.·u11111l.11ion tac1111 \\a... I in the loll1m in~ l'•"c': lr11m in..,c1.•1.., to ,1c.lulh for Sc. llg. and Sr . lrom .1d11lt' 10 egg' tor A,. Sc. Ni, anu Sr. from i11'L'Lh 111 nc ... tling' for Sc, I lg. Cu. ()r and \I: ,111d Imm egg., 111 nc..,tlings fo1 C1. Cd, Ph I lg. Cu. ,111d Al.

DISCUSSION CONT\\111\\'\I P\111 ({'\<;\Nil lf\/\l{I)

ASSl·S\\11 NT

DOE n•ncc111r:.t111n-. 111 h11ds trom Ari111na V\,Cre ... nnilar 10 tho..,c lound 111 other in,ccll\O· mu ... ..,pccic' collected rci.:cntl) 111 B1~ Bend Na­tional Park. but \\Cre aoout 30 11111e' lll\\CI than the DDE re..,idue.., lound 111 Clrtl S\\ allm" ( /'1 • rrm helu/011 pyrrlumore1) collc1.1<:u .1long thl' Rio Grande near El Pa-.o. 'JC\,i.. dur ng the ,,unc ) ear ( ~1. Mora. unpubl. 0:11,11 !\one ol the me;m ODE concentra1ion ... in egg' ni:,tlrng-.. and ,1dult bird.., "ere near or aO<l\ e 1hi: thri:,hold for po· 1cntial de1rimen1al clkl'b on till' hird.., 1hL'lll· -.cl,·e, or on predator.., that ma) le1.•d on them . Ba..,ed on a\ ailahk 'llld1c". the Bnm n Pi:lican

17-1

z -<'. /

... c :::

~ i :c . ~ u:; >-~ /

~

:::: " z c ~ 0 6 ::: 7' ,. :c ~

< :;; 2: ~

;; ,.

<

~ 5 / ;.ll /

-/

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!'.: /

::; z ... x ~

3 v ... .:..

~

... ;:; _, u l.. -<'. < z / ~ ... i 2

<'(

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~ iii v

< :r !- ::.

s·y l Dll "> I .\ YIAt\ BIOi OG'I- • 0. 26

..c: ::- ..c ,.., . ~ ~

z ;::;::!v-·===-~=

= s'"i~ =~=~ :::,, - -

... , :; -c ..... C"'I f", r"f r"I

==~-r.~q:qo ~ 0 g -t ~ = ~ = ~!

"1" ::: - - - -~: " ..c i

.: ;r;c:;;:::~-~~ ci=O~OA,...-;~ ~ s s ~:

:_:;

" :;.(o :_:; .r <: ~

a- " " .r " '2i. '2i. c: ..

~ -;, c:

= i; ,,

;..i " Cl, -; -; -;, oi, '-' ... -1'. :.u z L.

( Pe/1•c1111111 occulenta/1') ha' hccn one ol the most scn"tive bird 'pecies to the eggshell th111 ning cllc1:h of DOE: lc\cl' of approximately 1 µg/g \\,\\ Ill eggs rn1.-rca,1.·d ci•g breakage and deerea,ed produCll\ll). I lo\\1.'\ er. there b mud1 \ an.1t111n in -..en ... iti\ it) tn DD! .11nong -..p.:cie-.. (Siu-.. 19%). The lo\\. lc\e), of DDI:. in ,1dult bird-... nc,tling-... and in,cch 'ugge..,ted little. 11 an). accu111ula11on along m1grato1 )' routes: rath er. they 1mhcate prn.,iblc accu111ulation from lo c<.11 SOllrl"Cs,

Pol)l"hlorinatcd biphcnyl concentrations aJ,o \\Crc \Cr) lo\\ PCB-.. \\Cle higher in insect.. and much l<m er 111 adult ... and nc,tllllg'-. al\o sug­gesting h1c,1l 'oun..e-, rather than acquisiuo1 dur ing m1gr.1t111n or in '' 1nt1.•1 mg ground-... PCB' were gn:ate1 111 warhlca.., than rn chah from Kearny prnbahly becau-.c warbler.., \I.ere fecd111g do<,er to the Kearny sewage ponds. the 1110-..1

likel) 'oun..c of res, in the area. The IO'>l<Cst conccntr.11io11' of PCB' that h:l\c been a--..oc1-ated \\.1th ddorm111e' 111 bird' arc approximatd) J.5 µgig \\ \\ 111 egg-. ol Douhlc-crc-..ted Cm­moranh ( l'lwhKrocor<1 \ 1111rit11\, Yanrn'>hlla ct <11. 199Jl. All PCB \aluc' 111 egg-... nc-.tlmg,. and <1dult bird' collected in Antona were !e's th.111 I µg/g W\\." thus. it i.., unli"cly that PCBs arc a ..... odated '"1th dcfor1111111.'' that have appeared in fl}t'atc.:her' rn the area

.\to,t concentration ... of met.ii' and metalloid' in cgg' ,111d carca ...... c-.. of the th1cc bird specie ... abo wcrt• 1101 ot com:crn Im hmlogic<.11 cffcch \uch ,..., dclon111t1cs Ill bi1ds None of the con cent1at1nn-.. of Cr, A,, Cd, Ph. I lg, Cu. N1. anti Al in egg-... nc,tlings. anti adult' were at level' kno\\.n to alku 1cprodt11.•t111n or that h<.1\C hct·n <h'>O<: i.ttcd \\.Ith defornut i1.·-. (I k1n1 1979: 1:1'lcr 1985.1. 1986, 1987. 1988, 1998: Whit\\.onh ct al. 1991. ~lilc' cl al. 1993. Mdl\\;en ,mJ ~cgu-.anu I 99~ I. ,\dd1ti1m<1ll}. -.omc inorganic elemcnh \\,ere rcta1ncd 1n the cgg ... hcll '1111.:l' the egg' amt eggsllL'll' were analytl'd ltlgl'lht:r: thcrelorc. ...ome clcmc111.., were le" likely to affect the cn1-bryo... Recent analy-.e-.. 1ndit·.11c that except for Cu. \111 Sc ,111d /.n. cmK·ent1.1tion.., of inorganit• clem1.•nt, \H'IC ~ 35 time ... g1c.1tcr m eggshell' than in egl:'' ( \,lora in pre"). I hi,,e,er. Burger ( 199-1 J found that conccntr.11ion-. of Pb and Cr were h1ghc1 in egg contenh than in eggshell' of Herring (iull' (u1r111 argC'11tc11111) and Roseate Tern\ (.'H<'nlll clougallii). I hu'>, ..,peciel> d1ffc1 cncc' in deposition of inmg<1n1c dcmenh 111 egg.., and cgg-..hclls need to he con'>idered.

A conccntrallon of 0. -l µg/g d\\. total Hg in the d1e1 of ti'>h-eating bird-.. ha' been suggc ... ted a' the thrc,hold \alue at \\.h1ch no negative cf­lech arc kn1mn to occur (!·i,lcr 1987). The mc<111 concentration of toul I lg Ill insect'> 111 tht' Lower San Pedro River and Roo,evclt Dam wa-.

CO ·1 \\.11'\l\'\;TS I' l'SI CTIVOROUS RIRD~ \.fora et al. 175

below 0.15 µgig dw. ahout 113 the ma,1mum recommended level to protect wi ldlife 111 ... cet' from the 'ame area abo had Cu leveh 1ang1ng from 27- -15 µgig dw . No data on tox1ctt) ol Cu to wildlilc arc a\'ailahlc; ho\\l'\Cr. poultr) 'lud ­ic.., indil:atc that adH:r-.. e cltcct ... could C>C'l'Ur when chicken' art." led dtct' conta1111ng 350 µg/ g \\.W Cu for 25 day ... o :i,lct 1998). Of the le\\

\luc.he' wtth Ni. Outndgc .md Seheuhammcr ( 1991) ohi..erved that a diet of 300 µgig ww cau,cd reduced growth 111 newly hatched ch1d .. en ... . Ntd.cl concentration' in in,ech from Ari-1ona \\ere all be lo\\ I I µgig d\\. Aluminum concentration'> in in-.cet' and nc,tling ... from A1-i1ona \\<."rc ..,omcwh,1t hi)!h: however. d11:t.1rv conccn11ation ... of Al of :mo. 1000. and 5000 µg/ g WW admmi ... tered to I .uropcan Starlmg ... ( s·111r 11111 1·11!Mt1ri.\) did not ;1ffec:t their growth. rcpro c.luetion, or 'uf\i\'al (M 1ks cl al 1991)

Sclcnrnm. derived primanl) from irrigation drainarc of area-.. \\ith m.111111.: -.edimenta1y nK.·J..., of l.atc Crcuu.:eous age !Sl•tlcr 1997). \\a-. rcla­ll\ely clc\ated in bml '1mpJe, (up w 'i l'i µgig dw 1: hm\C\cr. the,c le"ch \\.etc ,1111 helo'' tho'c that have been a''odatcd \\Ith defrn 111111c' in birch (13 2-1 µgig dw: Sko1upa and Ohlcndorl 1991 ). A lthough Sc may not he lethal or kra togcntc at ... uch lcv..:h dll't.tr) concentr<ltion' ol Sc •J µgig dw ma) ha\c negati\e cflcet' on fl..,h and \\ikllife (l.cml) 19W1) Com:e1111,11ion' of Sc < 5 µgig d'' in thl' d1l't of adult Sneo:d1 Owb !Otu.\ tnio) rcsulll•d in o'idati\c: ... trl'" 111 thci1 nc..,tling-.. (W1cll1t')'Ct .ind Hollman 199(1). Thus. r,1pteria! htrd' kcd111g .m ... onghinb 111 in­sect i V<ltl' species <tl!lltl' the San Pedro Ri \ t•r and the Roo,evclt Lake .irc:1 could bc allcetl·d h) high concentration-.. ol Sc in thl!ir pre) .

01ll' important hnd111g of thi"' ... rud~ \\:ts the de\ utcd le\ ct... of <:)r '11p to 4 "iO µg./g U\\) Ill egg ... nf chats from l\\O lo<..'.111011, on the San Pedro R1\ er fhe unu ... ually lw•h l·onccntration' ol S1, however. were pre,cnt mostly in the cgg,h<..•ll (Mma in pie~'' \\ith h11lc potential 101 a-.. ... oc.:i:1 · t111n w11h dcformitic.., in h1n1' . Not\\ith,t;tmltng, Sr mohilitation i' l"lo el) u"ociatl'd ''ith C.1 mct.1holi,m. thu .... it 1.., P•"'1ble that a high de pt1,1t1on ol Sr in the c~-..h.:11 could affect l'gg 'hell 11cngth and 1111.:rc.1~e ccg hrcak.rgc t M1.11 ct al. 19671. but thi' <lc,c1 \ c' further dout111l'n talion The d1stnhut10n of S1 111 the cn\trnnmcnt i .... i'sociutcc.I with po1u-..,1t1111 or culc1um 11d1 rock\. Some area.., in Ari1ona south of the ..,ltld) area h,1\ c been re polled \\ ith high concentra­tion' nl Sr in 'tream -.cdimcni... (Theobald and Barton 1988). Our finding' point out the potcn­twl 1<1r accumulation of high concentration-. ol Sr in cggshclb of pas,crinc bird.., ne ... ting in some region' of J\ri1ona.

bxi;cpt for Sr, which 'howed \01m: gco!•raphu:

d1 ffercncc-.. 111 cont·cntration' among ... am pies lrom the San Pedro Ri,e1. concentration~ or mo't inorgan1t· clement.., were '1t11ilar between the lower S<lll Pedro River and Roo..,C\Clt Lake. rhi ... 'U!,!t!l''h that the 'oOllrCe' of inorganic COn· taminant' .ire di-..tributed ... ome\\ h.11 uniform!) throughout thl' nc-..11ng hab11at m the ... c l\\O re )!ion,, Thi ... i.., abo 'upported b) ... imilar concen tralions of Cr. A,, Hg. Ni, and Al among the three btrd ... pcc1..:s from the lower San Pedro Riv­er Add1t1omtl c..·ollcctilln of 'amplcs from other \\.ilkw. H)c..'atchcr locauon.., \i,.nulc.I ;illow for in­crca'>ed ..,ample 'i'c' and more mbu't compari­'uns to bcttc..·r determine contam111,111t pattern' and potenttal impach on nc-..ting in,ccti\orous bird-...

Mr-T-\1 D' "\Ml( s AMO~(i 8101 J( '

C'O\IP·\R I \IJ· N 1 S

Analy'1' of the accumulatwn factor' 'uggests that ot 111 the tnorganic elemenh. <inl) Se. Hg. .rnd Sr I rauo I I hioaccumu lat..:d I rom tnsects Ill .1duli... 1 lo\\ C\ er. the pn:•,cncc of high con­ccntra11on' ol metal' in in-..ech 'ugge,tcd acqui­'ition of oth1:r metal ... thruugh the diet fhe ac­cumulat1on fac..tor' also indicate that adult bird' deposited grcatc1 conccntra11ons ol \o.,, lie. Ni. .md Sr than other mct.1ls 111 egg ... , rclall\l' to their body hurd ... ·n' hnm lll'oCCt' to adult-.. .rnd then lrom .1dult' tci egg.... bioactt11nul 1tinn factor:-. \\erc 12.5 lor Sc, .md 2J 2 Im S1 ( li.thlc 31. A' mdicatcd earlier 1110'1 Sr ., dcp11..,1tc«I in the egg­'hcll, whe1c.i' mo't So: ab,orh' d11cc.;tly in the egg comcnh (Mora m prcsq Tht' 'tud) docu­mcni... lhc signific.111ce of the cgi:,hcll for dc­po,iuon ot Sr h) the hi) rng km.tic The accu­mulatwn l.1l·to1s ol metab from 111,cct' to ne ... -tling' were quill" '1111il,1r to tho.;c I rnm m'cct' to .1dulh ... ugge~ung 1h.11 the po"1hlc '<iurce ol tn · t11gamc c..nnt.11nin.111h ,.,.a, loc.11 rather than from .1 t.hstant 'cllirc.. l' . Thc ... c con,tt.lcr .11 ion' a ... ,umc that the 111,ccl ,;1mplc.., an.ti} 1cd rcprc,cnt the food 'ourcc lnr the bird-. t·ol lcc..·tl·d in the are<1 and th.It tht• m..:ial Ct'nccntrations olhcncd were a'erage l't>nc..·cn1r.1t1<m' for the :m.· .1

CO:\CLUSlO~S ,\ 'D R£:C0\1\1l~ND \"T 10'\IS

Q\'crall. DDI PC a, met.ii, , ,rnd metallotd concentration' rl pnned in 1h1' 'tud) are not likely to he implicated in the dl'fmnrnies oh ... cne<l rn Snuthwe-..tcrn \\. ilhl\\ I lycatc.:hcr-. in the Lower S,m P..:dro R1~er ant.I Roo\C\elt Lake. Local\\ ilhm l •l>catt..hcr Jeformiuc' ma) be due to other fadors or to cxpo ... urc to other contarn­inanh w \\ hteh the 'urrogatc 'P\."<..' iC' \\<."re not c'po..,cd or 1hat \\Crc not detected in our analy­..,1 .... Southwl•,tcrn Willow Flycatc:hcr deformities appear to he occurnng throughmtl their breeding

176 ST UDll:S IN AVIAN BIOLOG 'l 0. :?.6

range <Sog).!c anc.J Paxton ::?OO()): thcn:fore. -.am­piing ol 'urrol!ate 'l'lCdc' lrom other area' in Ari1on,1 ;mc.J °'JC\\ \k'\lco 'houlc.J he eonc.Juc.:ted to determine c.Jlfkrcnl.'c' anc.J 'imilant1c' 111 c.:on­taminanh .1mong 'itc-. l·m.iwnmcnt.11 c.:ontam1-nanh 'uc.:h a' met.ti,, organoehlonne'. anc.J other p..:r'i'tcnt c.:hcn111:.1h "oulc.J he cxp..:c.:tec.J to exen their toxic anc.J tcratogcnu .. · dlech on the de' el­oprng cmhr)o or )Oung r.11hcr than on ac.Julh: therefore. \\e -.hould he .1hle to c.Jocumcnt mor­talit) rate' .md c.Jetorr111t1c' 111 )Oung to hetter "'"c'' expo,ure and elkch of l'Ontammanh on the Southwc ... tcrn \\'illm.1. l· l)c.:atc.:hcr Addit1on­all). the eltcc.:h of high concentration ... of Sr on

cgg ... hell ... trength and potential inc.:rca'e in egg breat..age in in,cc.:th rnou' hirc.J, ,1muld he 111,e..,­tigated

ACK '.0\\.1 F D(j \11 " IS

Thi' pn, 1e.:t " .. , .1H·omph,hl'<l "uh 'uppon from the L <; Bure.1u ol Red.1m.11wn. lkp.1rtment nl lme· nnr Thi' \\or!.: \\oul<l h.1,e not Ileen po"1hlc \\llhnut the help and .:ontnhurum ol m.111) ix·opk, Ill p.1r11cul.1r R. Da\ jJ,on. C . P.1r.1<l/lc J.. •• 111d other pcr,onncl Imm the Ari.rona G.1me .rn<l I 1,h Dcp.1rtmcnt. Jll<l D. \lu,. quit an<l :'1.1 . Ati.:k111,11n Imm k'a' \&1'1.1 l 111\cr,1t) A<l<l111nnal log1,11.:' 'uppon from S Hud.cll .111<l J H,­'te111 or the Nature Cnn,en .UK} I' g1.:.1tl) apprei.:iate<l. Thi' manu,cript h.1, Ileen grc•atl) rmpmH'd h) nun mcnh from '.irinu' re'\ ic-"cr'

S111d1l'' 111 A\lan Bmlog) o :?6:177 179 . .:?OOJ.

A H U D EVALUATION O J T l-I t SOUTHWESTl:RN WILLOW FL YCATC' l IER SURVEY PROTOCOL

Rrn ANI> S. SH<><>"-. Set>TI H S1011 soN. Mm P\t 'I Bot< 1111<

\/"111111 (•,tahli,h111g 1hc prl''•'lln' ul h1Hh, 1.ktcr1111ning 1lw11 h1,•,·d111~ q,1111,, .md pro\ 1d111g u111 •1s1,·111 .... 1.indardi/cd d.11.1 1.·011s111111,• lh•' 1.111011.lk hch111d .11.·.:.:pll•d p1111001h lur monitoring p11pula11111" ol I 1111111/011t1\ tr11i/111 c t/111110. Dunng l<J<N ~nd :::!000. \\l' c11111p.11,·d ,,.,ult' ln>m 1111:'\1>en.:111.·cd II) 1.a1d1t'r 'llr\C)Or' \\llh tho-.· 1111111 .111 C'\l!Clll'll.:.:d 'llr\C\<lr on 111'' '.imc (\H'll·,IUdr.:dl '"c .1long th•· (iiJ.1 R1'.:r m '<•uth\\.:,tern :-;e\\ \kx1ul \\.: 1.omparl'd 1Jrc,c 'llr\C) rcsuh' \\llh thl' ti.:'1 u11npo,11e .:'11111.11c ha,cd on .111 .1,a1lahlc dat.1 Both C''\(X'rrcn,.:d and 111.::1.(!Cncncc<I 'lln•')or' dct.:1."ted the 'IX' .:1c' tlunng hoth 'umml'r,, ho\\O.:\O:r a pwn11un1..:d d1ll.:1cn•·.: 111 c'11111at.:d number' ol tir.:cd111g 11.·1n h>fl•'' <!\"led b.:l\\O.:.:n 1hc 1\1.0 group' 111 h<•lh )Car'. The e:-.pcnc1i.cd 'lll\C)or dclcl:led p.urs h) the ll'l' ol the '"'' "hill 1.".ill. '' l11k lhl:' 1111.'\llCl 1cnt·cd pcr,un' rcl11.'d on 1lw /ll~·b1·11 call. Dara oh1.11111:.t 'ho\\ th.II 1hc tidd .1pph.:,1t111n ol 1hc pre"nti.:d pro10.:ol <.111 k.1d 111 ,·11111-.. rn c'timaung 1llL• nctu.11 nt11ntx-r' ot ~"''ling tl.·rrttt>rh."'

A'1 I \\'ord': L111p11/011111 llt11l111 1'\/111111'; oh,..:ner C\fk:n..:1K1.', So11th\\.:,11.·111 \\'rllo\\ 1'1)CaldlL·1: ''II \l') 1cd1111quc': n><:.tli/al 1<111'.

h1ll11"111g thl' 1i ... 11ng of th.: S11uth\\1.·,1crn \\ii ht\\ l·l)l'<tld1c1 (I 111p11/011cl\ 1r111//ii 1•111111111"} ,,,

.1n .:nd.111g..:11.·d 'p.:1:ic ... b) thl l .S. I 1~h ,111d \\ ildl1fc Sl'n 1.:1.· 111 1995 L 'ii \\ S 111951. 11 he e.imi: llllJ'•'l,lll\C to 1di:ntih .111d m111111or potcn 11.il hr Ct·ding .trl'.I' tor thi: occurrl'lll l' ot 1111, 'l'l'­cri:, I knc1.• •• 1 'ur 'l') pn1101.·ul \\ ,\, dl'\ clop1.·d .ind 1mpk1111.•nt1.·d .i' a ml..'th11d to a""' 111 th.: l'I kl'll\e rnan.1g.:-1111.:nt .111d 1.·1rn,c1 '.1111111 111 th1' 'P1.'l'l1.'' I I 1hh111s ct al. llJ9-I. S11gg1.• l'I al 1')1)7al. ·r lw p11111.11) ... 1.1tnl 11hjl'cti\l'' ol thi' protocol .111.· "111 pr m 11k a 'tand.mJi/cd 'un l') t<'l'h111qt1l' 111 1ktt'U '"lllll\H.',ll'rn "illo\\ fl) c.1td1cr '· .rnd 1.k1.:1 m111i: hrcedrng ,1,11u, .• md pro\ 1d1.• c11ns1" tent .md ... 1.111d,11d1/l'd J.11a 1.:porttng" tSoggc 1.•t al. l<J1J7n 17> I he protocol l'<111,1st!'. of 11'<111£ 1.1pc pl.1) h,1d; nt \\ illo\\ H\ c.uch.:1 o;ong, ljrt~ /w111 to l'l11.:1t rc,1wn'c' trom llyc.11chcrs Sur \l')' .Ill' 1.·11ml11ct1.•d .11 Jt:a,t 1•111.c 111 l"1d1 111 thrl'l.' ,ul\ c) p.:11ml' ( f 'i 1 I :\1,1) . I 21 .lune, .ind 22 Junl' 17 luh J.

f'IK• l'lll lelll pnll111.·ol \\41 ... p1 im,11 ll) d1.•,1g1ll'd 111 d1.·t1.•111111w pr l''en1.c/ah.,cncl'. r ,1thl·1 th.in .111 acn11.1tl' 1.1111111 of ll)t:alch.:1s at any g1\l.'l1 'Ill! (Sogge 1.'l al. llJ97.1) l lm1.<.:\l'I , .111 1111po1t,111l 'ice: ondan .1ppl1CJl11>n ol the prm:..:d111c \\ is Ill l's­

tm111c popul.1t11u1 'l/C, a' 1d l 11cd b) sc\cr:il ol 1h,· ,1111hor,· '-l:ttcmcnh ISu· "C .:t al. l•J•J7.1: pp. 17. 2~. 15 I "Sur' I.')' ·opd ted hy q11,1hllcd pa .. onni:I 111 .1 1.•1m'1'tcnt anJ .. 1and.1rdi/l0 d 111.111

rwr \\Ill 1.·nahlt.' continul'J 111onit111111g nt gl'nt.'r.d pnpul.11i1111 111.·111J... at or bCl\\CCn 'i11.•, ... l·'\t1,1 \'I'll' prm i1k a gr..:at..:r contidc1ll'l' about pr.:' cncc tll .1h,cnl·t: ot ll)t::ttchcr., at a .,Ile. a' wdl

"" h.:lp in l''timat111g the number ol h11.·i:d1ng ll'l­nto1il·, or pair' . Gl\en sulfo:11.'nt tinw. l'ltnrt anJ oh ... l·n .11i11n. rt " u ... uall) po ...... ihk to .1pprn\­i 111a11.• th.: numhl'r of tcrrllonc' and (Mir' .. ·r he

ll'C ol 'llr\l') re,ult' Ill <!'lllllat1.· nyl'ald11:1 lllllll

h.:r' " aho promotl'd h) th.: ofti..:ial protonil J.na torm, "h11. h 111 .. 11111. t' 'un e) or ... to e ... 11111.111:

the numhl..'1 ol pan' ,111d territoric' dCll'l'ICd for l'ach 'ur\l') pl•riod. Ilic prnh1<.'ol thu, hc1.·om~' th.: prim.If) ...i1111.:..: 111 population .._.,1i111.11c, Im [ .. t. c•lfi11t11' tor 1110'1 lol'.tlttllh. h•r exampk. 111 20(XJ .... ur\l') l.lt'\\" 1111111 the \n/ona Game .ind h'h D.:p.111111.:nt 'llr\l')<'d I lJ7 'it.:' .1hhough more intcn,iH· 111111111111 rng rn:currcd at onl:. 13 ( Parad/id: ct .ii. 200 I)

Prim to thl' pll''l'lll .. 111d). nn field e\iiluation ot the dhc:t1.) ol thrs protocol c'\i,teJ. B1.1lkl1 and :\.kl-:c1111111 (I 1>1JS) .ir£Ut.:d that the l'uncnt pnHt•nil j, 111.1dl'q11.ttt' .:"\ .:11 1111 1.kt..:t:t1ng th 1..1tchcr p1c,,.:nlc llle1r .ugtmwni... \\Crt• proh lcm.111c Im , ... , ..:r,11 rc.1..,1111' Jcltneatl..'J h) Stiggl' ct al ( 199'>) and did not c111i...111u1t: .1 true held 1c ... 1.

·1 ht: purpt"l! 111 thr., ~lllll) '" not lo 1.·11t1l'l/l' lhl' .:urrl'nl p1lll1ll11I hut to C\ .1lua1c w11h ,1 hl·ld 11.'"l lh l'lh1.·.K). ,111d hP\\ l'lo'd} 'Lll\C)Or' .uc <11.:tuull) lnllm\ ing tlic protocol. ,\.., adu111011al i11-l11rma1ion on a 'P1.'<'1..:' j, m.idc ,n·ailahli: 1h11>ll£h 'l'icntil1c '1ud1l'' p111tocol-.. 1.·an :rnd '.'>h1111ld h1.• modified .1l.Lctrd111gl;.. lnde.:d the curr«nt pruto col .:"\ohcd from the tu~l \Cr,mn h) T1hh111s ct .11 (1994). Our ohJCl:ll\C' \\Crc to C\,ilu.11c 1lw .1bilit} <1t' thl' proto.:111 to dcte.:t fl)L:tt1:hc1 pr.;:s cncc .tnd lo .1s"''s thi: .:I h.•1.·1 of ob ... en c1 l''\flC­ril'n1.·e on thl' .1hilit) to c,11m.11c the number 111 hr.:.:d1ng pair'

t-.H·THODS

Thl:' 'llltl) plor, .1ppru\1111<1h:I) 11 ha 1..mmn 111 lw 01xup11:d h) South\H''ll'lll \\'iflm, Fl}.:atcht:r' t ht'll' altl:'r ·•\\.i 1111\1 fol) t.111. hc"" 1, "a' <ttljan·nt tn lht• ( i1la Rl\l'r. appro\lnt.111.•I\ 50 l..111 nt>rtll\\t''t ol 'iii,,·, Crt). Gr.mt Count). :"\1.0 \\ \k\l<'O .. 11 nn cle\atuin "' 1 lhh

177

178 .... l l Dll ~ 1'- \VIAN BIOLOCi't '\() 26

111 I lw '"l' 'upp.•n.:J dl'<u.lu1u1' ''"''"'· <."l"ndrng m .1 111a1nl) nonh-,oulh 1hre<tu1n ,1long the l",l'I hanJ.. •>I thl' rl\l'I, di.1r.1ltl'n1cd h) l><l\l'l1kr (\cc / 11cg1111d111,

\l'hl't a'h ti u111111" 1d111i1111l, Ci1•11tld111{s '""""(.\a /11 1;1111dtl111~ill and l-r.:111or11 ', ..:11th>ll\\111>d (/ '"I'"'"' /11'/11(1/1(/I,

l-.1di \11111mc1 ( 1999 amJ 20001 '"' d1"'1' l\\1• dil­k-1 •'Ill pcr,nn' \\ Hh nn C'\pt:111·rK1' 111 'un <')mg II)· l';H•h1•r, hi partil:ipa1e in 1h.: '111d). \\.: .11"' 'l'ln1.:d ,111 mld1t1ll11al part1<.:1pan1 flhc ';11111• 111 holh }l'.1r'l \\Im h.1d ~un.:;1·d the 'J'l'Cil'' m the Ci1l.1 \'11lll') lr11111 1995 h> 11NS I ·•<·h .. unl')or m th1' 'llld) had 'ornl' prl'\ 1 1>u' .:xpo,un.· h> hard 1J.:n11ti.-.1111m cllhl'r lhrllugh a <'t•l­kgc ,·rnir~ rn •>rni1holof~ or tr11111 c"cO,I\• held 1r.11nrng lllH>h mg lu.:.11 h1rd' Prior 111 1hc Mud). all p.1r11.1panh .1111.~nJ,·d .1 S1•u1h"l''tcrn \\ tllo\\ f l)l'·llch­cr '111 \l') 11.11nrng \\1,rJ..,hop, \\ln<h """''ll·d 111 pr.:­,,·11t.1tim1' on th.: 'tarn' .111d d"1nhut111n. h.1hit<1h, h1-ol11g}. nmh11d 11npai:t. fi,•ld 1dc1111hc.1tu111, \oc·ali1a-111111'. p1111ncol .mJ da1<1 'hi:..:i-. and pc1111111111g "'uc' rd.Hing lo thi' 'Jll'l'iC,. \t th.: n11H:lu,m11 nl the da"· room prl"'l'nt.1tmn,, pmt1up<1nh tr.1H•ll'd 111 a ,11,· pr.:­' u•u'I) 11<.cup1cd h) \\sill>\\ H)1·at• h1•r, 111 g.1H1 ,1ddi­t11111.1I hi:ld c\pcri.:nc.:. Paruc1p.111ts 111 tlw \\orJ..,lwp C'\t11h11cd a "1dc rang.: nt e'pcn.:n c. physic.ii .1h1li­t1cs .• md held 1dcn11hc.uwn ,J..tll'. \t the \\otJ..,lmp. no alt empt ,,.,t, m.1dc to a'-'.:" thc!>e ,1; 111,

lo C\,1luate hm\ :J«Uratcl) 111dl\11lual' \\llh \\Ork­'IHJf' 1r.11111ng foll1m.:d the pruh1<.11I, c.1,h 111cll\1du.1l. l>ellll<' 1c1i-1"111g ll)c.1tch.:r,, "II' 111trn .. tu .. ·d tn the h1111nd.111e' ol the 'tuc.l) pl11t .111d lll'll 11ll1:d w "tollu\\ till' pr11t11<.·11I." Stir' C) ur' "l:r<' gtH'll .1 f1t•ld m.1p .1nJ r<.'t1uir<·d to plut 1h1•ir route thwugh tlk '"'d) ;1rc,1 for cmh \lll\C). nuung 1he p1"1111111' ol ;ill \\1111>'' Hy ,·,1tdll'I' 1.kt1·.-11:<l ;111d tlw mar111c1 111 d<'IC< 11011 I 'lgl11 nr \11<. il111tu•nl l'ar111:ipanh \\l'tC 111>1 .1li<mcd to dl'lll" nm••ni; thc111Sl'hc' or \\Ith othl'1' .111\ a'flCll ot the 'l\111\ h•1 th.: d11mt11•n nl c.11.:h b1ecd1ng st·.ison \t the cunc 111'11111 ol the hdc.l 'ca"'n, sul\ C) ors "cit· 1111cr

'IC\' cd .1bout the m1:1ho<h and pt•x.:dur .. s th1·) 11s1·J to ~un.:; llycai..:ha'

l>unng hoth 'l'a,on,, .1 held ere\\ f1<11n the Rod .. ) \11,untum Rc,c.urh St.1111,11 n.11 us,1ic1.11.:d \\Ith 1hc '1<'· 111.11 Mir\\') s pcnnJ1.:atf) \ l'll<'d tht• stud) Hrl'a to 111-l,tlc..• hrl .. l'lhng tl·rritnric.. .. ,. \.,.ondu":t nl .. ,t senu.:hc:,, .u1d 1111>n11111 lll''l' of \Villo\\ I l)c.11d1•·1, Crtll•na U'<'d Ill

tk-,1gna1e .1 hr.:1·ding pair \\<:IC p1c,1·1K1' of ;in .1d1\C ni:'t 111 1lcdgl111g,. or nlh.:nation' nl 11<''1 h11il<l1ng or c11p11 la111111 \\'c then compar.:d the 1c,11l11ng dat.1 w th1"1• llllllJlilcd h) .111 'unc)ilr,, ,111d .1 hn.il cnmp•i..llc c,11111.ul· 111 br.:.:ding pair' "'" h.l\c'd on h.>th C'\f'<'ll· cmcd and mc,p.:ncnn:d 'ur\C\Ot ,•,11111a1.:,. J..nu\\n rwq,, 111J hn·<'d1rtg 1crn111ncs

Rl.Sl l I'">

l 11tk lhlleren..:e in ... unc) dfotl "a' found bl'l\\cl'n the ine'\pcrienccd ,111d expc1 i1·11..:cd 'ur­\l'Yor'. During the thrl'c ... uncy l"-'ri11d' pre­'t:11hcd h) thl' protocol. ca1.h ... u1 \C\ required ap­prn\lmatcly :!.:?. hour ... 111 1·omplcll' Sur \ey re­'ult-.. did 1101 appear to he 1nlluc1ll.'1'd by amount nl 11111c 'pcnt ... un:cying.

During the 1999 hreeuing ,c;l' .. on. hoth group' idcn11 hl·u up to l\'-l) im.Ji, 1dua1, h) fit:.·h( u t:al1'

l,\Bl h I < \°1"! 111 '" f>I ll <TI I> n hr '\l'ERll '<I > IS I ''" S21 "' f '\l'I Rlc"o;l 11> (S 3) 011'1 R\ IR'> \I\ I fl''/ /I/ II \IR• ' '> 't<>J I \\I/Ill C \II S

"'000

D.:1.:..-i.:d h) /11~·"•" <;unl') pc11nd I 4 x Sunl') pc11od 2 2 0 6 7 " Sur\ l') p.:nnJ ' () I (I " 2

Dl'tl.'ctcd hy "''' "11111 <;ur. C) pcm xi I () 0 () 0 x Su: \C) pcnod 2 () 2 fO () 0 20 Sunc) pcnnd 3 () JO () II 12

1tc r'um~1~cto of 1t ~ numhl:r ol brcrdin 1'31'"' Yo 11h111 the l'"'h h 12. p.m ... In 1't1J'I 11d "In r.i1n '" "1111110

per ... uncy ( l'ahlc I) . In :WOO. bl.1th gmups uc· tct:tcd more hird' h) jir:·hc11 call' per -..mH~). "ith nmrc detection ... matlc h) the im:xpcr 1ent:cd ... un c) °'"" (1.thlc I) .... ugge,ting that 1111>rc \\ii · Im\ fol) c.11d1c1i. \\ere pre,ent on the 'lltU) 'itc that ) t:.ir. Onl) tllll' t•f thc lour inc'\pcnenu.•d oh,cn cr" noll'd "~nit .. "hitt c.111, 111 either ) c.11, \\ hcrca' the c\pcri.:nced nh,cn ca ha,cJ mn't 111 hi' ll)catchl'r dctl'llinn' nn -..olt 11·/ii11'.

Data Imm nc'I 'can.:hc' l'Onfirmcu .1 p11pt1la-1H111 111cica-..c fm111 I I breeding 1x11r' 111 I lJlJl) to 16 111 2000 ( ha~cd on 6J and 165 pc1 ... on hmar ... of ... can:h cfltirt. l'l'-..pCl't1\.cl)- ). E'umatcd popu· lation nu111hc1' c.11.:h .) car. tiu,cd 1111 l.'11111(1l"ll'-' c'ti mate' lrn111 .II I -..111art:c'., arc prc,cntcd 111 I :i hie I. C11mp.11cd 111 the'.: c ... 1ima1c .... 1ne\(Wrt cnccd 'ul\ C) 01 s dl'tl·.:tcd ~-40<1- 111 ha 1•t•d111g pair' ptc,c1ll. \\ h1·tc.1' 1hc C\pericn1·cd ol:'i't't 'ct re1·11r<ll·d )(\ I OO", ol hrecdmg p.ur ....

