Vijay Manandhar - Ven. Buddhabhadra and His Contributions in Buddhism in 5th Century China

8/9/2019 Vijay Manandhar - Ven. Buddhabhadra and His Contributions in Buddhism in 5th Century China

1/46

Ubi) Drmmjodjomto oim Ja|Lgi}tadr}agi| ai Drmmja|f ai

2}j Lbi}rtq Ljaio

Uakoq Hrfot Foioimjot

]tadjruoi Riaubt|a}# Ib~oc

Ai}tgmrl}agi

IBÔC OIM LJAIO joub o cgi` ja|}gt ge

lrc}rtoc oim ~gca}aloc tbco}agi|) Ja|}gtalocc# ~gca}aloc

tbco}agi| db}pbbi }jb }pg lgri}tab| `g dolh }g }jb |bubi}j

lbi}rt LB) Mrtai` }ja| ~btagm# geealaoc lgi}ol}| db}pbbi

}jb Ib~ocb|b Lgrt} oim }jb ]oi` mio|} pbtb foai}oaibm

}jtgr`j }jb bzljoi`b ge ~gca}aloc fa||agi|) Jgpbubt#geealaoc lgi}ol}| db}pbbi }jb }pg lgri}tab| dbòi ai }jb

eae}j lbi}rt LB }jtgr`j lrc}rtoc mbcbò}agi|) Drmmja|f

|bbf| }g joub dbbi }jb fg|} af~gt}oi} eol}gt ai }jb

tbco}agi|ja~ db}pbbi }jb|b }pg lgri}tab| ai oilabi} }afb|)

A} a| ~tgdodcb }jo} }jb Ljaib|b pbtb oizagr| }g bz~cgtb }jb

dat}j~colb ge }jb Drmmjo oim a}| biuatgi|) Ai}btb|}ai`c#

Drmmja|f |}acc jo| o lbt}oai ~colb ai \aig&Ib~ocb|b

tbco}agi|) Jbtb a} |jgrcm db fbi}agibm }jo} gib ge }jb fg|}

|aìaealoi} bubi}| ai }jb ja|}gt ge Ib~oc&Ljaio lrc}rtoc

tbco}agi| po| }jb ai}tgmrl}agi ge Drmmja|f ai}g Ljaio

mrtai` }jb Bo|}bti Joi Mio|} otgrim }jb |blgim

lbi}rt LB) @tomrocc# Drmmja|f |~tbom }g occ ~ot}| ge


2/46

=2=

Ljaio) Oe}bt }jbat ta|b }g }jb ~gpbt ai }jb egrt}j lbi}rt

LB# }jb Bf~btgt| ge }jb Bo|}bti ]|ai Mio|} pgthbm }g

~tgfg}b Drmmja|} amboc| d lgi|}trl}ai` fgio|}btab|) ]jb

eae}j lbi}rt LB po| oc|g o tbfothodcb ~btagm ai }jb

ja|}gt ge Ib~oc&Ljaio lrc}rtoc tbco}agi| o| a} pa}ib||bm o

fot|joccai` ge ol}aua}ab| mb|a`ibm }g ~tgfg}b Drmmja|f gi}jb ~ot} ge Ib~ocb|b oim Ljaib|b fgih&|ljgcot|) A} |jgrcm

db ~gai}bm gr} }jo} egccgpai` }jb ai}tgmrl}agi ge

Drmmja|f ai Ljaio# }jb Drmmja|} lgffria} eolbm |bubtoc

~tgdcbf| ?

}jb }toi|co}agi ge Drmmja|} }bz}| pa}j }jbat ja`jc}bljialoc }btfaigcg`#

lgier|agi lor|bm d bttgibgr| }toi|co}agi ge }jbDrmmja|} }bz}|# }jb fa|rimbt|}oimai` ge |rd}cb oim f|}al ambo| aiDrmmja|} ~jacg|g~j# oim

colh ge ma|la~caiot lgmb| egt fgio|}al caeb)O| o tb|rc}# }jb Ljaib|b fgih&|ljgcot| pbtb

~tgf~}bm }g rimbt}ohb jo{otmgr| ugo`b| }g }jb Drmmja|}

jgc coim| ai Ib~oc oim Aimao }g lgccbl} fgtb lgf~cb}b oim

~rtbt |grtlb| ai gtmbt }g bitalj }jb Drmmja|} ca}bto}rtb ai

}jbat jgfbcoim) ]ja| cbm }g }jb ua|a}| ge tbigpibm ~ac`taf|

}rtibm fgih&|ljgcot| Eo&j|abi oim J|oi&}|oi` }g Ib~oc

oim Aimao ai |botlj ge `biraib Drmmja|} }bz}|# }trb

mgl}taib| oim }g ~o jgfo`b }g }jb Drmmja|} jgc ~colb|)

? Cojata# Ljaib|b Fgih| ai Aimao# ~~) ZAZ&ZZA)


3/46

=22

\gfb ge }jb af~gt}oi} ebo}rtb| ge Ib~oc&Ljaio

tbco}agi| pbtb }jo} }jb pbtb b|}odca|jbm d }jb |bcecb||

Drmmja|} fgih&|ljgcot| ge dg}j Ib~oc oim Ljaio# pjg

~tgfa|bm }g lott }jb fb||o`b ge cgub oim lgf~o||agi#

pjalj Drmmjo mbcaubtbm egt }jb |ohb ge bfoila~o}agi etgf

|reebtai`) ]jb lrc}rtoc ai}btlgrt|b db}pbbi }jb }pglgri}tab| po| foaic aia}ao}bm d }jb Ljaib|b) Jbtb a}

|jgrcm db ~gai}bm gr} }jo} }jbtb pbtb ~tgfaibi} Ib~ocb|b

Drmmja|} |ljgcot| pjg tbimbtbm uocrodcb |btualb| ai }jb

~tg~o`o}agi ge Drmmja|f ai Ljaio) Drmmjodjomto| ua|a}

}g Ljaio ai }jb 2}j lbi}rt po| }jb eat|} d o Ib~ocb|b

fgih) Db|amb| jaf# }pg g}jbt Ib~ocb|b Drmmja|} |ljgcot|

Uafgh|o|bio4 oim \rdjohoto|afjo< oc|g pbi} }g Ljaio ai

}jb |az}j oim ba`j}j lbi}rtab| tb|~bl}aubc# oim lgi}tadr}bm}g }jb |~tbom ge Drmmja|f ai Ljaio d }toi|co}ai`

Drmmja|} }bz}| ai}g Ljaib|b) Riegt}rio}bc# }jb Ib~ocb|b

joub ig} tblgtmbm }jb `tbo} ollgf~ca|jfbi}| ge }jb

~tgfaibi} Ib~ocb|b Drmmja|} |ljgcot Drmmjodjomto oim

g}jbt| pjg pbi} }g Ljaio pa}j o ~rtbc fa||agiot |~ata}

oim pjg|b iofb| otb ai}btpgubi pa}j }jb ja|}gt ge

4 Do`lja# Aimao oim Ljaio# ~~) =2 oim 44>8 Foioimjot# OLgf~tbjbi|aub Ja|}gt ge Ib~oc&Ljaio Tbco}agi|# ~) =0)

< Ljgr Qa&caoi`# ]oi}ta|f ai Ljaio# ~~) 42?&4048 Do`lja# Aimao oimLjaio# ~~) 24&2< oim 4?:8 Po}}# ]oi}tal Drmmja|f ai Ljaio# ~~)>8 Ljbi# Drmmja|f ai Ljaio# ~)


4/46

=25

Drmmja|f ai Ljaio) Drmmjodjomto po| aimbbm }jb

}gtljdbotbt ge Ib~ocb|b lauaca{o}agi odtgom) \a`iaealoi}c#

}jb Ljaib|b joub ig} gic ~tb|btubm }jb iofb ge }ja|

~tgfaibi} Ib~ocb|b Drmmja|} |ljgcot# dr} oc|g joub

~tb|btubm }jb tblgtm| ge }jb Ljaib|b Drmmja|} fgih&

|ljgcot| Eo&j|abi# J|roi&}|oi`# \bi`&}|oa= oim g}jbt| pjgpbi} }g Ib~oc ai maeebtbi} }afb|) Ri}ac igp# }jb iofb ge