Dl"iC L S\10~

Rl.· ... ult-.. nl 1111 ... 'lltd) indac.tte th.ti hnth inc''\· pcncnced ,111d e\f)l'11cnceJ ... unc)m' dett'ttl'd Oycall°IK'I'' at the -..1udy -..itc during both I lJl)l)

and 2000. ho\\e\.er ... ur\C)Of' Ji llcrl'd 111 tht•11 e'timatc~ ot fl)l·atd1et ahunJant:l'. Thi' in 1h.:ll 1'-. nc>t a '\It pn,mg finding. given that oh,1:1 \ l'I e\pcncm:e .111d 11.11ni11g .ire \\Cit knn\\11 ...i1urt:e' of '.tn,1hilit) 111 .1\ i.111 'un e) pm111cnh I R.llph and Sc:1lll 19X I I H1n\C\Cr. thl' current '-;1111th· \\C,tc1n \\ill1m l ·lye.ttchcr -..une) pwt1•t·11I \\,1'

de,clopcd \~ith the intent that it l·ould he clk1·· tl\CI)- u.,cJ .1fter a ... tructured trat11111g \\1111-:· ... hnp h)- rl'l.tti\d) ine,pericnc.:eJ 'ul\ey111' (l\1. ')oggc. pl'l' comm). Therctorc. II " 1111 portanl to dctcr111i11c the degree to v.h1d1 -..unc) rc,ulh arc tnfluc1H.:1'd h) u'c of im:\pcn..:nccd ... un cyor,. and 111 1Jcn1i f) '' ay' Ill \\ hid1 the pm111col 1.:11uld he madc morc cfk..:tl\c.

The hr'>t 'lll 'cy ol a gi,cn ... ca ... 11n j, 11111·ndcd

J \ \I.LI,\ no:-. OI ">LR\ I \ PROTOCOi \'1110/.. £'f al. 179

to ~0111l·1<lc \\1th the pc11ml of highc ... t " ' "!!111!! rate' 111 llC\\ 1) arrin:d male ... <Sogge et al 1997 I hl·ld \\otk <lunng th1.., pcnod j.., impo1tant 111 1dcntil) ing potential Wil111\\ H)catchcr habitat. hut Illa) not im.Jil·.11l· rc,1dcn1 pair .... "' n11L .ill hrl·cd111g h1H.h ha\ c ) l:I .1111\ cd on t<.•rrill>r). and locall) singing bird' 111.1) bl' either migr.1111, or unpairl·d m.11c .... lmprc"i1111' gained O\CI ,c,cr.il ... u111111cr ... along the Gila Ri\cr inJu:atc that Wil­lm-. l;l)catchcr ... do 11\ll n:..,pond com,1 ... tcntl) to wpc pl:t) hack of fit:·h1•11 l':tlh. during the ... cc1it1d .ind 1hi1d ... unc) pcriolt... \\hen pair' arc acti\l~I) h1ccdmg. Thcrdnrc. the po,-.ihilit) C\i't' that rch.11Kc on the ... 1amlard protocol ma) "'er look 1111mcn1u, ft)Catchcr pans.

\\11111\\ H)l'atchcr' .trl' kn11\\n to giu· .1 \,1 11cl} ol \ocali/al11111 ... 111 add1111m to the /11:-/1111 call !Sl·dirnid.: 2000). o,,ing to diltkull) in 'cpara11ng thc ... c call' f1om similar \OCalita linn-. ol olhcr .. pec1c,, the protocol preclude.., 1hc11 llSl' in conl111111ng th.: prc".:n..:.: 111 \\ 11111\\ I l)l'dldll'r' ISogg.: cl ,11. 19l)7a:24) ,\ 11/1111

note 1-. \\ell kmm n in 1111 ... spcuc' (Scdg\\ICk 20001, but \\C bcliC\C the ... i1uation i ... ni.1rc l'nmpk)'.,, \\llh thi-. spl'Ul'' producing a ··,1111" 11·/ti(( th.It differ, in intl'll..,il} lrorn a "h.1nl" "hi((, a di ... 1im:1ion not m.tdc 111 Sogge l'I al. ( l\Jl)7al. The hard H/11(( i' 1c111arl..1hl) '1111il:u Ill c.ill-. ol Bro\\n-crc•.icd l \f\wrch11' f\ll/111111· /m) and ,\,h-throatcd ( \l\lt11< Im~< int 1aH, "') H)c,111.::hcr.... and i' 11 .. .:d .ts an .11.irm 1.".111 h) .111 Ll111.·c -.pc,·1c .... The '"'' 11 /1111. un14uc 111 1h1' In cat11111 t1• \\'ilhm l•l)l'atd11.•1,, sccn1' to 1t111ct11111 ,1, .t l'<llll.tl't call h•'t\\ l't'll 1nc1~1bcr' 111 .1 pan ('l'l' Bai lo\\ and l\kCiilll\ ra;1- 19XJ. a-. l'lll'd 111 S1.·1h•\\kk 2000: RP111kt• cl al. 1499) I hl• soil 1 hut. t'.l,il) di .. t1ngu1,hcd lrnm the mnrc forl.'t' lul h;11d 1111tc "ith pr.i1.·111.c ..... u-.cful Ill detect 111g \\ 11l'1" I I) catchc1 pan" m Lhc hdd 111>\\ C\Cr. \\C noted .1 <11ffc1e11cc 111 the Jc1cd1n11 .1h1lllll'' ol llll'Xpcric111.ed .md c'\pcnc111.l'd 'll' \l')<>r .. du1111g hoth ... lllllllll'I' c'l'ahlc I). till' l"\• 1writ'lll'1.·d mdi\ idual 1d)111g tnllrC on dct1.·c1111g ll)ca1ch1·r ... through <.ult 11 /ii11 note,,

C'O:\C Ll SIO'.'.:S

Inc ,.mall ... ample '-Ile:. 111 1111-. ... 1ud} prcdudc M.111,t11.:.1I an.tl)'l''· \\l· rccc1111rnenJ 1ha1 0111 t x-1x·r1111c111 he replic.11.:tl cl'l'" hcrl'. pani1.·ul:11 I) 111

01h1.·1 h.1h11.1i... "" hah11,11 ;.11 ur1111c ma) inllucncc dctc1.·tahilit} of \\i1ll1m l·l}1.'atch1.•r, . The lollm\­ing 1.·11111.·ha...ion' -.l10uld therefore be con'!dcn:d tc11t.11i,c.

I he \\ ilhm f l)1.·atd1c1 'unq protocol .1p pc.1r' 10 he an clkl.'11\ c 111cthnJ of Jctccting till' prC'<Clll.'e ol 11)-l'atdlCI' 0) both l''\pcricnccd .111d ll1l"•Pl'fi1.•nced 'un C) or,, .1lthough the potc111i.ll

c"'" fm lll"'lng ll:>catchcr' ''hen ,oJcl) the /11.:.-he11 call j, relied upon. Ba,cd upun the in­tcrprc1a11011 ol all data. howc,cr the prnt0<.:ol ., not clkctl\C 111 c-.timating the 11u111h1.·r of hrct.'J· ing pair' b) 111cxpcricnceJ -.un C) ors or tho'c rel) mg onl) on jit:::.·i>£'l1 c.1llc;. Sogge cl al. ( 1997al 'lrongl) c111..·mirjgc addt111111.1l lollo,,·up 'hlh to 1.·onflrm \\'1110\\ Fl)c.nchcr pr1.•scnce (h> /1t::·ht 11 l \\hen 11 /11u' arc heard in the lie Id. a' 1hosc autho1-. do not ~onsilkr the 11·//itt' to be diagno,llc lor that -.pccic' (Sogl:'c ct al. 1997a: 20. 241. .Such lolhm ·llP' arc lllll 111:111da1cd in the protocol. ho\\ C\ er •• 111J our rc,ulh. h.1,cd upon P<ht--.t n C) i111cn It.'\\'· 'uggc'L th.it tollo\\ -up 'i'ih .uc not carnl·d out in the held.

The c\ p1.'rtl'l1Cl'd ... un C) or 111 21100 had the hcncht of 'llC la1111ltanty and kllll\\ ledge of pre­\ mu' h1rd lol'alion-.. hoth of '' hich would in­crca-.c 1hc ahtlit) 111 dctct:L Willm\ f·l)t'all'her .... Wc \\l'rc 1101 .1hk· in thi ... -.tud) to qu;1111if)- the clfcct ol 'lie l.muliarit) 1111 .1biltt) to lol.'.llC htrJ .... H11\\t.'\i.."r. \\C did note d11tcr.:ncc,, h.1-.cJ up11n po-.t 'un C) 1111cn ic'' '· 111 tltl• method ... u ... cJ h) l''Pl'lll'lll'l'<l .111J ll1C\JlCfll'l1l'1.'d 'llf\C)­or-. 1h.1t 1111gh1 l'Xpl.1111 \\ h) ll1C\p1.'l ll"lll'Cd ,Lii_ \C)or' dl'lc1..·1cd l'l•wcr llycatchl'I '· fhl' C\pcri­t.'n..:ed \lll 'l') n1 pla) cd the taped /11.-/1<'11 call le" \\ htlc li'tc11111g m11rc 101 ..i>ll 11 '""'· The lailurc ot 111cxpcncnc1.·d '>llf\C)or-; tu uctcct \\'ii­lo" H)c.1td1er-. h} ,oft 11 hi11' 1s proh.1bl) a fu1Kl1on ol 1lw protocol'' cmph.1,1s on the ft1:.· ht 11 \llc.ihzllton .ind a la1..k 1•f 1c1..og11111011 ol -.111! 11 /l//t' h) tlll''C indi' idu.1b.

fh..: .... 11t w/11(( 1.·.111 he au 1111p1111.111t tonl inc'­ti111a1111g thl· 111111lhl'I ot breeding pa11-.. c..,pc1.·ial­I) 111 the 1.111c1 l\\o ...... 1-.on 11 'llr"-') pc11od-. Oh­.,cncr' 1111l,11n1ltar \\ ith thi' \ oc.1li1.11u111 .1p­pc.1rt:d tn eo11,1<;tc11tly 11nderc,11111.1tc the numlx·r ot 1') 1,;atchcrs \\ 1th111 the ... ur\ cy urc.1. lnl·orpu· rmmn of the soft 11 /1111 1.all' .111d pc1 h.1p ... other di,tindl\ 1." 'oc.1h1at1011-. .... uch 11' lhl· 11 hn o call ('<ee Rourke c'I ,11. 1999 >-into I 111 url· 'c1 'ion' of -.u1 vc) protol'ol .ind training 'c-.su111' Illa) in· a.:a ... l' the rch.1hllit) ol pnpulat111n l'sti111:111.•, dc­ri,cd 110111 fu1111c 'i1f\e)'

\CK-.O\\ l I IX1~1l N IS

\\e thank S and J Run) an tor Jl C'" 10 their pn\:tll

pn•~n}. C \\oil, \t R1<"iarJclh. J <i.1H'tn, <. Gal.1-''·I). D lla"k""'"h , 11 \\all.er.\ t.11.-. K BroJ. hc .. 11.l, \\' R l111"t'll, II . Wood\\,11d, H 1111111. and <i. "iiltlnu tor til•ld """r.1111.·c; \\l''tl'l 11 NI.'\\ ~lc•,iu1 U111

,..-r,il). l SD\ hire st Sen l<"c .• 111d l'lwl1" D"Jgc l (\r­pora1111n tor gc1w1111" lrnannal il''"''lll"e. and I> Park er \\ho .1kncd u~ l<> th.:: Jillcrcncc' 111 \\ 1lkm I ly cakhcr \<>e.1h1.111011-. Comment' '" I> \ /1111mcr­man. B Ku, •• 111J two .111011)111nus rc\IC\\Crs 11npru\ctl 1h1' manu"-r1pt

\tu<lu.:' m A\ 1an B1olng) o. 26: 180 I X·t 2003.

/\.SOLUTION TO LEG BAND INJ UR IES IN W ILLOW FLYCATCHERS

W11 I I \\1 E. I I,\,.., \~ll L ORI H \l<<iROVI

,\b\lrm t l..:g 1nJ11n..-, ..-.1u,..-J h\ coh•r.:d pl<1,111.· leg band' h.l\c t>c.:n rcponcJ 111\\1ll1l\\ H)c.1tdl<'1S (f.mpulm1111 trc11/1111 in Oregon, ( .1lllm111a, and Ari/ona B.1,.:J on .1 ln<.'·)<'.tr b.111d111g 'tud) of S 111th· wc,t.:rn Willow Hycatchcr' (/,.t 1• 111111111 > 111 'outhl'l 11 C.il 1lm 111a, our ob,c1 H'd band 1111ur) ratc' \\el< lower than tho'e n:portcd chcwherl' W« bel 1nc our 111jur) r~11e' were IO\\Cr bel.,llhl' \\l' u'ed mod1h«d celluloid bamh that w.:rc: (,1) rc,1/1.'d to bcttn fit tlw fl)catdll'r·, tar'u' .ind to ,l\<11d ,1fpp111g 0H1 th<' tar"1111ct.1ta".1I J<llnt: Ch) '1110<1thcJ urnund the upper .md hm1.•1 cJgc' to 11111111111/1.' .1hr,1,1nn. and !l')

'ealcd to adJ1t1onall) reduce till' lllll<lllllt ol f">h!ntt.111) ab1.1'1\l' 'urfan~ .md to 111.11111,un .1 prc,<nlx-d in,1de dianll'tn Our merall 1•h~<'l\l'd 1111ur) rate 11.1" 2 •I~, .uul dechn1.·d to 0' 01er thl" l.i-t thrc.: )Car' nl th1.· "ltld) .1llcr \\C "\itched lr.1111 lnur banth tu l\\O b.1nd' per 111d111dual .ind d1m111ati:J the u-..c ot C<'n.1111 band,. \Ve t>chc1c th.11 the r.1tc ot b.md r..-1.llcd lei• 111Junc' " rd.1tcd to the numhc1 of band' applied, ph)\ll"al corn.htton ol hand,. and u'c ul 1111profll'rl) ,i/ec.l ll.lml;.. I 1en the ,111,1lll''' cumrnen:1.illy .1hulablc ccllulo1d kg hamb arc too la1 g1.• 101 '>011th1\c,t.:rn \.\.illm\ l ·l)C.11d1er,. M111c over. Wl' lound that in,ide dianll'll't ol pla,tH.' band' \,lltl'd 1\11kl). and "'-'ll' l)pll'all) larger than ad1eni,cd lo 1111n1mi/<.' hand 1.·au ... ..-d kg in1ur). we t<'1.«>m111end u'ing a hand ol 2 0 111111 0.1 111,uk Jiamc11.•r h•r South\\l"stcm W1llm1 l ly1.·atd1..-r,. Un.11t,·1<'<i "(),\'' and "ff. bamh lnun th.: l S (,.•o lug1c,1I SurH·~ Bird Band mg I ,1h .u..- su1tahl) 'I/Cd 1111J h,111.· ph) "c:.11 d1.1r:ictl'rtMll'S .1pprnpnJll' lrn u-..c 1111 \\.1llow I hcatd1cr-. pl.i-ll< color oanJ,. 11 u•rrelll) 111od1hed. ar..- .11"' s111t<1hlc Bander' mu't tal.e the• rcspon'1h1ht) to ..,,,1m111c the propriety of b.mds the.> 11ppl) 111 h1 <' 'f><:'l 1111cns, .111J to al!.:tnpt rec.tpturc· .11111 trc.ll111l'nt ol 1n1urcd llllll\ 1du.1b.

Ae1 l~ord\, h.111d111g: l'Olllr h.1ml,, l 1111111/01111< trml/11 1 \1111111\, lllJllf\. '.11uth\\l'sll'lll \\ 1llo\\ l·l)calchas

('omparalivc data on hand- related rnju1 iL'' 111 hill!\ arc l1111111:d .1ml \,tr) \\it.lei). Puhli.,hcd

'tudic ... repon hand rcl.11c<l lnJUr} r.1tc' nmging Imm 0.4'1 (Gratt11-Trc1<1r 199-t) to 50', (S.11/en .md Schcl-.horn 1971JJ I 111\\C\Cr. much 111 lhc ltt­

.:1.11ure on l1<1nd 1111u11c' eomcs lrom '1u1hc' ol 'horch1r<ls and ma} ha\<.' limited appllL.tlmn to passerines. NcvcrthclL'S\, 11 appea1' that hand typ1·. 't/c, and applical mn h:chn 1qt1L' may nm trihutc ... 1gnilil.'antly 111 lllJUr)- rat.:-. 111 a ho'l ol sp<.·.:11:-. <Amat llJ'J'J. B.uk-. ct al. 1987, Nl'h.:t l l)ll I, R111h-..1L·in I 117•11 '\L·<lg" id; mid K lu ...

( 1997) recorded .m 11\u 111 l.:g lllllll)' r.llL' of IJ 6', 111 a long· tl'l 111 h.1nd .ind rcc.tpllHl' -.tudy 111 Willow Flyea1d1er' (/.111pult111t1\ 11ail/1il Sim tlar 111_1u rics have h<.'L'll noled 111 ... 11111c South­we.,tan Willow l;ly1..lld1er u~·. 1. 1'\/1111111) hand­ing ... 1ud1c' m An/1111.1 <M <>oggc. pct,, L·omm.l and ( ahforn1.1 ( M . \Vhi1ficl<l. per-.. 1.·11111111.1; m-1urn .... 111 L.1 e\/1111111 an: of panicul.1r concern due to the cnt.langL'tt•d ,t,llu' of tht' \Uh,pccic.,,

During Lhc eour'e ol .1 ll\C·)Car \outh\\C.,l.:rn Willow Flycatcher r..- ... earch proJCLl, w..- noted a pla,11c band-n:lat.:d leg injury rate hiwt•r lhan that reported by <)edg\\ ll:k. and Klu-.. ( 1997) Thi-,

kc.I u ... to in\c,llg;lle 1he level and nalllre ol hand related injurie' m our handed popul.111un.

and the factor ... thal Illa) contribulc lo the'e m­jurie .... We hypothc,i/cd 1ha1 bant.l-rcl.llL'd rnjur) lll<ty be the rc ... uh ol application ol 1111prupcrl>

'I/Cd band' and/01 hand' \\Ith phy.,ical charae­IL'n,11cs com.lucavL' to abrading Oycatdll.'1 wr'i or

con\ttKlHlll ol th.: foot. II 1-. ,1\,11 po.,...ihk 1h;i1 the \\l~ight 111 111rnc than one h.md per leg funht•t

e:\:tc:erhalc' the potential 101 kg lnJllr). fo d<·· tt.•rmin.: II improper hand ... 1/e or ph) ... ieal d1.11-:.u:ten-.11L'' 111.1y 1:0111rihutc to 1111un.: .... \\C eom par.:d l11L'.1'ur.:111.:111 ... of \\tllm\ H)catcher lo\\l.'I 1ar,onw1at.11 'u' diamctt•1 (lar-.u...i .t111.I tlt.,ial 1.11 somel<llar,al 101111 (di.,lal joint) w1thh 10 the in ,jdc d1a11telL'I' of federal :thlllltlllllll hand' and colllllll'lc1.1lly .11.ailablc pla.,tk L·oh11 hand,,

\11 :Tl IOI >S

B"'ll \It Ast 111 Ml 'l" Cdluhml b.md' .m: produ1.·nl 111 .1 '.111<:1) ot .. nJw,

and thr<'•' pttlllill ~ u1Jor 'dw111cs· "'llll 1untlonn <oln1 1hmugh1•11t ), t1\o i.:nlored nano\\ \lnp.:d .. 111tl t\\ll t:nl­lll<"ll h111.11I ..i11pl·d \Ve ll'l'd .1 di.ti t:.1hp.:1 (\\ith O.O'i rnm f<'"1lut111111 to m..-a,ur.: th« 111~1d•• 1ha111e1e1 .llld \\,tll tlml.n,·" (gauge) nl IOO Sl/C :XI pl.1,llc •nlor banJ, (n1anut.1d111cd !l) ,\. C I lughc'I \\l' r.111001111) 'el.:ll~<I a11J mc.1,urcd 111 1dc d1,11nctcr anti g.u1gc nt .to '"ltd «nh>r h.1n<l' I rum,, popul.umn ol .tOO. 20 twn n>lored 11.11ro\\ ,1J11~d h.ullh lrom u pupul.1twn ol 200, and .tot"" 1.·nlored bfc)ad 'trlfll«I h.1r1d' lrnm a popu la11on nl ·100. Wi: <tho mea,urcd thl' in,1de <l1amctl'I and gaugi: nl I Oil "/C 0 and I 00 "/'-' () \ ledcral 1111111 hered .ilunnm1111 hand,.

\\t1J<l\\ l •t \CAil iii K C'\Plt RI, liA'l>l'l•. \'-II l 111 !'\IE.A't RE\11 'I'

\\c ~omluctcJ our held -.tud\ I nun 1996 hl 2000 on a hrced1111• populat1l1n ut \.\. 11101\ I l\c.1tchi:r' along the upper S.111 I 111' R1.•) RI\ er (S.111 l>1l'"" Co .. Calilorni.11. .1ppm\llllalL'i) I km dm\ n'tll'illll ol J.al.e Ha:rhh<m

180

I l·G B \ :-..D l"-<Jl RI! ~ Haa.1 and //a111m1·<· 181

I \Bl I I B1,ll-R11 \ll1>h111rnsl'Sn1111111s111<,\\'111m1l·1H11c1111<s(llJ97102001J 111111I1•1"11<S" I l I'> RI ' R11 I K. S" 1)11 < ,o Cot 'J'. C /\

'le.ir '11kl .igc rcr.Jpcurro

1996 I IJ<) 7 Tlurd )Car

I 'l'lll l'Jl/X I 11urth )Car

I 9'1h llJ'IS llurJ )c"r

l'J'J7 i<Jl)IJ I nunh )Car

lcm.1lc

Mak·

\l,1lc

Mak·

Ccllulrnd b.1nd (lhtn 'u1pcd) 'hprcd 01cr ,11,t.11 J111111 ol lct1 fool. _101111 'hgh1 I) ahradcd; In" nt 1111>1 ll\C

Sci ere ahr.1,11u1· r.111. "'ollcn ti,Sll<' h<."11111 h.1m.h on lch lcg

Ra11. "'"lien 11ssue .1t 101nt' .1ho1c .111d Ix·· lm1 hand' (thin ,1ripcd l 011 ll'ft kg

Ra\\. o,11o lk11 1i"ll<' al 101111' at>n1c .111d hc hl\1 hand' 1111 11ght and lcll kgs

\'c 111,•d lllht nci.. lo t.1p1111,· "11n11ll'1 rc'>t<.knl ll)<·•ldl c1' ,111d handed cad1 11Hh11d11,1I 11 t1h a 1111mh,•11:d ,,,,. 0 \ lcde1;il aluminum h.md ;md lrorn on..: I l'NX 2000) h 1h1n• (I '1')6 19971 pl.tsll< colored kg hJnd,, tit..: s11c :>.I l<'ll11l<>1d hanth 11crc re M/l'd and modi11,·d 111 a:! O mm • 0 I 111"Jc J1.11nc1cr 1<lc1.11b 0clo11 ). I or this stud) 11c med a dial c.1hpcr (\\ 11h 0.11'> mm rcsolulmn) 111 mc.-.l\1irc 1hc rn.nunum d1.11nc1c1 .1f th,· 1.1r'-I" aml 111d1h ol 1hc dl't.11 1n111t 111 h'\ II\ c adult I second \l'.ll I I)\ «Hl'hCr'

1>1 111<~11' \110, Cll I I,, l"t 1<11'

\Ve dl'tl\Cd 11ur h.111d 11111111 d;11.1 tmrn h.111J111g. re ~Jpturc, .111d rc,1gh11ng d.11a ol hmh handed bctllCl'll 111911 .ind 2000 (:-0.: It.SJ and r<-,1ght<"d and/••r re l rnurect .1t ica!\\ one )C. r I tcr (1 e. 1997 to .!OOI. N

I \9) \\c th••ruughl) 111~pclled the tarsi ol CaLh nc11 I) c.1p1ured .111d 11:,· 1ptur,·d !1)~:11,hcr •• ind\ 1o;uall) 111,pt'< l<'d (through h11111, 111.11,.. I till' kg 1:11mlit1011 of t".td1 lh L .th:hcr that ''·" '"'1ghtL'<I.

lfrSl I I''> \ '-D DISC llSSIO '

I AK<.A \J, \'>t !;! \1111< Is

l.1rs,1l diamclct 111 65 South\\c,tcrn \\ tlhl\\ ll),·.11d1cr' r.mgt•<l 110111 1.65 to 1.90 111111 (mean 1.80 mm. '1> O O.+) D1.1111el<'1 I 111.i•(ltlllllll '' 1dth) nl th<· d1qaJ .1oin1 rangcd frnm 2.05 mrn tn 2.-15 mm tmcan 2.20 111111. Sil 0.07 ).

BAND 1\11 \\l RF~ll s ts

Ath all,cd a ... ha11ng .111 11i-.1<le <l1a111ci..:r 111 2 .. ~0 mm. ccllulo1<l XI· color ti.ind in,1<Jc di.1111-cti.:1 ranged from 2 .. ~5 to 2.65 mm (mean 2.45 ~ !l.116 \II) . Because all Will<m Flyn1td1et-. \\l' mca ... 11 1ed had di-.1.tl jo111h ol 2.05 mm m largi:r.

In: uncnU: )Uh. •me

Rcmm cd pl.1s11c h.md" from Jell kg. 1rc.11cd 11 nh pm 1donc mthnc .1ml rele.1,..cd Oh't n cJ on tcr11to1) tor rcm.1111da ol hrecd111g ":a,on. U\l' ot 111111 1e,h11t·d. Int.Iii 1du.1I not oh-.·ncJ in lo llm1111g )<'ill'·

Remo1cd pla,lll' harnh from kit kg. ucatcd <11th p.-i11d1>r1l' 1od111c. rclca,cd Rc<ap111rcJ June l 1l 1J1J. 1111111m;il e11dc11l·c 111 11111tr) ('hght ""1rnng oh,cn cd 111th 111-pm• er h.111d kn,).

Remme<l pl.""" hand' lrom lcll kg. 1r<:.1to:J 111th JI"' 1do1w 11>tl111c. rclca,cd Rcm;uncd on tcrnt11r) thiough 'ca,on: not oh,l'r1t·d 111 'uh­'ClJUl'llt ) c;tr'

Rcmo1cd all hamb, trcatl'd 1111h 10' r pm 1d1111c-10<.ltn<·. 1 l'ka.,.•d Remained on tl'11 i1111) 1hrn11gh -c:,1\1111. l 11~1101111 11 1ilhe11 l'd 111 'ut> 'cqu~nt ) l• .. 11-s

hand-. 111 2.00 mm 11hide dtamcti.:1 .11.: unlik.cl) w ... rip o\i:r till' di,ta l joint. Frn l) ol the..· 65 11:.­catchcr' had di,tal _1oint \\ idth-. or 2.10 111111 or le-.•..; thu-., u1111111diht•d pla,111..· XI· hand' had the P•lten11.1I to ,11d<· o\er the <l1~tal j111111 ol mnri: han (l()fi ol tht• II) i.:.lleher'

'>1/c OA .111<1 O .iluminum h.1nds \\ere more..• t·on,1,tent 111 d1mi:11'111n ... than \\l'll' .111 other hand-. 11 i: llll';1,urcd l\k,111 111 ... 1dc dianw1i:r ol

'"c OA h.1m1 ... wa' ".05 111111 ( ' ' 1 0 OS. range 1.90 2 15 l ~kan in ... ic.k di.11ni:lt'1 11! ... i/e 0

.1luminu m hand, 1\ a' 2.1 mm ( sti 0.06, r:111gt' 2.0S 2 3111 I hal'lore. all'"<..' 0 \ h;1mh 11crc

l.1rgt' enough tn ht .m•und the fhcatd1e1 1,1r-•1 and ,111.111 enough to a1 oid ... 1ipp111g o\ ct the..· Ji, tal jomt S1/e II ham!... had sm.1llc1 tt1'tdt• di.1111-etcr ... th.111 thi: dhl.11 Joinh ol 57 <XX'; l tif thc llycatd11..•t' IH' fllt•a,urcd : hov. cn·1. llwrc " po­ten tia l lrn ' lippagc 01er snmi: lly<·ati.:hi: r di,tal ;omt' ( 8 ol 6" 11) <.'at< her' had a d1s1.tl 101111 I\ i<llh le" than .!. IS 111111 ).

131\Sl>·RllA111lll'.Jll R\ s

\\'e h.1mkd 1<18 '>outh1H•,tern \\ii ltm fol) -catchi:r' lwt1H·cn 1996 and .:?OOO, .and 1ccap-1urcd/rc,ight l'd I ~9 ( n o t including bird' rc-..,ight­i:d within the '<'a,on 111 \\hich thi:) 11crc hand­ed). We ha\ c 1ktecti:d four ( 2.IJ'; l haml-ri:lated injurie-. ( I .thlc I). ln.1urie ... 111dudi:d t.1r .... 11 .1hra­'ion ... ahm <..' .md/nr 11.:km the pl.,...l 1l' hamh ('\,

~) and pl. 't 1. hand ... 1ipp.1gc "' i:r the Jr,lal tar-,al .1oint ("J I l. All lm11 1n1uri1.•-. •l<:c..urred to hire.I' on \\h1L11 \\Chad pla<.:l'd four hand ... (l\\o hands per kg). l\\O (5{)<1'.) of thi: lou r injuries

Sil DllSI~ \\I\:--; Bl<>IOC1)

111\ 111\ l'd hi rd' \\Ith 111111 't11pl'd t Pl111 h.ind' .1d-1at·t•nt 111 thl' d1 .. t.d 1111111 Of I 68 hi1 d-. h.u11kd, nnl) 17 ( 10',) h.td th111 'tnpl'd h.md' 111 tht' po­'1111111 dirl'dl) .1hm e the d1,r.1I 10111t 11111•;, 'ill r

ol 0111 1n111nc-. ou;urrcd 111 .1 '>m.111 suhsct of h.111dcd 111di\1d11.1lo; (1 c. the 1h111~lnped11rcmr1.

)1dd111g m 1lw, '>mall .... unplc .111 obscncd miur\ 1.11e ol .1ppmx11n,11cl) 12', \\c oh ... c1\ed nn le!! 1111u11e' in h11tb \I 1th lllll.' h;ind per k•g; hn\IC\CI, 1111111.• ol tht•,t• h.1d ht•1.•n h,1mkd \\1th !hill 't11p1.·d h;unl,, Olli 11h,c1 ',·d tnllll') 1.111.•, tk1. lined to 0', Lll t'I till' l.1..,t 1l11ce )C·ll" 111 1hc stud) .iltc1 \\C '" 1 tL hcd f1 nm lour h.tnd'> 10 111 o b.111d' per 111

th111111.11 .1ml d1111111.11cd 1hc u-.c ol Ihm ... tnped

b:rncl' \It hough our lllJUf) r.ilc' 11erc h111e1 lh 111

t hll'·l' rcp11ncd h) S1.·dg 11 11. k .md ~I u' l I •J•J7 1. thc 11.1t1111.· ol 1n11111l'' 11 • .-. '11111la1 .111d a p111cnt1.tl t.1ll,t' ti1r t'llll1.1.·111 lkt.111,1.· 1h.::r1.· 1s ,, p.111ul) 111 puhh..,Jted cl.1t.i Liii le• lllJlll V r.Hl'' 111 p • ..,~e1 inc .... It "' dtfll1.11lt to clt:termmc 11 h1. th1. r 1he \\ 111011 I l)c.11d11.·r ,., p.ir11u1l.irl) .,u .. ccp11hll' 10 hand 1c l.11cd lnJUr) a ... comp 1cd to other '-PCClc' B.111d 1d.1h:"d 11111111.;>' h.11e bccn 1eponed 111 1•the1 I 111

111d1111al .111tl s1•111c < 1111111p111 lhc.1td1tr' (\I <i1l'tah1111, (ll'I' 1.'1>111111 I, 11 h1d1 111.1) 'llggl"'t th.it the tar" 111 tht•.,t• gcm•1.1 nla) ti,· "''ll'ptihle to .1hr:i...ion 1111u11e' .11 lc.1<,t 111111 11np111p,·rl) SI/Cd lll ph)'>lt:.tlly 11111ch11cd b.111d" llljlllV d.11.1 rdlcLI onl) c11dl'n1.:c from h1rd' th.11 \\ere 111

Jlllcd but 'llr\ l\Cd Ion• cn11ugh 10 he re1.:.1p1Ured .111d re '1gh1cd It 1s p111h.1hk th.ti h.111d 1cl.1ll'd 1111111y rail''> .Ill' .1c111. lh l11ghc1 th.111 C\111 he ob 'L't 1cd and tlw1t•l111,• 1cpo11nl. t"'pcu.111\ 1111 111111t• 't•rinu ... lllJlllll'' that pr1.•\ cnl .1 h.1mled 111 d111du,il llolll <.111111111g hct11c1.11 hll'l<hng '1.·.1 -.1111~

Poss1m I 11 l ll \1\;I\\,., I OR l~Jl R'

-;cJg111,·k .ind Klu-. { 1997) de,1.rrhe .1 potcn 11al route 101 .1hr.i<.1\t' rn111r) 111 ll)1..1k her 1.1rs1. -<h.11p l'dgc:s 1111 tht• 11111s 111 col111 hamls 1111t.11,· the t.1r-.lh. k.1d111g 111 11pc11 11oun1b th.11 hl' tllllll' 111frctt·d 1'1t•d1c.11111g th.11 h.111ds .11l' m•I .llh\Cd lilO 11ghtl) \\C bcltc1e th.at thCll' dlC l\\o .idd11111n.tl 1111ur) 111cch.111hms (,1) 1ncr sued h.111d' Ill.I) slip 01cr tht• ll)l.1tchc1 d"1.il JOHii, .111J fh) ,h,1rp ltl\\cr edges :ind nfi,cl cnr lll!ll> 11 here the pl.1-.t1t b.1nd 1s ... pl1t 111.11 cul 11111> the flesh) fl)L1td11.·1 d1 ... 1al 1111111. I hcrl'­lo1c ''e hl'11t'H' th.it 'lll11l' leg i11p111t·~ 111.1) he 11.:l.11ed In till' ll"t' 111 1111pr11pl'rh s11t•d .111dh11 lll1'1.',1kd h.111d,

h•dl'1.tl .ih11111nu111 O \ and 0 h.md., .m: ,1,,0 1.1.itl'd '' ith ln11 rate' of IJIJllr) (Sc.:dg111cl; .ind Klu' l'JlJ7. \1 \\ h11hcld. per ... c.:0111 I .ind 1.:on t11h11tctl lo no in1u11e' ob,cnl'd 1n 1t11 ... study. C h11 111ca,Lirt·111c111, 111d11.;.1tl' 1h1.') .111.• .1 lwttcr Ill 111 th .. ·\,\ ilhm I l)1.".1td1,·1 t,11,ll"> than alt' 111111111d

1hcd pl.1,t1t h.llld">. anti tlw1cl111, k" likl'I) to 'hd1.· .il1111g .t11d ahradl' Ilk· t.ir'1" /\n 11\'e1-,i1cd h.111d 11111\C' e.l">il) :11n1111d .111d along the tar'u'. and \\c•uld thcrch•rl' hl' 11u11e lit..cl) to caU'L' ahr.Ls11111 tlt.111 h.uuh of more .1ppropri.1te lit. In add111on to .1hra,1nn m1uncs, 111 l'r-.11ed h.llllh c.1n 'hdc mer the di,t.il Joint 'e' crcl) rc,1ri1.:1ing 11'1.' ol the foot. :ind c.111 c11 .. ·1111i...cnhc the d1,1.il .1111111 to l .111,,• ''l hac.:11111.· 1111111) ( .1 tlcl1cicnt•) ol hlnod ,,, .i 1e,ult ol lum.·t11111al l'llll">trn.:tion). Th" "ould 11111111.ild) lead to ll"lll' ne1.'m'i' and lo" ol p.111 rn .tit ol the: cxt1l'lllll). 1m"1hl) <unplihl'd h) !>Cll 11111t1l.111on. Pr11.1lh111 of loot u'c and lll11t loss .ire polc11t 1,1ll) ~er11111' 1.·11011gh to prccludt• 'll' \l\01,h1p 1hrou,gJ1 nn en11rc .mnual c)cll'. l n 111od1111.:d lcdcr.il h.mcls p111h:ihl) r,1rd) ,1id1.• '"er tht• d1,1.1l jomt. r1.·lh11.·i11g their potl'nt1al to t'.lll\l' 111)111 \.