\bi`&}|oa jo| ig} tblbaubm mrb o}}bi}agi etgf |ljgcot|) ]ja|

fgih ge }jb ]|ai Mio|} *452&=4> LB! ig} gic ua|a}bm

Ib~oc dr} oc|g ptg}b Prg&Hrg&\jaj *Fo}}bt| Lgilbtiai`

}jb Egtba`i Hai`mgf|!) O~ot} etgf }jb eto`fbi}| ge ja|

pgth| pjalj otb ailcrmbm ai }jb \jra&Ljai`&Ljr

*Lgffbi}ot gi }jb Po}bt Lco||al!# }jbtb otb |gfb

qrg}o}agi| ai }jbQroi&Ljabi&cba&oi

*]jb Ljai`Billcg~obmao ge ?0?>! o| pbcc) Ja| pgth ~tguamb| r| pa}j

oi ai}btb|}ai` ja|}gtaloc mb|lta~}agi ge Ho~acuo|}r# }jb

jgfb}gpi ge }jb Drmmjo# ailcrmai` oi af~gt}oi} |grtlb ge

aiegtfo}agi gi }jb }g~g`to~j ge Crfdaia# }jb dat}j~colb

ge }jb Drmmjo) \bi`&}|oa| pgth a| gcmbt }joi }jb ollgri}

ge Eo&j|abi) ]jb|b |grtlb fo}btaoc| ge |~ata}roc oim lrc}rtoc

ai}btlgrt|b db}pbbi }jb }pg lgri}tab| joub ig} b} dbbi

ercc bz~cgtbm) \g# |gfb ge }jb fg|} ~tgfaibi} ea`rtb| pjg

affgt}oca{bm Ib~oc&Ljaio tbco}agi| otb Eo&j|abi# J|oi&}|oi`# Poi` J|roi&]|b# Drmmjodjomto oim Otiahg)

= ^b}blj# Igt}jbti Aimao Ollgtmai` }g }jb \jra&Ljai`&Ljr# ~~) 5oim


5/46

=20

Ofgi` }jbf# Drmmjodjomto# pjg fomb oi bigtfgr|

lgi}tadr}agi }g Ljaib|b Drmmja|f# jo| ig} b} tblbaubm }jb

~tg~bt o}}bi}agi etgf |ljgcot| }jo} jb mb|btub| ba}jbt) O|

|rlj# oi o}}bf~} a| fomb jbtb }g mboc pa}j }jb aiuocrodcb

lgi}tadr}agi| ge Drmmjodjomto }g Drmmja|f ai eae}j

lbi}rt Ljaio)

ôtbi}o`b oim Botcq Caeb

]jb ma|lgubt ge egrt fgirfbi}| loccbm }jb Dcolh

Mto`gi \~tai` ai Qoiljgp ibot Ioihai` ai }jb Haoi`|r

~tguailb ge Ljaio jo| tbubocbm }jo} o Drmmja|} |ljgcot#

Drmmjodjomto \joho2 ua|a}bm Ljaio ai }jb eae}j lbi}rt

LB) Drmmja|} ja|}gtaoi| ai `bibtoc jgcm }pg maeebtbi} uabp|

odgr} ja| io}agioca}) Gib `tgr~ tbòtm| jaf o| o Ib~ocb|b

Drmmja|} |ljgcot) Aimbbm# }jbtb otb o ebp Drmmja|}|ljgcot|# ~ot}alrcotc ja|}gtaoi|# pjg tblgìa{b jaf o| o

Drmmja|} fo|}bt etgf Ib~oc) ]jbtb otb dg}j Ib~ocb|b 5

oim egtbaì |ljgcot| 0 ai }ja| `tgr~ pjg tbòtm jaf o| o

2 \jojo# Jbtgb| oim Dracmbt| ge Ib~oc# ~) =?8 \jojo# Ib~oc# ]adb}oim Ljaio# ~) ?2)

5 ]jo~o# Ibpot Drmmja|f# ~) ?18 H) L)# ]jb Krmalaoc Lr|}gf| geIb~oc# ~)?


6/46

=2:

Ib~ocb|b) Jgpbubt# }jb |blgim `tgr~ ge ja|}gtaoi| jgcm|

}jb uabp }jo} |r~~gt}| }jb ambo }jo} Drmmjodjomto po| oi

Aimaoi |ljgcot): Pjo}bubt Drmmja|} ja|}gtaoi| dbcabub

odgr} }jb dat}j~colb ge }jb Drmmja|} Fo|}bt# ja|}gtaloc

buambilb |r~~gt}| }jb eol} }jo} Drmmjodjomto po| o

Ib~ocb|b |ljgcot) Ai eol}# Drmmjodjomto po| ig} gic~tgdodc }jb eat|} Ib~ocb|b }g `g }g Ljaio oim }g mbug}b

ja| bi}atb caeb }g |btuai` }jb Ljaib|b ~bg~cb }jtgr`j }jb

Drmmja|} fa||agi# dr} oc|g gib ge }jb `tbo} Drmmja|}

|ljgcot| ge Ib~oc pjg pgthbm egt }jb ~tgfg}agi ge

Drmmja|f ai Ho|jfat oim Ljaio)

Fog# ~) ?048 [rtljbt# ]jb Drmmja|} Lgiqrb|} ge Ljaio# Ugc) AA# ~)=>>8 Jroi` \jbi`&Ljoi`# Ljaio oim Ib~oc# ~) :8 Ljog ^r&Ljr#Drmmja|f ai Ljaio# ~) 58 Poi` Jri` &pa# Ljai&Ib~oc Foa}ta# ~):58 Tb~gt} ge }jb Egrt}j Pgtcm Drmmja|} Lgiebtbilb# ~) 1


7/46

=21

]jb Ljaib|b }toi|ca}bto}agi ge Drmmjodjomto|

iofb a| Eg&}g&~g&}g&cg1 oim po| }toi|co}bm o| Ljrbj&

j|abi)?> Oc}jgr`j ja| eofac po| gta`aiocc etgf

Ho~acuo|}r# }jb jgfb}gpi ge ]jb Drmmjo# }jb jom |b}}cbm

ai Io`otojoto *}jb fgmbti Kococodom ai Oe`joia|}oi! pjbtb

Drmmjodjomto po| dgti ai


8/46

=5>

`toim~otbi}| oc|g mabm |ggi oe}bt) ]jr| cbe} oi gt~joi o} oi

botc o`b# jb po| }ohbi lotb ge d |gfb haimjbot}bm ~bg~cb

oim omfa}}bm }g }jb Drmmja|} gtmbt) Etgf ja| ljacmjggm#

jb jom }ohbi oi ai}btb|} ai Drmmja|f) D }jb }afb jb

lgf~cb}bm ja| |}rmab| otgrim }jb o`b ge |bubi}bbi# jb jom

olqratbm ~tgegrim higpcbm`b ge a})?= A} po| |oam }jo} bubio} oi botc o`b# jb tbom o }jgr|oim pgtm| ge }jb |lta~}rtb|

moac) A} po| oc|g |oam }jo} gilb ja| ebccgp&|}rmbi}

\oi`jomo}}o# pjac|} cg|} ai fbma}o}agi# |op Drmmjodjomto

o~~bot |rmmbic# oim pjbi o|hbm pjbilb jb lofb#

Drmmjodjomto |oam jb jom dbbi }g }jb ]ra} jboubi }g |bb

Foa}tbo)?2 Ja| }boljbt| oc|g òub jaf o ubt `ggm oim ai&

mb~}j higpcbm`b ge Drmmja|f) Mrb }g ja| mbug}agi }g

Drmmja|f# oim o| jb dblofb o ubt }ocbi}bm oim cbotibmDrmmja|} |ljgcot# Drmmjodjomto dblofb eofgr| ai Ljaio)

Pjacb ua|a}ai` |bubtoc Drmmja|} jgc ~colb| oim Uajto|# jb

lofb ai}g lgi}ol} pa}j foi Drmmja|} |ljgcot|) Mrtai` ja|

ua|a}| }g uotagr| Drmmja|} Uajto|# jb jo~~bibm }g tbolj

For}joi ]jgcg Uajto ai Ho|jfat) O} }jb tbqrb|} ge }jb

jbom ge }jb Uajto# Drmmjodjomto tbfoaibm }jbtb oim

|}ot}bm àuai` cb||gi| gi Drmmja|f) Jb ~tgubm }g db o

}ocbi}bm Drmmja|} |ljgcot) Jb |}obm ai Ho|jfat egt

?= Do`lja# Aimao oim Ljaio# ~) ==8 ^rta# Drmmja|f aiLbi}toc O|ao# ~) ?44 oim Djo}}otoa# Ljai To ]o|o|a}oIb~oc Hg \ofdoimjo# ~) 55)

?2 Mo|# Aimaoi ôima}| ai }jb Coim ge \igp# ~)


9/46

=5?

|gfb}afb) Jb po| o Drmmja|} fgih ge ja`jbt higpcbm`b

ge Drmmja|f)

Ljaib|b Fgih| Aiua}o}agi }g Ljaio

O} }jo} }afb# Ho|jfat po| gib ge }jb fg|}

af~gt}oi} lbi}bt| ge Drmmja|} \oi|hta} cbotiai` oim }jb

lbi}tb ge }jb \otu|}aumai|)?5 ]jtgr`j }jbat ol}aua}ab|#

Ho|jfat dblofb }jb lbi}tb ge Drmmja|} ~jacg|g~jaloc

|}rmab|) Drmmjodjomto dbcgi`bm }g }ja| |ljggc# pjalj po|

ecgrta|jai`# ai Ho|jfat)?0 Jb po| oc|g o ma|la~cb ge }jb

eofgr| Mjio Fo|}bt Drmmjo|bio) Mrtai` }ja| ~btagm#

Ib~oc| pamb|~tbom tb~r}o}agi o| }jb dat}j~colb ge }jb

Drmmjo po| o}}tol}ai` }jb Ljaib|b fgih|# pjg mbeabm }jb

maeealrc}ab| ge lcafo}b oim }bttoai ai }jbat |ljgco|}al {boc oim

tbca`agr| ebtugrt) Eae}j lbi}rt Ljaio pa}ib||bm }jb ua|a} ge|bubtoc ~tgfaibi} Drmmja|} Ljaib|b fgih&|ljgcot| }g

Ib~oc oim Aimao# }jb jgc coim| ge }jb Drmmja|}|# egt

tbca`agr| ~rt~g|b|) Eo&j|bai# }jb ig}bm Drmmja|} fgih&

|ljgcot etgf \joi|ja ~tguailb# po| gib ge }jb botcab|}

Ljaib|b ~ac`taf| }g ua|a} Ib~oc oim Aimao) Ai}bi} gi

fohai` o }jgtgr`j |}rm ge Drmmja|f d ~tglrtai`

or}jbi}al Drmmja|} }bz}| gi fgio|}al ma|la~caib *Uaioo!

oim |botljai` egt eofgr| Drmmja|} |ljgcot| }g dtai` dolh

}g Ljaio# Eo&j|abi# o} }jb omuoilbm o`b ge |az}&eaub# ocgi`

pa}j Ljaib|b fgih| Jra&Ljai`# ]og&Ljbi`# Jra&ai`#

?5 Cojata# Ljaib|b Fgih| ai Aimao# ~) 40)?0 [rtljbt# ]jb Drmmja|} Lgiqrb|} ge Ljaio# Ugc) A# ~) 44


10/46

=54

Jra&Pba oim g}jbt| cbe} Ljoi`&oi ai Ai Aimao# jb |}rmabm egt |gfb bot|

oim ~bt|giocc lg~abm }jb Drmmja|} |lta~}rtb|) Oc}jgr`j jb

ua|a}bm }jb pb|}bti ~ot}| ge Ib~oc# Ho~acuo|}r oim

Crfdaia# }jb jgfb}gpi oim dat}j~colb ge }jb Drmmjo

tb|~bl}aubc# ai =>2 LB# jb mam ig} fbi}agi oi}jai` odgr}

Ib~oc ai ja| |jgt} ollgri} bi}a}cbmEg&Hrg&Lja

*O Tblgtmge Drmmja|} Hai`mgf|!#4? }jb eat|} ja`jc tbcaodcb Ljaib|b

ollgri} ge }jb|b lgri}tab| oim }jb gcmb|} |rtuauai` }toubc

dggh ai Ljaib|b ca}bto}rtb) Etgf Aimao# jb pbi} }g Lbcgi#

pjbtb jb |}rmabm Drmmja|f egt }pg bot|) Oe}bt ua|a}ai`

fgtb }joi }jat} lgri}tab|# jb tb}rtibm }g Ljaio ai =?=

?: Eo&j|abi# O Tblgtm ge }jb Drmmja|} Lgri}tab|# ~~) 2>&2?8 LjaiHbj&fr# O \jgt} Ja|}gt ge \aig&Aimaoi Etabim|ja~# ~~) 5 ^tbda|j# ]jb O }g [ ge Drmmja|f# ~) ??:)4? Cb``b# O Tblgtm ge Drmmja|} Hai`mgf| )))# ~o||af8 @acb|# ]jb

]toubc| ge Eo&j|abi *08 Koi Qroi&Jro# Eo&j|abi# ~~) 4=2&4=58 Hbb|# Drmmja|} ^ac`tafo`b ai \gr}j oim \gr}jbo|} O|ao# ~)


11/46

=52&4>58 Hgji # ]jb \jofdjocoMal}agiot ge Drmmja|f oim [bi# ~) 508 Ljbi# Drmmja|f aiLjaio# ~~) :1&14)

4< ^tomjoi# Crfdai Ho~acopo|}r Mbuomojo# ~) 4


12/46

=5=

jbc~bm fohb }jb kgrtib ge Drmmjodjomto# }jb eat|}

Ib~ocb|b Drmmja|} fgih&|ljgcot bubt }g ua|a} Ljaio# o

|rllb||) Pjacb ai Aimao# jb a| |oam }g joub fb} jaf# oim

mblambm }g }toi|co}b foi ge }jb lco||al Drmmja|} }bz}| ai}g

Ljaib|b ai lgccodgto}agi pa}j jaf) ]jr|# Eo&j|abi loi db

àubi ltbma} egt coai` }jb egrimo}agi egt Ib~oc&Ljaiotbco}agi|)

O} }jb }afb ge Eo&j|abi| ua|a} }g Aimao# }jbtb po|

oig}jbt Drmmja|} ~ot} etgf Ljaio# ua|a}ai` Aimao

aimb~bimbi}c ge Eo&j|abi# pa}j }jb ~rt~g|b ge |}rmai`

Drmmja|f oim |botljai` egt eofgr| Drmmja|} |ljgcot| }g

dtai` dolh }g Ljaio) ]jb eaub&fbfdbt Ljaib|b Drmmja|}

~ot} lgi|a|}bm ge ôg&Qri# Ljaj&Qbi# \oi`&\jog# Jpr&

Hbbi oim \oi`&Hai`) ôg&Qri# }jb cbombt ge }ja| Ljaib|bmbcbò}agi#4= po| o dtaccaoi} |ljgcot pjg ptg}b oi ollgri}

ge ja| }toubc|# pjalj rijo~~ac jo| uoia|jbm) Oig}jbt#

Ljaj&Qbi# pjg ai }jtbb bot| ai Aimao cbotibm fgtb }joi

g}jbt| pjg jom |}rmabm }jbtb egt }bi bot|# }jbtbd pgi

}jb lgffbimo}agi| ge ja| }boljbt| oim }jb omfato}agi ge

}jb Aimaoi| o| pbcc)42 Mrtai` }jb lgrt|b ge }jbat ua|a}# }ja|

~ot} oc|g ua|a}bm Ho|jfat# o ~tb|}aàgr| Drmmja|} lbi}tb

egt cbotiai`# pjbtb }jb olqratbm higpcbm`b ge Drmmja|f)