C )lhl 1 h.111d k:tlllll'' th.11 p1oh.1bl) contnh11tl' l<l .1h1 .is1011 ·"'' 'h.irp 01 11111gh l'dge .... inclutling un,e.ilc.:d c.:dgc .... 1mprop,·1 "t':il (e g .. rc,uh1ng 111 oft...et edges) .ind h.111d g.lllgc 1'11e gaugl' ol lhlll-'>ln pcd b.md' 111 our !illld) "a' ... 111.1llcr (111c.111 0 4fl 111111 ~ () tl'l '>D. 1angl' O, 'l'i ll 45) th.111 solid and broad ... 1r1p.::d cdlulo1d hands nil let ti\ cl) <mc.111 () 511 111111 .t. O.!U \11. 1.111gl' O. l'i O.S5). lk111g rclati,el) 11a1-r1111. lhl' lu\\-cl nm ol thc 1h111 s11qled bamh 11e used d11r111g the 111111.11 ),•,us of our field ... 111d) (pnor to dl'>L<mt1nucd tr<>c lhll' tc1 the aforl'm..:11-t1011ed lllJUflC') Ill.I) h.J\C 111.:tcd 111..c a c:utrmg edge cspcci.111) undc1 the 11 eight ol a 'enllld h.ind. \11h11ugh 1t 11;is 11111 fl"~"1hlc to 1c ... t tl11,, \\t' ha\t' not tklednl band l".111,cd in111ric ... suh "'llllt'lll 111 l'11111i11ating 1111' t) P" 111 hand and 1ed11u11 • tht• nu111he1 111 h,111d .. pc1 kg from 1110 hi OllC

I r.1pp111g "' dcb11<; and 11111<1 under 1hc- h,111d cuntntmte'> hl leg lllJllnc!. m ~hmchir(i... l \mat I 'l'N), .111d 1r.1pped pl.mt dch1" h.1~ t>c:.:n i111ph-

1. .11cd in 1111p.1111111.·n1 111 !11111 lunllmn .mtl nL.·1.·.1 '-11111.il lool 111~' 111 lt:.l">I B ell', Virl'll"> ( i in•o l>l'l­lii 11111il/111, B Ku.,, per~. l.'11111111.>. Although IH'

h:I\ l' I c 11111d pl.1111 111.111.·n.ll 1 mh.:dtletl in and 11 rapped .11111111<1 tht• t.11s1 111 .1 "11.111 number 111 ll)catl her<. dunng i11111al .111cl 'iuhsc4ue111 l.".tptu11.· (:--\ I h.111dcd. :--; '11111h.111dcd). 11c h.1\c ... el'n nn 1nJ1111c.:' th.It .1ppc.1r 1cl.1tl'tl 111 1he'e plant ma· ll'J 1,1ls

R \~D Si/I

B.i<.l'd 011 1,1.._u, .md d1<.t,d 111111t mea .. ure­mcnls. "c rccm11111cnd U"l' 111 o,11c OA lcd1.•1.1I aluminum b.111ch 11n So11th11l',tl'rn \\ illo\\ l·l)­l.'.1tch1;"' \\,· h.11c 1111 cl.11,1 111 111<l1l .. lll' harmful clll'1:ts h• ll)t.1td1l'1-. rl'sultmg 1111111 U">C ol lhl' 'liJ:!ht h 1.11 g1.·1 '11c 0 hand. hut 'I/I.' OA hand'

U~<i B \ '\ D I Jl R I I °' """' and llm-gro1·1

wm Id -.ccm to prcdudl' thc po-.-.ahilit) 111 slir page 11\ o.:r the di-.u1l 1111111. Bel·.1u-.c t.ll' ... ll diam· cter .m<l \\id th 111 the di-.tal j11111t ma) \ .11) ht.• tv.ccn -.uh..,pcc11.·.., of llll' Will1m Hycat1.hn. \\C

rccnmmcnd the dctc11111n 1tio11 ol leg s11c prn11 to h.mding. II 1:11lor 111.111..mg S11ulh\\e,.,tcrn \\ii Ill\\ l·I) catd1e1 s. celluloid colo1 h.md-.. -..houl<l hl· re'1/Cd to 1.0 mm .. O. l 111'11.k dianu:11.·1

B\'- \1A111<1\t

,\ k\\ ..,tud11.·-. h;l\·c reported tlhll the lede1al alumrnum ham!-. ha\l' a hm 111.·qucnc) ol hand injur) (Se<lg\\ K'I.. and Kim. 1997; ~1. S11gg1.· and \1 \\ h1tficld. per-... comm.:\\ l l.1a-.. pc1-,. 11h .... 1 Wt: he lien: till' low inl: idence 111 kg inju1) from fc<le1 .11 hand-. j, due tu thcir g.1t1gc. "eight. and thcii -,month -,111 l.icc-, th.it lac!.. ... ha1 p ed"l''· ~let­.ii h;111d-. can ht: coln1cd to pnl\ 1<lc .111\1lia1) mark111g -.dK·mc-. .• md \\t.' rcc11111111cnd th.tt .in) ... uch metal color hands minuc the led1. nil S1/C OA hands 111 sl/C I 11tdudtng 1 n-.1de d1.1111ct1.·1 I. \\eight .• md 1.·dgc d1.11.tc1eri-,11l""· B.111d-. -.hnuld be inspected llir app111pri.ttl' thid.:nc!'.'i .md 'm11oth. ro11nd1.·d edge... pn111 to cnte1111g thc lick!. sharp • • ll'utc. and/or rough 1.·dgc ... -.hould h1.· repa1r1.•d u-.ing s.tnJpap1.•1, tile, emCr) h11.trd. rn other o;11ml.1r ,1h1 .1sl\ e agcm

Pl.1,.,11c 1.:111111 hand-. .111.' ine,pcnsi\t.', c11111mt:r cially ,t\ ailahk in a la1gc numhc1 ol colors and colm u11nh111.111on,, .111d m.tint 1111 1;1llo1 lhlllUgh out th1.• l)pll.tl 3 to "'i-)l.tr "111utlrnc ... 1t.·1n \\illo\\ H>1.:.11chcr ltk,pan. A lthough thl') can l'au ... c kg 1nju11l'' if u-.cd ";,i-, pu1d1asc<I," \\C lound th.it ccllulot.I h.111.1, c;.in h ...... 11<.:I) ll!.CU \Ill South \\e-,1t.·1n \\ illo\\ I l)l.1td1cr-, 11 C.11 re '1/L·d. thl smrn ll heJ to r1.·1110' l' -,harp edgl''- ( 'l'l' hdo\\ I and 111 pr11\ 1dc .1 1.·ont1nuou-. sc.tl .11 the hull enc.ls. and (q do,cd \\1th .1c1:ton.: 111 other .lpp1opnatc scaltng .1i;1:nt 111 tcduc the .nmHlllt 111 p111cnt1.1ll) ahrn"" 1.• -.ur t.1l'C .tnd m:11nt,;i11 ,1 prc'CI ilx·d 111 "ide d1.11nctcr \!though 1.·1,ncdl) mod1l1c<l pl.ts Ill' 1.:11101 hands .uc ,,u11.1hlc 101 use. th111 "ailed l'Cll11lrnLI h;11111.., cc.g .. the thin -.111p1.:tl hand,, lm111 ou1 '-llld) ). h.md-, "1th ri•ugh or "harp cd~c-., anl. incorrcl.Clh '11.cd ~.111d' .tre not apprnp11a1,· tor u.,e 1111 ~'illo\\ Hyca1dw1s.

HA ll ~1oDll I( TION

\\'l' u-..cJ till' follo\\lllg technique-, to ll'·,l/C and tnod1l) thl• XI· l'l'lluloid l'olor hand ... u'cd in 0111 ,lllJ) \\c n!ll111\CJ -.uthctcnt 111.1ll'n;tl h> ..:re.lie .1 h.111d 111 app111\1ma1cl) 2.11 111111 1n-,uk L11a11wtl'r h) tiling dim n till· h1111 end ol each band \\c hied r;tthc1 th,111 cut the eug,·,, 111 uc­atc a mnre pon1u-, .1110 nea1 I> p.1ralk·I -.urf.lle that 1.•nhan1.:l'' 1.ttcr h11nd111g h) 111l'rc.1,1ng ,I\ ail able -.urfacc area: cuttmg '' ith -,ci-. ... on. or nail d1ppe1 can u11npre" the hull 1.•nJ-. .111d rcc.1111.·c bonurng -.urt.1cc area. Onu: .1ltcn:J. tlw hand'

\\ere 1cmpo1.u ii) 1 c clo-.1.·J and 111ca.,ur1.·d 111 a-. sure \\l' haJ rcachcLI th1.• p111pc1 111,,ide d1.1111"·te[ \\c thl·n m-.peded the upper .111d h\\\e1 edge ... o l the hand-. .• ind U'-t'd .rn cmc1') hoard, Ille. 111 .1pphl·.1111n1 111 .1cct11nc l<l "lntlolh .111d round all rough edge-;. In thc fi1.•ld .• 11lcr .1ppl) 111g 1hc hand 111 thi: h11 d's t.11 ... 11,, \\ c 111-.pl'Cll'd the hand'~ ht to l.'ll'-lll'I.' th.ti II \\OUld lllll -.Jidc O\el the d1,t.1I j11in1 \lt.:1 .1'l1.'rta111111t; th.: h.1nd \\a-. lh1.· t'Oll l'Ll '-l/t.'. \\ e hondcd the ,·nds ol the h<1nd \\it h a1.·l•tonc t 11 .tn a lll·rn.11c adh1.·-.i' c. Note that ... m.111 1.·.:lluloul ham.I' dn n<ll 111.1inta111 plast1.: "111i:11Wr) ... md d11 not 1.'.1-,il~ 1q~.11n th.:11 ong 111al t'lll'Ulu1 tonfor111.t111111 \\1thou1 time·l·on­'uming heating .111<..1 ll' u111t111111ing I Ha.t-. anJ f·i,hc1 1999). S1.•Jling the ~,111d' ,1fll'r plale111cnt is thus mand,1111r). \111.·1 hond1 ng. \\ c 11.'· in -.p..:Cll'd the hand to h1.· -.ure it did not adhere to the t 1su ... 111 p1c,cnt 1>th1.·r phys11.'<1l n,k,

lkl·.111sc it I'- 1mp11s-.ihlc tn l'ottdllt'I h.111Jing .tl:li\ 111.:s \\1th 100'1 ccrt.11nt) th,11 m• h.111d re lated 1111uric' \\ill 11cn111s1.'I.'1\1.111<H1 .md Sham" 19771, 11 i-. 1111p111tanl 111 dc-.ign h.tntlrng '>tudic' th.It 111cluJc .,ulhuent 11111c .md cft1irt-.. tu loo!.. lor h.111d 1.:l.111.•d injuries \\hen .111 111,1u1t•<l h1rd j, found, ""' ll'l·111n111l·nd an a11,•111pt 111 11.· cap· lure till' bird, 1epl,1.:,· 111 fl'tl11l\.: .Ill) \\ 1>111. im pn •pell) s1/l·d. or oth1.'I'\\ 1si: fl;m cd h.11uh, .tnd .1d111i111ster 111 till' i111u1) In our -.1uLI). \\l' re 1110\ed the olk1td111g h.111d., lhul g,·nerall) 111.1111-

1.11111.·d till' l('dcrnl nu111lx·1cJ h<111d) .111d 1r1.·.11ed till' \\ 1111mh \\1th ,\ lull ,.11.:ngth I or< po\ 1d11n.: 1<1d11w ,.,11Jut11111, 1h..:11 11.•ka,cd the h11d .tt the po1111 111 l:.1p1111l', 11 th,· h.111d lllJUr) \I.I'- "ull1 ('ll.'1111) "l'rious \\C ret110\l.'.d 111 h.rnd-. \hntsl\C

hand 11111111t•s .1ppc.11nl IP hl·,11 .tltl't band tl'llt\I\ .ii :ind lleatnll'lll \\ ith this .11111h11111,· M•l111io1t (Ta hie I)

C'fl\1\lflH I \l \ l\-.;1 I \C 1 l Hf c >I li\"'ll\

I or the \\ tlhm I l)1:.11chc1 and other ... m;.ill pa"c11ncs (e g C:iltf,11ni 1 C n IL tdlct. Po !toptr/11 cali/ou1il a; I c.i'>I Bel I ' \ 1r1.·111, com mc11: 1,tll) m.1•111l.1dt11l'd pl.1slll h.1nd 111.i\ not tic <.111t.1hlc for u-,e \\ 1thou1 11mc-c11n,,u11ung n111d1llL'.1li1111 1\ p1clc11l'd .tltu11.11hc \\ould he w haH' appropri.ttcl) -.a/CU b.inu-. 111an11l.11.·­turcd 111 the L111rcct sp<.'l'tht'.1tiori-. \l,o. \\C 11.'c.:I thc1e 1-, .1 n.:ed for 1mpn•\l'd qu.1111) con trol -.11 that 111,.1dc h.tnd diamL'll'I i.., le" 'an· .1hlc 1h,111 \\l' tounLI 111 1h1s stud) \\'I.' .tlo;o -.ug ge-.t that t•o111111crd.il 111.111uf,1c1urcn. "Jlecif) the ,1pprn\lmo1tc \\eight and gau!!c 111 1hc1r h~rnd-., allt1\\111g hamk1-. a clear ehoil·c \\hen dCl iLl111g '' htl h ti.mds to nrdc1 tor their "PC CI hL llL'l'<l-.

184 SIL Dll·S I A VIA1' BIOLOGY NO. 26

\( K '0\\ I l•l>(,\1 1 'IS

\\c 1h.1nl.. I' I .11111111111 .111d I Quon tor their·'""­tancc 111 till' held \\c abn c\p1c's our dccpc,1 grat­itude to P l 11111 tor ht' 'llJlJl<ll l .111d dl'l'll""'"'· and lO the S.111 Di.go ~.11ur.1l ll1,lt>r) \lu,cum tor muk-

1ng mu":urn 'Pl'Clllll'n' ,l\,11l.1hk Im ,1 p1cl 1111nar) 'tUd). \\'c arc .1"0 g1.11ctul 10 ll'\ ll'\H'r' I> l>c'i.1ntc. C Gr,11m- lrl'H•r •• ind B. K1" for llll'1r l'Ollll 1<:111' .md 'Uf!J!C,t1nn,. I he l .S. lkp.11tllll'lll of thc l111crwr. Bureau of R.:dam.11111n fun~kd our 21100 held\\ nrk.

'>1m i,., 111 \\Ian Biolog\ '-11 26: 185 I XIJ .. :?O<n.

USING RADIOTELEMETRY TO DETERMINE I IOME RANGE SIZE. HABITAT USE. AND MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF WILLOW f-1 YCATCHERS

,\11\trw'f. In 2002. \\l' l1ad.cJ fou1 '"'ilhm I ly1.·a1d1.:r' (/ 1111111/011111 rrc1il/1i> lor ,·1gh1 d.1)' \\tlh r..iJi11 1ran,n11u.:r,. Alth1111gh n111Jul·1eJ for 11111> .1 h1i..:I period ul 11111..: and 1>r1 ,, '>111all 11u111hc1 ot 111J1\1d11a1.,, thi' "the li"I 1adio1,•k•111..:1r) 'lll<ly 111 Willtm Hy..:atcher'. and lhl' rnlmmation gkw1ed h." po1.:111iall) important 1111pl1l·.11mn' toreurr.:nl and tu1ur..- \\rlhm fl)1.".11.:hc1 rc"•.1rch anJ 111.111.rg<'llll'IH An ;.ncragc 11110 k1':.1t111n' \\1.'IC \·11lk..:1cJ •HI i:.1d1 111Jn1Jual )ldd111g 111\lght 111111 honw rang(', h.1h11.11 u,c. anJ lllt>\i:mcn" lhc ,1\cr.1gc· "/<'of the home iangc ot thr<·e ol lhl' h111r ll)i:a1Chl'1' "•" 1.2 h.1 (ha,i:J on the 1111111mum 1.011\cX Jh.•I) gon me1h1xl) I h..: founh 1nJI\ nlu.11 '' ·" tr.ic:l...:J o\ er n much l.irger ar..:a than the 01hcr tllll'e. ''11h mo\cmclll' ol up It> 25 l;m J11l·umc111c,I. limn.: rangl' c,11111.11.:, for .111 lour 11)1.ai..·hl'" \\ere '''II rap1JI) 1nul'a"ng h) the ..:nd ot 1he ''lid). 111J11..111ng 1h.111tw d1..:111rwn1<:d '1~e' .tr.: und..:r·.:,11111.11<•s. \II ll) cah.:h..:r' ll'<'d ;i \ artl'l) ol hah11.11 I) pe'. indud111g th<' 111a1ur.: rip;irian \<!!!et.11ion that thl') 111:'1 rn. wrrnundmg 'l'"r'd) \l'!!Claled young 11panan hah11,11, .111d nun riparian upl.ind hab11at I hi' ,1udj found 1h,111elc1111:1t) "a \lahlc 1.:,e.11l'l11<·l'hn1que lor the W1llP\\ l · ly«tteh.:r. ,mJ <:.111 pr.n uk 1111pm1.1111 111t111111a1uu1 on hlll11l' 1:.mgt:. h.1hu.11 11'<'. ,111J 1110\ellH!lll pa11<•111' h1rthl.'r 'tUJ) j, needed 111 l'\.tlualc ho\\ ..-01111111111 11r r.ue •>Ur hnd111g' arc lnr th<'\\ illo\\ I l)•Jlcher ,1,·m" H'

r.u1i;.:

I\,\ \\or.ts I m1•ulmun trw/111, hahnat u..c, h1•1nc r.mgc. mo\cnt1.·n1s, rad101d..:mi.:tr) \\ 1110\\ H)

.. · .. 1d1er.

lJ ndcr,t:111tling lhc hah1ta1 1L'qu1n:n11:111' ol a 'P" l°iL'' ll'quin:s infmmation 1m the -.11c of a1l'a it Ol'l Upll's. t) pc' of h.1h1t.1t it u-..c,. anti ho\\ II

11111\ c' throughout 11' l'll\ 11onml'nt. \\ ilhm I I) -l",1td1crs (/ 111p1do1111\ 111111/11) arc 'mall nc111111p-1c.tl nugrnnh that h1L·cd 11111) in rip.m.m h.1h11.11 111 till' .irid \\'c-..1. I hl') 11..-,1 in tlen'e np,111.111

'<'g<'lal 11111 patchl's. \\ h ich arc I) pica II) '111-lllllll(kd b) J pmdmo1 J.. of muhiplc hahi1a1

l)p<'' \.\.ilhm 1:l)Li1ldw1 hah11a1 " ..i1111et11l1L'' ..:11n,1dc1L'd ,,, onl) 1h.11 h.1lllla1 in '' hid1 11csl111g lXlll1': IW\\l'\Cr, 11h,cr\f1t11111' ol brcl'tl111g 11) ca1d1crs ••llt-.Hk of the npanan nc,llnc .irc.i {I.

l\1:\t1111. unpuhl. tl.11.1) s11gge .. 1 that tlyc.itd1cr.., 111.1) u .. c .1 much l.ug,·1 .11.•.1 .mtl ,1 broader 1.1ngl' ol h.1h11.11' 1han i-. c111111111111l) u .... um,·d. I l.1h11.11

1ha1 i-. not ti-.etl f111 ne,11 ng. hut " rnte1 'pe1 sed with it, 1n<1) be an i111p111l,1nt component of

h1L•ed111g ... i1c 'cle.:111111 .111d 11\crall patd1 '"c I l~~.11d1cr' Illa) ntn\c <1uts1dc 111 the11 11e ... 11ng

.11c.1 tn acquire rc't'tm.:es (l•.g • food. \\ ntcrJ 111 !•• oht:un c'\:ra-pa1r cop11l11tio11-. (l:f>(',, l>ocu

llll'llllllg th..- ... e p1,...,1hlc use<; " important 1111 1111· tle1,tanding habitut nl'cd,, local populat11m L''ti­matl'' (under- or 11\e1 cou111ingl. and genl'ttc di­

' Cl ,jt) pattl'rll'.

Rad1111clcmctr) ha' pn>\\.'11 111 he an 1111po1tant 11101 1111 an,wcring quc,1imi... .1hou1 hah11.11 rc­

qu11emc11h and othl'r 1mpo11.1m "'J1t:<'h ol .1 'JX'· l'IC' • natural h1,tor) (Kem\ arJ 200 I I. h111her-

111ore, tdemctr) '' lhc bc,1 method for finding and traLJ..ing fl)catd1er' rn lhe den'c ripanan

hahit,11 Ill which tllL') breed, a-. tlyca1che1' arc

tlit ticult to detect unlc" nc,11 a llL'st or \ ol.al11 ing Hnwc\\.'r . ~omc 'tutlie' ha\C l11ur11.l h<irmful effect' of tra11,111i11cr ... on hlllls I Bm\ man and ,\horn .2001, I lnogc 19911. \\h1d1 .i1guc-.. for a pilol ... 111d) to e\ :iluatl' the tcch111quc, lor ead1 ~!X'LIC,. hdrnc .1pphc.1ttn11 on .1 l.ugl' gr11up 1•1 indi' idu.tl' ( B11gh.11n I 9X9). ·r hi' 'tud:-. '"1' un dcrtal-.cn t11 c\ aluatc the fc.1'1h1lit) of .1ppl) ing r:id 1otell:11JL·t 1')· tl'd111i4uc' tt> till' \Vil Im\ Hy catd1l'r .111d Ill g.11lw1 prcli111111a1.) 111to1111.11inn on l111111c rangl' '>Ill'. hahllal u-.c. and 11111\emcnt pat­tern ....

s ll In \RI \ND l\ILI llODS

I h" 'IUd\ "·'' ltlllduucd al I 1<;h ( 1<·1·1. l 1.ih (nun I). U1.1h ( \t/ olh N. 110 15' \\ J I "h CrceJ.; " ,1 lugh .:le\ .1111111 12'i60 111) 1111:a11Jenng nel·~. "llh ,1 l1'11Tll\\ tlo.>dpl.1111 "111.111.·d 11 1h.: ha'" ol .1 .. 1..:rp 111011111.1111 '·" le) 'I h1ce gc11c1.1I hahll.11 t)pc' \\L'lc Hlcnt1ft•·d al the 'till.I) .1rc.1 i\lniurc np.m.111 h:ih11.11 \\,ts d1.11.1<kr /l J b) :. 'mgli:. d..:n-.c H'£<'1atl\ e l.tH'r of \\ ill<m I \a/1 spp l \\ti h U canOp) height of 3 IO h 111 1111 t 1h I 1yp..: "·" 1n1cr•pcr;ed .md 'urrnumlcd b) young npar-1.111 ''rub. \\ l11ch , 011s1Mc·d ol a llU:\ of shon \\ 111.m ( ::! 111). hc1h.ll ··nus pl.111h. !!ra"· nd open olfl'•" lm­mcJia1dy .1d1.1Lc111 10 the np;u1J11 tlnodpl.1111, on the 'lcep moun1ain sl11p'''· \\'" nnn-11p;111.111 upland haln· 1a1. fh.: upland habi1.11 .:on,l'led p111n;111h ol 'age· hru'h ( \111·1111•111 'PP 1, "1th tir f 1/111" •pp 1.111J 'PruL·<' (P1u·a 'PP·l pr<>,cn1 11n the nn1th t.1c111g ''"P..:'

\\c captured \\1lhl\\ H)ealchcr' \1,1 1111,l·neh and a targ..:l<'d <eap1urc lel·h1114ue l Sngg..: Cl nl 200 I). and e.i.:h tl)c',1td1c1 "·" ..-11l11r-h.111ded to I 11.1h1.11c imll\ iJ 11.11 1<.lenllhl.1111111 \\c Jc·1ern111wd -.·x ha'l'd on the prc,cnce ol .1 d11a1 ;ii prntuh<'ram:e lor m;ilc' or brood p.itch lnr lc111.1k' Br1.•cd111g 'iatu' \\a' 1lc1..:rmrned h)

IX.5

\I l ()(( \ I' \\I,\\, BIOi O(i'I '\O 2Cl

L\Bl I· I. lln\ll R '""' Sill, \l<>\ l\tl "1 I)" I \'\<I\. \'\I> II \1111\I l "1> In \\ 111 0\\ I·" c \I< Ill t<' \I f 1\11 ( 1<11 t... 111 \II:!()(),!

II '><

12X 107 1-19

t1l1'cf\ .11ton ot p.111 1111<•rac1t1111 .. nJJor 11<''1 .1t1cnd.111cc. and nc'I' \\ere h><:.1lcd h) sc.1rd11ng jlf<'•'' lrcqucnt<·J h) , .. ~.1h/ll1); l.:111.dc'

\\'c· '"''J a gill<' 1111 llll'lhud f.lohn,nn ct .d 111<1,!11111 .111.1du11g l (j 2 11.111,111111,•r. tlloloh>I, 111,. fl 17 g) to the h.tel.' ot fl)catdl<'" 1'1111r to <.tplll1c. \\C glm•d .t small p1e,·c <lf gnd d11th to the hoth>m ol 1he trn11' miller. to tac1h1.11e J •realer 'urtac< .irc.1 for contact "nh 1he bird \\e then inmmed the cloth lo SI/<: JU'I

l.1rgcr th.m the 11an,111111cr's h~utpnnt \\c hcld <<l(l

llll<'<I lh~.1tchc" 111 one h.11111 and dtPf><.'d the tc.1ther' l1om .111 .111:.1 ,[1ghll) l.ug•·r th.111 thc c11n1111ll'1<•tKl' nl 1h,· 11,111,111i1tc1, .1p1Ho\1111,11cl} 20 111111 .1ho\l' the ltr) ll(')!Jloll gl,111,I \ lll<l<kt.lll' .111d l'\Cll ,11t10111l1 of Sl.111 Bond "·'' .1pphcd \\llh sc1ft hru'h I<• 1hc 11a11.,1111ncr .md e'Jl'"'·J ,1.111, and all11\\nl lt> dr) tor 5 rums Ilic 1mn,m111cr \\.l~ 1hcn pn.•sscd llll!l pl.tee on the hird .111d held \\Ith hght prcs-urc Im 2 "i nun \Iler .1 •cmlc pull 1t1 cn,urc 1hc 1tun,111111cr w,1., m pl.ice, the llltllnur ll'.1lhCI\ \\Cle 1c.1rt.1l1ful 111 l'O\l'f the 111111,11111tc1, ,111d

th<' h11 d ""' rdca,,·d \\',• t1.t<:l.,·d 11) l,lldll'IS "'"!£ .1n R I()()() kk111c11)

lt'l<'l\l'r (Cllllllllllllll'.1111111., Sp,·,1.11i't' (Ill l .111d ·' ''"" d,11d h.111d-hclcl 3 eknll'nt \11g1 .1111,•1111,1 I ,.._,111011s of ll)c.1tchl'r' '"'IC •kll'1111mcd b) ""''Ill!! 111 the drrcct1u11 of 11 rndm s1 •11.11 1111111 11 111dl\ 1dual "a' s..-t·n \\ hc11 • 111 111d1\1Ju.1I \\,ts obscf\ccl, \\C looked fur 11) 11pp.1r c111 cllnh ot the tr.111,nulkrs .urd nnt,·d rt~ hch:i' rnr kg. pcr,hrng. l11r.1g111 •. "ngmg. 1111l·r.1c11 .. ns, lh~ht). 1\ttc1 thc htrd 111ll\l'd, '"' l•'.:11rdcJ th•• 1.,,,111C111's "' 111d111.11,•s ''" .1 <ia1111111 I· 11d. I cgcnd Cil'S 111111, a<­""·''" In "\ 5 m • .:: ~ m Our 'ampltn(! l<'glllll' l'llll s1!.tc1I lll trad.mg llH 1d1,•n; tr.1111 d;mn '" du,i... 111 ,, 1.111dom ,11\Jcr. \\ llh :11 ""''' \111c hour bet\H'en stlC«'' st\c locat1(H1' •)I a p.1111u1l.1r 111ch\ldu,1I 1111 el1111111.11c .111h~torrclatw11 of d.na ~1111ts) lh1,,c,cr. 11nc ti) C.lllhcr (\\ 11 l I, S('C h(lll\\ I''"' 1ra,l.cd l'•lllllllllOUSh

\\hdc rt CC1nJt1d•·d long d"t.mcc l\11;.i~, 11111 lll th tcr 1 lllll )·

\\l' dchnccl h\lllll' 1.111!!'' ·" th.: .uc.1 l'lll\>lllP•"'c:J \\ llhlll a pol) gon d1 I\\ n I 10111 the c11t1cr1110 .. 1 pc1111h ol • 111 lol.1111111' <m111111111m <1111\C\. p111\gc>rl tm•thlld, \\ hrtc ,111J Cianoll l'NllJ \\c '-oulJ not dehnc homl' r.mge fo1 1h,• orw 11) '-·•td1c1 th.cl tra' clcd O\l'r larrc :ircas I l.1h11:11 "·" dctermmcd b) ltt•ld nhscl\at1011' and '"''rla) mg th<' hl\.~tmn c11orJ111atc' onto .1 rc.i1hcd .1cr1.1I phn1og1.1ph 111 till' 'tt"I) area "'"'!! ,\1.:\ ll'\\ 1' \ .21 soll\\,trc \\c .11'0 11wcl 1\rn tC\\ \\1th the• \111111,11 i\(m l'lllClll l'\ll'll\11111 I ll1111gl' ,111J hd1c:11l;111h i <11J7 I 1<1

trland

20~ fS)

26'( Ill)

·llJ "i<Jr; 7'( {2)

52 5~'' ~(lf( ,.,c· -- ( lh)

IC' I (U{ h 1 11 I'\ llPl pp. rent \o\t11( h

.:.1k11IJ1c h\'lllC range •• l\crngc .mJ m,1\.111111111 J...,t,11K<' l)ct\\c'<'I' ,,11 J.1r Ill<'"'· .111J 10 p1od11,·c hgurc' I and 2

fffSLTI I"., r lllll \\tllm\ I·lyc.tldlt'I' \\'t'll' trad.cd v. ith

r.1di11·1t,tn,m11t<'r' for eight day' Imm Jul) 8 to

July '°'· 200:?. \\ IH.I " ...... 1 paired male fwm 1crr11ory \. '' llh an :1pp111x1matc ne'l location 1dcn111ted ha,eJ on the km.tie', hch:t\ 111r.

\\ IH 2 .ind WIH 3. tcmak .111d male. rc ... pcc.:­ti\l:I). \\CIC pairl'd 111 h:n1111r) B I heir l1l'\t l'o11-

ta111cd egg' at the hcg11111ing ol the: 'llll.l)' hut wa\ depr,•d.t1t•d nml \\ .t) through tht• 'tud): the ft-­male rc-11t•,ted hy the e11d 111 th\.' ... 1udy. WIH..-J ''a' ,, 111.1lc p:urcd 111 tl.'111101) C, "uh fl' nc't cont.1111rng 2 \ d.t) old y 11ung .11 the beginning ot the study (I .chic I).

Rad101ckmc:tr) "a' '"') 'Lh.«:e-.,lul in track­ing till' II) t'atd1er-. m t't l.irgt• Ji,tance\ a11d arnont• till' 1kl1\t' riparian h:ih11a1 that they 11c ... 1cd in \\t• '' l'I•' .thlc to locate indh idu.tl' tl\ er I h.111 ""a\ 11,1d; tht•m thrnugh tk11'e 'cg\.'tallnn, and tr.tLh. t'\lnl tcrntorial t110\<'llk'nls that \\Cfl' un­ltkd) to h.I\ c been c.ktel:led \\ 111111111 11:lc111ctr) . I urthcr 11111rc. \\<.' did n111 uhser\l' .Ill) heh:!\ tor" ind1t·.11rng p111hll'nh \\ ith the .111.11.:hl'd tran ... nut k'r'. llo\\l'\l't . \\t' \\l'fC not .1hlc t11 l'\.tluatc po tc1111ally 'uhtk <'llct:h of tht• 11a11-.111itter,, ... ud1 "' 1cdun·d p111ducti' ity. -.111 'i\\H-.hip. and ten i lilt') 111.llllll'llallC:l'.

HO\ll RASGI

\n ·",•rag<.' ol ~() hi\ «lu1n-. \\a-. l.·ollcl'tcd on cath ll)l..lld1l'I ( fahlt· I, hg-.. 1. ::!). \\'IH.2. \\ 11 I.\ .ind \\ Ir IA had an a\ t'I agc home rangl' ol I 2 • 0.4 ha \>\ 11 I. I \\a' dm.:umcntcd tr:1v­l'l i ng long d1,1ancc-. frnm it-. dd'cmkd 1ern1ory . )iclding .1111111i111um c:on\t'' p11lyg1111-.c1e of 106 ha. llo\\ "'er. the 11) c:atc:het .1ppe.crl'd to onl) pa" through. 1.11hcr th.111 u-.t'. la1gc area' '' 11hin thc llllllllllUlll con\C'\ pnl)gon (Fig :!.). -.o \\C

hdil'\<.' 11' 11uc hlime rang<.' ts 111ud1 -.mailer than 1h1' m1n1111u111 co11\C\ pol)'l'On c-.11111a1e. Thi.' :1\­cr.tgl' t11 ... 1a11l'1.' hctwcc:n loc:;1tio11 .. or all flyc:atd1 -

R \l>I< > IR \CKl:--:G \\II I < )\\ 11 'a CA I ( 111 RS l't1\to11 < t al IS7

lnd1\ 1du,1l h1<..11wn' ,md 111111111111111 ,on\ ex pol~ 1 11

Non-ripan n Upland

WIFL1 WIFL2 WIFL3

o WIFL4

Onl) 111dl\ 1du.1I lo<. .1111111' ire 'h"'' 11 tor \\ II I I I> lhc l:ltlUlld.11) Ix: I\\ 11 n th non 11p.tn.111 upl.111d ·'"" lht• 1h1odpl.1111 \l,1111r1 \\dim\ \ llllll" r1p.111,1n Sl ruh \l' '( 1.1111111 .111d lhlll \ C"l l.ttc I 'I 't){l 111 \\ t1h111 till' l11111dpl.1111

er'icMcpl \\IFI I \\,1s llJ 2'i m \\llh.111,1\

c1.1g<.' 111,1x11num d1st,1m:c ot 128 21 m \\ 111 I ,l\cr.1 •cd 218 m l>cl\\cn1 loc.111011s 1111h .1m1x

111111111 d1,1.111ce ol 2 11 kill I or .111 fl)c.1ld1c1.,,

hon it• 1.1ngc c .. 11111ak'' u 111111111cd lo 111u L'·'''-' 1 1p idly h) llK· cml ol tlw stud). 111tho11l .1ppl•.111n •

to IL',1d1 .111 •'') 111ptotc, 111d1c..it111g th,11 thc'<:: home 1.111ge Siie'> a1c: unJL·r cst1111.11c'

•h1 I -\

\11 lour ll)L 1td1t·r., \\ere olhencd usmg the

1hrcc gcni.:1. l h,1h11.1t l)pcs 1dc111d1,·d .11 thc sllld)

.11c.1 (111.llull: 11p.111.i11 )OU11 • 11p.111.111'uuh.111111

np.111,111 upl ind I \lmn.,t lndl <48', I ol the lm11

11)1.atdt ·rs' lt>t:.111011' 111.:rc recorded in the 111.1

ture np.tn 111 hah1111. and H• md 18 , \\ere

I ICrl RI 2. \II 1k1cc11<111 loc.1111111' tor\\ II I I 111 lute 'qu.m•, \\ 11h bl d. c 11tCf'>I, nd m11111m1111 <. >11\CX pol) gun' 1111 \\ IH 2. \\II I \, ,111tl \\ 111 4 f\11111..: ho1ducd p11hg1111' rdc1 111 I 1 • I ll•r d,·1.111') , 1 the I .-It ( 1cd•. l l , ''"d} .11c.1.

IXX STl Dll "> I A \'IA' BIOi OG'i

n.:1.:nn.lc<l in the )llUng riparian ... auh and 11on-11parian upland hah11a1 .... 1cspcc11vc l) (illhk I ).