O} }jb }afb ge }jbat mb~ot}rtb# }jb tbqrb|}bm }jo} }jb

Drmmja|} lgffria} }jbtb |bim o |ljgcot ge tb~r}b ocgi`

4= Djo}}otoa# Ljai To ]o|o|a}o Ib~oc Hg \ofdoimjo# ~) 5:)42 Ljai Hbj&fr#O \jgt} Ja|}gt ge \aig&Aimaoi Etabim|ja~# ~) 2=)


13/46

=52

pa}j }jbf }g Ljaio) ]jb jbom ge }jb Ho|jfata Uajto

|}tgi`c tblgffbimbm }jb iofb ge Drmmjodjomto# |}o}ai`

}jo} jb po| ig} gic o mb|lbimoi} ge }jb Drmmjo# dr} oc|g

etgf }jb coim ge }jb Drmmjo) Fgtbgubt# jb po| o `tbo}

|ljgcot ge Drmmja|f) ]jbtbegtb# }jb Ljaib|b mbcbò}agi

aiua}bm Drmmjodjomto }g ollgf~oi }jbf }g Ljaio) O}eat|}# }jb Ib~ocb|b Drmmja|} |ljgcot po| tbcrl}oi} }g `g gi

}jb `tgrim| }jo} Ljaio po| o eotopo oim lgf~cb}bc ibp

oim egtbaì lgri}t) Oe}btpotm|# egccgpai` Ljaib|b

bi}tbo}ab|# Drmmjodjomto fomb }jb mbla|agi }g `g oim

~tbolj }jb }boljai`| ge }jb Drmmjo ai eotopo Ljaio)

Ljaj&Qbi po| àubi ltbma} egt aiua}ai` Drmmjodjomto }g

Ljaio) Ai eol}# Drmmjodjomto po| o fgih ge |gfb

ma|}ail}agi# pjg ai co}bt bot| fomb aiuocrodcblgi}tadr}agi| }g }jb ja|}gtaloc mbubcg~fbi} ge Ljaib|b

Drmmja|f d }toi|co}ai` Drmmja|} |lta~}rtb| ai}g Ljaib|b

oim ~tboljai` }jb fb||o`b ge }jb Drmmjo)

Ottauoc ai Ljaio

Drmmjodjomto |b} gr} egt Ljaio pa}j }jb|b Ljaib|b

Drmmja|} fgih| ai =>5 LB) ]jb }toubcbm gi egg} egt }jtbb

bot|) ]ja| }afb }jb mam ig} }toubc d }jb gcm Lbi}toc

O|aoi tgr}b dr} d oi oc}g`b}jbt ibp tgr}b) Pjacb fohai`

}jb gubt&coim kgrtib }g Ljaio etgf Aimao# }jb ltg||bm |az

lgri}tab| oim eolbm foi maeealrc}ab|# oim tboljbm Uab}iof

uao Drtfo) Etgf }jbtb# }jb lgi}airbm }jbat kgrtib d

|bo) Mrtai` }jbat |bo&kgrtib }gpotm| Ljaio# a} po|


14/46

=55

tb~gt}bm }jo} Drmmjodjomto af~tb||bm occ ja| ebccgp

}toubcbt| d |rllb||ercc egtb}bccai` |rlj |}gtf| oim

bilgri}bt| pa}j ~ato}b|) O} co|}# }jb tboljbm }jb ~gt} ge

]|ai` ]og ge }jb Ljaib|b ~tguailb ge \joi}ri` ai =>1 LB)

Dr} a} |bbf| }jo} |gfb pta}bt| joub fa|}ohbic tbebttbm }g

Drmmjodjomto| ottauoc ai Ljaio o| jouai` eoccbi db}pbbi


15/46

=50

eo}jbt oim o Hrljboi fg}jbt)40 Ja| iofb a| |gfb}afb|

}toi|ltadbm o| Lar&fg&cg&|ja gt Har&fg&cg&ljb gt Har&

fg&}g&}ljb&~g pa}j }jb Ljaib|b }toi|co}agi ]oi`&Ljbr)

Ja| eo}jbt# Hrfotooio# lofb etgf oi accr|}tagr| eofac

dr} egt |gfb tbo|gi cbe} }jb lgri}t oim oe}bt oi otmrgr|

kgrtib oltg|| }jb ^ofat| ottaubm ai Hrljo) Jbtb Kauo# o~tailb|| ge }jb tgoc eofac ge Hrljo ebcc ai cgub pa}j jaf

oim rc}afo}bc fottabm jaf) Hrfotokauo# }ohai` }jb iofb|

oe}bt ja| eo}jbt oim fg}jbt# po| }jb a||rb ge }ja| riagi) 4: Jb

po| dgti ai Qbot| ge Drmmja|f# ~) 4


16/46

=5:

coi`ro`b ~tagt }g rimbt}ohai` ja| }toi|co}agi ol}aua}ab|)41

Oe}bt Cr Hroi`| tbdbccagi po| |r~~tb||bm# Hrfotokauo#

gtaàiocc o Jaioio omuglo}b# dr} bubi}rocc o ~tg~gibi}

ge Fojio# oim b|~blaocc }jb Fmjofaho }tbo}a|b| ge

Ioòtkrio# ottaubm ai Ljoi`&oi ai =>? LB oim po| `tbo}c

pbclgfbm d Bf~gtbt Qog&J|ai` ge }jb Co}bt ]|aiMio|}) Mrtai` ja| }jat}bbi bot| |}o o} Ljoi`&oi# jb

jbombm oi bz}bi|aub }toi|co}agi drtbor pjalj tbimbtbm o

cot`b irfdbt ge Drmmja|} \oi|hta} }bz}| ai}g Ljaib|b# oim

}g pjalj fgtb }joi ba`j} jrimtbm ~tab|}| oim |ljgcot|

pbtb o}}oljbm) A} a| |oam }jo} }jb Ljaib|b Bf~btgt# jaf|bce

oi otmbi} ma|la~cb ge }jb ibp tbcaàgi# jbcm }jb gtaàioc

}bz}| ai ja| joim o| }jb }toi|co}agi ~tglbbmbm oim }jo}

mrtai` }jo} }afb fgtb }joi }jtbb jrimtbm ugcrfb| pbtb~tb~otbm rimbt }jb |r~btua|agi ge Hrfotokauo) Ri}ac ja|

mbo}j ai =?< LB# jb lgi}airbm }g mbug}b ja| fa||agiot

{boc oim }jb higpcbm`b jb jom òaibm }g }jb ~tg~oò}agi ge

Drmmja|f# pa}j }jb tb|rc} }jo} o cot`b irfdbt ge Drmmja|}

fgio|}btab| pbtb b|}odca|jbm ai Igt}jbti Ljaio)


17/46

=51

oim \otu|}aumo^to}afgho) ]jb }toi|co}agi| o|ltadbm }g

jaf otb toihbm o| lco||aloc Ljaib|b# oim ja| }toi|co}agi ge

}jb \ommjotfo~rotaho \}to tbfoai| }jb fg|} uocrbm

oim tbubtbm ge }jb Ljaib|b Drmmja|} |lta~}rtb|)


18/46

=0>

Oe}btpotm|# }jb lofb ai}g lgiecal}# |gfb ge }jb af~gt}oi}

eol}gt| egt pjalj }jb mbebttbm pbtb ~bt|gioca}# o}}a}rmb

}gpotm| ~tblb~}| oim fbma}o}agi o| pbcc o| mgl}taioc

~tbebtbilb|)


19/46

=0?

pgrcm lott gi) O| |rlj# jb òub lgilrdaib| }g

Hrfotokauo# oim |ailb }jb pbtb o tgoc àe}# Hrfotokauo

jom ig ljgalb dr} }g ollb~} }jbf) Oe}btpotm|# ja| ma|la~cb|

o|hbm# Loi pb joub tbco}agi| pa}j pgfbi }gg7

Hrfotokauo |oam# \rtb# dr} eat|}# cb} fb |jgp gr

|gfb}jai`) Jb }ggh o joimerc ge ibbmcb| oim o}b }jbf o|bo|ac o| }jb pbtb iggmcb|) Pjbi jb eaia|jbm# jb |oam# ae

gr loi mg }jo}# }jbi gr loi joub tbco}agi| pa}j

pgfbi)

A} po| |}o}bm }jo}Hrfotokauo po| gdca`bm }g lgieb|| ai o lgietgi}o}agi pa}j

}jb ma|la~caiotaoi Drmmjodjomto }jo} jb po| o cg}r| ai }jb

frm) ]jb tbco}aub pbohib|| ai ~tblb~}| ai }jb Ljoi`&oi

Drmmja|} lgffria} po| }jr| rimbt|}oimodcb)=? A} po| oc|g

tb~gt}bm }jo} }jb etal}agi db}pbbi }jb }pg Drmmja|}

fo|}bt| po| gubt }jb a||rb ge }jb rimbt|}oimai` ge

bf~}aib||) ]jb ^tailb ge ]|ai# Jri`# poi}bm }g jbot

Drmmjodjomto| }boljai`|# |g jb |rffgibm o fbb}ai` ge

uotagr| fgih| egt o ma|lr||agi o} }jb Bo|}bti ôcolb) Dg}jHrfotokauo oim Drmmjodjomto lgiubt|bm egt |bubtoc

?)=? Pjocbi Coa# ]jb ]jtbb Kbpbc| ai Ljaio# ~) 41?)


20/46

=04

tgrim|) ]jbi Hrfotokauo o|hbm# Pj otb }jb Mjotfo|

|oam }g db bf~}7 Drmmjodjomto oi|pbtbm# ]ai o}gf|

lgi|}a}r}b egtf8 }jb egtf jo| ig |bce&io}rtb) ]jbtbegtb#

bubi o| }jbtb otb egtf|# }jb otb ocpo| bf~}) Ae gr |g

mb|}tg *dg}j! egtf oim bf~}aib|| d tbcaoilb gi }jb|b

o}gf|# pjo} }jbi mb|}tg| }jb o}gf7 ]jbtb otb }jg|b pjgai|a|} gi mb|}tgai` }jb aimauamroc o}gf|# dr} A pgrcm ig}

mg |g) Otb gr |oai` }jo} }jb otb ~btfoibi}7

Drmmjodjomto oi|pbtbm# D }jb gib o}gf otb }jb uotagr|

o}gf| bf~}abm) D }jb uotagr| o}gf| a| }jb gib o}gf

bf~}abm) O} }jb }afb# ^og&ri pjg }toi|co}bm }ja|

|bi}bilb mam ig} ercc rimbt|}oim }jb fboiai`# oim }jb

fgih| oim cofbi ai o}}bimoilb }jgr`j} Drmmjodjomto }g

db ~tg~g|ai` ~btfoibil egt }jb o}gf|) \gfb mo| co}bt#}jb cbotibm fgih| ge Ljoi`&oi aiua}bm Drmmjodjomto }g

|~boh pjbtb jb |oam# ]jb Mjotfo| otb ig} lor|bm d

}jbf|bcub|8 }jb otb dgti ge }jb lgiecrbilb ge lgima}agi|)

Lgima}agibm d }jb gib o}gf otb }jb uotagr| o}gf|) ]jb

o}gf jo| ig |bce&io}rtb8 a} a| }jbtbegtb bf~}) Loi a} |}acc db

|oam }jo} }jb gib o}gf a| ig} mb|}tgbm# }jo} a} a| ~btfoibi}

oim ig} bf~}7 ]ja| pgrcm |bbf }g db }jb tboc ai}bi}agi

ai ja| ~tbuagr| bzljoi`b) A} |bbf| }jo} Hrfotokauo tbol}bm

}g Drmmjodjomto dblor|b }jb co}}bt tbfaimbm jaf ge ja|egtfbt o}}oljfbi} }g }jb o}gf }jbgt ge tboca}) ]jbtb otb

|ljgcot| pjg }jaih }jo} ~btjo~| Drmmjodjomto |}acc lottabm

}jo} cb`ol) Jgpbubt# Drmmjodjomto po| lcbotc ig} }tai`


21/46

=0?)


22/46

=0=

Hrfotokauo oim }jb lgffria} ge ja| egccgpbt|) Jb ibubt

cahbm }jbat bzlb||aub aiugcubfbi} pa}j }jb tgoc lgrt})= LB#

Drmmjodjomto ocgi` pa}j ja| egt} ma|la~cb| }ggh tber`b ai

}jb |gr}j#=2 pjbtb ]og&oi| ma|la~cb| pbtb cauai`# |blcrmbmai o fgio|}bt gi Fgri} Cr&|joi# ai fgmbti Ljaoi`&j|a

~tguailb) ]jb cbombt ge }jb `tgr~ po| Jra&roi# }jb ig}bm

Ljaib|b fgih&|ljgcot#=5 oim a}| fbfdbt| pbtb fgih|#

~gb}| oim ~jacg|g~jbt| pjg pbtb ma|`r|}bm pa}j }jb

}tgrdcb| ge }jb pgtcm oim mbug}bm }jbf|bcub| }g fbma}o}agi

oim lgiubt|o}agi pa}j gib oig}jbt) Jra&roi po| o io}aub

ge Cgr&eoi# ai \joi|a) Ja| botc bot| pbtb |~bi} ai }jb

|}rm ge Lgierlaoi oim ]oga|} mgl}taib|) Jb po| lgiubt}bm

=< ^tbda|j# ]jb O }g [ ge Drmmja|f# ~) 00)== Djo}}otoa# Ljai To ]o|o|a}o Ib~oc Hg \ofdoimjo# ~ 04)=2 [rtljbt# ]jb Drmmja|} Lgiqrb|} ge Ljaio# Ugc) A# ~) 44


23/46

=02

}g Drmmja|f pjbi jb po| }pbi} bot| gcm) Co}bt# jb

dblofb }jb fg|} dtaccaoi} ma|la~cb ge ]og&oi) Jb oc|g

dblofb o ubt eofgr| Drmmja|} Fo|}bt oim bz~g|a}gt ge

Drmmja|} }boljai`|) Jb egrimbm }jb ]ri`&cai fgio|}bt

gi Cr&|joi ai Lbi}toc Ljaio oim a} dblofb }jb fg|}

eofgr| lbi}tb ge Drmmja|f ai \gr}j Ljaio) JbtbDrmmjodjomto po| ig} gic potfc pbclgfbm egt ja|

tb~r}o}agi o| o Mjio fo|}bt dr} oc|g egrim a}| fbi fgtb

lgi`biaoc }joi }jb Drmmja|}| ge }jb igt}j# oim ai|}trl}bm

}jbf ert}jbt ai }jb |bltb}| ge Drmmja|} fbi}oc }toaiai`) Ai

}ja| `tgr~ ge }jaihbt|# gib loi pa}ib|| Ljaib|b Drmmja|f

qra}b ollcafo}a{bm }g }jb io}aub |gac# b|~blaocc }g }jb ~gb}al

oim }toi|lbimbi}oc fggm ge }jb |gr}jbti Ljaib|b# oim

~tb~otai` egt ert}jbt riagi ge Drmmja|} fbma}o}agi pa}jLjaib|b qrab}a|f) A} po| gi }ja| `tgrim }jo} o mbeaia}b