Acli\ilic.., in till" \;111ou.., hahitai... \\l"tc 11111 al ­\hl)' 1dcn11hahlc. hu1 111 general adi\ i1ic' in the mallm.: riparian indudcll ne ... t auendan~e . ..,ing­ing. loraging. re,1111g .• 1nll 1crritor) 1111n"11111. \\c 11h..,e1 \Cd fl)l'.1td1er' h11;.ig1ng and re,llng 111 the \oung ripari.in 'cruh. hu11,nl) foraging .Klh Ilic.., \\l'n: n1,1ed 111 1lw non -riparian upland hahllal 1ypc

\ 1o\ I Ml ~I 'i

Ob,en cu mm cmcnh \ .iried anwng the tour 111dl\ 1<luai.... All hut \\'JH. I \\ere con ... 1 ... 1cntl) found in either 1he11 nc,ting patd1, in 1mmeJi­,llcl) adjacent ) mmg llJMnan 'cruh, or 111 non­ripanan hahi1a1 near 1hc1r hrcedmg pa1dw'

Dunng rhc 11ad1ng period. \\Ill LI e\h1hi1cd '111k111gl) <liffere111 mov1.:men1 aCll\ llil'' from thc olher 1hree tl)ca1dw1 .... \\ ith three nolahlc long di,tanu: 1110\Cllleni... oh,cncd. I hl' hr ... 1 \\,I', a I\\ o hr foragrng h•r.t) . "here the hml p1 ogr'-'''cd g1.1Ju,1ll) up ... ueam 1111111 llnc upland hilt...1dc to .11111thcr. At1c1 mo\ 111g 11.5 km up,trcam. 11 Ile\\ Ill the ripan.rn 1011\.' and foraged in )-<Hlllg np.1r ian ... auh habitat At the cn<l ot the l\1.0 hr pc­nod. it relUrncu 1t1 1h 'l"JX'\."led n..:,1111g .1rca. l he , .. ·cond notahlc 11111\cmcnt llceunnl \\hen the fl)G.llcher \\,,, l1>c.:.1tcd 111 late mo111111g I km do\\ n ... 1ream from IL' ..,u,pected ne ... 1ing ,uca II \.OllllllUCd Ill £11 1hm !1'lre.1m. anu \\ ,J<, II ,1ckcd .ill .1ltcrnoon .ind into thl.' e\l.'mng .1 ... 11 1110\l.'u .11t1un<l the riparian h.1h1Lat al the mouth 111 h'h Cn.:cl... The ll)catdK·r 'pent the night .11 1hr' dt1w11 ... 1rcam a1ca, 1hcn 1cturnc<l Ill w .. lk'fl•nded are<1 \\1th in on.: h1 11f da\\ n 1hc nc \I 11111111 mg. I he thm.1 hmg·d...,1.111t:l' lllll\Cmcnl 11Cl't111ed 'c\ ­

cr.1l 1la)' latc1, \\hen 1he ll)catch.:r \\,I'- 1kll'l°led .1g.1111 111 th.: ''"''" dim 1h\le.1m .uc.1 1 hc ... c d11\\ ll'olrcarn 1110\emenl.., nn:urrcd ,1, l.1r ,,, 2. 'i km I wm the lh ca1che1 ·, delenue<l 1e1111rn) and ... u-..pectcu m.:..,1111g locat11>n

h1raging appL'arl·d lo be lhe pnnHtr) a\.'ll\ 11y 1ha1 nn:urrc<l \\hen tlycalcher.., mo\ed he) 1111d I heir <lefendc<l 1en itrn iL'' : 11.'rritor) inu 11,1011 '"ii' .1 'ceond. During \\I H . 1 ·, 2.5-1..m dim n'trcam m11\emcn1. \\I.' 11h,encd ii entering • • m<l hc111g cha,ed out of, another acti\ e \\"illm\ l •h.:.11dwr 1e1111or). It \\a-.. al'o 11ackeu imo \VII I. I, ne ... 1 area. an<l a ten 11011al 1n1erac:1ion wa' heard Jll'l bclnrc It fie\\ :ma\ . A thir<l acti\ 1l} may ha\e hcen mate gu.irding WJI l.J \\a' l\\ il'\.' 'ccn lol l11w111g hi ... m.11c (\\II l 2> aero'' the l"recl.: to for,1gc on the upland ... agebru..,h hill,ide-.. . I he female \\a' rl.'huilu111g .1 depredatl.'d n.: ... t . • md had not )Cl laid egg': thu.... thi-.. umcum:nl mm emenl ma) h,1\c been c:1.1ra-1erri1rn 1.tl mate ruarding hl.'hmio1 1.11her 1han ..,impl) a 1rnn1 Im­aging fora).

DISCl ~SIO'\

llU\11 R \\/( ;1

Terri111r) -.11.: and home r,1nge :111.' ... paiial mea­'urc' \\ith biological impor1an1.:c • • ind hoth .ire commonl) 11,cd in dehnmg hah11.11 requin:menb ( \\ hitc and ( i.motl 1990). \\c u,cJ the mo't 111 -

du .... \e dd1111l1on of honk' r.ulgl' lor 1h1' 'llld) to e\,iluall' 1he full C\.ICnl 111 hal111a1 ... u'e<l and maximum area utili/cu 1 lo\\e\cr, home rang.:.., arl.' ohcn pre,cntcd as a ... uh'l't 111 thc total num· her 111 loca11rn1 .... ..,u1.:h a' e\.l0 lud111g 5'1 of till' ou1erm1i...1 l11ca111m,. Our home r .1111?e e-.tim<llc.., \\Cre '-1111 rapid)\ incrca .... nc 111 '-Ill.'~ h\ the enu ol the ~tud) . in<l1ea1ing th;~ gathcrinc. more lo· cation' \\ llul<l ha\ e ) icldcd l.u ger area c ... 11 .

mate:-. Although the numbc1 of locHmn .... an<l du ­ration of -.1ud) " mi111mall) adequate for home range c'timall'' (Kcnward 2001 ), we hclic\e it import;1111 to 11;11.:k more indl\ 1duab O\er a lon­ger pemid , to e' alualc the llll.ll a1ea utili/ed b)

indi\ iuu.1i.... to learn \\ hetlwr .uc.1 u,cJ change' me 1hc hrccdmg ... ea,on. ,md to <letcnmnc \\hat ... uh,ct ol loc.nion ... 'hould he u'cd for home range l''llm.11c. l·urthcr. mrnc 'lllu\ 1' nl.'eded 111 determllll' hm\ frc4ucntl> hrng di,tance lorn).., ( ... ud1 ,.., ... c .. ·n for WI H . I ) 11cL·111. and \\ hcthcr ...nme .ire,..., 111ili/cd in ... uch f11ra\' ... h11ulu be in duded 1n home range e ... 1111iat .. ·-..~

\ 10 ... 1 ... 1111hc' that ha\ c :111emp1.:d to dch ne 1h .. • .1rea occupied b) Willem H)l'.ttd1cr' ,ire not di ­rel:ll) u1111parahlc to thl'o 'llld) hccau'c the) U'>Cd nlilpJllll!' of fl) G.llL°ller 'llllg percht.: ... lll dl.'­tinc a 1cn11or}. \\hich e\dudc' dctl!L"l1on of <111)

extra-ten 111111al mo\cment' I I la11 ... k1 and I laila 19XXJ. Cli\cn 1hc dilhcuhy ol ... igh1ing tlycateh er' 1n th .. · dl'll'c \·cgetallllll , 111.111) 111 the mo\C · meni- 11ui...1de the core hom'-' 1.111ce \\Otild not likel) h,t\ e h~ cn dctl'\.ll'd \\ 11ho~11 1dcmc11' ha,ed r~· c.irch technique' I I~ c.11chcr.. ma) re­quire drtlerenl amouni... ol .ue.i to 'uppon thl.'11 breedrng efforl' al 1..hlfcrcn1 "I'-''· .md in ditle1 ent ye;11' DcK·umcnti ng the'l! d11Tc1 cn..:c!-.. and cvulua111w potl'llllal corolla1 ~ ta .. · tor'. could prn \ 1de 1mprn t.int 111 ... ight into gcnc1 al hah1ta1 need' nl 1he 11) ~ .11chcr

H \Ill I \I lls1

Although II) Catcher ... 'flClll llll1'1 or their llllll' in 1he rnat111c npanan hab1ta1. 1hc) frequcntl)­u.,ed the 'urrnunding young ripanan ...cruh and non riparian upland habitat. All 111d1\ 1dua1 ... were detected in the upland -..agchru-..h ... ugges1111g that thi' adJalent non-riparian l1;1h11.11 ma) be 1mpo1-1a111 .• 11lhough I unhcr ... 1u<l) i ... n.:cdcd toe\ alua1 .. • ii... 1 mportance tor brec<li ng 'tll'CC" The narr1l\\. lin..:.1r ... 11ueture ot the Fi ... h Cr .. ·ci. ... 1mh are.i ma\ ha\.~ laul11.1tcd flycatcher ll'l' ol nl.'a~b) non -ri­parian halrnal type,. Flyl"atdll·r, breeui ng al

RADIO-TR.\CKl\,Ci \.\'II.I()\\ 1-'LYC\T(lll RS l'cnto11 t't al. 189

'lk'' 111 hro,1d lloo<lplain' ma) not utili/\.· more di ... tant non-11panan habitat-..

AL'111'' ih r.mgc. the \\ilhrn I l~LatdlL'r hrL'Cd' 111 a \\ rde \arict) of hahitah <Scd!•\\ id. :woo. So!!gl' an<l Mar\hall 2000). Dol 1tlllc11ting llycatd1c1 habit.IL u ... c. home range, and moH:­mcnt pat1c111' acro'' a range of habitat t) pc' \\ ould prm itk nnu:h needed in ... ight into habitat rcquirL·mcnh ol the ll)catchcr in genc1,11. and the intcr,1c11on of loc.11 land,capc.: .... 111d ll)l',1td1er mo\ cnll'nh. Al,o, hccau'e thi' 'tud\ co\ crc<l olll) .1 ,111,111 portion of the hrCL'dmg • 'L'a.,on. it \\ill IJ<: 1mprntant to dctcm1inc ho\\ u ... c l'h.1ngc' O\er llllll'. Our linding' ... uggc ... t that 'tud1e' of ll)catd1cr h<1b1tat diaractcri.,tic' and l"l' ma) need to quantif) \Cgctation heyond nc't .ind 'ong pcn:h lol«ll1on-... and that a hrnadc1 land \Capc--..cak approm:h. tal..mg into account ad1a cent habitat ... and land u-..c .... may he important

:'\1o\ I \II '\I\

l·l)l .. lldll'I' d1 ... pl.1)Cd a \\Ide \dflCI) of 1110\\:·

nK·ni... Thl· frl'<JUCnt lllll\ eml'llt of .tll fl:~c.1tcher' <1Ut of the 111.11111e riparian hah1tat 111to sunound-1ng .111.:a~. p.1rticul,1rl) the non 11p.11 i.111 upl.111d hahit.11. throui;hout the da). "a' 1111t.1hlc. I on ge1-te1 m 'tmJil.", .ire needed 10 l'\ .lluatc "hl."thcr th" 11 l'llllClll') ol lllll\ cmenh OCl'llf' throughout the h1l•ed111g 'l."a,on an<l at dilkrl'llt 'Ile,.

' I he long-di,tancl." mm emcnt-. of WIH I \\l"l"l' .tlso Ulll'\lk'dcd Whl."thcr the long di ... tanl."e lllll\l'llll.'lll of Wll LI '' unu ... ual, n1 'llllpl) 'cl dom oh'<'! \l'd l.1111101 he .111,\\ cr<·d h) thi' 'tud;,. <>n<· C\jllanatlon for th" 1110\l'llll'lll 1111ght he dul.' to thl." dillercnt ne ... 11ng ''·•£<'S (IJ the 11)­c.tldll'r' Although \\C c.J,icumcntcd th.it the nth er thll'<' fl)c.11d1l'r' \\ere on actl\e ne ... ts (q:g'. ) oung nesrhng ..... md/or nc ... t reh111ld111g). tlw llL''l 01 \\ I H I \\ ,,.., 1i.>1 lnund. \\ 111 I \\a' pa11,·d .11 till' h..-g11111111g ol the 'tu<l). hut 11 11ppca1cd th.it

the pair Imm! d<•g1.1ded h) the end of the 'tUc.J). and no fledgling' \H"rl· oh ... cned \\ ith cithc1 \.\'I FL I or 1h mate. I hu,. \\'If! I ·, long-d...,tan<:e movement llta) h;I\ c hccn due to the collap'e ol it-.. pair hond, ,111d ih 'eard1 for other h1«'<0 d111g opportunitk· ....

CO'lCL LISIO~

We conclude th.11 1 ad1otelc111etr) ;, .1 'iabk technique fo1 Willm\ H)L«tld1c.:r rc,c<1rch. Wl· \\ere ahlc to 'llCl'l'''f U 11) tr.id.. 111di' idu.tl' through den'c \ cgl•tation and aero ... ., rcl<lll\ cl) large c.Ji ... tancc-., and \\C did not detect .111) ncg­.ni\e dkci... ol the tr.111,mittcr' on \\'ilhm H). l."atcher .... Rc,ult-. f w111 th" 'tud) -.ugge-.1 th;it flycatcher ... at l·"h Creel.. l"C ,, much larger area than their delcmkd ll·rritor). regular!) utillll' adjacent non-riparian habitat. and arc capahlc ol long-d .... 1ancc mmeml'nh in a relative!) 'hort period of tinll·. h1ll11e tdemell') '>tudH: .... C'Pl'· ciall) at other '1tc,, ,1111uld prm ide inlorm.1t1011 on hO\\ n1m111on. 01 r.ir<'. the line.Jing ... ot th1' ... tu<l) are. Ohjccti\ c' 101 lurthcr ... 1u<l) 111dudc <le1cn111111ng (I) the 1111por1.111cc of the c.Jilk•rcnt habitat I) pc' ll'>l'd, ( 2) thl· importance ot 111 ea' u'ed during <'\ll .1 tcr nhinal lora) '· .111d (J l \\ hether the l.111d'< ·•IX! nimpn,itinn ,ll d1 lk1 cnt ''tc' inAucnl·c, ti) <-.11d1c1 home range ,;,c .111d habitat' u ... e. hndrng all,\\Cr' to the'>l' quc.,t1ons " particularly i111po11.1nl J'or the management of 1hc cndang<'l"l'd Southwl."-.l<'m \.\ tllo\\ l •lyc1tdll'r (/~. f, l'\fl/11/1\),

\CK'-0\'.l I 1)(,\11 ~Is

r 11, ... 11 I) \\llS m.1<le pos"!>le through lumhng b) tht l '> B ueau ol Hed.1111.111110, l'hoemx olh•<". and th< l S < 1eol11g1<0li Sun C) l'an1l:Ular thanks 10 II "'"" • '\ Sk1ra. and 1\1 So~<' K (\)\en .ind\\ Bl<"-k ol the Hock)' \11111nh1111 Resc.irch St.Hlnn Flag 'lall. p111\l<kd equ1pmcn1 1111 .111 earlier ph."c 111 th1, re,c.ird1 thJI hl'ipt~<I p.11 e lhl' W.l) for 1h" 'tUd)

S1tuhcs 111 \ \ 1.111 B1nlog) :\n 211 I 1111 21 II, 2110 ~

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1'111c \\arbl r 'i4 105 115

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lhllt\, l G I \\1111111"m". /\"I'\\ B Kon· l 1~0' IK 19!>7 \hms1on .md lo" of hand' Imm Dn lortug" S1Kll) lcm' Journal ul I 1cl<I < >011·

tholu ') 58 4 I \ 124 B~llJll 'i o\S 111 li<l!OIN l'ISS l\>pul:111oneh.1n•l''

on 1.<111slJlll dlllll -.1c' llJS(l llJX7 B 10 1111111,h

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190

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LI I l·f{,\ I URL CITl-I> 191

I l)l.1tdi.:r If. 0/110111111) 111 "'uthcm Ont;11111 C.111.1 d1an .Juurnal of /.01ll11g) I> I I "i I 0 1516.

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Bl 11 t \ l\I t '· J. c .. A'itl J l't< "" 1986. lk,lllll'tlllll o l lwt<'nhpcl·i!i..: l'!!!!' h\ thl' Cl1a) Cath1rd. W1l,on Bulh:ttn 1)1-.:60.' hll~

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Sur\l') llf 11\c'\t<><:I. 111lhil'll"'' "" 'lJnd d)11.1m1.­.111d "'"' 111 upl.md l111l~t of the 1mcm11 \\t,I < 1111· '<'I' ,1t1011 B111ln)!) I l. \I'\ 12X

lit sr t>t< 1. N. B 1'18.J Cl.1ssth<.1t11111 .1nd d)ll.Hl1t<s ul 'lth.1lp111c mc."I"" c<.:"') 'll."111' 111 the '"uthcrn S1crru l"c\ .1ll.1 Pp 112 •lh 111 ({ I· \\ ;u ncr ~nd K I kndn \ (l'chtor,,) ( .1lilnr111,1 rap.111an ')'lClll" C'l:olo ). Lon sci \,111011 .1ml produ<llH; 111.111Jgcmc.-nt I 111\Crsll)

of ( 1l1lum1a Pre'"· Bcrl..clc). ( \ 111'iSC11, S 19Yh. I em.1k rnat111g ,,,111" ilnd n:piodlll

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lil "'· \ <. 1912 l 1fc h1 tonr' •If ~onh m ·man flyc.11d1c1s, larks. '"allcm' am! their .tllu:s l S N,1 111111.11 :\tu,cum Bull 1111 Nll 17•>. \\.i,,lu11ct1111, I lC

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B11tm. C .I .. 1'.; D Ill tu .1 \S \Nil () \ 11111 1'1112 Bud lC1l"1' ll'c'hn111uc' \.c,1dC'ntll Press. I 1111<11111

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Bt 1 '· I 41) 71

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Bo11~. I' H "" \\ \ lltLK·l'ttmn 11nn \\cx1<I) 11pa11,111 \l')!l'tat11111 p.111c11i- nn a 'cgm,·111 nl the \11111hrc' Rt\cr 111 ""1th\\l',t••rn :-o;c\\ '\k\I'" '>•llltll\\c,tcrn -...a1111.1ll't 2X XI X7

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Bo~mA' H I . 1 I 1'<.loHRt,m• '\Ml I 'i lhu l 99lJ l'NX \nnual Rcpon for lhc < h.1llcnge lost 'h:irc '\grecm Ill lll!l\\ccn C.1lifn1111.1 s1a1c l rmcr 'II). S.1cr:11m·ntu, .111d USD \I orcst Sc1\1t:l', l.1h11<.' :-\ation,11 I nll''l. 1cg.1rdi11g \\ 1llu\\ I l\1:.11•hc1 rnon· 1tonng I 'i l l\ hlll''I Scnll'c. S.1l1.1111l'1llo, CA

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Bo" h RRA 20111 I mdmg' of bird sun C)' .11 sclcdcd ,1•11 bottom ch.11111cl re.1d1c' 111 I '" \ngclc' l 11unt) 111 Junc 2001 I l·ttc1 n:p .. •n to l.t" \ngck' Dcp;:in 111.:nt of l'uhlll \\wl..,, I 1" \rwl'lt·' C 1\

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BO\\ ~I\,, K • ''II ll A ABoR' ;!!Kl I I ltcch of d1f fcrcnt r.1<.110 1r.msm11tcr harn,s-.cs on the hell.I' ror of Hond.1 Scmh Ja'' I lomla I 1cld "l:i1urnlt'1 211 Iii 8tl

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c(,., \ll1.,1h1,1l1011', ,111d 'llf\C) p111louil' ul tht• c11 c1 .. ngc:1cd S1111lh\\l'''-''l1 \\ill11\\ I IH':lll hc1 t I 111/•I· dom11 111111/11 • \1111111\ l S.m lkrit.ml11h> C \1u111) \lu 'e11111, Rnll 11J,, < \

BR\1111 \', I) \\ I 'J8'i The die(. ts of\ ts1h1ht) h1.1s 011

11mc·hud •ct esum:itc~ ol mdte brc u11h and O\crlap \ul; I 02 49 ~ 4 1)9

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BRt( • \I K 191)6 Rrpanan cco')'l.m r ~over) 111 .mJ I.ind tr, h; 1es and refcrc1K ~ l fll\ crsll) of \r11n11J P1t''' l\1c,nn, \Z

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BKJl,11'\~I. I~ \I I <IXIJ I ffcth ol r.uhn 1r.ms11111tt•r, Pn 1lw lurugm • hch,n 111r of h:irn '"allo'" \\ 11,on Bui lcun 10 I 'iO'i 'i06

B1<1sKIE. J \ \Nil s (, SI \l' I 11<l0 r., oluuon of 'hort 1111. uhJl mn 11.:rhi.1' 111 the parastll• co\\ bird'. \111/,11/111" ~l'P Ant.. 107.7i\ll 7111

B1<1,t-11. J \ .. S I, St \I '. " K \ I le 111<.o,, I ')<)Cl. D1llcr<tl11.d p;11.l'tlt,111 nt I 1.•a,1 1 l)«llt:hi:r' and 'lei-

192 ~I l lDlrS IN AVIA BIOLOGY () 26

In\\ \\.11hh:1' h) lh• II""'" lw.11.kd C1mh1rd Bc­h.I\ 1nr.1l l l·nlng\ .ind '"" 1uh1oh>g) 27:-10.' -110.

BRUI>'"'· \ K l<J'l-t 111, '\nluuon of tn,cl"I lltgh1 O~l<ml l nl\cr"l) Pre''· !hlord. l K.

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A'\l> (j \\OUI llJS<J \n '')''' "' hl\.1he' .111d ,eJ 1mcn1' tor org.1111• <11,·11110..al' ,md 1r.1,c eh:mem' I hird \nnual Report tor :-;c I \,\', ~Jt111n,1l St.nu' a11J ltcnd' progr.un. (. 01111.Kl '\().l)(i~C 'i.()(l::!6.!. S1hcr Spr111g,, \11)

BKO\", B I llJXX Bt<.'cdmg ,•,·oh>g) ol ,1 \\tllo\\ Fl)· ,·,11d1,·r popul.111011 Ill Cir.md C.m) on, \n1Pn.1 \\e,l

ern Bmh llJ:2'i ''· BKo"'· ( 1\1. ''11 (i. l>i t 1\1 K. l•J•N. Non 1r.1ui11011al

hJnk ,1,1h1h1a1iun 011 lh<' Btll<.'rrool Rt\er 1 and .rnd \\a1u-I' I'\ 17.

Bl«"'' S (',\"Ill C R . SMllll 1111JX. Brcc•u111g 'ca,on htrd uw ol 1c,·c11tl) rc,1rncd 'c"u' 11<1lur.1I wetland' 111 Ne'' Yuri.. lnurnal of V.rlulli<' 1\1.rnagcrm:nt 6.!: 1-IKO 1191.

BKo\\ "''' •• [) I l/71 I I Sah .1dor laml,.:.1pc .111<.l ,o.:i­el) Cl"r<'Jldon Pre"· Chhud, UK

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Bird' 111 2'i ' ' BL ( Kl.A'.'o.ll. s. 1 • I) R \ '1>1 K,O ..... "' I~ Bl K"ll \\I,

A'D J I I.A'"' I '193 D1~1an<.'c ,,,mphng. c ... um.11-rng ahumlJlll."C of lllolog1~.t1 pop11l.111lln' Chapnun .ind Jl,111 , I ••ndon. l K Rqirrnkd l'llJ'I h) Rl \\ P,\.

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l>cc"1on l..c11e1 .t,nc<I \prrl 2 tu \1r :\e1l .md \\c, Bruton. ltnm 1 111<);.i Rundell. Bl \I Dl\lrrd \1,111.1gcr. Burt".IU ul I 111d \l,1n 1g.:111.-n1, Socotro ()1,1n.:1. So· LOrfll, ~\1

Bt ~I \l <>I I AM> \1 AN\<·I \II "I l'l'IX ~<lllll' ol l 111al lk..:1,1011. I .:11c1 d.11,·d \.1.11 di lo 10 Mr :\,•ti .mu \\.-, Bruton, llum I 111.J.1 Rundell , Bl \1 ()1,tm:t \1,maE!cr Bu1.:.1u 111 I .1ml '.\l.111.1bcl\\ll\l, Socrnw ()1,1m:1, s,, <.:orro, NI\ 1

Bi IHol I<. J, llJ'JI, llt'.I\) fll<.'t;tl' Ill ,I\ tan C)!g'hl•lh .• 111-llllll'r L'\<.:l<.'lrt111 11w1hod lo11rn.1I ol ln"u>logy and hl\ 111111111<.'nt.11 I k.tlth ~ I 107 220.

Bt ~" "'· r>. I· :?Cl<l<I l\hunmg "'''' .trTI\ ab 111 .:tl\\

hnd ho'" 1tw11 1olc 111 .1gg1c'"''n. co\\h11<.l rci:og-111uo11 .111d hcl\l rc,1ll111-.· '" pa1.1"11'm Pp. lhl I 6K 111 J. N 1\1 Smtih. 1 1 C"uol.. S 1 Roth,1c1n. 5 K Roh111""' .111.J s. Ci. Sc.11} 1nl1101 ,> l'.t.:olog~ ;mu

111anag<.'tncn1 "' '""h"d' ;iml their ho'"· Ut11\..:r ... il) of Ti:\a' Pre". 1\ll\llll 1 \

Bt KllA'~· I> 1 .. "ll I' ( I ~11 \t ''· ll/'17 Parll<el re· 1c<.:1ion ol 1111m.1o.. ul.11c• h>1<.'1gn egg' h) Yl'llO\\ •

l:irc.1,1ed Ch.th \ul.. 11 ~ 'iO' "'"' B ,, I J I). 1\.1 ,, \111.LER. 1: ll l'nro ..... \I I\.

S• • .1 , ~ '" I' l\.t l\1 2000 Cien.-uc '.1n.1t11111 111 th.: <11Jang<.'red South\\cqern \\1lhm H)l«tkhc~ , \ul I 17 '\XI• '\1/-1.

C "'· J \\ :?IXll :\.:~1 'unc" ol '> l'llo\\ \\ arhler' (fh•11d1111< a Jiii« /110) .111!1 \\'11l1m 1 l\c,11d1cr' (/:111

p1</m1cu 1rmll11) 111 rd.t11Pn tu p1cd.11or adl\ it} i11 nmnl.111<.' llll'.tdo\\' uf till' ll'lllr,11 Srcn.1 °''-''.it.la. Cal-

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C\1110K'''Du•\Kl'n'101 l 1s11 "11<1A\ll 1991 Im dangered ,111J 1hrl'.1l.:ncd .11111n.1h of C.1lrh11 n1.1 St.tic of Cnhlom1a. 1 h<. Rc,ourc·cs \gene}. D.:p.1nml'nl ul fr,h :md Ci;ir " S • nwntn, C \

C\llFOK .... lA D11 .... 01 \\AllK RISOlRCI\. l'J<l(l Gn1unu\\,1ler 111.1nagc111.:111 dt'""" l'r .1gcnuc' 111

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C\t llOR'I\ N\11 K\l Dl\I K~ln lhT\ll~'r 11N7 R.tr· ehnd .!. 'er ~ 1.0(OX!'11•1x1 Cal1l111111.1 lkp.1nmcm ol 1-i'h md ( 1.1111.:. Soll'nlllll'fltll C1\.

C \\11'1111 I. R \\ "· I\.. I) \\\I, 1 Mt l ~t <•\I I Cm\'°"· J. M Cool'I K. Ci W K \l'I K, M . C. l • M< N \I I, "'> G f J S\11111. Jl/<J7 lltl' l>11<f, ol Hnt"h C 0111111 h1a Ynluml' 1 I'·""'' Ill''' (II ~lat< hL'r' 1h1 c>Ul!h \ 1r­e1"). Royal 1311ti'h Clll1tmh1a l\111'L'U1t1 V1,·1011a.

BC. C\Pl,,D I: J.\\,l·l'l\\lt" I) H INKll) , \'\I> \ .C

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CARLY. \I . \'I>\, ~Ill \N. JK 197'i l'ol)g)ll\ rn In· drgll B111111ng' ,1 In Jlt•llre'" lc,ll·d Su1·n.:e I <JO. I ::!W>- 12'>7

CAR1 K<>'<. J I I • S It STOII\tJS, I' I S rt>! I '>ON. "1> D \\ S11 '"' ::!1100 R1pan.m nrl'." l'p. ::!XI r!7 111 R k1111-11n an<.l C' R.11,h 1cd11or'> 1 l\C,tock 111.111 agl'menl 111 the \mnl\:.111 Soulh\\csl 1Colog). ,ci.;1-CI) •• md Cllllllltllll~ I h<:\ICI Sl"l~fll.l', \n ... 1erd.1111. ' lhl' :-;,·thcrl.111<.l'

C\ll11Ptll I C. K. M<I> P J II SI.All K l'l'i' Hml "'ng· h1olog1tal thl'lllC' ,111d \'1Jt.1hn11s Cm11hndgc l nl\ cr't1) r>r'-'" · Cumbr ulge. l K

Cll\Cl, J. I•. ~'" \ CRI z 111118. l< 1111g1· ol lhl' Uni\\ 11· hc.1tkd Co\\ l>11d 111 C"nh11,1du I'·"' .md p11·wm. Circat B."111 !\;a1111.1lr•1 '\8 24'i ::! ~·>

L 11\t1, J I.. "'' ,\ C~i 1 111•JlJ lnlht<ll•< ,,\ I.ind 'cap<.' .111d i;m\b1rd p.11.1,111sm 011 lhl' t<.'prodlltll\C \lll.TC" of Pll1111h<.'rn1' V1rc'"' htc'l'dtnp Ill Colrnadn. Studte' 111 A \1.111 Btolo)!) l K 2C)() ,()I

Cl~11'Rll II. D A .• \'I> I. R 1\.100111 l'l'l'i (11,1) ('a1hird 1D111111•1c-llt1 1wol111< 11\/>l /11 /\ 1'11uh: .111d I c:rll lc<.lllm,1. 1 hl' Bm1' ul ~1111h \m.:11\!a ~" 167 fill' A..:<1dctn) ol Na1u1.ll St·11:1wc,, Phil.11h:lph1.1, P \ and The .\111crkan 011111holllg1'1'· l 1111111. \\ ..... h111t•1nn ,

DC Ct \KK. R . !: •. llJM Nl'\\ l\k\llll \hlll't 1<.',11ltr<.l'' l,I\\:

a -.unc\ ol kgl'l.1111111 .111<.1 d<.'cl""'"· l 111\l!f'll) of "-e" '\k\11:0. Dt\ t'l•>ll ul Cill\<.:lllt11l'nt Rl''"·'"h· ,\I hu4Ulrl.jUl. :-;:\J

C101111 11 R. I·. D. A'IJ K YA..i """, 1<1•1•1 Imp.id of hrood p.1ra,111"11 h) Bro\\ 11 hc-.1<kd C1m ht rd' on ReJ-\\lll)!ed Blad.hrrd ri.'produ<.:11\l' sul"ll'"-. Condor

IOl:lll5-l l-I C0\11 '.A.G. 1cd11nr> 111'17. C<.'rllr:il Am«ntil .1 na1

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C011_ h R 1 <)(ll) l"h~ Ilic' t•f \\Cst«rn ~orlh J\me11c·;i lJ111,er,1t) ol Caltlurru.1 Pr""· Bl'rl.c•k\. C1\.

1 11 1 R \Il lU:.C lTl D

(''''IR. I< :-,; • \1 !• ,\,Ill K'-<l'-, A'I> J (j DI<"''" 1 'IXh Kl"l.11um,h11h among lc.!1T1tc.>f\ Ml<, h.1h11.1t. 'rn1g •• 111d m•,11ng 'la:l·..-" of :\011hn11 C.1rd1n.1b \nl.; I03·2' 'I.

Co'-'>\11<, \\ I. "" R I l\I" l'IXI R.1111. 11.111,trn m.111011' ·" .1 hr 1dg..- hc1" et•n par .1111t•111t ind non 11•11.1111t·l11t ,1,111,11..-, Amcnt•ln Stall,lln,111 '<; 121 1.2'1

( Cl< >t-.: I I , J \ K< >I UV \R. \1 [) ( 1< 1rn1..,c;, '"" I I s '" 111.l 19lJX rhe 'Pal1.1I .md lt'rllJ'•>r.11 It' 'I" ui-c <11 Brem n headed Co\\ t>rrd' (,\/t1/01hr11' Ill• r) to latlk rt'lll<l\al Pp 70-90 111 Summar) ot l'Jll7 R.:,carth \C:ll\lllC' (I l.. Sanc:h.:1, crn11p1lcr1. lc\a' Co11,cn.111un Cc:ntc:r. lhc: :"\awrc: Cc>nsen.111,), l <•rt I h1<1d, I :\

(°<)()1'11<, C ,\ 19'>7 S1.1tc\\idc 'umm.11) ot l<J<Jh 'ur \t:)' Im \\Ille>\\ I l\..:atc.:hcr' 111 :--J..:'' !\k\lu>. C1111-lr.tl·t #'lh 'ilh.XI '\cw Mcx1c.:o lkp.1rtnwnt ot G.unc· and I ,,11, S.1111;1 h:. Nl\.1.

('<><>l'I R, R I I' J 1\.1\Rll'\\[, "ll R. ( \\iilll\IOIU.

19\JO. l>1L't.11) '11111l;1rit; among in'e1..ti\01ou' h11.I': rnllucn<T ol la\onomic \C:r'u' c:c.:c>l<•g1c.il c.11.:gi>n 1.1t1011 c>I prn Stud1c:' 1n \\1,111 B1ol11g) I '.ll~l 10•1

CKA1l., [) • I< sn11 ORA', B \'Al I~ 11'1[, \Ml(' l'J I 11 s 19<1.:'. Drnlt 'Ul\C) protocol tor w1lh"' tl)t<llCher' (I mptdlllttL< 1rml/11) on :\:111onal I c•rcM Sen ltt' I .md' Ill lhc Paulic South\\c't Region l SI>\ I or C~I Sl"I \IC<. Kc:g1011 :'i. \.:illC:JO. c \

( ROOI(, \I s l<Jl)l) h..:u,ed 'lll\C\S for Sl"llSlll\C hmh Jhmg p<•1 l11>11' ot San l 111111tco Creel., -..111 lkr· n.11d11h> < 1111111) Sp111w 1999 I n\lr11nl11l'lll11I \la11-.1gc111c·111 l>1\l,11>n. San B..-rn.11d11111 C 11unl) I r.111' p1>11,11111n 111<1 I 1<111J C.\111trol Di.:p.irlllll'rlt, San llc:r 11.ird11111, (' \

CIR"''· l> I{,(' H. (itxot I,, A'll N I \IAllll \\'i 2000 I 1111g dl'liln,·l' l11111mu11ng h) Bm\\ n hc,1ded C\m h1rd, rn 1'c'' :1.1e,1co \uk I 17 71/C. 7'J'I

P!ls111, \\ \\ 1990 \pplicJ no11p.u 111e1m: ,1.11"11<:' I'\\ s K~nr Boston, \ I \

l>!IVll ~. ~ B 2000 CtJLl.Oo,, cmdnnh a11d other chc.11' l'<>\M'r, London l K

D"''"'· J t• I I 1s1 r . AND B s Dt-\1~ llJh3 I 11, hrccdmg h1oh>g) ot 1hc: \\c,tcrn I I)~ 1ld1cr < ••ndor hC. 3 \7 IX.:!

Ill \l<llOI<,, I> (' 1996. \'1dco d1>1.Umc111.111c>11 c>I ,1 Bww11lw11kd ( 1mh1rd 11c,1 l111g CJCl'll111• an l11J1gu Bunting lll''llllll' Imm th.: nc'I C1111do1 11X (1 IC, Ii 111

D1C\1•11A. M I 2000. Bn>\\n·lwadc•d C'owh11d ,1111 trol 1 II K111l,111d', \\.1rbl.:r lk'\t111g .Ul'.I' Ill \lld11g.111 197.:'. 19•15 l'p '3' q I 111 I :\ \1 Smith, I I

C. c'<>k, S I !{01!1'1c1n, S K l<nh111snr1. •nd '• ( 1 Sc.ii) (cdnc•~I I ~.,1,•g) and ma11.1~cmcn1 of "'"­t>1rd' and their ho'" L 111\cr"t) of It•:..,,, l're"' \u, 1111 I\:

1>1 s,, I> S. l'l<J:! Mnnnnnng \\l,lfl l'rodulll\11\ .111d S111' '""l11p (:1.1,\PSl .1 ,h,1rp, rnthc1 1h.111 hlunt tool lor 111on1tnnng and ·'"'-''"ng landhinl p11pul,1t1c111'. Pp "ii I 5.:'.I i11 D R. t\kCullough .111d R B;im•tt lt'd1 tllr,1 \.\1ldlifc 200 I . popul .. 111111,, I 1-'I!\ 1c:t 1\pphl'll Suc1Kc. London. lJ K

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DROll'l'. R I>. J II St Ill I ... I SIJE.l<tn. ""I> \\ J. l•t 1 \l\llU J{ l'l'IX \ l ourr11n·• D1l\C: nc:,ung h.1h1t.11 and nc:'t 'll<:<C'" Ill tt'ntr.11 \1i'"'un Jou1 n.11 ot I tt•ld Ornnholug) h'I 2'1'1 \OS

DROSI. C. 1\, 1\.1 K Scx,1.1 '''' I:. P\slo,, 11Jl/X P1c: l11n111;11} dicl \tlld) nl the: c:ntlangcrcd South w..:'1crn W 1ll<l\\ I lyt·a1chc:r Report to Bun.!<HI 111 R.:damalmn, 1'11<'<.'lll\, Jul) 1 'lllX US Gc:ol11g 1c·al 'iuf\t:), • lag,1.111. \Z

DL I I). ,\ \1 I '182. \Im cnwnh .md a>.:ll\ Ill\!' ol m

d1n-tra,l.;.:d Bnmn·hcalkd C1mbird' \ul.. lJ'I Hf> ;27

Dt U. R \ 1 •}<Jl) !',11\ nlllog1c.1I c\ idcnn• lor I •Ith c.:entur) ·•r 1/ 1g induced \Cgl't.11mn c.:ha • in the ,ou1hc:rn -;,, r 1 :\c\ .1<la. C"ahh1rn1a. L S \ JournJI ot B11wc:ng1,1ph) '.!frX'l'I 912.