|ljggc ge fbma}o}agi# higpi o| \joi&ig *Mjio!# co}bt

b|}odca|jbm a}|bce oim ert}jbt af~tb||bm gi Drmmja|f }jb

~gb}t ge }jb uoccb ge }jb Qoi`&}{b) Oc}jgr`j }jb

egccgpbt| ge }jb \joi&ig |ljggc }tolb }jbat gtaài }g

Dgmjamjotfo# pjg po| dbcabubm }g joub lgfb }g Ljaio d

|bo ai 24> LB# }jb ert}jbt |grtlb po| }g db egrim ai }jb

`tgr~ ge tblcr|b| o} Cr&|joi pjg jom potfc pbclgfbm

Drmmjodjomto) Oe}bt occ# gib loi o||aì }jb egrimo}agi geLjaib|b Drmmja|f# tbco}aubc o~ot} etgf egtbaì

fa||agiotab|# }g ]og&oi oim Jra&roi) Qb}# ~otoccbc pa}j

}ja| io}aub fgubfbi}# fa||agiot pgth po| ~tglbbmai`#


24/46

=05

dg}j ai }jb igt}j oim }jb |gr}j)=0 Cr&|joi po| o eofgr|

fgri}oai# oim o lgffria} }jbtb po| o lbi}tb ge Drmmja|}

ol}aua} ai }jb co}b =}j lbi}rt oim oe}bt) Oc|g higpi o|

Fgri} Cr# a} po| o cot`b fgri}oai bilgf~o||ai` foi

~boh| oim |lbial uabp|# cglo}bm ocgi` }jb Ljar Taubt ibot

a}| kril}rtb pa}j }jb Qoi`}{b Taubt ai Haoi`|a ~tguailb)Jra&roi *


25/46

=00

aiua}o}agi }g foi eofgr| }toi|co}gt| }g lgfb oim ~rt|rb

ol}aua}ab| ai ja| ]ri`&cai fgio|}bt) Ai Cr&|joi# Jra&roi

a| |oam }g joub o|hbm Drmmjodjomto }g dtai` gr} gib ge }jb

|lta~}rtb| ai pjalj jb jom |~blaoca{bm) A} a| |oam }jo} }jb

|lta~}rtb po| o |jgt} Jaioio Mjio&}tbo}a|b pa}j o

|ca`j} Fojooia|}al omfaz}rtb# lgffgic o|ltadbm }gMjotfo}to}o)2?

A} a| ai}btb|}ai` }g ig}b }jo} Jra&roi jaf|bce |}o}bm

ai ja| ~tbeolb }g }jb brcg` gi }jb Drmmjo&|jomgp }jo} jb

jom }jb `ggm egt}rib }g fbb} o Mjio&fo|}bt etgf

Ho|jfat oim o fgih etgf }jb |gr}j pbcc ubt|bm ai }jb

Uaioo pjg pbtb odcb }g `aub o mb}oacbm mb|lta~}agi ge }jb

|jomgp# pjbtbr~gi jb jom a} ~oai}bm oe}bt }jbat

aimalo}agi|) Ollgtmai` }g }jb b~acg`rb }g }jb|b jfi|# }jb|gcbfi aior`rto}agi ge }jb Ljo~bc ai pjalj }jb afo`b jom

dbbi ~colbm *a} |bbf| }g joub dbbi o ~oai}ai` gi |ach oim

ig} o frtoc! }ggh ~colb gi 40 Fo =?4 LB) ]ja| mo}b

aimalo}b| }jo} }jb Uaioo Fo|}bt etgf Ho|jfat po| ig

gib bc|b }joi Drmmjodjomto pjg jom |}obm o} Cr&|joi

mrtai` }jo} ~btagm# o eol} pjalj }jtgp| oi ai}btb|}ai` ca`j}

r~gi }jb tboc eril}agi ge }ja| ~oai}ai`)24 Jbtb a} |jgrcm db

fbi}agibm }jo} Drmmjodjomto po| ofgi` g}jbt }jai`| }jb

}toi|co}gt ge }jb Hroi Eg \oi&Fba *Joa! Ljai # o \}to

pjalj# o| }jb }a}cb aimalo}bm# po| foaic mbug}bm }g }jb

2? [rtljbt# ]jb Drmmja|} Lgiqrb|} ge Ljaio# Ugc) A# ~) 44


26/46

=0:

Drmmjir|f}a \ofmja# ~tbla|bc }jb haim ge fbi}oc

lgilbi}to}agi pjg po| |g frlj ~g~rcot ofgi` Jra&

roi| egccgpbt|) Ollgtmai` }g o to}jbt co}b oim ubt

ritbcaodcb |grtlb }ja| |lta~}rtb po| }toi|co}bm mrtai` }jb

\ri` ^btagm# jbilb oe}bt =4> LB# dr} bubi ae }ja| a| }trb#

Drmmjodjomto fo joub gtocc }toi|fa}}bm |gfb ge a}|lgi}bi}| }g Jra&roi mrtai` ja| |}o o} Cr&|joi) Gib loi

eaim ai }jb |bubi}j Ljroi ge}jb Hroi Eg \oi&Fba Ljai` o

cgi` ~o||o`b mbocai` pa}j }jb fatolcb ge }jb |jomgp#

egccgpbm d o ja`jc ai}btb|}ai` mb|lta~}agi ge }jb

Lgi}bf~co}agi ge }jb Drmmjo| |jomgp ai}bimbm egt }jb

r|b ge }jg|b ma|la~cb| ge }jb Drmmjo pjg oe}bt }jb

Drmmjo| mblbo|b ))) mb|atb }g higp *}jb o~~botoilb ge! }jb

Drmmjo ai o |a}}ai` ~g|}rtb) Mb}oacbm trcb| pbtb àubi jgp}g beebl} }jb ua|roca{o}agi ge }jb Drmmjo& dgm pa}j occ a}|

foth| oim }ghbi| ge |r~btio}rtoc ~gpbt&o egtf ge

lgilbi}to}agi# pjalj bcafaio}b| }jb |ai| lgffa}}bm mrtai`

}jb caub| ge o jrimtbm }jgr|oim Hoc~o|) Af~gt}oi}c

bigr`j o| Drmmjodjomto jaf|bce jom lgfb etgf

Io`tojoto# jb fr|} joub dbbi pbcc olqroai}bm pa}j cgloc

}toma}agi| lgilbtiai` }jb gtaàioc afo`b oim }jb po ai

pjalj a} po| omgtbm gt r|bm o| oi gdkbl} ge lgi}bf~co}agi

ai a}| gtaàioc gt ~tg~bt ~colb) ]jr|# a} loi db lgilcrmbm}jo} }jb tb~calo fomb o} Jra&Qroi| gtmbt ai =?4 LB o} Cr&

|joi# eot etgf dbai` o fbtb ~al}gtaoc tb~tb|bi}o}agi ge }jb


27/46

=01

Drmmjo jom o ubt lgiltb}b eril}agi# lcg|bc lgiibl}bm

pa}j }jb ~tol}alb ge Drmmjir|f}a)2&=?? LB# Jra&roi

po| |}o}bm }g joub pta}}bi o cb}}bt }g Bf~btgt Qog&J|ai`

ai gtmbt }g lcotae }jb lo|b ge }jb bz~rc|agi ge

Drmmjodjomto etgf Ljoi`&oi)2= Jb jom bubi ~bt|giocc

o~~bocbm }g }jb Bf~btgt o|hai` jaf }g tbughb }jb ubtmal}

ge }jb rikr|} bz~rc|agi ge }jb Mjio fo|}bt ai =?> LB

etgf Ljoi`&oi) Oe}bt tbfoaiai` otgrim }pg bot| ai Cr&

|joi# ai =?4 LB# ocgi` pa}j ja| ma|la~cb|# bubi}rocc

Drmmjodjomto pbi} }g |gr}jbti lo~a}oc la} Ljabi&Hoi`

*fgmbti Ioihai`! pjbtb jb lgi}airbm ja| pgth ai

fbma}o}agi oim }toi|co}agi) R~gi ja| ottauoc ai Ljaio ai=?= LB# Eo&j|abi po| doeecbm d }jb ma|~r}b db}pbbi

Drmmjodjomto oim Hrfotokauo) ]jbtbegtb# jb ~tglbbmbm }g

Ioihai` ai gtmbt }g o||ro`b Drmmjodjomto) Co}bt# jb po|

|rllb||erc ai ~bt|romai` }jb Ib~ocb|b |ljgcot }g tb}rti }g

}jb lo~a}oc o} Ljoi`&oi# pjbtb jb po| potfc pbclgfbm

d }jb Ljaib|b Bf~btgt)22 Oe}bt tbfoaiai` egt |gfb }afb

ai Ljoi`&oi# ocgi` pa}j Eo&j|abi# Drmmjodjomto gilb

o`oai tb}rtibm }g Ioihai`# pjbtb jb dblofb }jb |biagt

}toi|co}gt o} ]og Ljoi` \|r fgio|}bt# `auai` `ramoilb }g

2


28/46

=:>

fgtb }joi o jrimtbm fgih| bi`o`bm ai ~r}}ai` }jb

Drmmja|} |lta~}rtb| ai}g Ljaib|b) ]ja| fgio|}bt po| }jb

foai lbi}tb ge |rlj pgth ai Ljaio)25 Pjacb ai Ioihai`#

lgccodgto}ai` pa}j Eo&j|abi# Drmmjodjomto |}ot}bm }jb

~tgkbl} ge bma}ai` oim }toi|co}ai` Drmmja|} }bz}| etgf

\oi|hta} ai}g Ljaib|b coi`ro`b)20 Eo&j|abi jom dtgr`j}foi Lco||al Drmmja|} }bz}| etgf Aimao) A} a| }g db ig}bm

}jo} d }jo} }afb# Drmmjodjomto jom olqratbm o ~tgegrim

higpcbm`b ge }jb Ljaib|b coi`ro`b) Bubi oe}bt Eo&j|abi|

mbo}j ai =4> LB# Drmmjodjomto po| bi`o`bm ai }toi|co}agi

~tgkbl}|) Jb lgi}airbm ja| ol}aua}ab| ri}ac ja| mbo}j o} }jb

o`b ge |bubi}&gib ai =41 LB)

Lgi}tadr}agi| ge }jb Drmmja|} Fo|}bt

Eae}bbi ge Drmmjodjomto| }toi|co}agi pgth| otb|oam }g joub dbbi ~tb|btubm ai Ljaio ri}ac igp) Db}pbbi


29/46

=:?

lbi}rt LB) ]jb }toi|co}agi pgth| ge Drmmjodjomto joub

dbbi ca|}bm ai }jb egccgpai` lo}ocg`rb|)2:

?) Dr||jg Hoa|b}|r Moaka}bi *~tb~otbm d @) Gig!4) Lgf~oto}aub Oioc}aloc Lo}ocg`rb ge }jb Hoikrt

Maua|agi ge }jb ]adb}oi Drmmja|} Loigi *G}oia

Riaubt|a}!

) ]adb}oi ]ta~a}oho *\mb&m`b bma}agi!??)]adb}oi ]ta~a}oho *\iot&}joi bma}agi!?4)]oa|jg \jai|jr Moa{ghg *]oa|jg ]ta~a}oho!

A} a| tb~gt}bm }jo} Hrfotokauo olhigpcbm`bm

Drmmjodjomto| |r~btagta} oim pjbibubt jb jom mgrd}|#

jb ocpo| |gr`j} Drmmjodjomto| bz~coio}agi)21

Drmmjodjomto o||a|}bm Hrfotokauo ai }jb }toi|co}agi ge

Drmmja|} |lta~}rtb|)5> Ai =?5&=?: LB# ocgi` pa}j Eo&j|abi

2: Coilo|}bt oim ^oth#Hgtboi Drmmja|} Loiigi# ~~) zz&zzaaa)21 ^rta# Drmmja|f ai Lbi}toc O|ao# ~) ?4 ]jb \gho @ohhoa Mal}agiot ge Drmmja|f# ~) 20)


30/46

=:4

ai ]og Ljoi` \|r fgio|}bt# Drmmjodjomto }toi|co}bm }jb

Foj|`jaho Uaioo *Fg jg |bi` Lja car! ai egt}

ugcrfb| *eo|lalcb|!# pjalj Eo&j|abi jom dtgr`j} etgf o

fgio|}bt ai ^oca~r}to) 5? ]jb `bibtoc ~coi ge }jb pgth

po| |afacot }g }jo} ge g}jbt Uaioo~a}oho| dr} a} po| frlj

taljbt }joi foi ge }jb pgth| ai oiblmg}oc bcbfbi}}jtgpai` ca`j} gi }jb |glaoc oim blgigfal ja|}gt ge

igt}jbti Aimao)54 ]jb fg|} ig}bm pgth# pjalj jb }toi|co}bm

ai}g Ljaib|b ai lgccodgto}agi pa}j Eo&|jabi# po| }jb

Foj~otaiatuo \}to *]o&~oi iabj&~oi ljai`!5< ai |az

ugcrfb| etgf =?5 }g =?: LB) Db|amb| }jo}# }jb }toi|co}agi

dbotai` }jb }a}cb ge]|o G&~a&}oi j|ai&cri po| oc|g o|ltadbm

5?

Jatohopo# Drmmja|} Ca}bto}rtb; \rtub ge ]bz}|# ~) 2?4) Ioikag*lgf~)!#O Lo}ocg`rb ge }jb Ljaib|b ]toi|co}agi| ge }jb Drmmja|}]ta~a}oho# ~) 4=08 Do~o}# 42>> Qbot| ge Drmmja|f# ~) ?4=8 Iotafoi#Ca}btot Ja|}gt ge \oi|hta} Drmmja|f# ~) 458 \oihta}ooi#Dormjo \oi|hta}a# ~) 4108 Do`lja# Aimao oim Ljaio# ~) ?418 ^tbda|j#]jb O }g [ ge Drmmja|f# ~) ??:8 Hbgpi# O Mal}agiot geDrmmja|f# ~) =48 ]jo~o# Ibpot Drmmja|f# ~) 4>8 Kg|ja# Hocohot

Otiahg# ~) 51) G}jbt ]toi|co}gt| ai ]jb ^btagm ge Ma|ria}#ppp)drmmja|}mggt)lgfdmggtotljaubir}|jbcc}bolj}bolj2>j}f8Drmmjodjomto# ppp)ht)h|)ojgg)lgf|btualbpahaWhigphigpWuabp)j}fc7}irf6?52>)

54 Do`lja# Aimao oim Ljaio# ~) ?41)5


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=: LB) 55 A} a| |oam }jo} jb |}ot}bm }jb }toi|co}agi ge

5= Koi Qroi&Jro# Eo&j|abi# ~) 4=5)52 Erka}o# ]jb ]bz}roc Gta`ai| ge ]jb Hroi Pr&cai`&\jgr Ljai`#

~~) ?24# ?20 oim ?5>)55 Ioikag# O Lo}ocg`rb ge }jb Ljaib|b ]toi|co}agi| ge }jb Drmmja|}

]ta~a}oho# ~)