Di 'n "" Ci II I 'IX'I P11nup.1I c.:umponenh ;in.ii) '" Sa gt' l Ill\ c: r ''" 1'.1p<.'r Sen.:-. on Quanlll.lll\ c ·\ pplil"all<m' 111 1lw S11;:i .li Sucnc.:c:': 07-069 Sagt· Pubht:at1011,, '.Jcwhu1 ~ l'a1 J.. CA.

I:< KRIUI. c; 11 1 I Kol Ill Ill. \1-ll 1\1. D (irn 1u-.:n. I '199 I lk..:ti' t' l,111d,c.1pc: manal!cmcnt nl B11m n hcaucJ C1m h1nh .11 h1r1 I lnod, li!x.1,, StuJ1..:' 111 .\\Ian B111lt1g\ 18 2C.7 27·1

!-rm ARI>~ I I' I <1118 \ hl•ld gu11.lc 10 1he 1">1111' ol l\k•ut and adjacent area.' Bc:li/l', Gu:iknmla, .uul H Sa '.1doi l nt\ crsuy of lc'a' Pre". Au,11n, I

1-t,1 R l</S'ia ( ,1d1111um h;l/,ird' to 11,h, w1kll1tc .ind ll1\Crtchr.11t·' a ')11<1pt1c rc\lt:\\ l S I "h .ind \\lldhk S..:r\1«. \\,i-h111gwn DC

Et'>! IR, R l'IS'\h. :l.l trt':I. h.11.ird' 1>1 11,h. wtldhk, .md in,c:nchrall'' .1 ') rwpt11. 11.'\ICV. l S l"i h ,111d \.\1ltl h ie Sc:" it·c: B1ult1git-;il Rq>o11 X~t I. l i

I ISi I K, I< I 9Xh ( hll11111llll1 ha1ard, to lt-.h. \\ ildhlt'. .111J ll1\C:rtch1.llt''' 11 ')11t1pl1t• rC:\ll'\\, l .S I 1,h .111d \VtlJlilc S.:1' 1<.t'. \\,1,l1111gtun DC

l 1-.11 R, R l'JS7 i\kr 111 \ hM;11d• It> tJ,h \\ ildlclc, .md 1m .:rtchrntc' a ') n<1ptic r1.' 1c\\ l S I ''h .111d \\ 1ld hfc: Scn ll1.. \\,"h111g1on. DC

l·i-.11 R, R 1'1~8 I e.1d hM.ml' It> h,h, l\lfdhtc: .111d 111\c:11ehra1es ,, s\noptiL r1.'''"'' l .S l·i-h .111<1 \\ilcl hie Ser\lce \\'"Inn •mn, IX·

l 1'>11 R. R 1'111S l •>Jlp<I hM tr<i' lo 11,h, \\1ldhlc .uul 111\~lh.•hr.llC~ .1 ~) nnpllt IC\ IC\\ l S (;c11lng1c.d Sunc\ B111log1l,ll l<.:s<>u11.·c:, l>1\ 1,11>11, lit<>log1<.il Srn:nn• lfrpo11 lJSCiSIBl<DIBSl<-1'197 (Kl02.'IX

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1·11.1011. I' 11N'I Killi11i; ol ho't ne,thn~' hy 1h1. Bnmn hc:.tdnl t

0

<1\\lllld J1111rn.1I ol hc:ld Onuthol n:;) 70 ~ "\ '7

f'L~IORI \\ • ANI> R. I B"<ll L\ I '1X9 The tallac) ot 'lrudurc~ .md the lonnudl' of \c:gc:1.111or1 Pp. 11(>. I I lJ 111 I> I \hell (editor) l'roce1.d111g' of 1hc < :ii 1tom1.1 Ktpan.m S)Sll'n1' ,unl<"rcnu.·: Jlro1c.i1011. manag1.111c:nt, .111d rc·,t,>1at1t•n tor 1hc 1<1<l(h l SI>\

hire't Scl\11.« (1cn kd1 Kcp. PS\\-110. l SI>\ I 1>rc't Sci\ Ke l'.1~ 1t1c Sou1lm c't h1re't .111d R.mgt• Fxpc•n111c·n1 S1.1t111n. lk1!..clc·). CA.

H /J'-(o.\. c I .. () \.\ ... \I /I I<, \~J) J. \ \', \\'111 Ill I d i ll).

I 991'( r'vka,urnw ;111tl moni1minc plant p1•p11 la11011' BLl\. I tcduu<.a l lt'lc.:1<.•111.·c• 1730 I. 8 1 \,l/KS/S I 'IX/ 005 ~ I 7 .10. l S l kp.crtmc·ru 111 Interior. Burc:.cu ol Land '\l ,111.1gcml'lll. l>emc:r, CO.

i:;,111-... S I. A"'' l \\ ORJ".;C. 1977. l::uilo~. ,.,,ual

)ll.J <.;I l 1>11 \ I'\ \\IA"\ BIOi OCi'I

'dccllon, and the c\ ol111111n of muling '' ,,,.111, Sc1-c11 .. • I 117214 2:?'1.

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SH' ht 11111. B I

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I 'l'JS. C:hmnnlog) 111 till' 'Plt'.1d 111 1.1111 ,·c111r.il R111 Ci1,1mlc W,•1l.111ds IS·<>:;S

1-:-.i, t 11\J 01m1 11 PI 12 I 91J'I h:dcrnl Kcg"1cr \ ol. 6~ :-\" 2'i I R Doc 9<J- l I S4.

I AKMI R. (' l'l')S J•n1log) of Br<l\\11 hc.idcd ( .mbmh • ind 1he1r impact on nall\c bird' .11 \ .111dcnhcrg \ir I orL<' B.i-e, S.1111.i B,uhar.i Count). ( ,1hlorr11.1 idrall 1111.11 rcpun> lkpanim:nt ol I colog). I \011111011, .111d \IJ11ne B111log). l 11t\<r,1l) of ( uh1on1101. s.1111.1 Bar­h.1r.1. l' \

l•\ll~ll R, < i'l'llla l·acJor' 1111lm•11 .. 111g llll' d"1iih111i,111 .ind .ih1111d.lf1l'<' ''' Bro\\ n hl'.itkd C '<m hi rd' Ph D ""'l'llation. l ni,cr,il) of C;1hl111111a S.trllit B.1rh;1ra, (' \ \K\11 11, C I 'l'Nh. I he dc1h1l) .111d d1s111h11111 •n 111 B111\\ll hcil1kd C:cm hirJ,· Jhc Cc11t1.1I < 11 • .-1.11 C.ih lornm c111gma .Studi<'' in \' 1.1n H1olog) I l\.h2 h7

I ARMI R. ( . \I \ Urn M<1RI "'· A"'ll s I Ront~n ' 2001 n1~111bu11on and ahuml.111cc ol So111h\\cs1cm \\ 1llm\ I l)llllchcr' on \undenhcr \1r I <•r~c B.1sc­.ind lh<' I 1mcr Santa ) nc1 RI\ er l>cpar1111en1 of I «Jlog} l:H•lu110n, .mJ \li1t111c l111Jl11g). l 111\Cr'll) ol C.1hto1111.1, S.1111;1 B.irhar.1. Ci\

I 1 tlHI :-.., \\ R , fl< •• md I~ \\' C"lli 1 I'll\ I 111JlJ I nllu· d11<J11u1 l'p I 10 111 \I /\ llol111g1<·11.md I~\\ Cul 1111, ll0d11rn'I 1>1,t11butmn .111d lwh11a1 ·•'"1<:1a111111' Ill 'IX 'iX'l t.11 lllllt:Crn h11d 'l'"-'ll'' .ti V,llldt•nhl'rg ,\11 I 111,e ll,1,,, Sanw Ba1h,1m C 011111). <'.oltJ1.,r11a. l 111\l·r~tl) 111 ( aliforn1a. S.1111.1 B.11".1r.1, ~lu•cum ul S) s1,•111..111,·, ,md E«1logy. I 11\ 1ronrnen1:il Repon t-;11 7

I 1'111 II, I> \I, I ,\t,,AGOS, I () \Id 'ARllll ,, R \I ~I "KSllAI I. S H S IOI I so..,, AM> \I f \\ lllmELll 2000 \l,1n.1gcmc:n1 ret.:ornmcnd.111<>11s l'p 107 117 111 \) M I ind1 .md S 11 Slulc'tlll (cdllur') Sta\U.,, C• 11l11g\ •• ind l 1111,cn 1111111 of lh•• suulll\\ c<1c111 \\ 1 I lo" tl)•'•ttdwr l SD\ I <1rc•1 "''"Ill' c .. ·n k.-11. l<.·p Rfl.11~S Ci IR 60. l 1Sl>i\ hll<''l S<'J\lt<'. R11<:I.} \11111111.1111 Rc,c;trlh S1a111111, C lgdt·11. l 11,

l·h< II, I> \I "-ll S II "I ell I <,tJ'll ll'dohlf'J 2000 St.t· ''"· ,·..-nl11~•\ .md , ... ,,en .111011 ol 1h,• S11111lm c,1 .. ·rn \\ 11111\\ I l)•·llCh<'r. l SD1\ h>n:'I Sc1 \ l<'t; Ci,•n kd1 Rep R\IKS (i I R·fiO US!>\ l·orc<1 'icl\ 1.c. Rnd.) \11111111.1111 Rc,ear<h S1at11>n < lgllcn. l I

I ll71'AIRICK. J \\ 19:->0. \\ mtenng ol :-\nnh \men.an t\l.IJll l1}<•11cher' 1111he :-;co1rop1cs Pp Mi 78"' \. J.i:c."I und I s '1or1on (eJ1111rs l \\ mtcnng htnh in the :-;,·01rop1•' C<'t•l••g). hch,l\111r, d1s1nh1111<1n .• 111d <<'ll'ien.111011 Srnuh">ru.111 ln,ltlilihlll l'tcss, \\'.1,h-

111~hlll, I)(. I 111'< Ill I<. R. C. 19~5. ,\ llC\\ tl·,l111a1t1<' to idt•nttl)

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1-i 11" 111 I<, K C. ,\. P S'I' Ill, \!\Ii S I R11111~111-..

11>S7 lcmpor.il .md agc:-n:l.1ted \,t11.1111m 1111hc l.1)· 111g 1.11e ol 1hc p.tra,111c Bro\\ n he.1tlcd C\m ht rd 111

the l'.i,1nn s1,·11.1 :O-:i:, aJ.1, C.1hl11r111,1 ('.111.1<h.111

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I 11 \l\I '· R ,\ • "-1' R I: Jo11,,o,. I '>X:?. Na:hc 0.:011 'i:rgcncc 111 I 111f'rd1111111 fh t:<•t•·hc:r,. Condor X4·:!~\C>

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l'l:lflon "' < >rl'g"n .111d \\ • .-hingt1>n. Oregnn Stall• l Ill\ er.ii) Pre''· < on .1lli,, OR .

f RIJ:\I~'· <; I>, I· I oRSI, A'n S. ROll\\I R l<J•JO. Red "mgcd Bl;sd,h1rd' .ind Bro\\ n-hcadcd C1m hmls, '<'Ill<' .!'-IX'• ts 1>1 il ht"i pan1'1lC rcla111>n,h1p Condor 92: l l(J \4()

1·1111 \l\llf.., J.i: l .. I. B lh '-'I'"·~ J llJJI, "JI J R 1'1mns1 llJIJ'\ ,\ l.111d,c:.1pc ei:olog:r pet,pco.:ti\i: Im rc,c:u t h. 0.:011,cl\ .11ion. and 1nanagl'Jllcn1. Pp. \81 427 /11 I I \l.11lln anti D \1 hnch (l!dllo1') h·ol ng) .rnd m.111.11.?cml'nl o1 ll<'otwpio.:JI m1gr.11rn) llird,, Chlrnd l 111\<'rMt) l'rc". NC\\ 'tori., :-\).

t'Rl ""'I. R I•. S N, \\'u f.. 'I I \l'E. A"I> I.. I'. HEl,lf/ l'IS\ \cgctJt1t111 .md lanJ cmer d1.111ge 111

the \\1ll.11m·u,· R1\cr < 1rce1l\\.t) 111 Bcnh>n .111d I 11111 loun11cs. Oregon 1•172 l9SI. Pp. 6' 77 111 1\sso­ua11011 of 1'.1c1h< Co,1s1 Gc.lgraphcr' 19S4 \e.ir­ho•lk Oregon SlJll' l 111,er'tl) Pre''· Con.1ll1s. OK.

l·Rllll~I\"'"· II. l'l.~11 I hi: «mh1nl,; ,1 'llld) 111 lht• h1· olPg) ol ''l{ 1.il p.11.i,111,111. Chari<·, C I lwm.s-, Sp11ngl1t•ld, II .

I llll f>\1'""• II I IJli l 110,1 1 cl;111rnh ol Jhl' pat ,1,tlll' l'<l\\ lrn "' l .S Nallona l Mu-.cutll Bulklln 2 \ l; I 17<•

!·111111\11\N,, II. ANI> I I'. K111. 1985. I he (1'11.1,tlll' <O" b11d\ .111d 1l1t•ir 111"1' Pr•K'.ecding' ol the \\.,•Mc111 h1und.i11011 ol \ erll'hrnl<' Zool<I!!\ :? 22'i l<~I

I RH llMl\'llS, 11 • I I Kill. ANO s.-.- Rm11~n1s. I '177. ,\ lunhcr contrrlmt1\lll '" kn•"' ledge of the h1"t r,• l;nmn~ ,,f 1hc p.1r:1Mlll um btrJ,_ S1111thso111J11 C on 1nhu1i1111' 111 /.oolo '} 23'\ I 75.

l1\llR111•;i>'ll, I :-..; • l\NJI s (,, Jt\\frll. \l).\0. Bmh ol Orep•n Ott gon St.ti•' \l11n••gr.1ph ~'" 2 Orcgnn Stal•· C11l kg<'. ( "' '.tlh OR

<i '"' '· I) 111'12 Bini' ol ) "'c11111c and the <'il'I , 111pc• (fl'\ 1-.'ll 21111 p11111111i,: l \11.:mi,1a Pre''· I cc V1n111g. (',\

(i\llll, .I,,\, .I,\ Stifllltll, \1 ,\. llOl\l(,~I .... "II S I R•Hll'I 11'11 ~OtlO. lni1i.111on of a long h:rm C<'O loga:.11 1111>11th•1mg pr111c:i.:t: ,I\ ian pc>1nl o•uni- .111d habllal JsM"~srn<'lll 111 npanan c1>111rnunt11.:' 111 I 1l'ls al \'a11dcnbc1g \u I or..-<' Ha,c:. C'.1hh>rlll.1 lhH\<'r· 'It\ ol ('.1ltlorrf1.1, s.1111a B.1rh;tra. \ 1u,cum ol \\S•

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o1 potcn1t.il ha1;11d' ol pc'til·1ll<'' ;ind en' 11orlllll'lll.1l i.:rn11.1rn11i.1111s. l'p. 2114 310 i11 T. I:. \1.111111 .111d D. ~1. l·in~h t• d1tll1'> l·l·olog) .ind 111anagcmcn1 ol m:oln>Jlll';JI 1111p 1.1tllJ')- htnb. ( h tnnl l 11 1 \l't ' ti.)

Pre". Nl'" Ynt ~ N) (i\llRlll, K. "ll f Dl'-'· 1981. Btnb o1 '011tlll'm

Cal1fo1111<i 'tatu' .md d1,1nbutmn 1 he /\11".1n Pie"· l 1" ,\ngclcs. ( \

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I 111 I{ \ I l RI Cl 11 I>

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< iA 11 s. J 1 • \'-I• 1 " ,,,, s1 1 11nx \ \ 1.11 ""'1 d" per"''" and tkdg111 • ~Uc (" 111 It Id torl.'l 1.:coto11 I colog) ·w X7 I sin

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( j, l\ 1 KNOK's Rll'.\RI \' I I '\11n-\ I I \SI-. I O nal report .111d reco111111 ml 111111'' ul th Rip.man llab1t.11 I tsk I t1r < I 'l.C<.1111\l' () I I h Stream' aml n11 r .1n 1 1ur<.c lite l'hoc111x. \Z

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.111 1dck11du111

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(1Rlll 111 J I J ( CiK I 11 ~IMKl ( U\\Otrdu>n 1rol an I 1h r d I 1 t B II \ ir o .1 man J l'nll nt Ut..t.. " '"'r} Pp ~.p \'\(, Ill J ' ~I Smtih I I < 11ok. ') I l<.1th,1.,111 S K Rt1htn,on, .111d <., (1 St.th C.:dllol') I 1.nl11 ') nd Ill llUl"Cllll.'lll "' l'tl\\ b11tl' .tml litl'll 1 .. ,,,, l 111\\'ISll\ ol le\,I' Pre"· \11st111. I:'\

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'''''£). ( .1h11lld 1\11 ( 1Kll I llll \\ 11 Diii Bl<>I O\•' 2<KJI I he ,l,tllh 111 tlw

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GKn1inh R <;; D1 "· "•> <. Dui.;stR-\ 1996 se, 1denllflc.:.1tion 111 hird' u'm' t\\o < I ID en<::' Pm c.:ccdm , t ti R,I\ I Soctcl) nl I< mfon B '6 \ 12'1 I ''\6

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(i1u,111\\sl\I I A \'-'Ill \I l't\I l•Jll•J ol th· dy1 1111, of UI\\ hml .ind 1he1

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( 1RIWl'i,J.Z IAlll«IR l\I H LM<KI'- J (1 I> ll KIS'-1 R. ""I> K \\Ill I' IQ99 llJ')l) '11r\C\' tor l.c '1 Bell'' \ ire•" .ind South\\ c'tcrn \\ 1 llo\\ I \ ,·,11,lter,, l\\o potcnt1.1I h1ced111' hirds ul the I"' 11.1 1hl'' '-at11111al I mcs l l'll'p,ucd It•• the I"' 1',1d1i:' 1".1111111.tl I Pll'',(, ( 11>kl (' \

( 1HI I "I (, \. II I UO\tlln. ~'<I> 1-.I l \I IRRIS<I'

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( •l<llT Tll. J I . \SI> I ( (Jl{ll 11111 199-l llr<m II hc.1<1

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hu111 11 1111rusmn al hrecd

( I I

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i.. ll'>lllR l')<)I) '\111111prll\edmcth od ol pr< p.mn Mn II ( •Im h rnh North /\m n~.111 Bird B md r 'I t., 4'

ll "11'-, ll ( J A '>11X,\\I( I\ I 'I l'<\I" 11 R ""IJ '\ J c"""' 19'1') \ sp.111.11 ~lld •crll'lll .111.11)'" 111 (0\\ tiutl lu>'I '•lc<111111 '\1ud1<·, 111 \q 111 B1ul.1g~ IX 20 I , l 1

<) ll Dll \ I" \VIA'- BIOi OG'\ () 26

lll\11, I <; PR K~\l""'· '"n \1 I \l11R1t1'0'. I 'l<J I h~ h.1n1tat ..:on..:cpl .uul .1 plea tor ,t,1111.Jard

1<·11111111110 •' \\ ildlik 'io .. :1l'l) Bui kt in 2'i 17' I 82 I I 1\11 , I '> \'ill S. I Rorn' 11 "· 11) 1)11 C1m hml ..:on

trol th..: dlll;K} of long tcrm-.-i>nllol .and pnipn,e<l .111,·111.111\1.'' to 'landanJ i:11111ml pr .ll'lii:i:' S1ud11:' in , \\r,111 Haning) 18:25..t 259.

II ,,,.._I, I K, "II Y H\11 1 1988 S11w1ng lc1ntnrr'•' .and 1111111.: range' of breeding ..:hat 1111,·hc,· 'r,11.11 uh­'cn .t1111n ' ' r.1dio-1r.tll..ing Ornr' I cnnK.1 6'i 97-l(J'

llASSll IN. I I .. H. p_ A'llRI "" '· /\SI> R. \ (\I\ ,

19'17 I ffe,h nl 'P·•tioi.:mporal sc.tlc on au1cx:orrc­l.1111•11 .111d home range c'lmlalor' Jo11rn.1l ol \\1IJ­hfc \l;in.1gcml'nt 61 :280 290

llAIUU•>. J 11. 1991. EllC..:h nl bru11<l p.u.tsalr'm b) B11>\\ll hl·adl'd C\mb1rd' on Willtm 1·1}'•'10.:hcr nt:\l· 111g '11..:..:l'" .1lt111g the Kern Rt\l.'t, C.1hfurn1;1 Wl',t­l'lll Bud' 22 I ' 26

11 \RIOS, J. 11. '> D. SA ... lll Rs. 11m M \. 1·1 1 r 1 1987. Willnw Hv..:atchcr ,urw~s 111 the S1l'11.1 "Jc\:1da. w,•,11:1 II Bird' I 8:27 36.

II \RRI\, J II . S. [) S \'DI RS, \\Oii 1\1 \ I 11 11 11)88 rh,· st.1111, :md d"tribution of lht• \\1llm1 11::.lal..:hi:r

111 C.1ltfnrr11.1. 1986 Californ1.1 I kp.11t111en1 of f'l,h .inti ( ramc. \\ 1ldhtc :1.lanagcmclll D111•;aon, ,\Jrrnn-1,11 •llH' Rcpon XX-I. C.1hform.1 l>ep.1nmu11 of r 1,h .111d c .. unc. S:iaami:ntn. C.\.

11 \RIOS. S \\ 1996 ~unlrn e•l<-"rn Cahlorn1,1 bml' I lumholdl St.1tc L:ni\cr\tl\ Pr'-''' \rc.11.1. C,\

lhRKi', s. \\ J. C111"'''111 re, l·n1111L, \\ J 1111. \\11111 \,I. Wcx111 \RI>, "I> S \Vit\\. l<JlJO. llomc-1.111~1..~ ,tn.tl~'1' U"'iJng rat.ho 1r.a1..k.111~ t..l.t1,1 "-l t1...'\ 1~\\

11f lhl' p1.1hll'111' ,1nd 1cc:hn14u''' pa111u1l;t1J\ a' ap­phnl 10 !Ill' ''lid) or Jllallllll.tl' 1\.1.1111111.il Rl'\IC\\ :!() 117 12 \

11 /\RT'illORN. (, S J<N2. f-urcst lthS und f111Urt• 1•p11un' 111 ( t•r11r.1I \m.:nca. Pp I ~ ll 111 J :I.I I l.1 g.111, Ill. .ind () \\ lnhn,ton (l'dllor'). Lculug) .ind '''"'er \alton ••I 11C"otwp11.:.1I n11gr.m1 1.111.lbmb Sm11hs11m.m lr1,111111tun Pr<'"· \\,t,hmg1011 , DC

ll A\l•l"· I J. () J f\ZJi.:,R.11 :l.li11os,A!'.:l>J () ( 1JR" IJt s 2lXlO. (_ o\\hirJ ,-n111u•l prog1.1111 .11 I 1>n I h>1>o.I r..:,.1,: i<'""n' tor mtl>l!"lmn uf <.:11\\ h11J J>.lr .1'"''111 11n .1 land,capc ,-.1k Pp '-; 170 111 J "-1\I S11111h. I l Cool.. S I Rt>1l1'1c1n, <; K Roh 111,011, .111d S G. 'kal) (l.'d11c>1') I ..-olo~·y and 111an­·•£•'ill<"11t of u11•b1rJ, and lhl'ir 1111,h l lnt\l'r'tl) of k:>.a' 1'1 t:", ,\u,1m. TX

fff l..,Z, Cr. H . 1979 \lclh)lmcrcur): l•'[111>dtll'lt\l' .111J h<'11111111 .11 cf fc..:l' <>n lhrc.: gt•nc1 .1111>11' of ni.1llard tl11<.:I.' Journ.11 of \\1IJltt.: '\lan.1gc1111.:111 ..J ': W..J tlll

111111 ~"s· [) .J . c. P. RtcT.. Al'.ll I J K1 HIM; 1996. I'( I-l s .111d Jm'\tn' 111 btrtl,. Pp I h'i 207 /11 :". \\

llc\cr. G H 1 lctn/, 'md ,\ \\ , Redmon nn11 ... x1 Ccdunr') I 111 m10mcn1.il ..:11n1.1111111,1nh 111 \\tlJhlc 1n1,·1pr,·11ng u"uc con..:cn1r;11Jt111' IC\\ 1' Puhli,hcr,, B1...-,1 R.11nn . l·l

llrn 11 ll~IR M .. N. Nrl'llll-lltllH•IR. \'Ill II. llOJ. I lJ<J"i Song mil a' a ,igrwl for nc'I 'ilc qu;1li1) 111 Bl.i..:J..,ap' l \\/1-io arricopi/1111. Bcha11oral l •..:nlPg} .111d S0<:1uh1olog; '7:399 -HIS

llrn 1 """ I C. 1972. l'r;ulr, ll)<'.tllht•1 brcctl111g l:u­uln ') Nchr.1,J...1 Bird Rei tc\\ -Ill 'iO 61!

HOl\11, , R . I . ''u I\\ S11i.RL 1992 '>ill hdclll\ ol n11gr.1111r) \\.trhlcr' 111 tcmpcral<- nrc,•tltng .111~1 nc111r11p1,.11 \\ 1111cr111g arc;1v 1mplt('.1l11111' lur popu la111111 d} 11.1m1l',, hah11a1 '.:ll'..:iion. and l'tlll'l'r '.1111111 Pp. 56.\ 'i7X 111 J '\I fl.1gan. l l L and D W Jol111,1<111 (cd11nr,). h·11log) anJ ..:nn,c1va1ion ol nc111mp1i.:.1I migrant l,111dh11d' S11111h,onian 111',lJIHlltlll Pre", wa,h111gion ))(

Hrn \l<;R1 '· :l.f \ I 'JI)-;_ Speuc' ac..:011111 on S11111h­\\C,lt:rn \\11!0\\ H;('.il..:hcr 1f.1111•u/011111 1111ill11 • '" 1111/\). Pp. 49 hh /11 1\1 ,\. Holmgren and I' \\ C11l­ltn' <cdt1ur,) lnlcnm rcpon on 1hc t11,111hu111111, brcctlmg Malu' and habitat a"ociatmn' of "''Cll fed­cr.11 ~rcual ~t.1111s ht rd 'Jlt!Cte' and Br«\\ 11 ht•aded C1mb11Js .11 \ nnd.:nhcr •Air For..:c Ba'c S.1111 1 B,1r­har.1 Cu11111;. Cultlorni.1 l nt\er'H} ol (_ ltfo 111:1 .11 Sama Bat h.ir.1, ~ lu,eum of S) '1ema11.-, and l· . .-olt1g) lol1\ 1rn11111c111.1I Repnrl "'"- l Sama Ba1ba1.1, C1\.

llrn '-1«KI !'., M . 1\ .. "'' P \\. Cou I'" (editor,). I ')'J'i Interim reprn 1 1111 the dl\tnhutinn. hrccd111g 'lalu' amJ hah1fal .1,,nl'1a11un' nl \CH'n lcocr.JI 'P"'1.1l--.1,1· Ill' htrd 'J'\'('ll'' .md Bm\\n hcaJcJ Ct\\\ bud' ,11 Vandcnh.:rg Air h•it:l' Ba,c. Sama Barh.11.1 Crn111t). (altforn1.1 I 1111...r,11) ol ( ahf<imia .tl S.1111,1 B,uh.1 r.1 \lU\\'lllll ol S) SIClll:Jlll'' and b.(>log} I II\ 111111 menial Rcpon :-;,l ' Sa111.1 B.trbar.i . C \

Hrn \tGRI s, '\I ,\ • .\:>.1> P \\ Cutll'' IE!>llORSl l 1J<J<J [)1,1nh1t11on .tnJ h.1btlal a'""'iation~ ul six spcu.11 ..:on,crn htrJ 'JX'.Cil'' .11 \ 'andcnt>cr).' Air • uK<-' Ba,c, S.tnl H.uh,11,1 ( llltrtl\, Caliti)mia L m1cr'll) 11f C.11 1t.1r111a, S.1111.1 ll,11!->,tt,1 ~I use um llf '\) \IClll.tlll' ,md l:n1l11g) . hl\1111111ne111al Rcpun 'lo 7 S.mta B.11 har,1, CA,

HOI KOH>, ( i I , 1'\11 K. J V '' T1c.111 '1 I <)X l, I h,· i.:,-.1h1g1.-.1I 1h111ph)'I<'·") land da"thlal11111 uf B.11111 .111d J.l\pi.:t :-<.1111111.il 1',111..,. Vol. '· 1lw "tldlik 111 \l'llll>r) C.111,1di.111 \\'ildhlc Si.:ni..:<-", Ld111111111rn, \B

HoO<Ji'. I' ~ l'NI lhc cflcci- of rnd111 \\l'tght and h.llll<'''l'S on 11ml' huJgl'h anJ m111cmi.:n1s of \,11m \\ootlpclkcrs lc•um.11nf l1cld Orn11hnl11••\ h2 2'11 ::!'S

111 IQ<_,L, P ~ ., Al'U B l:.IC'lll 'i \I: H 1 ll'l7 \111111.11 11111,._.111,·nt e\tl'ns11•11 h> \1, \,._.,, \'er I I \la~\i.a

lfo1lng1,,11 Sctcnll~ Ccnl.:~ L <; (,..·t1lng1<.:.1I Sur1l'\, 1\nd111r.1gc. \K

f-10<11•1 R, 'I.I .I , I \\. !il{l\\I R (, P C'Ollll "I> I{ .I. K1 '\ll.\11, l 'l'IO \11 1111cgratt'd lahnrato1 y and hl'ld appro.1d1 fur .t"C"lll!.' h;l/ard' nf pc,11utk '''l'"'111c w \\1ldltll' l'p 2.71 21n 111 L Snmcnilll' ;md c· II. \\all.l•t l .:dtll>rs) l'cslll ltk dfect' un ll'fl'<''ln.11 \\ 1 Id ltfc l.1) lur .md l-r.111..:1'. London UK

Ho"H I(. [) \\., ANll S I I ~ti 'ilo\\ I lJXlJ , \pplt< J In !!"Ill rcl!IT"h>ll John \\tit:~ and Sim' :\c\\ \ url;, .... ....

H "l\<>I, \ \ • "I> S I Ro111'11 I'. 21Xl0. :-;._.,, tl<''"' 1111n aml ..:1mh1rJ p.ira,111,rn: C\ 1Jcncc fur c\Ohl'd rc,p1111'c' \111111.11 Bl'll•t' mur ~9·!-1::! \ X Ill

1-1011.11111\, R ,\, [)I S.._111t, \''l>D. S l11i..11\\111

l 99 I. ( hangc' 111 the lanJ,i.:;ipc ol I ,11111 ,\111\'11l'a bcl\\Ccn 1850 and llJX' I. Prngrc..,..,i1i.: '''" ol 1111 c,1,, h>rl''I l ·l·nlog\ and Manag.:mcnl '\X 14 l 172.

Ho\\111. <; N (,. '"n '> \.\1uB. 1995. \ i•111tk 1111h" h1rd' ot l\1t ,.,.,,.anti nonh.:rn Ccnlral \111..:rii:.1 Cl\ ford L 1111<·1,11) l'R" ChlorJ. Li...

HL1tH\R11, J. I~ 11J7X R,,1,cJ ..:hc..:J..lt,1111 lh« h11d' 11f

LITl:RA'I L RF:. CITl :D 197

Nt'\\ Mc,1,·o 'le:\\ \1c:,i<;o Or1111hnlogit·.1l Soctc.!l) Puhltcation '\o (>, Alhu4uc:rquc, :>;1\1

I h '1 \\ ( I{ () OH\I \KT. 'SD B W. A 'l>I RSO" 1 'IX"' Statu~ of hn:cJing npan.111 uhhg.nc hmh Ill

"'uth\\C,tcrn n\ 0:11110: ') 'tcm' \\'e,tc:rn B1rJ, 18 IO IX.

111 'II I!, W C., R. J) 011\1.\KI, \'I> B \\' A1'.lllJ<\t1' 1'188 l ,,. ol cx11u1.: 'ah ccJ.11 1 lw1r.ui\ c/111111111>)

h) h1rJ, in .mJ npanJn ')stems c.inth>r 90: 11 ' 12'

111 s,111.. D. J I. l'J<>IJ. Spring 11ugrat1011' ol \Ider .md \\ 1lkm th c.1tdll'r' in 'outlw1 n Ontarin Journ.11 ol I il'ld 01111tl111log) 61 :54 (> '·

I It ''' 1 1 . D. J . I 199 I h. rail 111igmti1111' ot Alder and \\ 1lhm n) c.11d1t•r, in ,outhern Ontann Journal nl I 1clJ Ormtholog) 62.260-270

lit r ro. R. L. l'IS5 l1.1hitat 'clcdurn h) nonbrc:t•Jmg. nugrator) f,111d hmh Pp. 4-;<; 17h 111 :\1. I . Cod) Ct-J1111n Hah11.11 -.·lcdion in hi1J, At·aJcmic Pr<'"· Orlamln. I I.

I It no. R. l 19•)(). \kthuring the a\ .11l.1hiht) 1•1 ll•od ICM•urcc,. 'itudll'S 111 ,\, 1an B1olug) I' 20-:!X

l~oERsou .. \ \1 l'JI' Great dc:,l1ud1on ut birJ, egg' ,1ml nc,tlings 111 the Siena '\c:\ ad.1 ( ••nJor l '\ SI S7

IOI" IR. P.. ASI> s "K \1'0\1( K ''· I •l')l) I.a' plavu1t 1 da' en u,11 <'11 1.1 ·\1gc:n11na 11t''g'" para la' "'"' 'if\c,trc,. km." de l'\aturall'/a ) (\u1,cn a.:1011 '\ 2 \,.,., ,\1gc:nt111.i \OP. A">Cl.t•lllll Orn11olo ucl Plata Huc:m•s \ire,, \rgt•nuna

JMH s, I' C.. ASll 11 11 Sttl c.11RT. JR 1970 ,\ q11;1n tl!.nl\C method ol habi1.11 dl's .. 11p111111 \uduhon I 1dd :-.lotc' 70 727 7Jo.

It "'"m 11, R I , \\;fl! II 'I 1 W'IU! 111611 /\1ca,tm:111t·111 of m>n·<.·irn1l.11 home r.mgc Jnurn.tl ot rlt<.'l1rc11.:.tl B1olog~ 22·2:!7 2 \7

Jt ll"SOARO. [> r\ t •J•l7 Ilic il\ 1.in hrood p.1ra,llC.'> Cl\

f111d Unl\c:r~lly 1'1,·"· :\c" 'I·••"- N't. .loll"<Sll"', D 11 1•1s11 l he •ompa11~011 of u'ag<' .111d

~'' ~u)~Lbilil) 111l'.l,,lll'rn~nt' lo1 .... , i1lut.1t1nµ n..t~Ollll'l~

pr<'k1.:ncc h·olog\ <•I .6:'\ 71. Jrnt"<SO', [) 11 11181 I he u'c .111d nusu"c uf ,t,1t1SllL'>

in \\ 11Jhk hahllal tud1c' Pp 11 I IJ 111 D I· < apen 1cd1111n. ·1 hc use ol 111ult1H1n.11e ''"'1~tic' 111 studies ol \\ildhfc h.1h1t.11 l SD,\ l ·<•rcsl Sl'r\ltC Gen Jech lkp. R;\1-X7 l 'ii>\ hirc't Sl'l\I«', Roci..v /\lou11 1.1111 Rc,ca1\'11 St 111011, 1·011 ('ollit1', ( 0

11111,so,, (j D J I . P1 fl\\ OK l 11, \1'.I > II 0 1'.1<1 I ,1 H 111'l:! Rt cntum ol 1r.111,m11ter" 11tt.idwd '' I .scr mes lhing a glue on 1<•ch111quc .hmmal of ht·1d Or mth<-ilog} <>2 4R1 .. 411 I

tr.11,so,, K J , \SU I BL Kl I Y I •NX \latmg 1"""'"' 1111d mating ') '1<'11h 111 birJ, 011111lmlngi .. al \loa10 111,1pho, 49 21 60

JD11,sr>"<. ::-.; " I <1711 I .ill 111ig1.itio11 .md wint.:1 dis 111hu11on of the I IJmmuml l•l\.:at, he~ B1rd·BJl1<hng I l•J(l9 190

1011..,.,0,, :>;, K l 11B Spnng nugratron "f the \\esrern I hc.uchcr "1th 11011.:, un , ... a,1111.11 d1angc' 111 'c:' .111d age ratu" Bml·Band111g 44 205 220.

Jrnt"'so,, I'\ K 1980. Character 'ariation and n 11111 11011 <>I '1hlang 'l'!Cl.'11.'' 111 thl' I 111111domL\ d1jfu ii/\· //<11n1 ell\ c:ompk\ (AH'' J) r:1n111d.il') Uni' l'rs1t) of Culih•mia l'uhh,.111on' 111 Znolng) I l 2· l-157

Jn11-.'o'. ~. K l•J'J.1 OIJ ,dn>ol 1,1\<>11'lm) \t'rMh

moc.krn h1o')'tc:ma1ic': 'pc:uc,·lc:\CI dcu,11111' in Std111dof'f• ,., 1 .and E111p11/o11111 Aul.. I I I. 77' 780

JOH'-""· :S "" A'll J. 1\. \hKTL' 1988. l~\olutmn· ar) gc:ncll<' of 11)<.:atdtt'rs II D1flcrcnti.111011 111 thl' F111f'idm1t11 1h{/1n//\ 1.:1•111pll'\ ,\uk I OS; 177 I 'I I

J•>H""" 0 B. IX80. l.1,t of tlw hard' ol thl' W1lla111 -c!le Valle). Orc:gon \ml'lll'.111 Naturalt't 1-1 -185 -191 6'5 Ml

JO\I~. S 2000 Laguna H kK•>t.11, humcJ.il cn pchgro por la ,omanumi.:mn 1-1 Diam> de Ho). !·ch 2. :!<XKI S.111 S.1h 1dor. LI S.1hador

Jo"! s. J. R l'NO. Colon11.1111111 .and cn\lro11111c111 l.111d 'c!llcmc.:111 projc<.:l\ 111 (\•ntral \mcrica. l l111tt•d Na lle>n' UniH'l'll) Pre''· lu1')<1, JapJn.

K \1\10\\ t t:I~ I) 1996. l i' c'hx:i.. and dl'lorc,t.1111>11 m Ccntr.11 ,\mc11ca in the l9X()\, and llJ<>O's .• 1 p.•li<.:) per,pcctl\c Ccntcr h>r hllc.'lllJtional f·oreslr) Rc:­'can.:h. J,1k;1na. l nJ011e,1a

K \R \'>O\, \\ , 11. 1990. IJ1gc,ti1111' in hml\. d1c:nucal and ph) 'tolugi<·al dc1crn1111an1' and c..:o lugil'a l 1111·

plka1i1111' Studio:' in \\ia11 B111log) IJ .. WI 415. 1'..'\'>1'1,, B. J 1978. Hm' to knm\ tlie 'l'"'k'' \\1lh.u11

C. Bro\\n, l>uhuquc. l/\ . Kl\rll l M \SS, R . A:>.D \t l~\lllUI!' 1996. R1p.111un .ir­

c:a' ;ind \\l'tl.md' Pp. 201 ~h7 111 S1c:n.1 Nc\,1da c..:my,t<'lll pr1>1<'ct hn.11 rc:pnrt 1<1 cnngrc", vol. Ill diaptcr 5. \'"'"111c111' and '<.:1cnt1til' ha'i' Im 111;10-agc111c:111 op11un,, Center' Im \.\;Her and \\ 1ldlanJ Rc,uurn<., l lll\c:r,11~ ••I California, D,1\1<> CA

K "rz I 1 •172 1 he: an .. rent \men< an C'I\ 1l11.it11>n. PrJcgt'r, :>;c\\ \or!.. • .:-; )

"\UIFM\N, J B . R L. Bl\< lllA, :-I. 0111 ... t1, \!Iii> D. l.Y-Tll 1'.. l 'N7. 1\11 cn1log1cal pc:r,pc~11vc: ot 11p.arw11 .1nd 't1<.:.u11 rc,tora111>11 111 lht• \\c,rc:m l n 1tc:d St.11.:,, Fi,hcrics 22 12 24

KM H\IAS, J B, ASll C \\ 1'1!l EGER 19X4 I l\C,h>Ck 1mp.1t1' on riparian c:'''')MCm and 'ueam,i.le man­.1gemcn1 1111phc.111011s 11 rc\I<'\\. Journal of Kanl!c !\t.111.1gc11w111 n·4 •o ns

K 11'11'-<., I' 21KlO. Or,·gon Blut• H.,,,i.: 1999 :moo Of lice ol thl' Sc:,·1,'lllr) ol s1.1tc. Center hu l'1•pula111111 Rc~e~11d1 1111.J Ccn'u' lhllp.//" "" up.1 p<l:1. ctho/ CPRC). s.1lem. OR

KF.11,, J I' A'l;D C \\non 1'>9h D1urn.1l. 1111r.1~ea·

,,nnal, ancl mtcrsc:xual \ ,111.111rn1 111 lnrng1ng hcha\lor nl rhc ( 0111111m1 Yelin\\ 1tmi.11 ( ond<>1 •J8; 111 I 500

Kt \IPJ ""I K~. B. 1995. Pnl)g)'ll). 111 the Bh1c I 1t : intra­anJ 111tc1 St'\llal conll1<1~ \111111JI Bdla\ 1n11r 49. 10-17 IO<w

Kl N\\ AKI>, R I· ~O(ll A manu.11 for '" ldhfc rndm t:iggmg Ac.1dcm1<: Pre~'· :'oo:c\\ )ork. :-;y

Kist,, J R J •l'i~ '\ute' on the litc h1,t<>1) ot Ir 1111'' f'l}e.1t<hl'r U.111111«/011.11 flt11llii1 in \ottthc.1'tern Wa,lungtort. ,\111. 72 I ~X 17'

K1:--.c,. K , \ , \ I \ 11 '" u. J \\ Ro1 ·1H.I. A'I> J \\'L~t 1 \ 2002 C ,1111,,111111.mrs n S11uth\\cstc111 \\'il­lm1. H).:.1lchcr <'gg' .iml pre) 1 n' .\r11n1ia, 1998 2000 t: S J 1,h and \\ 11dh1<.: Sc:n ll'C. Kcgmn :!. Conta111111;111h Program \ 11011J l:col.1g11.:.1I Sci' 11.:c:' hchJ 0111<«'. Plmcmx. /\/

K1•-.;c.~ 1{1\ 1 I! ( 'o"r R" \I I<" 1>1' 1111< 1. 198) Stud1c' on the W1ll<l\\ H)<.:atcher 111 the central S1c1ra NC\ada .:ondtKtt·d dunn!! 19~J .n1J I ')X-1 1'..1111!'> I{ 'er Con­'cn atu>n f>1,trll't f{e,carch Rcp•>t1 :--;.,. X5·0 I 7.

Kl I-Bl '(I\\, I> \. ''ll R J. (),\Kl.E\I. llJX-1. 111,t•>nc.11

198 STL DI!\ I \VIA"/ BIOi OG't 0. 26

mlfaunal change' 1n the np;inan /one ol the I rud.ec Ri,cr. Nc,ada. l'p :!O' :!09 111 R. 1-:.. Warner and K. M I lcndri\ <editor\) (ahforn1a npa11a11 ')'tem,. ecolog) . eon,en.1111111, and producti\e 111.111ag e111c: nt. UniH:r,it) lll C.1ltfnrni.1 Pre"· Bc:rl..elc). (', \

K'-OF'I f L R . R JOll'-""· 1 RICI!, I · B S AMSO'- , A '-1> R. C S1' o. 19xx C on,enatmn nl riparian c:o.:11') 'tern' 111 tlw l 1111ed St .. tc, . ·w,1,011 Bulletin 100.:!72-28-1.

Krn OS/AR. J \ .. \'-11 J. S llOR'-t. 2000 1 lw ,p.11i.tl ;ind temporal re,p1111'e nl Brown-hc:ad.:d ( O\I hi1 d' 1Molotlir111 tllt'r) 111 a reduction in ~.1tt I.: 'tt>d.ing rate, - hnal anal~'I' · l'p. 1-17- 177 in 1a11<Hl)lllllU' .. ed1t1>r). Endangered 'pcc:1e' mo111wrmg ,md 111.111.1ge­rnent .11 Flin Hood, lc:'a': 1999 .rnnu.11 rL·port 1 he !"a tu re Con,c:n anC) nl lc:'<l'· Fort Hood, I \:

Ko,11011. G. t\1 ., "-I> R . R. C'l KR\. J9X-I I he role ot ripanan 'cgetat11>11 111 ch;urnc:I bani.. '1ahiltt) · Carmel River. California l'p. 12-1 i.:n in R I- \'l<'arn.:r and K. M. Hendrix Ccdllur,). Calitornia ripan;m ')'\!em,· ecology. con-.en.111011, .111d managc:mL'lll l ' 111H'1'il) of Cahfom1a Pre:". lkrl.c:lc). CA.

KoR0'-1"1·\>. I('· r J 2002. ln1ra,pcuf1<: lc:mh>fl,1ht) .1ml '"c tidclit) of 111111cnng \\1ll1m I l) t·.11,·her' tl111pido11t1\ trt11//111 111 Co,ta Rica ~1 S lhc'"· ~orthem An/011.1 l nl\C1'11) F1.1g,1.1t1. AZ

KOKll'-Kll \\IC 1 , I, J • \'-I 1 \I t... So< •<•I '0011 \\ 11111" Hy~all:hcr ( l .111111d1111cl\ troi/111 I 1\ 1ntc1 cn1log) 'tud) Co,ta R1c:;1 I IJ91Jl'<KXl l 1SGS hn'''I ;111J K;mgclanJ L.cu')''tl'lll "ic1e111.:c: Center ( olmadu Pla­teau Rc,eard1 St.111011, fol.1 'tall \/.

Kim 11 "I\ D I IJ ..i Sons ' 111 the ,\ldL'I I l)ull\hcr <l mpulmw' a/11,,r11111 l .md \\ 1 llt>\\ H) c.itdtL r (/-111 ·

/llt/OIUI\ tr<11//11) arc 111n,1IC. o\uJ... 101. n 24 K1ux1u"t.\ D I· . \Nil I II :'>11111 R 1cJ1tor') ll/'16.

I colug) and \'\olut1011 nl .1cou.,1ic co111111111Hc.1110n 111 hmh Cornell lln1H'1 '1l) Pre", lthac.1. r-.<)

Kl NIN, W. I:.. '\NII K I. G "10~ . 1111>.' l Ill' h1olng)' ul rant) p.11tcrn,, c.111'L's and c.:onwq11l'llL'l'' I r••nd' 111 l~olog) and E\olutllln X.29X 101 .

Kl s. B. E. I lll)X l 'L' of rc:,tored ripan.111 h.1h11.11 h) th<' cndanucrcd I caq Bell"' \'m."<l (I irt o />, 1/11 Jiii' 11/11\) Rc,111rn1111n l·colng) 6 7S X2

Kt s. B r 1'>99 lmp.1.t' of Brtn\n hc:.1d.:d C1>whird p.1r.1't11'm on pr.>d11.:ll\ II\ of the end.111gc:1l·d I e,l\t Bell'' Vireo Stmh•'' 1n \\ 1.111 Bmlog) IX. lhO 166.

K1 s. B E:.. 2001 r>1'111h111111n. ahundam:e. and hrced-111g act!\ 11ic' ol thL' Suuth\\e,tc:rn \ 1li1lh1\\ l · l)c.1khcr at Marine C11rp' H."c: < .1111p Pendleton, ( .. 1hfl>rn1a. 111 :woo. hnal Rcp<>rt. Prepared for \~,1,um1 ( luc:t 1 I 'itall En' mlflmcntal Sc:curit). \1.mrw c, 'II" Ba'c: Camp PenJleton, C'1tt11(l Pcndlel1•n. C1\

Kt'· B. E .. \'-I> P I' Bt c " · 1998. D1,1nhut1011 and .1hundance ol the I C:<1't Bell'' Vireo I\',,...,, /1< 1/11 p1111//11s> and the S1mth\\e,1ern \\'illo"' I lycatd1e1 (F111111dmun 1rt11//11 1•\fi11110) at 'elcl'l<'tl '"lHhc:rn California 'lie' 111 1997. Prepared Im the ( alif11mi;1 Department of h'h and Game. Wildlik i\l,111.1ge-111cnt D1' i'ion. \a,T.1n1L'nto, C,\ .

Kt\, B. E .. P. p 011 i.. \'-11 B. Pl ILR'O' :wo1 l'llgr1111 Cre<.'I.. rc'tora1111n pro1cct · hirJ communll) and \eg­etatmn "m1<:1ure 2<Xl0 .\nnual Report Prep.ired b) the LS. Gc:ologi<·aJ Sur\'e) tor the ( ahh11ni.1 De­pa1tmcnt of Tr;111,port.111on. D1'trict 11 "ian Diego. CA

KL"" B I. I' I' Bu i... and J 1\1 . Wt 1 1 '· l ')99 S1a1w. and hl<'l'd111g J<.:li\ 111e' of th•• S1>uth\\e,1ern Wil l1m I l\l.1tdll'I .11 the Cle,dand N.11mnal h1re\I 111 19119 R~po11 111 Ck·\cl,md '·•111>11.11 I orL''I l .S . Gcolog1 ~.11 "iurH'Y· \\c:,tcm I _.1tog 1e11J Re,carch Center. \;1 D1eg1'. C,\

I\. '· B I·. \'1> K hi<RI 1 2002 J>1,1nhu110n ... bun d.1111.:c .1ml brl'e<hng a.:tl\ 111cs 11f the South\\C\l<.'rn \V1llm\ I ly~.11d1cr a1 \1.inn,· Cnqh Ba'c: Camp Pen dlc:1on. C al 1'01 n1a 200 I '\nnu;il Rcprn 1. Prepared lnr "''''iant Cllll:I of Stafl. "111111111111c111al Sec:unty. J\fann•· ( orp' Ba'c Camp l'cndkton. Camp Pcndk·-1011, C1\ .

I\. '· B I'. . \'-I> B. Pt 11:1!'>0 '- . 2002 P1lgrun Creel.. ,,1<>ra11011 pn•1e.:1· h1rd comnu1n1l) and 'eget.111011

'trndure. 200::! Annu.11 Rc:po11 Prep.ired for Cah · fornia Dc:p.irlment vfTr..111'(l<Ht,111on. Di,tri\t 11 , San D1e1w. (",\

1\.1 s. B I .. B 1'1 11 l<'>ll'-. \'-1> I~ I~ Bt c i.. . 20<Xl. Pilgnm Creel. re,IOiation pr<>Jccl. h11 d l'<1111111unity anJ veg· et.1111111 \llll<.:ture 1999 innual rl·port Prepared h)'

the l .S C1enlog1cal Sun e)' Im tlw Caltlmnia lk­partmcnt ot T1.111,porta11on, 1>1'1111.'I 11 San Diego. CA.

L \\1111 R\0 ,, R II B. R :-.;oo s. \'-II \\ I .. F .\!<.'-'>·

\\OKTII ::1000 \n muJen<·L· lulll'llon .1r1al)''' of the \ 1ah1lll) ot the South\H',tL'rn \\!Ihm H) <;t1d1e1 Pu:p.1red 101 the: ll S HurL'all 111 R•·cla111a11on. PIHX'­ni,, 1\/

I. \Kl..,O'- II S A L" \10'-, I'. I . WU II \\IS. \'It> 1 . B. S\11111 I 1JIJX. Smw <;parro\\' ' ' , . .," hird bn>od p.1r :i'll'-'' · 11np.1lh of fnrL·,1 ,1111c llir<' .111d ne,1- ,itc: ,, .. lclt1<>11 Condor IO();ln IOI

L\HIO~ . s \.\Sil R. H BMOHTI t•ll\(l, Dc\elnp111g .ind IL''t111g h.1h11a1-,ap;ihil1t) model': p11full, .111d rc\1>n11111.'1llla11011,. Pp. K7 lJ2 Ill J . Verner. M I . Mom,1111 , .ind(' J Ralph l<'dt11>1~) \\tldltk .:!()()()

rn11del111g llah11,11 rcl;111011 ... h1p' ol tenc:,tnal \.Cit•' hr.lie' . l Jnl\el'll) 1>f \V1..c011'111 1'1.:". Madison. \V I

I 1 c,1 'llR[. S , J Ci 01111<1 \ I' \10111 K. "fl (, "iof c1. 19<J'I lk11111graph1<' '1<><:h.1,ll<.ll) .111d 'IJL:ial m.11 mg '>''•'Ill in the rrocc" of cx1111<111111 ot ,n,,.11 ll<'I' ul.llHlll\ the c:isc ur P·''"cnnes 11111<..JU(C:J to :--;..-\\ i'..<·.iland ,\men< 11 ....,all11.1lt'1 I'\ 1 t-llJ ~"-'

I Hl\I '~· I . I I 9"''\ 'onpa1 .1111,·111<' ,1,111'111.:al ml.' th llL1' ha,c•d 1111 1 anl..\. llukk11 l>a) "ian l•ran(1w1>, CA

I 111\1 \" I~ I•. 199-1. The hml' ul S,1111.1 Harhara Conn t\, ( .1hfornia Ven.:hr.11c: ~1t1'\'lllll. IJ111ver'll) 11! Cnhtorn1.1 , S,111ta Barha1a, C \

LA Mt' . \ [) 19')6. A"e"111g 1h,· 111,ll' threat of S C•

le: mum to h•h and .14u.111L hmls f.11, ir11nmen1.1I J\h11111onng ,111d A"c:-.-nwnt ..J l I lJ '"

LI\ l'\ 'i \ l'N2 The pr11hk111 .md p.11tc:rn 111 ,,·ale 111 e<·11J11g). h.:nlogy 7 1: I lJ·l' I CJ() 7

I .m\ 1111 K. I~ I· I 99:l Bro\\ n lwad.:d Cowbird (/1111/

otli11" 011·1 ). /11 A P!>olc: and I <1111 (ed11or') I he Bird' "' 'Jorth o\mcn..:a. No -17 rt1c: Aeadem) 111 '\,,11ur 11 "ic 1 nc·e,. Ph1l.1dL'lpl11.1, I',\ , .md The Amer· 1, .111 0111111 <>logl\h · Un inn W,1'l11ng111n. DC.

L.O\\ 1111 K. I' I.. 1995 Bn>n/ed Ctm h1rd ( \folotlim' <It/It' ll\) /11 1\ . Poole and I• ('i1JJ tc:d11nr-.). The Hird' ul "l11nh \mc:n~a. No I ..Jo.I rile: \cadcm)' of N.11 · ur.11 Se1c·nc•''· Ph1ladelph1.1. I'\ .111d The Amcncan On11th11logi,1'' Uni1111. \.V;1''1111~·111n. DC.

L!TLRAT l RI~ CITED 199

I I 1111 "'· T.. \\ \\'l'l-;11, J l 1'1•p11 '· A'I> J. BKL "· 2000 Rcpn"1udl\l '111.'CC" of mo1111g.1111ou' and po· l)g)llOU' P1.:J 11)(' 11..hcr' 1/ 1<u/11/a li>1mft•1ut1) Hl'l1a\lnr.1I h:olog) .mJ Sou<1h1olog) -tl'i I 2 17

I 111, J ,\.I~. II l'\Xlll,, Kl K1 -.;\\tMJll. "111\1. K. S1>t.<ol 2000 S111\l\(lr,h1p .111d 111<1\ClllClll\ ol South\\ C\IC1 n \\:dim\ I ·lyca1d1l'I' 111 Arin>na .:!000 Report lo th ... ll.S Hurc.111 ol Rcdam.111011 ll.s Gcol11i;ical S1H\C). Colo1.1do Plateau hclJ St.1 lion, l'lag,tall. ,\Z

I'~'· J C.. "o \I J \\'m1111111 2001. \\inter J" 1nhu110n ol till' \\illm\ f'l)CHh.:h1..r (/ 111pido11a\ 11wl /ti) 111 Mc>.1c11. R1.·po1l 10 lhc lJ 'i Joi,h anc.I Wildhl<' S1.•1\11..c anc.I lJ <; H11rc.1u ol Rl•d.1111.111011 'iouthc:111 S11:rra Rc,1.·~1rd1 'it lion. \\'elc.11111, ( ,\

\1111,\11n11.. R H '1 J \\' \lM \IHllL'H 19111. On hml c.11\cr,11\. l:A11log) -t2:594 'il/X,

\1 \I \1-;0H. D I •J<J>; Rc:,lorl.'d \\ ctla11c.I' flunk r1.•.il \\ orld 1c-,1 Sucnn· 2SO:J7 I J 72.

M \ '1!'1 \:0-.. R. W. "" 1-. C. Mt si m\. I <J84. Bi re.I pop· ulatinn' and \ 1.•gc:1.11m11 1..har.K·1c:1 j,1i1.·~ m man.1gcd • md old gro\\lh lo1c-i-. nnrthc:."1e111 Oregon Journal ol \\1ldlile \lanagc11 r 4X 121<> 123S.

\l11RIO,, \\' R. AND J () 51 \1l'o 1'177 An ann<•t.ttcd h1hliograph) ol h11J marl.IP.~· tcd1111quc' Journ.il of f 11.•IJ Ornulmlog) 48:·~:? 61.

1\1 \R,ll \l l. R. M .:'00() Pnr11lat1on \(illU\ Oil the hrccc.l111g g1011nJ, Pp ' I I 111 I> \1 hnch and S

II S10Jc,on led11or'l S "'"'· eu•l<>g). anc.I con,cr­' a11on or the So111h" '"t' rn \\ 1 llu" f-1) cat1.·hcr l SI)\ I orcsl Sen llC Gen lcch R,•p. R\IRS ( 1T1{­(l(), l SOA I nfl''t St•r \ 11.:c Rod..) 1\1011111.1111 Rc,e.irl h St.111011. Ogdc:n. lJ I'

l\hR\ll\11,R M. , ... [)s H.Stoll\11"' .:!OOO. l11rl'•'" l'p. 13 24 in I) !\1 I-inch and S 11 StoJe,1111 IC<h 1ors) Stallh, c1.-.•lug). anJ con,en .1111•11 or the south

\h''tcrn "'"'''' tl)<.1tlh1.·r l Sl>I\ I ore,1 Scn1cc Gen lc1:h Rep R\IRS Gl R 110. l ..,I),\ h•rc,1 Ser Vll'l' Rock) !\1011111.nn Rc,e:ud1 S1.1111u1, Ogden. l I

1\1\1< 1 l", T I:. I •JI>.!. !!reeding pwd111.·1 j, If) l'on"dcr • 11i,111': "hat .uc till' .1ppr.1pn.1ll' h.1hllat feature' tor 111.ina!!emem' l'Jl 4'\'i 47\ /11 I \I Ilagan, Ill. 1111.J n \\ Jnhn,lon (e1htor,) f:.col"g) .met con-.:natll!ll of neo1rop1"JI 1111g1ant land hird' Sm11h,on11m ln­'111utu1n Pre"· \\11,hmgu>n, IX.

\1,"'""'· T I·. 111'1' ~e'l prnl.11u>11 .11nong \Cg1.•1.1111111 layl'r' .111d hahll;it 1ypc': re\ 1\1 ng lht• dogm<h. A1111.·r '"'n N 11ur,l11'1 I ·I I X<J7 91 '

\1111 ' I I · 1•1•1/l. 1\rc mkroh.1h1t.11 prctcr,nce' ol c.M:~"1111g '(X'cies under 'clc-"11011 :ind adaptl\C' b:olng) 79 <i51t h 70

/\! ~R ""'· r I • Alli ' (I I{, G1 Ul'I l 19'1\, '.\e,l 1rnu11 11u1n~ plo1,· tn<'lhtxl.. lor lll1..1t111g nc'" anc.I 11111111-

lonng \Ul..l'l'"· Journal ol held Orn11l1<ll11g) h-1: !'07 5 19

/\1"1<11,,, r. E, ( 1'111s1. C. I. CoNY.11,, \\. L\I llo l:llA< llKA, P. At 11 :-., 11'1> \\' JI N"INS, llJlJ7. BBIRI> held pw1<xol B1olog1,:il RcMntr•cs llt\ ''ion, :\h•n 1.111a Coop.:r.111\c \\1ldhlc Rc,e.uch l 1111. l m\l!r"t) <•I Montuna. 1\1 "'oula. MI

M1\l<ll'1, 1 E \-.,11 I • .I . Rot•l R llJX8. J\e,t predation and nc,1-,11l· 'Cklllon ol ,1 \\C,tc111 population ol the I lermll ll1rn'h Comlor 90:51 <.7

\IA,nHn. H I llJh'i, Ilic Bro\\n headed Cm,h1rJ. \\1th old .111.J 11c\\ h'"''· 1 he I I\ mg Btrd -t: 1.3 2X

\1\Hll1 ll. 11 1-. 1<>75. Su~l'c,t11>11' lor .:akul.111ng nc .. 1 ,u,1..e" \\11,011 Bullctu X7 456 466.

'1.1 \ H IEU>. II I•. I 977. Bro\\ 11 hc.1Jl-ll C'<m hird: ugcnl t•I e\lc11111n.11a111" ,\menl".111 Bml' .31·1<)7 I''

:\I\'' \Mil, \\ R I 99S. Su111111.11) ul 1994 'ur' '\ •:I Ion' 111 Nn' Mc'\Kll Im lh<.' SmJth\\c,lcm \\ tlhm Fl}l..at•hl'r (/ 111pidm1<1\ trt11/lli '\/l/Jltl\l, ('ontra1..1 # 94.:'i I (l lllJ :\l'\\ \le\.JlO f>cparlmt'nt ol Game .111d l ·l'h, S.1111.1 l·c. :--; \I

Mco\LPl'-1, J. I, H \'.Pl 11 RSOS, G. L SllE\\111 II. J . ll·SKI) J R \'()('"( l<Olll, A~I> I> \1 \\'001>. 1<181 \lanual ot Sl'<irl·tic Diptc:r<t. Monograph no. 27. Rl·­'c;in.:h Br 111d1 ·\gneulwre C.111ada.

l\k C \Iii R , \ l <)l) I The hllk green bird e(<1it1g)' ot th< \\ 111<"' I lh".llcher Rusi) Rod .. Pre", \ladl'on. \\I

\lcC'111<TY, J . P, ~'I> A I. SLCORl>. 2000 (\,,sihk cf­lcch ol PCB umtaminauon on lcmalc plu111.1gc 1.ol· or .inc.I rep1<l<luctive 'L11.:1..c" 111 Hudson R1n·1 free Swallm\' ,\ul. I 17:987 995.

\l<Gllll\R"· \\' B. ''-1> <i. I' Sl\H,llllK. 11/98 f-cJrr.1t1un of \llxna ;-;.1111111l1s1s tide.I 1?u1Jc h• ,\) • hcna bml' I cdcr.iuon ol Alhena :-o;amr.1li't'· Le.I· rnonwn. \ B

'I.le h \fl'·\\'. D .• ''1> J. J. :->1 '·' '~'" 994. -.;11.·l.el 111 lh<' ll'rrc,lnal em m•nllll'lll. Slience 111 lhe total En\ irtillllll'nl I 18· I 09 I 'X

~1< K1 I<'\~, R I • •"I> G Bt<Alll-.. 200 I. Statu,, d1'­lrihu1i1111, anti hahllat atl111111c'> "' th<: Sntllh\\<''tcrn \\11lm' I l)C.1tcher along llu." IO\\er Colorado Rl\er Yc.u 4 19'>'> San Bcmard1110 (\,uni\ 'l.h>,<'Ulll Rcdlamh, < '1\

~1< Ll\lll, 'v\' I) ., [) \\ UIW\\-.:, ,\,) FRll ll\11"· I) <i. Bt RKll\\, 0 \1 '"°'· R \\ 1'1 \R\'I~ C. A \"It ,1<1 "" '-.;n R. (, B0<, \R. 191' 'i S1.111d.1rd anal) ti cal pro1:e­Jurc' nl 1hc ;'\;() \,\ ~Jfu1113I \nJI) ll•al 1.1 1hl) 19X'i l'ISh I ~trJl·t .. hlc l<lllll org.rn1..: ..:11111pound' Sc<."nd I !11111111. US lkp.1rt1111.•111 ol Commer" i'.O \1\/Nl\tl•S, "10 \ kd1 .!\lcmo NMI S l·/NWRC' <12, Sil\e1 'ipnngs, MD .

\h \,l\~111<, I) Ci, \"l S li S1 \IL ll)<JX Shurl 111 cuh.i1io11 f"-'rlll<ls ot Hrm\ JI h<• 1dcd Co\\ hmh· ho\\ do1 <.O\\hird eggs hatch llclorc 'cll1"\ \\.1rblcr egg,? Co11dor llKl.102 I 11.

\1CSlll.A, \\ I , AM> J. H l{AI 1'011 l<Jl)7 V.111.1hlc '"ng r.11c' 111 1hr.·e ,pc,·1-:' ol l''"'cnncs .111d 1111ph­..:ati1Jn' 1111 e'11111a1ing hml popul.11im1'. Journal ol helJ Or111tholng) 6X 'tl7 n5

\tlNl\RD. S f<l'J'i Applied l<•g"t1c n'gr<.:'""" 111.il)s'' S.1l!c l n1H·rs1l) Paper Scncs Quan111atl\c upph.:J· I ton' 111 th•· '"' 1al '"1' 11.:c..,, 07 I 06 Sa~c l'uhh1.·.1 tu>n,, In I I lU\.IOd Oal.;,, ( "·

.'\ 11 t<Rrn. R \\. "" K. W Ci \1\11'' I 99h An 1111ro

du1.11u11 to 1h1. aqu<ll11: msc.ts ot North A1nc:1w.1 Kenc.lall/1111111. Duhuquc. 11\

\1 ~in , I:.('., A"'I> H. ~t \Vt<.tll. l<J75. ,\\ll,1un11 and ,u,·1..c"u111 rn [),mglas hr forc'b 111 the PJ<.lhl ;'l;onh,\est Pp 266 271 /11 () R. Smith (cJ1111r) Pro-1..ceding' ol the ') mp<."ium on management ol tor.:'1 and ra11gc hah1lat' for no11g.1nw hird,. USDA hire'l Scrv11.·e C1en Tech. Rep WO I l 'S OA h•rc't Ser 'l<.'C \\'a,111ngton, D<

!\In IR Ill S< llAL I '\'ii I, R, ''LI \\ H. 1'111 LI'S, JR. 1971\ Hird' ot \.'en.:J'ucl:i f>rtnLeton Unl\cr"t) Pr<'"· 1'11111.'<'lon. NJ.

200 ~ ll 1>11 ~ 1'- A VIAN B IOL OG 'I

\!1<111-.11< < D . R. J \lrGl"<I,. '"'' B N D"' t 010 It 1994 ni..- bee )!Cnl.'r.1 ul '-Jurth unJ Ccntr.11 \m.:11<.1 ( I l)mcnoptcra· \potdl'. l S11111IN>111.1n ln­

'1ttutton Pre". \\'a,hrngton. DC l\!11>1111 '""· B 1999, \\'cthind n:,tor.111w1 llnnd pul'-

111~ and d"uirham:e <lynami<.:' John Wth:) & s,m,, N'-''' YrnJ... )';Y

\1111 s. \ K ( f . GRt ! • G \\,' 1'1 -.1111 10'<, \'<I> J. II So\Kl S 1991. Elk1.:h ol J1<•tat) .tlununum. 1.:al · .:1u111 .111d phn,phorou' on egg .1ml hone ol l•uro­pc: 11 St.1rhng, , Archi\C'> ut bl\an•nmcnt.tl (\mtam-111 111on ml lo,tcolog) 24 :206- 2 t 2

\11s ( Kl 1 ' . \\' L "'"n D. 1~. Bti1 m" 199-1 \\c1!.111J,. Pp. 2 21 301 ;,, D E Bnmn (CdthH) B1011.: cnm-111unt11l'~ nl the Sou1h"e'1crn l mh:d St.lie' am.I :'1:1>r1h\\l.',lcm \k,tc.'O. Um\eP•ll) (ll l 1.1h Pre"· S,1h I .1J..c Ct1) , UT.

Mrn11< C. 0 , 19-n Table of c<1u1vak111 pupulauun' nf N1>rth l\m<'rican small mammal, , l\mcrn:an Midl.1111.l Na1tu.tl1st 17:221 249

M111 11 I<. \ P 1986. M<11ing system' .11nnng h1mpcan pa"c1 mes a IC\ IC\\ lh" 128:2 '4 250

\I0'-1\l\t>. ,\ , M. s l \\1111\\IS , K J Rl<I, s I Bt<ll\l.\'-S, C C'<R' ~-.; ll\:\llll , Ci l~t'.. 111 '­R B l'Nl\IAl " · '"' R H RoBIUl i\\ x 1997 Rc'­l1>r3ll•l0 h1nlo~y· a p<lpulauon btnl•>g) pc!"l'pc<:ll\ c . Restur.111"11 L.:nlog) 5: !77 2lJO.

\lo-.1.1sG11, J . 1994 South\\C,tern \l,1lll>\\ l-l)<-lld1cr I '>'14 sUf\ C). Gila '-Jatiunal h•r•·~t. l npuhhshcd re­f<> I to tlw Gtl<1 '-Jatwnal Forc,t . StlH·r Cit) . 1'\I.

l\11H1 \ , \-1 . A JOO:?. Fn\lron111..:1ttal n1n1,1111111.1111' m su11ng.1tc hi1J, and lll'Cl'h 1nhati11111g 'mllh\\cstcm "1 Ihm ll)'l'atchcr habitat 111 ,\n1u11a . I ·111;d ••·pnn to Hurc.111 ol Rcdarnation. Phoenl\ , , \11111n;1. lJ .S . r ieolog1.:al Sun«.'} Colu111h1a hi\ 111>11111<'11tal Rl.'­,c.1rd1 Ccnier '" Department ol \\1ldltk .111d l·i,h­c11es S<t<'n..:c' lc.'\,ts l\&\1 l t11\ct~tl) . College St.1 ttun. I \: .

\10R \, \1 A In pre--. . H..-a') tnl'tJI ' .11111111c1.1lh11iJ, 111 egg "mrcnh :ind egg,11..-11, ol pa~scnne htnb lrorn \n11•11a. I .,, mmrncntal Pollull•>rl

\loRRt'-. () I • \'-II F. R. I 110~11',os, 111. I 'l'IX l · lklh "' h.1h1t.1t .111d 111\crtchratt• dcn"t) 01111hun<l.1n.:c .md for.1g111g hch;I\ 1<>r of Bro'' n he.1ckd <"<•\\ h1rJ, , 1\ul\ 11'\· '7<• '8)

l\tol{t<IS<l"· M I • I S I 1\11. II I Bo\111". \'-II J. W, C \I'< . J <)l)lJa 1999 Annual Kc:prn 1 fur the Chal­lenge C11'1 shar<' Agreement hl'l\'<'<'11 Cahlnrnw St.It•' Uni\ cr,tl)'. Sai:ramcnto, .md l 'SD.\ hue' I Ser­' ti:C , l.1h11c Nauonal hires! , rq;.udtng \.\.1111)\\ r l) ­c.11.:lwr monnonng. USD \ I «•re'' Ser' fl'<' '>•1..:r.1-111cn:u, C '\

\loRRISI>'- , \1 I. .. L <; H \I S !... ROlll'""' S I Ro111,111-.. D. C. H\ll'- "'' I R1<1t 1cd11ors1 I IJ1Nh. R..-,earch and man,1gem.·nt o the Brt>\\ n­hcatlcd C1mh1rd in \\Cstcrn l,111ch«1111: Srnd1.- 111

1\ \ i.111 B111IOI') 'Jo 18. CO<l)l<.'t Ornllholo!'t~al Su­CtC:I). C:unanlln. CA

M<>RKl\ll'-. M l.. 8. G t-.1 \RI ot. '"ti R. \\ M "'" "-· i •)98 Wtldhlc-habttm rclat11111,h1p': conn:ph ;m<l ,1ppltl<llton' l nt'cr,tt)' of Wi,erni-111 Pt•'" t-.1aJ1 ... 1111, \\,I.

M1110~1so,, t-.1.l • . "-D E. C. l\1t st o\\ . 1 •111 ' · Bird c•,rn-1nun11)' slntcturc in earl~-);!fll\\lh l'learcuh 111 \\l.',tcrn Oregon Amcn..:an \ltdland :-.<atur.11t ... 1 110 129 IJ7.

\1oNst. [) 11 I 11XO Pt1pula111m ltmitatwn hr..-cd111g or "intcnng grount1' Pp. 505 "i I Cl 111 A Kea'' .ind I . S '\.1orwn 1ed11or' l \11gr,111!'> in thc "-:l·ouoptl': ecology. hch.1\ tllr. d1,tnbu1mn and n•n,ena111>n Smtth,nnian ln,t11u1111n Press. \Va,hington l>C.

MORI<>'<. I:.. S 1992. What do \\e kmm ah<111t the fu ­tur<' ol 1111g1.111l landh11d,·1 Pp. 579 589 i11 J '\11 Ila gan. Ill. and () W John''"" (ctli1or'l h : nlng) and con,cn.1111111 111 ne111rnp1l'al migrant landh1rds . Smllh,oman 111,tll\ttton Pre". Wa,hingtnn, DC.

Mos '"'· S . I • \M> R. I . lit no. 191\2. In•· ct1c,1 of grating on th(" l.111d hm1' of a '"!'tern \lnnt.1na n panan h.1b1t.i1 . Pp. 2 11 2:n /11 J . !\1 . Pl'el.. a nd P I> Dalke 1..-J1tc1r,). \\ tldhlc· hv..-... w.:J.. r.:l.1111111,htp' ') lllf\l"'um· pn..:ccJing' 10. Uni,..-r,it\ of Idaho, Fore't .111d \\'tldltlc R.mgc lhpcrimclll 51.111011, \-1os ­

cll\\ . ID MR..v. I·. R . I' I WR1r,11<. ''ll l. M. H 1<<.t '"" · IW>7.

Elfl'l'I of dict.11 y '1ront111111 on reprodu(tl\e p.:rfrn manec ol thl' laying lwn. Pp 247 25.1 111 J M l.l' · n1harn. J. E I .11u1i1 , and J '\.I Martin (editor') St11111 ti um mctah.111,m. 1\.:.1demil Pre". Ne" 'lorl.. "<'I

\1l RP!n. \I I . llJ8 .1 Nc't 'u..:ce" and nc,111w h.1b11s ol F;..,tcrn K111ghtr11' a nJ other ft)~atchcr,. Cond•>r

S5:20X 219 \ltMR AY. () I 1994 Cuhl\,1ttng .:ri'1' . thl' hum.111

-.·u,1 (lf 1>.:'11c1dcs 111 l.11tin ,\menca t.;111' erst I} "'

l\:'\;I' Prl'ss, ,\u,un, I\: :-;11 nK. \1 , R .. 1· II. l'\XIO'- , \o,;n '\.1 !... So< 1• 1 l'>lJ8

B.mdin)! .ind lll<l\et11Cllh ol the s .. ulh\\c.',tern Wtl ­lo\\ I l~.;.t1d1l'I al Rrn1se\ch L.1kc .ind San l'edni Rl\cr/Gtla RtH'r lonlluenl'c, Ari/ona 1998 llSCiS hires! .111d R.mgt•laml 1·1.:osyo,1..-111 Sl tl"lll.C Center Colorado l'la1e.n1 held Station. Hag,tall ,\/.

r-;"' Mt xu o ))11• \K 1\11 .., r C>I G \\II \'<II l•tsll I 'JXX

Handh.>oJ.. ol ~Jll'<.:le' cnd;111~cn:d 111 i\C\\ Mc>.i.·o s.1111.1 I ·c. ['; \,\ t\\ \11x1to I '<'tRn..,\11:..-..:1 Dll'Al<l~llN I. J•>•Jl \\,11e1 4u.1lt1\ Jll< \\,tier pe1lht111•n control 111 ~C\\ \lcxt<o I 99" \,1111 l·c . :-.; '.\1

:-;, .... \11 '"«I l · '"-'ll"N'll '.'iT DLl'\RTME'-T 1<194 \\111<'1 ,,u.1hl) 1111<1 \\ <llC! \)<>llllll<•tt e<1ntrol 111 :-.;,." \lc;t>t<n, 1994 S.1111.1 I<'. SM.

.... l\\ Ml\llll [• o,;\IR<l'<\11''1 1)1p.\fll\11'-1 . 111<>11 ()11.11 it) .1"UIUll<C pwj.:cl plan for \\UICI 411altt)' lll:tll l!!l' mcnt pwg1,1111' Santa h:, NM

NI\\ \11:-.110 l~N\IR<>''"" Drr,Rl\111'1 . 2000 \\,11e1 4uality .111d w.ttl't 1)(1ll11t111n control in Ne" l\k\1<:1> l'N4 21Kl0 S,1111.1 l·c -..,\I

N1" !\It '11 o l''K'" R., 1-. 1'111.ttr. 21Kl0. l)t.tft l.rnd bird .:11n":n.1t1n11 pl.111 h>r the 'tat<' of :'l:ew \kxtu> \lhuq11cn4ue, :"'\-I

..., n \I . \1. 1'157 :-J.-,11ng 'u.:cc"' 111 .11tr1c1al h1rd .. .\uJ.. 74 : ,0"i '21

'•l "11 I · \1 , 1992. Bnmn·hcadcd C1l\\htrd sp.i.111 pattet11' 111 '"111he111 ( alifnrma riparian hahtt.ll \1 \ the"' \Jn Dtl'!"' \t;llc Univer,it). San D1cco ( 1\

N1s111 r. I C I 'l<l I Prohlems with Dan tl 1.:nlm hamh on Comnlilll kt 11' hand lo,,c, .tnd lool 11111111<'' North 1\111elll.m l31rd B<tnlkr 16;61 - 6'\.

Ncx>-.. B R lllX I lc.:hn1qucs for o,amplrng .1v1a11 h.th 11at,, Pp 41 '\:? 111 I) I Capen (ctlttnrl I he ll'•" ol multl\art.tll.' ,t,1ll,ll<' 111 the 'tudics of \\tldltk h.1h 1IJI. USDA h>rcsl Sen KC Gen. fc.:h R<'Jl . ~1\1 8 7

LITLR \I l RE CITED 201

l SD.\ Forc'I s,•n1,·c. Rod,\ :\l11unt.11n Fnn:'I .111J R.in)!L E'l'Crlllh'llt St.111011. l ·~>rt Coll111,, CO.

NOfl', B R . ll)Xh Bonmcln•· .1ppro.1d1e' lo mo<kl mg lhc n.•,e,ird1,•r ' 'ie" pornl l'p 197 :!ll:! 111 J Verner. \1. I •• :\l111ri,on. am.I C J R.1lph 11:d11or,1 \', 1 ldhlt! :!C){JO: modeling hali11.11 1,•la11t111,hip' ol l<'I rc,1n.1I \"Crl<'hr.1tl'' Uni,.:r'll) ol \\1,.:un,in 1'1,·"· ~bJ1,on, \\I

~oos. B R. AND\\ \1. Rt<X K l'l')(l \nal) t1,·.1I C1>1l· s1dcra11on' for stud) dc,1g11 SIU<il<'' 111 ..\' 1an Biol· og) I' . I :!<>-11'

"''*" ''· G R. ''r> D L. S11<t "El< 199.t. Bm,11111' llL''' the h.m.~ e"<'llllal,. Mo,h_y-Ye.11 Boole l11L' .. SI

:-<01<~1". RI "ll R. J RoBll<I"" 1975 N,·,t ­,c.ud1ing hdt.1\ 1or 111 the Rnm 11·hc.1deJ CoY. h1rd . \ul.. lJ:!.6IO 61 I

:-.:01<t ''' 'I.I J l<J</1 "IPSS lor \\111do"' ha'e ')'tclll u'cr·, gu1ul'. relc;1'< 6.0. SPSS. I 11, Ch1.:ago. II

No1<t 'I~. \I. J I <)IJX. "IPSS ba'e X 0 .1ppltcatio11' g111de. SPSS. Ch11.:ag<>. II

:-... . " L 19'1 \ I he rntlucncc~ ot m.11111g ') 'lt'lll .rnd o\crl.1ppi11g gcncrat11>11' ''" cftectl\<' J'<>Jlula11on "'c I \olutwn .t7 n2<t-41

0':\11u. R . \' l'l!N. Pcr'J'C•·t1H'' 111 c.:ologt.:al 1heo 1 ~ Pn11Lct 111 I 111\L'r"I) Pre". 1'11111.:eton 'lJ

Otll I NllOl<I. II \1 I) J. lhlll\l\N, ,\I, K. S\l"-1 \NII

I \\. A1 11~ 11 tt I 11Xo. IC rnh1) 11r11,· mortal 11} anJ ah 11111maltt1c' ot ll<jll:lli<. h1n.h: .tpp.tr('flt amp;Kl' ol se­lenium fr.>1111rng:itt•tn drJtll\\ilh:r Sc1cnl<.! of the lo 1.11 hn 1ronn11:nt -.2 49 t> ~

<>tl\l\l{t. R . D 111'14 l h.: cited~ ol human mdu.cd <.h.111gc' on the a\ 1t,1un.i ot \\c,1..-rn np<inan hah11at' Stud1c' in A\lan 1!111l11g) 15 27J ..:?85

Ot SOllO, 'J I. .. \SI> I· I "''-11'1 I 'IXh ~.nur;1lt1.1t11>11 ol Rus,ian-1>11\e 111 rhe \\C,t.:rn l 111tcd St.1tes. \\'c-iern Jount.11 ot Apphl'<I I ore,tr\ I (>) h'I

()RI LlO" DI PAIHMI "'I OI fot~Jt o\NI> \\ ILDLll l I lJ<17 Scn,1111 t' SJX•l i.•s I ''I. Or.:gon I k'p.11 lml'nl ot f.i,h ,1mJ Wildhk. l'o11l.1nd , OR

C 1111 "s· G H I 'lh'I On thl" C\ ohlllllll of 111,nin;; ') ,. l<.'nh m hml' and mammal' Amcn ... 111 1'a1uraltst 103 <.)-.!) .-11.n

01<1<, R I • A1'1l J 101'111'1 1971 Btrd~ t•f the I .11..<.• I .1hoc Rcg1u11 Calilc•1 n1.1 \c,1dc111) of s, 1.:n< l'l>, s.111 I 1.1nL """ (' \ ,

01< 11 "\, C . P. 1 •1<Jfi. Cowbmb nm.I orhci hm.,d pa1 ,1

snes. l 111\l·r,11) of ,\111ort.1 "'"''· luc"'"· AZ. Ol<llln\, C I'. J (" ()RllG\, \'II>,\ C!nz \<JllJ l sc

of .1nihc1.1I Brt)Y.11 headed CoY.bir.I egg';" .1 r<•tcn 11.1\ m.ina;;,cmcnt tnol 111 deternng p.1r<1,11t'm Journal ot \\1l1lhti: :\1111101g<'mt•r.t 5X 41\8 4 112

lh1tfl1<N, H . 1912. 1 .. -.11hopp.:r' .1tkl"11n;; <.crca1'. gr.iss cs. and forage <.'l<>Jl' USDA B11rc.1u of f:ntnmolug\, Bulk1111 no IOX <111\.:rnmcnt Pri111111g Otlice. \\,1~h -

1ng1011, DC. (l<iTR0,1..l.. ·J. I l'.'I Ol'I ') ( Sll\11<.A''l>f \\'

KOC:1'17. l'l'J'I ,\ g.:•>gr.iph < intorm.111011 ')~t•·m

111.:thod lnr L''l11na1111g home r.11l£<.' '11e. JoumJI ot WilJlik Management <>3:7.tli 755

01 \l!At. C. 0 ll)llX hill 'lOflll\CI bd1a,io1 ol Wilhm l•l)c.11<:hers ll'lflg .1 riparian c11rml11r in C:.:ntr,il C.1l-1torn1a. l"l•rth Aml·ncan Bud B.1111kr 2':11 " - 1 ~'

On,, D. L. A'll <I C. \\ 11111. 19'J<I ,\utocom:la111u1 11! locatmn c'llmates and the an.ti)'" ul rJut<>tr.1, 1.-

mg da1.1 Journal of Wtldlttc \1.magcmcnt h' IO:W -1()44

Ot TRlllG[, I' \I , A 'll A \1 SOii I It \\l\H I< I <l'I' Bio· auumul.mon .md tO\ll'olog) of mcl..el imph<-111<111' lor \\•Id 111a111111.1I' and btlll' J·.n\ 1ro11111<.·ntal R« \"tew' I 17' 1'17.

P \\It'll f ( 'C)()() Logi,11<· regre"1on· ll prillll'L Sagl'

Uru,, '''' Paper Serie' on (ju 111111atl\t' Appl1<.1t1on' m the .s .... 1.11 SL1cn,·c,: 7 I':! S<igc P11hltc.t111>n,, Thou,.1ml 0,11..,, CA.

P"1""'" c l·.R Fl>\\t1>su,,J , \\.Ro11<1;1 •. \I \\!. St \1"111< ,.,.., T. IJ :\1<( ' \1<1111 L 19911. Somh wc,tcrn Wilhm f'lyLJtt"hcr 111<18 ~ur \Ty and nc,1 momtonn!' l'l'l'llrt. \101wa111e .1ml Enuc1ngcrcd \Vild ­hfe Progr.1111 lc..:hmcal Rep11rt 141. An.r1•11.1 C.1111e and 1-'"h Dep.tnm.:nt. Pl1<><:nl\ , ,\Z:.

P\1< \fill< a.;, C I· • R. le lh\ JDSoN. J W. ROI R"-1. ,\I \\.'. Sl\l'I R. A.\\'. \\'\Rll 11, ""I. D. J\11 C\Kllll ). 2CXKI S11111lmc,tern Wille\\\ H).:<1tcher )91)1) 'llf\C}

and nc't monitoring report Noneaml' <Jlld I ndan ecrcd \\.1ldlttc Program lnhru<.·al Rcp1>rt l'il \ri .rori.t (iamc .111d f-i,h Oep.lflm,·111 Phoenl\, ,\/'..

PAR \()71CK. c. f • r D \le ( l<TitE). R. f. f) \\ f()SON, J. \\ , Ro11<1;1 \I. \\ 'it \1"11<, A'I> A B S\11111. :!OOI S•111tl1\\ .:'rem \\.din\<. I "l)l".llt:her :!CKKI 'lll \e) ,111J ne'l mo11111mng ll'l"lll Nongame and h1dan­gercd W1ldl1fc Program "li:drni,·al Report 175 ,\n-1ona (,.um· .111d 1-ish lkp.utmenr. Phoc111\, 1\Z.

l'\l<JSll, D B, "" J. C Cllt I ,ON llJ<IX l'.irrnt.tl rn­' c'tnu:nt. r<.'pmductl\ c 'ui.;i.;C'i' and (X>I) g) II) 111 th<.' Lap\\ 111g. I m111/1" •n111•ll111 Ammal lkh,I\ 1<11 ';(>:

1161 I 1117 I'\ I so111 . K , ,\,, ''I> D II W11111. I 992. H ICL"h ut

hah11a1 1111 ,I\ ia11 pnxlucll\ ii) 111 ah<indnnL'<I !'•'•"" or<.:hM<.1- 111 '<>lllhl'rn Ci('<ug1.1 Journal ot held Or­rutholvg) h '· 77 S5

r ... rn '· I) t I l)l)S R•p.man l"l"O~) 'terr.' pf 'cnu and :-.;1inh \mCfl«l t1i1er,1I) .111d human nnp.1cts \\ct­land, I X...t'li< 'i I.!.

I'\ I'll INI", I) W, C lJ J•1s1 II, "ll (i I \\.II CO\

198.J s11,·.1111h.111I. ,t,1h1h1.1t11111 techniques ll'l'd h) the S1>1I < on,l.'r1.1t11>11 Sen'"' 111 Cuhfum1.1 Pp 4~2 458 111 R. I W;uner and K \I Hcndnit kd1-1or'). l"ahfom1.i npan.111 sysi.ms: .:coloru • ..:onser \Jtwn, .111d p11K111.-tl\C 111anai,:< 111.:111. l Ill\ crsll) ut C:ihtornr.1 I 'll'~'· Bcrkl'k). (',\ ,

P\Xlo'l, I• H ..:?000 Mokd1l.11 g•·neli.: stnu:tu1111g .rnd Jcnmgrnpl11<.· hi,tnf) ot the \\illcl\\ H)l'.1tdwr (/Ill· p1d1111,I\ 1rc111/111. \l.S thc'ls Northern 1.\111011:1 Um­<.e1stt). Magst,ilt. ,\'l.

l'A\10'\, I· 11 • ~ \I I .Al\;< Rl!IG[ Mm :\I. " SOC.\1£ 1947. H,111Juw .mJ popul:mon gcnenc' ol Sm11h­...,e,1crn \\. 1llcm Hy,·;11dtl'I' 111 An1nna 111'17 Sum­ntar) Rep• >1 t I rsGS J ·mc't <1nJ Rangeland l·.L'<I')' tem S.:tl'n•·c Center. Color.1d,1 l'l.1tcau 1-rcld S1;i11011. Flag,t.111. ,\'/.

l'Ax,os, I~. I (h\I '\, AM> \I SOGGI t<t9h S<>uth­\\C,tcrn \\ tllo\\ Fl)<.:Jt :her '"'P"ll'e Ill cn1astroph1,· hah1tal l<hs I "i(1S Coh•r,1do l'la1c;1u Rc,c;1rd1 S1.1-1ion. Northern ·\ri11ma llrn1cr"I). Flag,tatt. AZ:.

l'\XlON, h II ., "'l> \i1 K S<><.·<;I, l<ll)6 Bandrng .111d populat11111 gcneu<.:' ol South\\t.:,tcrn \\'illm\ H)­catd1l'rs 111 \r11ona 1996 Summar) Re1x1rt. l 'iGS f-ore:.t .ind R.mg..:lanJ I <.<i-y,t.:m SdenLc < • 1cr. Cul1•r.11lu PJ.11eau Field Sr.111011. Hag,lalt, ,\Z.

202 STLDll:S IN AVIAN BIOLOGY NO. 26

P" 'f. R B I 998 Brood para,111,111 111 hi rd' '!rang­er' 111 the nc'l B1nSc1enn• 48 '77 186.

P1 \(H. \\ J, s B\11 Nil I l'l>IRlllU l<J91 Sun 1\al ol Brll1'h '>cJ •c \\,1rhlc~ A1 ,.,,. •·p/1<1/tn

Hhm·11bat1111' 1n rela11nn 111 \\c,t African 1.11nl.all. lhi' ''~:100 ,05.

Pt ARSO,, I. 2002 Pol}l!} n~ .111d ntr;i-p;11r p<llc1111l} 111 a popul.111011 ol Soulh\\C,tcrn \Vill1l\\ I l)1.'.1h.:hcr' (/.mpu/011<11 ft 1.tlt1 t 11u1110> \1 S 1he'1' ~1•1lht"rn

Ari1ona l 111\cr'll)-, Flaf'l.111. \Z Pt \SI. C. \1.. \"-I> J. ,\, GR/Hlll\\,i.;l. 1995 ,\"cs,111g

the c11n,cquc11..:e' of brood p.tr.1'111'111 <iml nc'l pre Jat1on 011 'C"'nnal fccundll) 111 pa,,crinc' hi1d' Auk I I~· '4' Hl 1

P11 R. B D. ""' <; G S1 \I'. 1 <J99 P.tr.1'111\nt and egg punllurc h. h,1, or h) B10111cd .111d Bro\\ 11-h1.•,1d­ed ctm h1rd '>tud1c, in \' i.11 H111log) IX .?.':' 240

PlRl\I\"-, R I) \'1> J. F. !-..1 ' ' 2000 The 11\11,111111: em imnmcmal h1'l<>r) ol S11u1lrnc't Wallo~' I 1)­catdicr hahll;tl: a 'urvc) 111 di.111grng nparn111 <1111-dition' tluough lune. Pp. ~°' U 111 D. l\1 . hnd1 111<.I

<; H Stoh:~un CeJ11or' St 1111,. cn•log) and «•n,cr­' au on ol the Snuth\\\:,,c rn \\ 11!0\\ l •I) u11d1cr. LSD·\ hirc't Scn1c... Gen k~h Rep. R\1RS GrR 60. l SDI\ 1 orc't Sen1n· Ru1.k) \1ounta111 Rc,c.in:h Siali<•n. < l!;'d<.'n l T.

P1 Ill. L. J I 'II) I. fo:l.pcrinwn1ally 1mlu<.:<.'d pol) g) II) in a 111unoga11111u' h1rd 'J:IC<.:IC' l'm1honn1or) \\'.11 hler' .u1d th<.' pol) g~n~ thre,hold. Bcl1.1' mral 1.,·ol11g) und Socmhmlng) ~9 177-1 S7

1'11111 rPS. 1\ R 11148. Gcogr.1ph1, '.1na11011 111 f 111111

dmun 11,11/111, 1\uk 65 507 <il4 Pllllllf'S,A.,.l . M\KSll\11. \"-l>Ci Mo,so:-.o. l•J(w llw

hird' ul i\r1111na llnhc1'1l\ 111 Ari1ona Pr<.'"· l'u1.·­"m. \/

1'11,~. J J) P1111<.1<1'1. I. Il l\'' "'" R. Z1 Mlll\I 2002. I ca,t lkll ' \ire<" and S< I"' .tan W1lhl\\ H) l'at<.:hcr' 111 Pr 1Jo Ba,111 ol th. '> Illa \11.1 R1H•r ''a­rcr,hcd CA Prepared lor 111< Or.111)!<.' C.mml\ W.11,•r Disln«l. h1uma111 Val Icy. (',\ and th<.' ll S I ''h .ind Wildlik S··r \ 11.'C, (\1rhh.1d ( \

P1i.;1 , J D P• 111<.1<1'1 ') R1''Plll,, "'Tl I II 11\\s 1999 llw st:11us a.id 1na1 gc111,·111 ut th,• l.c.1't Bell', Vire•• and S11ulh\\c't<.'rn \.\.1110\\ H)l"atdicr \\llh111 the Pr.1du B,1,111 C;ilalor111.1. I <JX(> 1999 Pr, p.1red lnr the Or.mg<.' C. nunt) W:11,·1 l>1't11<.'t. h1u111.011 \,al ley. CA. ll s Arm) Curr, "' I 11g111C<.'I'-. I Cl\ ·\11 gele' D1'lrlll I .n, Angc·I<.',, C1\ LI ~ I "h .111d \\ 1ld life Sen 1c·c:. { arhhad C \, .ind ( alil<•rm I kp.1r1-ment ol h'h and Game S.1u.111ie11111. (. ,\

l>it..:'. J. [) I'll "' ,fl"I. '> R ''' >' JJ..,, \"-I> I. 11 I Ill's 20<K). fh< ,1 Hu' and man 1r.:111ent ut the Lc.1,1 Bell'' Vireo and South\•C~tcrn W1lhm H)c"atd1c1 \\llhlll the Prado Ba, in Califor111a I ll86 2CXXI. 1'1 cpa1 cJ for 1hc 01.111g<.' C'nunty \.\',1tcr D1'tncl. h1un1a1n \al­k). C \ t · S. , \mi) Corp' <•I I ng111eer,, L<" \n­gcle' D1'1f1Ct, ' "" ,\ngcks C \ l 5 FJ,I• tnd \\ 1ld life S<.'r\1.:1.• Carl,had. C \ .• 111<.1 C alrlvmi.1 Dcp.1rt­ment nl !·1,h and Game S.1tr.1111<.'11to C \

P11o.1. J .. D Pl 111<;R1'I. V S\11111. "" l R II" s. 1997. 111c ,l.1tu' and man.1!;'Clllc111 of the I ca'I lklh Vireo .111d the 'iouth"c'tcrn Wallo" f·l~t.11d1c1 111

the Prado B.1"11 Califorru •. l'IXh 1997 Prc·p.ucd tor the '\atur<.' Con,<.'n anq. 0 111 •c ( <•Unt) \\ .11c·1 D1'­tni:t. FountJ1n Valle). (',\ I S \rn1) Corp' ol l ·n-

!'lllC<'t'. 1 "' An!!t:lc' D1,t1in. l "' ,\ngclc,. CA. l S I ,,h .ind \\.1ldlrlc Scn1.:c. Cnrh!>.1d, ( \ and C'.11 l11rma Departmcnl ol f-1,h ;md G.11nc, Sai:ra-111,·111<1, ('\

Pl'I t, It \\ , \\' \\ S\UI 11. \"-ll C. R. \\'1 R..,t11(1t

1991 i\lhcrta hirib. 11171 1980. v11I 2. l'a"crine,. Prm 11i.·1al Mu,<.'Llln 111 ,\lh<.'rta Nalur al I IJ,tnry Oc '""1011.il l'ap<.'r '" )(), I ·dmonton \ B

Pol\1,, C .. "> D \ Rott 199\, [)1,111hu11on-free <ind rohu't 'ta1i,l1t.1I 111e1hcl<h. 'i.1hk• .1hcrn.111\ e' to

p;1r.11nctnc 'tau,11..-,' I •olog) 74 1617 lh2X. PRI st 011, 1) R. C llJXh l'ol~!;')ll} 111 lh1.• \\.111011 Fl}·

•·a1d1cr Condor 88:.185 18(>. PRt s< 011, D. R. C 1'187 lc1111onal r<.',pnn'c' Ill 'ong

pl.1) h.rd, 111 .1llnpaln< .1110 ') mpatric pop11l,111ons ol AIJ<r (/ 111p1d,111<1\ a/1111111111) ,111d \\ illm1 (/. trm/111)

fl)tatd1cr' \\'ihon Bullcun 99:611 ol<J Pllr'l1111 I> RC. \>;t> \I \ . \l11>1>1[1U' 1988

Fced111g 111nc mini11111.111011 .111<.1 the l<.'ntto11al hch<t\-1nr ol th<: Willo" l·lycal1:hcr (Fmpi,/1111111 1r111//1i).

Aul\ 10'.'\ 17 28 PRI '1<>\, K I .. \1 \ (iR1'1t\\fR, \"-ll I' J, \1rx·1'

199X Cuhlorma Gnattalchcr ''"'',1lr1a11un ht.-ha\ 111r. \\e,tl'm Bmh 29.2">X 2hX.

PR011~ l, I> L 1999 I h1t•,111.:11ed and cnd.mgcr<.'d li,hc' ul N1•11 ,\1t::-.1co. kd1111L1l R<.'pon No I Ne" Me' i..:o lkpar1111cn1 of (iamc .ind f'1'h , S.1111a l·c . NM.

Pt< m, (', A, "'" D H f\hRSll'll l<J1H Orel,!On \\ 1ldhle Dl\<.'NI) Pl.in. Oregon Dcp.11t1111•111 ol f'i,h .md \\ 1ldhlc, Ponlaml. OR

Ptu fl ~I, II R. llJX~. Suur1.·c,, '111"'· .111d pnpul<111un reg11la11011 ,\111c11. ,111 '\i,llur .111,1 I 1:? o'i~ 661

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p, t [ I' I 1>'>7 ld.:nt1hc.111011 gu1Jt: h> ~orth i\mcncan Brr<.J, f'.1r I Slatc C1ecl.. Pre", Bolrn.1'. (',\

R ""· ,\ llJ7X. \ r.1tl111 11.msm1ttc1 .111.1d1111cnt lor "n.111 p.1"c1 inc h11t1' B11d Bandin~ ·1'1.12<> '·'2

R \I 1·11. C. I . 1968. I lw h1ol11g) ul the w,·,te1 n 1 ly­..:.11d1,·r .11 Point Rc•1cs 1'111nt R1.')c' Bud Oh,<.'na l<>r) ~,.,"k•tter Ill 5 7

R \I I'll, C J 191\ I \gc rntu" .tnd their l""''hlc U'C 111 dc1c11rnnmg au1u11111 route' <•I l'•"'<.'11111.· migrant,_ W 11"111 Bullclln 94 l ll t I XX

R \I I'll, C'. L G. R (;11 1•11. P P'1 I· l . I· M,\Kll'. \"-ll I) I· IJi S "I J I <)<1', I l,mdh1ml.. <•I h<.'ld 111c1h od, lor 111n1111<1rin,• l.111dh1rlh. CSD \ I 111c'1S<.'n11.·<.', C 1cn kth Rep. P\\\ Ci IR 1-4 l \I>\ I nrc't Ser­""' R<.'dl\l•oJ S..:1u1cc'i I A1h.1ra111r) \rL.1t.1 C \

R\11°11 .C J. '" J \l.S10111cd1tnr,, 1991 [,11-

ma11ng numh<'r' ol 1crr..-,1n.il h1rd,. '>1ud1c' 111 A'1an Biolog) No. 6. Cm1p1.•r 0111i1holog11.·al \11<.'1<.'ty , Cam­arillo, C'1\

R\\l'XR I 1'1 .?001. llw Ran1'ar h't nl \\Clland' ot 111tcrna1111nal 1111po11.111 ,. Bureau ol the Con\ entmn nn \\cll.1nd,. (il;1nd "" 111crl<1nd l Rl http.// ram,.<r.nrg/'ltCJi,1.d'" '"r"on 20 lk.:cml't"r 2001

R "11. /\ 1 .. "" 1\1 A Ill \HOK. ll)).t f\l.111ual tic la' ,I\ cs de El Sal\ adn1 l l111vcr,i1} ot I I Sal\ adnr. San Sal\adur. LI '>.11\ador

R \l'I I, J H - L s \101< ""· "ll ,\1 ,\ R "'"'· I <J<J.! Dcn'll). philop.llr) •• md JX>pulat 1<111 c,timate' l11r '"ngh1nl 1111grn111' \\llllenng 111 \crat:aut Pp.

Lil ER,\ Tl RC C ITH) 203

1'7 '.J.J /11 J. 1\,1 ll ,1g;u1, Ill. and D. \.\ Jolrn,1011 (cdllm\) f,l'Oiogy illlll t'Ol1\l'l\alion of 11Clllrtlp1l<li 1111g1.1111 l.111dhirth S11111l1'1111i;111 Jn,111u111111 Ptt'"· \\,1,h1ng111n. DC

I{ \11111', R. [) 19X2 ,\ lllt'otdll\\ ''le da"1t11:at1on for the Su.•rr.i ~e\ aJ.1 C.1hforr11a l SD\ f , rc't '>cr\l~e !Jen led Rep (;IR I'S\\ hi l SI)\ I <•rc'I Ser \ICC, Pauli• South\\c't I <•rc't .1. d R. occ t· xpcn lllt'lll St.111011. Alh. 11\ , (' \

R\11111, R. D . 198~. :\k,1d11\\' 111 the Sa~rra ;>;l·,:1da 111 C'a l1 ln1 n1a: '!ale 111 kn11\\ lctl!!e l SDA hHl''I St•1 · 'tl'l: Clcn . Te..:11. Rep (,IR PS\\-84 LSDA h>rt.''1 St·r' ll'l'. Pac1h..: S11uth\\t''t h>rt''l <llld R<tn ''<' l•\l'ICI 111 111 S1.111on. \lh.111) . CA

R t\11111 . R D . :I.I. R CitORGI . ''I>::,; K \11 -l~Jlt .. \ll>. 1987 \l.111.1 •mg 11,c,tod; gr.111ng 1111 111..-.1do\\' of C'.1hfo1111.1's Su~rra ::-:e, .1da .1 111.111.1ger­u,c1 •u1dc. l 111,er'1I\ of C' 1hh1rnia Coopcr.1t1\<' I •\ · te1i-111n Leaflet 21-121 .

R", S M 190' Land h1i.h of Lake Valk). C'a Auk '0 IX 'i

R" . S \1 191' S11111c furtlll'r 111>1e' on S1t·rr.111 hl'ld "11rk ( 11nJor I~ I 'IS .:!IH

l< t \IS[' J. \ ., JR 1117;-- Bird specie' of 'rcual "111 cern 111 C'Jhlorn1a C.ihfornm lkpanmt•nt ol f 1,h .111J (i.1111c , \\ 1ldhk \l.m,1 '<'lll<'nl Di' 1,1011, \dn1111 l\1f,1t1\<' Report 7X I. C,1lth>rn1.1 Dcp.mmcnt ol 1·1,h .11111 (i;11nc. sa~l.lllll'lllll, ( ,\ ,

RI '"Ol l l,, I. D .. \\Ill .I . w. I \11\l>RI. 1990. llllll' 111• l<'I'\ ,11, flu c't11nat111g p11111ghorn and l'll)llll' h11111c 1.111gc' .md dad) 1111nc111t·111' Journal •>I \\ ildltfr I\ l.111.1 gcmc11t 5-t \I h ' 2.Z

RKT: , \\ R llJl>lJ . ,\11.il ) 11ng t.ihJ.•, ol ,1.111,11c.1l tc ts h olullun .t' 22.:! 1 2225

Rt1 >C1lt \ , R S . ''ll J (,\\,NNI l•J8<J . A guide to the lmd' 111 Panama "uh ( us1.1 Rl<'a , Nit.1r.1g11.1 , .111<1 ll11mh11." Prin..:ch•n l llf\<'r,11\ Pre". l'nnn'hlfl , NJ.

R111<.1 I\, R <;. ·\"II Ci. It POK I <Jl)-1 ·1 he hi11b 111 St>uth \rncrica \11l11111t• 11 thl' Suht1'llllt' l';is,,•1111<'S. l 111\t'r"t} nl fc, l'rcs ' ,\11,1111. TX.

Roi1111s\ C s . J \\ 1·1 r1. 1•A rRt< 1.. ''-D I' B 1 IAstrt 19'1 :! \ "ar hlcr m 1r11uhlc I> mlrou:a < rnt/, a Pp '\49 562 111 J \\ 1 IJgan, Ill , • nd 0 ~ JohnMon (editors) bcol11g) und lllll'if.'n.1111111 <II 11t•ot1•>p1,,1J 1111gr.111t l.111dh1nl' S111t1l1'0111.111 1n,111ut11>11 1'1c", \\,1\11111~•1<111. DC.

1{1111111!'.s 'i 197-1. I he \\'1l lov. .mtl ,\Jdc1 ll)~.1kh1·r,

111 \\ 1 . .:nr1'in a p1 eltnunar\ de'' nption 11t sunrnwr r 111gc. f';i"cngcr P1g c1111 \() In 15~

ROHLRl"'O'· I • 1997 I <J(1h lll\• h1rd l'llntn>I progr.1111 I S Bureau of R«cl.1111.111110 . \lbuqu«rquc \rc.1 01 hcc, Alhuqm:ryuc. N\I

R OntNSON, S . K I <)<N Co\\ bird C'cnlog) : follors nt f,•c 1111)! the ahund.1111. c a nd d1,1nh111iun 111 c1m hml~ St11d1''' 111 \ qJn B111log) IX· l 9

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of nco •'PKal mig1.1tnr) bud' l 'SD.\ I ore't Sl·r­\ lc' c Gc.:n kl'h Rep :'-I 229 l SDA h>rc,1 Sl'l\l•C Rnd;\ J\1ountJ111 Rc,t•.11d1 ~1.1111>11. hm C11ll111,, ( 0

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and ht!h.t\ 101 of nw.bird' and 1he11 1mpau on hn' I population, , l'p. -128 -160 /11 1. l • M:1nin and D. M Fim:h Ccd11or') h:nlogy and 111an.1gc.:rnc.:n1 o t nco­tmpllal 1111gr.1llH) h1rd,. ()\ford llnl\er'll} Pre.:". :\.:" Yrnl;, N'I

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Rosr "ll' Re. , K V. \Nt> R J. C'<><>PI 1< llJ'IO ·\pproach cs to a nan d1t·1 analysi,. Stud1.:' 111 \ \ 1an Bio log) 13:80 IJO.

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R1n11sTE1~. S I 197.'i.t. An C:-\pt'nrllt'nt.11 .md tclc:o no1111t· nn c,11g.11mn nl a\ 1a11 hroo<.I p.ir.l'lli,m. Con· dor 77 250 271.

Ront>nl'. s I 1•17'ih. E'olu111111ar) rntc' .ind ho't <klc.:n't'S ng.1111'1 a' 1.111 t>rooJ par."111,111 1\mc.:rican Nat11r.1Jt,1 1119 lhl I 7h.

Ro 111s111,. S I lll77. Ctl\\bird par.hlll,111 and egg n:<.:0gn1111111 111 the Northern Onuk' Wib11n Bulletin 89:21 '2

R<1llhlTI~. S I 1'17•J. Ht.:"' nl h.111d1ng nn the laf'\U' of the \\ h11c-cnl\\ncJ Sp. 1ro\\ Bird B,mJrng 50. 2-1.t 251

Ro n1sn1:.. S I llJS7. Reha\lt•r.11 thllcren~e' .1111ong '"" .mtl .1gc d.1"c' ••I the Bro\\ n 1> .. -.1ded C•l\\ bird .md their l<'i,11111n 111 thr: clhc<1~) ol ,1 nmtml pr<> gr.1111 \\ ilM111 Bid k11n lJ<).,122 '\7

Rom"1 "· S I J•J1l-I I he 13n1"1l· hl'.tdt•d Cowbird·, in' a'lnn 111 th« I a1 \Ve,t hi,1111 » t'.tll'C' and con 'equc11<c' <."XJ'< ncncctl t>) h1"1 ~pcci<'S Studu.•, 111

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di!Cmc.:111 ho'I popul.t111•11 rcgulal1<>n 11ntl c.:llon' to '·I'<' endangered 'fl<:'Cle, . Pp '2' ~ \2 "' J :--.;, \ 1 S1111th , I I CooJ... , S I Ro1h,tci11 , S K R11h111\on . .md s (j s .... 1) (nhllll\) . l:c·nlog) .11al m.1nagemen1 of cm' h11d' .111d lhl·1r ho,i-. lJn rV<' r "tY of Texa\ Pre". 1\u,1111, I :\:

Rlltlt~ll IN , s I . '1.1 . ,\ 1101 \IGRI " · \\ R . "'KRI "· JK . "1> P \\ l 1IJ I" 1999 \1Jn.1gcmcnt recommcn dawm' a 11d opponun111cs. Pp 211 I 220 111 \I A H1•lmgrc n a nd I' \\ ( olhn' {..-J11t1r') IJ1,tnbu11on and hah11a1 1"'" wtmn, of''"' ~pcc1,1l cnn,·em b1rJ '('IC•lt'' ill V11ndc11hcrg Air h11tc B ,1,l', Sunta Bar t>ara C11u111y. C.1h l orn1a. Lm\Cr'11) of C'ahfornia, Santa Barh.11.1. 1\111,cum n l Sv,1cma11i:' .tntl Ecology. l:nv1ronml'llt;1I R..-port r-.o. 7

Ron1'11 " , S I . to.I \ , P \t 11 ' · '"' K (' l·u 1scHl·R 2002 Phy logcny. s1><:.:1ali1atwn, .ulll hnK>d para,tlC· hn't t:O<'H>lt1111111 'mne po"1t>lc p11t,11f, 111 pal"1-mony Bl'li.l\ml 11 L .. ology 11·1 10

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Rom'>lll' S I J \'tRNlll, A'>ll I S1i\1:-.,. llJXO. R.mge e\pan,11111 and d1urn.il d1.llll!C' in Jhpcr ... um ot the Bnmn heatkJ ('tmh11d m 1hc Sierra 1'e\ada Aut.. 97::!51 1(17

Ro111sir1.., , S I J V1 ll'l·H, ,..,11 I.. S11 \I"'· 19X-I Rad111 tral·t..111g c.:onhrnh a 11n1que d1111nal panern of 'pa11.il 1>c.:c.:un<:1ll'l' in th.: par~i...1111· Rnmn·headcd Cowh1rJ. l•c.:nlogy <1'5·77 XX

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Om11holng) .l I ~7 185 Ro11<a..1.J W. l I> l\l<C'-\Hllll,,R I [h\111'0'. ''ll

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S l\t\11. \ 1\ 11199 lmpur1.111C'e ot ,p.111.11 ,,·alt' to hah11a1 u'c h) hr,·cJ111g hmb 111 npa11an lt1r<''" .1 h1erar

ch1l:.il .in.ii)''' I :colog11 al :\lonogr:iph' 9: I '5 151. S.\KAI, H I· l'IS7 Rl''Jl"ll'C of llam111011J', ,md \\e,I·

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S \I \I \, I . I <JXO SI.till' .ind J"111hu11nn ol the I e.hl Bc1J', V1rco, C.unp P1·11dk11m !\1.mnc Corp' Ba,c, 1980. I nput>li,hcd rqlo11 10 l S I ''h .md \\1IJhte Scn1<c, h1J.111g1•rcd Spcc1<'' Olht:e, S.1,r.1111cn10.

( \ S\11 \\ . R .. ,..,ll J R S"1 r 1976. I hl' h1rd, ol Al

hcri.1 "1111 1hc1r 1.111i:1•s 111 S.h~.11dit:<\a11 and \1,1111 1nh;1. I lurug l'uhl"h'''' hlmonton, AB

S.\ I 11 RT. W .. vw I) St 111 I \llOH1' 1979 M.11n1a1111ng ,uul hrn•1hng a\lll"CI' al th<' Rh111c /.on l1111:ma1iunal /oo Yc.11hoo~ 111 14 ~ It'\.

5 \\lll I M () ., \'II 'I.I . R ht 11 R 1994 \'. ildlite ra­uiotele111ctr) Pp '70 '118 111 I \ Bool.lmut (et.11-tnr). Re'c~irc:h .1ml 111a11age111en1 1c:drn1quc' for" du· hie .int.I hah11.11' hllh ed I he W1ldhk S1,.;icl). Be­

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mcnt al fon I h>otl , ''''·" 1999 annual rcporl. Thc :-;a111r, (.m .cn;inc:o of fc\.i,, Fun Hood, TX

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SI.A• . <.; (, 1911::! Rentu\ .11 ul \ dlo\1 \\.irhkr egg!> 111 .t"<I<: 1.111<111 '"'h .:<m h1rtl p.ua,111,111 ConJur '14 -10 5-1

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SI'""· D E. "ll R \ . P<>\\111 l'J91> 1\n e\alu.1· lion ol thc ·"' uraC) ol i..,•rn,·I den"!) c'11mawr' tor h<nne r.mgc .111.11) '"' h·olng) 77·207.., ~OX5

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Su \I k\l\,, B W. 1'186 Den"I) c't1111.1111u1 l1>r ,1,111s llt:' .11111 d;11.1 anal)"' Chapman a111l I lall, 1 undnn. llK

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S\11111. J. N. M 1 '1911 I he ha"' 101 t:ll\dlml ma11.1gc 1111:111: 1111\l ,c·k·,111111 1111palh on host\, ;111d .:11tc11,1

lur 1,1lm1g manag.:111.:nt .1..:tion Studi.:s 111 \\J.111 B1-ulog) IX: I 04 I OS

S\11111. J 1' !\1 . I I . Com., S. I l<on"n ''· S K ROBl'\0:-\, A~ll S Ci SI Al' (editor') 2000. l.colog) nnd management of co\\ hml' and tht'1r h<>-t l 111

\l'r,11y ul !..:''" l'rcss, \u,t111, 1 X . SMmt. J ~ \1. \ 'I 11~1 lo\. "D R . \lo'''· 1'1:-;?

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S1><><01 • :\I K 2000.1 B 111thng .ind i;cnc11,· ,,unpl111 ol Willn\\ l ·l\l·;it,hcr' 111 Nonh Carolina· 2000 lfrport tn '\orth C.m>hn.i \\ 1 ldhlc J(c,our<c' Co111n11"111n l'SGS h11 c'I and R.1ngcl.111d f·i:o'Y'lem Sc11:ni:c (t'ntl'r ( ol111,1d11 l'f,11<-.111 I ll'ld Stauon. l ·Ltg,t.1'1. AZ

Sor.v~. \I. K 2000h Brce1hng 'ea,on ec<•l11i:} l'p 57 70 111 I> \I I mth .111d S 11 Stok-011 tnhton.) S1atu•. ccolog). and con,cn.1111111' th, <; ith\\C,t· ..:rn \\ 1110" Fl)< ·••cher l S(),\ I orc·,1 S n ce l oen fcch. Rep R\ll<S {,I K 60, l SD.\ Int no11nt:11n Rc,<'.1rch ~t 111,111 <>"<fen. trr

SOG<.I, \I. K . ANIJ R :\\ MARSHl\l l 2000 A 'Uf\C) ol nurent hrecdmg h.1h11;11, Pp. 41 <;(> 111 I> !\1 hnd1 ,111d S II Stolc•,1111 1cd11t>r'J St.HU\, t!<.:olog\, ,1ml c·1•n'<'r '<Jl11>11 111 1tw S11111h\\e,tl'rn \\.'11l1l\\ I h rntch.:1 l JSD,\ h11c't Scr\1,·c CJcn. r.:d1 Rep RMRS Cd R hO lJS[),\ h1rc't Sen ice Rod;\ \lnunt.un R<·-c.nth St;1t111n, Ogden. U I'

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S1 v.R. ( ,\., "I> \1 I /\101<1<1so' 1999 \1.1n.1gmg

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Sf \I l'ORI>. M () , '"" B I . VAt "n-.1 19S'i. A prc­hmin:tr) r..:port on the brulogy 111 lhc \\ 1lhm f·l) ­l'at\'h.:r 111 the Ccntr.11 Su:rr.1 Nc,.1da C".11-Nc'" \\ rlcJhk 1 rnn,ac1111n' I 'IS~ St .. 77

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S11f'."'· R ,\,II I. BD\lllA, , A!'.I> 1 \1 B "!)" 2001. \\1ll1m H)•'.ttdl<'I Pp 141 l'l'i /1 \1crr.1 Ne vacJ.1 hircst l'l.m ,\111c11d111,•n1 l 111.tl I "' mmrnenta1 lrnpa<t S1.11.-111..:111. '"I 3. ( h '· 1'.1rl 4.4 l SI),\ I orc't Scr\lll' P ... 111, S11utlmcst .rnu lnter111nunt.11n R.:g 101i- \,,, 1.1111~11111. (.',\

Su''· R ( I 'Ill' 1,ulu1111i:. 111cdi.1111'rn' hc•t\\ecn pop­ula111111' 11f l1.11IJ', I ly«1td1cr l'W<'Cl'dmg' of the Aml'rtl':tll l'h1lo,orh1<·.1I St><iet~ 107. 21 .'iO.

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a 'ynor'i' of th<' genera ol Nmth\\c,tern t\meril'a Or.: gun St.tic Uni\ er"" C 111\ all>,, OR

Snc f..t 1 . l I I 'l:'i4 . ,\ c.:0111pari,w1 of l'ertam rncthnlh ul mca,unni; r.1ngl'' ol ,mall rna111111.1k Journal of l\farnmalog;. 1.'i I I'\

S 1111 '· F. G ., ''t> A I Si 11c11 191\9 A guide to the hird' of C1l\ta Rt<ol ( urndl lJnl\Cr'H) Pre", Ith.Ka. :";'t .

STOLi SI,, S II \ \,,, AIKl\, I>. ,\1 f•I'< ll, f l\ICC.\~1111' J l Hll\I<\, "ll \1 J \\111111111>.

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S1KO\IRI RC.. J ( llJlJ~ hc•11111nt <'<>11011\\0t>d (i1>t>d ding "tll<I\\ riparian hue,1'' ,1 re' t<'" of their c<ol­ogy. threat,, .md l<'Co\\'r) Jl<'ll'lllt.11 Jnurn.11 111 the An/tin.1-N\'\ ada A<.tdl'ill) ol Sct<'ll<"e '.:!h:'l7 110

Sl R0\1111 R<.. J C. \ l)l)X I>) 11a11111.' nf I rcrnont c.:011011 -'"''iJ (Pof'ulio (1{111r1111111 ,111d tit .i:d.u (/11111c11r• cl1111t·11•1\I p.>pul.1111111' 11long ti< S 111 Pedro RI\ Cr. ·\n/1111.1 Jmu nal of \ntl I n' 1r 11 1 c111 ·lll· I'' i '\o;

S c1111t: 1<' . B J. \1 I 'J1J7. I ff eds ol fcrnak cm' hm.I r mo' al 011 reprodul11\c sunl'~~ ol llnodc<l \\ar

hlcr, . \\ ""'ll Bullctm IO'l 7 t s I S\\Al<TH. fl. S 11Xl-t Bud' of the llu.1d1<11;a \1oun-

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S\\ r I I\\ \ 11 I! A I 11 IORll L :?O<P I 11d.111gl't ••d 'Pl'llC\ mllllllllr ing rep<111 1111 th<' S\\ C•'t" .tll'r Rcwl\ nir ll.1b11.i1l\fonag.-111c:1111'11>gr.11n 11ntl l rh.111 Runott Dt · \<.!r'lon ';\,tem. Ph·1,<' 11. Pr.-p;ul'tl h\ I' hunlllJru for tli< L S l·.-h .ind W1ldhk Sl'r\lll' Carl,hau.

C·\ St'\klJ, R . C. l'IS9. R1p.m.111 h•re't and ''rul>l.md c.:0111 -

muntt} I) l'l'' t>I 1\rt/011.1 .me.I ~<'" \k\1<'11 D.-,cn Pla111' l) 70 I 1l\

Tn1. J .. J1< 19h7 Ctl\\htr<l rl'ltl<>h'' \\,1rhkr ne,1h11g lrom ne't. , \ul; s4 4.22.

Tt:1<1<0RC.1i, J . 1989 \\here h.1-.· .111 thl' h1ru' g1>nc' Pnnc:eh•n l rH\ er,11) Pr<''s· Pnn< chin, :-o;J

fE\\K\l<lll,,J . J. , 1.l..\l\1<11-.:,S J . ll1u , IS R11>­

~"'· A't> f' .1 . \\'111111 R. l9ll9 C«mh1rus 111 .1 ""'l· t:rn \:Jlle} clll'd' of l.111d,~:11...: 'trndurc, \t:i:ct.ttwn.

l.111 R \TL RE CITED 207

.111d 111"1 lkl1'1l\ 'itud1c' an ,\ \ 1.111 Bmlng) I X.2' 'J

I 1111 m t\11>. I' I..: • A 'I> H . " · B \R 111:-; . 1 •1xx :\lup ,ho\\ mg .1111Hnalo11' umn:ntrat11H1' ol /Ille, '1l\c1, .11111 111011» 111.111g.111e'<'. hanum and '1rnn1111111 111 ''rl·.1111 '''lhlll\'111 aml hc.i\) -mint:ral \«>n,·cntr.11\' I rum p.1rh ol till' Aro and l ukc\ rllc I X2 quallrangll·'· \11/011:1 l J S (,,•0Jog1<.il Sunc) , Demer, CO

I llll\I ' ' · J W. Cl'd1ton. 1979 W1ldhlt' h.1h1t11t' 111 man 11£l'd lorl.'•I' thc Blu.: ".tuunt.1i1i- nt Oregon .ind \\,1,h111g1<111 l SD,\ Agriculrur.rl ll;1ndhoot.. No ~5.' \\a,Junglon, DC

I 1tml\,, I . J l l ""'. J .... Dr RI!' . s I Bl C'K

L '"'" )) I • BORI llER\. [) R ,\..,Ill R'iO .... K p BLR'""'' · s S1Rr,1>t1ER1,. s 1 1tr1>11, , \1 1 Bl RI , I. I C \I \RQl I'· J fl Po11 .AR1>, ''ll R ~I. f·f:\\' 111!. l'NX. Program 01,t.mlC ' <; Rew:trd1 l ' 1111 Im \\ 1Jdltk Populatwn ,\"c'"ucnt. lint H"r· 'II) ol St ,\ndrc\". L K ·\ \ .1i lahlc: 1111 p:I/\\ \\ \\ rll\\f';t '' .ind.al'.ut../dhtancc/

T11t1\11•-.11-... I· R ., Ill. 1994. lcmporal ,111d ,p.111al pat ­lt'rn' ol htl'l'dtnj.! Mm\\n-hcatk•J ( 1)\\ hml .. in the m11hn·,tcrn lJn>tl'd '>talc' Aul- 111 117•> 1NO.

I 11(1\ll'MJ);, I· R • Ill '""'' \\'. D Du'" .:!CXXI l>tl la enle' Ill 11111\ClllClll,, homc r.mge .• 111.t h.1h11a1 prcl ­l'l'Cll(CS 111 tcm.1lc Bnm n-hl'allcd Co\\ h1rd• Ill three m1d"c'1crn IJnd,cJpc'. Pp. 100 ltl'J 111 J N \I Sm11h. I I Cool;, S I R111h,r<"m. S 1..: Roh1n,011, and S C S1;.tl) kdllor,). l.::cnlog) Jnd 111.111.1gc111e111 .. r "'\\ nirilo •• mJ I heir h"'" l nt\l'r'1l\ "' k\,t' Pre"· \11,1111 I::\

1110\tl'Su._,, I: R, Ill , W, Du \I\. \SJ> () I , llt IHI'"~ · l<Jl)t). Vtd<'" 1dc1111111.:a1io11 of prcd.ttor' .11 "111gn11d Ill'''' 111 old llckk Aul.. 11 CY.:!'\ 1> .:!M

I 11m11•m•" I• R , Ill . '> !..: , Rrn11'\\01', I i\.1 l>o'\o\ "· J, R I \ \llotu., D R . \\ 11111111 ~I>, """ () R I \I< s1 :-. ~CICIO H1ogcogr,1ph1e . lanthc.lfll', and Inc.ii l.1l

lt•rs al Ice ling c•I\\ h1rd ahundan,·c .111d h<"l parasu 1,111 le' cl' Pp 2 7 1 279 111 J -..; M Snuth. I I c,,.,1.,, S I R••lh,tcm, S. K Rohrn\on, .md S Ci Se.ii) (cdrtors) l:::colog) and management ol cO\\ hu.J, .ind 1he1r IH>~ls Unl\cr"t) of lex." Prcs,, \u, 1111 T'

l1t<>RP, J 11 . "''' ,\ P CO\IC.11 . l111JI l ;eolng) and d;t\'1ll«tllon ol North \mc11c,111 lll''h" .111•r 111\l'f tl'hr.1tC\ Al.td1·1111t Prl'"· San D1cg11 Ci\ .

I 1Hllll i', I . .I ., 1\.1 . K . S1K;c,1. ~'II S J, SI 1 l<l<I\ , 199-l J\ 'u' H') 1Hut1•ll>I h>r the Suuthwc,tl'rn \\ rllm< I I) l'atdll"I t f 111111do110\ rn 11/ir 1 11111111>) N.1111111.tl l'.1rJ.. S1°1\ 11;c lc<.h111c.tl Report -"'PSI:-; \l C l'l{Sl:-.;R IR 'l-l/04 N.1IHm.1I B1uh•g1«al Sen Kl: Color 1d11 l'IJlc.111 I n:ld St.1t1u11 I l.1g•laff, AZ

1 t DAI t 111 " · R I· 2001 Den,111c' ot llrown hc.1dcd C\m h1rds un gra1«d and ungrazt·.d npanan .md rnng,·land area' Jlc>ng th.: rrnddle Rio <.r.1mlc. Ne" Me~1 .. , \IS 1hc'1' C11lorndo St.11.: l mh,..,,11). I nrt Coll111,, < O

Im,,, J II. J ,\ ( lkl\n. D. \ A'l>I RS{ lll\AI l\'l>J

S K \l•" l'l9h. t'<at1\c \\CllanJ. np;111.111, .111d up land plant l·o1111111111111c' .111d their h111ta 111 the \\ 11 l:uncttc Valky Orq•on. Pha'.: I l'ro1l'l't : lmc11101 y .111d \"t:"111cn1 f'n, 1mnment.1I 1'1nt<'.:t1011 Agt:n<:), Scauil', \\ ,\

IR \l '. J I . ANll C . J Drl..<l\c 11. I 9'1'J B1uh1gi<.tl llllllrol ol 'Jltcrd.1r Ill thc l llltl'd States progr<.'"

<Uld Pn>Jl'l:!Cd cn>lng1c.tl cl lccl,. Pp. I I I 115 111 ('

E. Bell h'<htm, ,\11111.fo .111d 'altcc<lJr the dc;tdl) duo. Pmcccd1ngs ol till' Arundo and S.llt<:.:dar \\<lfk 'hop. 17 Jun\' I 'l'>X, Ont;1110, CA

u .... n. P. I '187 I 1111111/r11111 \ 11mlli1 nrimu'. an cnd:111 gcr.:d 'llh'Pl"ll<'' \.\.l''t,•111 Bmio, IX: I n - 162

u .... n. p 1997 \\.111tc1 range ol f-111pitlmu11 lrm/111 e\

rimu' "' do<:1111tl'llll'd h) cxi,t111i; mu,cucn colic.: 11011, . ..,,111 D1cg11 :-.:.11111.111 li•lor) l\lu,eum Report to L S Bureau 111 R\•t l.1111.1111m, Phocmx A/

l s D 1c "\RI \11 N'f Ol , \(,f(I( I I I l Rf . I 99S Strcam <1•r­rid11r rl',lllnJllun pr 111upk '· Pflll'C"C'. and pracllle Fe<la.11 lntcr.11!l'll1 \ \ r<. 1m R.:,torat1on \\"11rl.;1ng Group. \\a~hHl£l011 l>C. s Dr PAR"" NT o~ h 11 Rtrn 'l s 01J> \RT\t~ 1 01 \<Rill I 11 RI 19'1h Sumplmi; \<'fCl<lllon .11trih111.:,·

rntt:ragl'n\·) tcdlllrl.tl rclcr«ncc. Coop.:r.1t1H: l•\lt!O·

'1on Sen 1.:c Bl \t/RS/S 1 96/002+ 1730 5. Fi\ll \'I> \\111111 111 St R\ 1n . 1991. Blad • .:appcd Vireo ( l'in·o t1!11u1111ll1H) R.:co\l~r) Plan. US h\h and \\'ildhfc 'il'l \ ll'\', ,\u,11r1. rx

l S lhll "' \\ 1111t 111 'ii l<\J( 1 . 1992. Golden .:hcd.ed \\;11hfl·1 t/J, w/1011" 'hrnnparta) Re.:o\\'f) Plan. U .S . l 1sh and \\ ildhlc Scn l<:C, Alhu4uer4uc, :-.:'I.I

t.; .S . H\ft A'I> \\111>1tM Stl!\KI 149'. Pwpo.~cJ rule 10 h'l thl• S1•uth\\cskm \\ illo\\ Flycatd1cr .1s I n <langcrcd \\uh , nll<o1I h.1h11.tl Jul) 23. J ')<H 50 CFR P.1rt 17 l 0 l'llc1al Rcg1,tcr 5X I 1401 W49'i W'i22 .

S rl'll '°"' \\ ll Pl II I St R\ lf'l . I 994 End.111!,!l'fl'd and 1hrc.11cnl·d \\ 1ldhll' .111.t p l.mis: animal .:and1d.,1c re\ IC\\ lur ft,11ng ,1, 1·11dangcr.:d or threatened 'Ill' l·ic, , pn•powd 1111<·. h•1k•rnl Rcg1't<:r. Nmcmhcr I 'i, fl)l)-t

l .S . l 1s11 A'CJ \\ 11111111 St R\ 111 199'i l·nd.111gcr\·d .md ll11c.1ll'lll'd \\lldhfe olllll plant .... final ruk dt'lcr­nunmg endangered '' 1tu' .. r till' South\\ c'tcm \\ii km I h .ale her I cdcrnl Rcgisrer hO I 06<14 I07 I 5

li s. 1-J,H ASf) \\ IU>I fT: SIR\ ll l 1496 Bmlog1cal oprmon 1111 opc.·ro1t11111 ol 111od1hcd R1>0-C\t:lr 1>.u11 111 Ci1l.1 and I m:op,1 ~ounllc , \n1ona federal Reg rslcr Al SO 2 2.1 'l'i I 4(12 l S f·r,h .md \\ 1Jdl>fc Scn1ce Rcg11>11.tl Cllltlc, ,\lhu4ucrque, :SM.

l'.S. f'i...11 \);fl \\11rn111S1J<v1<1 l'l97 B1ul11g1c.tl .111d cont.:rcn.:c 11p1111c111 011 I o\\cr Colorado Rllcr "!'''' •Ilion' und 111.111lll'll,tfll"l' I .1J..t· Mead Ill 'Cllllh.:rl) lllll'lllallonal hn1111d.11) . I nlcr.tl Reg st er R2/I S SI·, 2 .11l)~1-2111

l .s l·1s11 AMJ \\nm 111 St R\ l I I 99X. Dralt rccm l'I \ pl.m tor the 1.e,isl Bell s \ 1rc11 l .S . ( 1,h and \\ tld lite S.:n1ce, 1'1inl.1nd, <>R s. Ft-H <I.NO \\ lUJUI [ Si RVIC I 2000. S,>Ulh\\C,lcm \\ rllm\ Hycalchcr pmlocol rc\1,1011 2000 24 \la) 200(), \k111or.111d.1 lrum l .., l•r,h .md \\ 1ld!1lc S\·r 'i.:e held Olhcl's, \l'lll111a, CA .ind \lh114uc14uc. ...;\1

l '>. f 1\11 '°"' \\II Ill 11 I St I<\ I< l 2()() I Dralt South ""'tt:rn \\ 1 Ihm I l;l'.1h:hc1 Rc<:m CT) Plan U '> h'h and \\ tldl1k Sci' 1,·c, R<"g1011 2. Alhuqucrque Nl\1

ll.S 1·1\11 "'fl V. 11 DI 111 St 1<\ tt 1 2002. Suuth\\<!,ll'lll \\1110\\ l·ly«tl<hl'I R,·,·mcr) Plan US f'i,h .md \\ 1IJlilc S.:n1cc. Rl·g111n 2. 1\lhuqucrque. "1'1.1 !:> Gtotoc.·cAc St R\t' 2CKll. On·hnc dat.1 Imm

208 STL Dll-S 11\J AVIA BIOLOGY 'JO 26

l <; (, <; \\a1cr Rc,our•C' nl thl' U111ted 5t.lle' "eb

'".: l Rl Imp //\\,1lcr.u'g' go,/nnt/n''''·htm l '111 \R,\, J C, ''ll I' \1 =-:"R"' 199) 'c't do:tcn-.c

O) \\ 1110\\ I l)l•lld11:r' Ill hrornl par.1'1lll' 1111rudc:r-. Condor 97·'61 'hX

l '111 \R.\, J. l' .. ''I> \I J. \\ 11111 ll l D .moo '''0U-

• llllln ol '"" ntrd par.1,lll'"' and h'g<!l.lll\ <! 0.:ll\ c:r in terr11onc' ol So11th\\ c.:'lnrl \\ 1lh>\\ H)' ll her' Pp. 2().1 ~()<) "' J, !'\ \I '\muh. I I C1Kll.. " I Roth­'1<!111 S !<.. Roh11N>1 .1111.l S. Ci Stal) ednor-). fa:olu• ) rnJ m.111.1g.:mcnl of cm' h1rd' and their ho,1' l 111\.:r,11) or li:\.t' Pre", \u,lln , TX.

l ) I II \R \, J, (". \I J \\ 111 I I IEl.11, \"\II I (101 ll\\ "~lcR. 2000 l he: c.:olng) nl Bnl\\n h.:.tdcd ( 1l\\h1rd' and their o:t led' nn Suulh\\t:,l.:111 \\ti l1m H:rcatcher' Pp •)'; 106 111 D. M. hnch, .111d <; H S1olc,on 1cd-1tor, ). S1.11w., e1;olo1-1y .• md l·nn,cr' <lllon ol the: Suuth\\C,11.'m '.\11111\\ I lyo.:alchcr LSD\ hire'l Set­' ll'C lien lcd1 R··r RMRS GTR (I() l SDA h1rc:,1 Sl·rv1cc. Ro.:!..) J\lo11n1arn Re,1:;1r1:h S1a11on. Ogden. L1

V\tl,11'1, H I· .. I ,\, RlllllKts. S. D Br>l ·"l>· .\'ll ,\ , I~ Woorl\t "· llJXX I j,e,lod> manal!cmcnl and producl1\ II\ ol Wtlhm l·l)l'.ll<'her' 1n the u:ntral Si­erra Ne\ .1d.t Ir .111'.t<·111111, ol the \\'e,ll· rn Se<. lion ol the Wrldltl1 So1:1<'l) 2·1: 10'> 114

\'A' llOK'I B I •IS\ n 'll'tl) .ts a lllt,lc.td111g 1ndr­o.:a1nr ol h.th11.11 qu.1'11;. J1111r n.11 ol \\ tldhll• \1anagc mcnt 47·X9l •IOI

VA"\ llC.ltE\I," J. ""D l ' \\ "" (, llJXl. I cologK.tl l.mJ d.1"1h«1t111n ol \lount Re\d,tokc JnJ (il.1c1cr ~.111011.11 PJrl..,, Brlll\h C nlumnra \'11lumc 2· \\'ilJ­ltte rc"1urn• Parks Ca11.1d.1. C.1lg.11). \B

\ AKANl ~ HtOl OG IC'Al Sr R\ ICI s :'.IK>0.1 Repon ot h. 'e­ltnc •Uf\C)~ ot cx1'1111g s1x:"1e~. San l·eltpc Cr .. el.. and ,1d11•1111ng ('DIC• •ll.'•1'"'1111111 pr11pcn1e,, San Ot­ego Count). ( .1hlo1111.1 l'rt•p.1rc:d for iii. ( althlrlll.1 Dep.1n111cn1 ot I ''h and Ci.11t1t', S.111 1>1eg11 {",\

\' \R "t , Blot <:Ore \I St RVll ls 20IK1h. Rc,•1lt' ol ~en­cr.11 'lirle}s lnr \rr1')t1 111.ul ,tnd pwwcnl 'uf\C}' h1r l.l'••'l Bell\ \II<'"· S1111lll\\c,1crn \\ rlltm f'l;­~.111.:h.:r, .1ml ( ulttc11 nt.1 ( .11.11,·.u, lwr <.,.1h:,1.in :vi.,. '"'n pn>pt'rl)'. (',tl1h1r111a 711, P.tl,1 San Drcgn Coun­lV. Cahl1111u.t Prt•parnl 1111 URS CJ.:1111:r Corpora tum S.tn Dtl'go. C \

V \k \NI s B1or o<.r< \I Sr KVU 1 s. 2000..:. I C<1'L Bell'' Vireo 11nd Wtllcl\\ l-ly(<t1d11:1 ''11 'I.')' anJ mo11aur-111g, Cannon R11.td l·,1e11'11111 \\erland-, M111g;1tio11 Pro.1ec1, M.1t:ari11 C.m1on C'a1"haJ. San Diego Coum). C.1hlm111.1 ( ti) l'r111e<·l "Jo l I 84 Prepared Im the Cit) 1>1 ( a11,ha1I, ( ,\

V \R '" s Btol c 1(,1< ·\l .SIR\ rc Is '.!IK>OJ Soulh\\c,tcm \\rll11\\ I l\c11chcr d.tt.1 'u111111.1r) 199<; 1999. Prc­p.irc:c.l tor lhl l S Btll<',111 nl Red.tm.r11on. Ph1>.:lll:\ \r.:.1 Olhce, Phtll'lll\ ,\Z.

V \it "l' BIOi .<_)(,!< \l St R\l<r.., 200 I Suuth\le,1.:m \\ rlhl\\ I l)<".lld1er held •ca,on .21Kl0 data 'um mar). Pr.:parcd tor 1h, l <., Bureau nt RedamaU<•n. Phoc­

"" ,\rea Olfln• Ph ... ·n '· AZ \I R~\I R. J, \1 I . \101011'0', \"\I> C J R\l f'ft (edi­

tor'). 19Xti, \\ 11.Jhlc ~IKKI, rmxlcltng hahrtal rcla-11un,hrp' 111 terre,tnal lerto:hr.11.:' Unl\er'1t) ul

\\ r'•ori-111 Pr<"· \ 1.td"""· \\I. \'1 R'\I K. J .. A'll I . V Rllll R I 9X 1, Current 'lalu' ol

the Bnl\\n-he.td.:d C1mhrrd Ill lhl S1lrr.1 \Ja11nnal l·ore'l. Aul.: l<KI: l5'i '6X.

VIR'IR,J., ''t>S I Roni,111s llJXS lmpltc.1t111n"1t range .:xp.ui-11111 111111 till' S1<·rTit ~.:' •c.l.t h) the par­a,lli< Bnmn he.tded c-.mh1rd f>p 92 'IX i11 D. Brae.lie) (eJ1111n Pnx·ecc.lmg' ol '\1 1k Ill the ~1errn S) mp."1um. P.1<"111, Puhlr,·.111111 S.111 I r.11K1,,11 . CA

\'( R"\l R, J . \"\I> \I, I \\II I SO,, I lll>h. I h.: tntlucnt·e ol hahitah on matrng ') 'lem' ol :-;11rth 1\mcn<'.111 pa,-.erine hird' holng) -17.143 I 17

V10 .. 1 R), P. D .. f\1, I Ill' 11 R, JR., "I> J \ . \\ELI\ 1992 LJ,e 111 .1 nc\\ reprodtll'll\C 111de' lo e\ahtJll.' the relat11ui-hip O.:t\\Ct'll hahll.tl qualrl) amt hre.:d111g ,ui:i.:e'>'. ,\ul. 109.h'>7 705

W\tKl'\Sll\\\. L. II . 19Xl Kirtland\ \\arnlcr. the nat­ural hi,tor) ol .111 entlangcrt•tl 'JX'<rl'' Cr,111hrook In ,1itu1c ol Sneni:e. Blnomhcld I !ti". t\.11

\V \l Slll R<•, G. I I 9X I . Nt'\l ·,1 tt' '.:il•l·L11111 and lhl' ra tlia11vc Cl1\ rmnmcnl ol lhc• Warbling Vill'O, C'ondnr 8.:"86 xx.

W1 llSll R, \I S 1991 M.tlc p.1rc•n1al ,·art' and pol)g· }n) in hird,, Arncn.:;111 Nalllr.tll'>l I \7:27·1 2XO.

\\ 11'\l l 'I"· D . \ . [) (', / \~H l>ICI '"" K A. I\• \It 1>10 1999 I· a'lern Sten 1 'e' <td.t 11p.111.111 hdd guitlc LSD·\ I 111.:'1 Sc'l\ll'e lr11c.:rm1111n1.1111 Rq;111n Rep.in R-4-l•C'OL IJll Ill l SD\ I 11re'1 Sen ice. Humh<lldt- lt•t).thc N.tt11111.tl h11e,l, Sp.ut..,, N\.

W1 '''' "''· [) \., () c '/. \\ll lllO, K. \ z ~\l~lllO, \"\D R. J I \l S< II 1997 Cl,1s,1l)-tng c•coh1g1cal l)l'll!' .111c.l l'\,1lu.t1ing 'ill<.' dc·gr.ul01t111n lPum.tl ul Rani:c \1.1n.1gcm.:n1 50 '115 '21

\\ I'· J .• \"\ll J rt R~llt 1 l. 21KKI 'I e.ir 21Klll \\C,tnn S.tn I U1' Re) RI\ er Least Bell\ \ ircn .1ml South­\\e,1.:m W1llo\\ I l)Catd1.:r Mlr\t) .ind nc'l 1110111-

toring progr.1111 Pr«p.11c·d lnr Ilk l S \nn) C'11r1" ol Engineer-.. I •h \ngclc-. l>1'lrict. I °' ,\n~t·lc,, C,\,

\\1·,I/, D ,\., ''" S \\'Mc Kt,/ll !•I'll '-;,111onal \\a1er-Qu.1lt1) A"e"fll<'nl l'r11g1.1111 •h<' \\ 111.mklte l:la,111, Oreg<lll l s CICtlhlCl<otl SUl\C) 0pl'l1 I-lie Rep 91 1h7.

Wl'illR' RIGtO,\I Cll~I (('-;Ill< '!Kl\ t\,1111111.11

Oi.:c.tn11: ,md 1\1n11"phl'rt<. \drn1n1't1.1l11>11. \\< ,lCrn Rcg10nal Cl 1111.llt: C,·utc•r Rl'rhl. NV Imp/I\\\\\\ , "rc.: .urr .etlu/\\e,11h,·r/,,1~·11 html

Wrn u \\Rl<olll. N. 'I.,( ', B '\c tit I 11. ""ll I' J Horn \I .

1992 Polyp) ll} .tnd nhll1• par,·111al <'.trC 111 'a' annuli 'parHl\\' elk~h 1111 lcmak hlltc" Ueh.1\ ior.tl l·.c:n l­uro .md So.:iohiolog) 'I :271) 2!N

\\'rn 11. G ( "ll R. ,\, Ci \1<1<01 1 1990 ,\n,lly'" ol \\1ldltk radio tr.t.:k111g d.11a. 1\l.tdl'llH<' Pre". N<\\ Yuri... "'I

\\ 1111 r. I .. "11 h. Bl s 1. 1999 Brem n he.1Jcd C'11\\ hud .:nntrol program: Bill \\1ll1am-. '-;.iunnal \\ ilJhlc Rctugc: ,m<l J\l,111111 I ~1i..,· '\t 11<' \\'1ldltlc \r<J \n-1ona-re,uh' ul 1999 pwgr .1111. l <., Bure.tu or R~.­lamat1on. Demer li:d1n1cal Sl'n r"' C e11tcr, D.:11\cr, co.

\\'urnu 1 u. l'\1 J. 1990 \\ 1110\\ I h a1d1cr r.:p111J~ .. -lt\<! rc,p<in'c tn Bw\\ n he·1ded Co\\ nm.I para,•tt'rn ~1 S the'"· C.1hh1r111. St.Ile t 111'• tl\, Chi.:o, (A

\\rHIHI ll. \1 . J. 2000 Re-.uli- 111 ,1 1inmn-he.1Jcd C11\\b1rd contrnl rrogr.1111 lnr th..- Southlle,lern \\ rl hm r:l)1..1ti:hcr. Pp '71 '77 111 J. ~- l'-1 Srnt1h, J'

LITI R \Tl RC CITLD 109

Cook, <.,, I. R11th,tc:111. S K Robi11'on. and <; ( 1 S<·.11)' <c:J itor,). h:olog) and management ol <'II" h11d' .uul thc1r h<hh Un1\l'l'll) of Tc'\a' l'r<'"· \th

un. 1" \\ lllTlll 11>, \I J_ 2002 Soulh\H''lcrn \\111.m I I)

c:uchcr monuor n .1 d rcmo\ al of Bro\\ n he.tdC'J ( o\\bmb on the S1 1h I .irk Kern Ri\cr. Cahform.1 111 200 I hnal rc:1 on prq1.11cJ lor 1he l S Arni) ( 011h ol l:nginecr,. S,1,·1a1nc:1110 Dt,lnlt. I 11\ 11nn nwn1.ll Re,ourcc:' B1.111d1. sa~ramt•nw. C1\.

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