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=:=

}ja| \oi|hta} foir|lta~} ai =?: oim lgf~cb}bm a} ai =44 LB

ai ]og Ljoi` \|r fgio|}bt ai Qoi` ljgr)50 ]ja| pgth a|

ja`jc fb}o~j|aloc oim jo| dbbi |oam }g tb~tb|bi} }jb

ja`jb|} cbubc ge Fojio }jgr`j}) Drmmjodjomto oc|g

}toi|co}bm }jb Qg`ltodjf \}to *]o&fg&}g&cg&ljoi&

ljai`! ai }pg eo|lalcb| etgf LB mrtai` }jb Bo|}bti ]|ai

Mio|})51 Jb oc|g }toi|co}bm }jb Drmmjoio

\ofmja|`oto \}to *Hroi eg |oi&fba joa Ljai`! etgf =4>

}g =4< LB ai Qoi` Ljgr)0> Ja| g}jbt }toi|co}bm pgth| pbtb

}jb Oioi}ofrhjo \mjohomjto \}to *Ljr \jbi` pr

Dtajo}}ot Djoto}# ~) 258 Oc|g dtgp|b & G}jbt ]toi|co}gt| ai }jb^btagm ge Ma|ria}# ppp)drmmja|}mggt)lgfdmggtotljaubir}|jbcc}bolj2>)j}f8 Jro&bi \bl}# ppp)drmmja|}mggt)lgfdmggt otljaubir}|jbcc }bolj}bolj52j}f8Ja|}gt ge [bi aiLjaio# ppp)}bz}|)lgf drmtg|o>= oim Erka}o# ]jb ]bz}roc Gta ai| ge Hroi Pr&cai`& \jgrLjai`# ~) ?20)


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=:2

caoi` fbi Ljaj Ljai`! ai }jb eat|} bot ge Qroi J|a ge }jb

Bo|}bti ]|ai Mio|} ai =?1 LB ai Qoi` ]r)0? \afacotc# jb

oc|g }toi|co}bm }jb Djomtolot~toamjio*Pbi \jr |jaj ca

eo roi ljai ! mrtai` }jb |blgim bot ge Qroi J|a ge }jb

Bo|}bti ]|ai Mio|} ai =4> LB ai ]og&Ljoi` \|r

fgio|}bt# 04 Mjio \}to *]o fg }g cg \joi Hai! mrtai`}jb Bo|}bti ]|ai Mio|}#0< \ofoi}odjomto ^toamjio

Djomtolota oim }jb Fokrt ^toamjig}~mo \}to *Poi&

|jr&|j&ca&eo&rbi&Ljai`!0= ai =4> LB) Drmmjodjomto oc|g

}toi|co}bm |bubtoc g}jbt Drmmja|} }bz}|# pjalj ailcrmb }jb

Foj|`jahodjahra Uaioo *Fg jg |bi` lj'a ~a lj'ar ia

ljabi ~bi! mrtai` }jb Bo|}bti ]|ai mio|} ai =?= LB 02 oim

}jb ^to}afgho \`jaho Uaioofc*^g cg }ja fr hjo |oi

0? Ioikag# O Lo}ocg`rb ge }jb Ljaib|b ]toi|co}agi| ge }jb Drmmja|}]ta~a}oho# ~) 1>8 Coilo|}bt oim ôth# Hgtboi Drmmja|} Loiigi# ~)??18 ]jo~o#Ibpot Drmmja|f# ~) 4>)

04 Coilo|}bt oim ôth# Hgtboi Drmmja|} Loiigi# ~) )

0< Ioikag# O Lo}ocg`rb ge }jb Ljaib|b ]toi|co}agi| ge }jb Drmmja|}]ta~a}oho# ~) >8 Mrfgrcai# O Ja|}gt ge [bi Drmmja|f# ~) 2:8Ja|}gt ge [bi ai Ljaio# ppp)|oltbm}bz}|lgfdrmtg|o>:)j}f0= Ioikag# O Lo}ocg`rb ge }jb Ljaib|b ]toi|co}agi| ge }jb Drmmja|}]ta~a}oho# ~) 4108 Ljgr J|aoi`&hroi`# Ljaia Dormjo MjotfohoA}ajo| # ~) :>)

02 Coilo|}bt oim ôth# Hgtboi Drmmja|} Loigi# ~)


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=:5

hja hab ~oi gt Fg jg |bi` lja cr }o ~a Ljar Ljabi~bi!05

mrtai` }jb |blgim bot ge Croi`&Oi ge Bo|}bti ]|ai

mio|} oim }jb |blgim bot ge Qri` Ljr Car ge \ri`

mio|} *


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=:0

eofgr| Fo|}bt| ge Mjio# po| ~tg~oò}bm }jtgr`jgr}

}jb tbàgi |gr}j ge Qoi`}{b) Drmmjodjomto a| oc|g

ltbma}bm pa}j jouai` }or`j} }jb Ljaib|b fgih| }g pbot

fgih tgdb| dotai` gib |jgrcmbt# }g |a} gi jotm `tgrim

oim }g bo} gic gib fboc o mo dbegtb iggi)00 Jb oc|g

|}rmabm Ljaib|b fot}aoc ot}| Pr|jr gtHri` Er) Jb po|kgaibm d }pg ma|la~cb|# \bi` Ljgr oim Jra @ori`) ]jb

}pg |}rmabm rimbt Drmmjodjomto oim ai }afb jgibm }jbat

Pr|jr |hacc|)0: ]jr|# jb pgthbm }atbcb||c }g bz~grim }jb

Mjotfo }g }jb Ljaib|b ai}bccbl}roc|) Ai }ja| po# d

|~bimai` }pbi}&gib bot| ai Ljaio# jb coam o |}tgi`

egrimo}agi egt }jb ~tg~oò}agi ge Drmmja|f) Ja| pgth|

fomb jaf o tbigpibm Drmmja|} Fo|}bt ai Ljaio) Ubt

tblbi}c# }jb }gfd ge Ubi) Drmmjodjomto jo| dbbima|lgubtbm ai Ljaio)01

Lgilcr|agi

Pb jou| |bbi }jo} }jb fg|} af~gt}oi} lgi}tadr}agi

fomb d Drmmjodjomto po| }g }jb ~tg~oò}agi ge

Drmmja|f ai Ljaio oim }jb pgth ge }toi|co}agi) Ja|

beegt}| lgi|}a}r}b o `cgtagr| ljo~}bt ai }jb ja|}gt ge

fr}roc bzljoi`b ofgi` Drmmja|} lrc}rtb|) Jb po| gib

ge }jg|b af~gt}oi} |ljgcot| pjg pbtb ai|}trfbi}oc ai

00 Coa# ]jb ]jtbb Kbpbc| ai Ljaio# ~) 41>)0: Jro&Qbi \bl}# ppp) drmmja|}mggt)lgfdmggtotljaubir}|jbcc

}bolj52)j}f01 Djo}}otoa# Mjotfoljoto Drmmjodjomto *Ljrbj&j|abi!# Drmmjo

Kooi}a @gcmbi Krdacbb \grubiat# ~) 4=)


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=::

ai}tgmrlai` Drmmja|} }bz}| ai}g Ljaio) Jb fomb oi

gr}|}oimai` lgi}tadr}agi d ~tg~o`o}ai` Drmmja|f ai

Ljaio }jtgr`j ja| }toi|co}agi pgth|) Jb oc|g jo~~bibm

}g db gib ge }jb ~tgfaibi} Drmmja|} fgih&|ljgcot| pjg

pbtb aiua}bm }g |}o ai }jb cot`b fgio|}btab| ge Ljaio) Jb

po| aimbbm o ~bt|gi ge bzlb~}agioc |}o}r|# oim ja| lotbbtpo| bzbf~cot) Jb po| o lgi}bf~gtot ge oig}jbt

~tgfaibi} |ljgcot# Hrfotokauo) ]jgr`j eae}bbi bot|

gri`bt }joi Hrfotokauo# Drmmjodjomto |rt~o||bm jaf

ai tb~r}bm uat}rb oim ai|a`j}# bikgai` ofgi` ja| Ljaib|b

lgi}bf~gtotab| }jb ja`jb|} b|}bbf dblor|b ge ja|

fatolrcgr| ~gpbt|):> Jb po| aimbbm gib ge }jb fg|}

~tgfaibi} }toi|co}gt|# lgf~otodcb }g Hrfotokauo) Ja|

pgth| jbtocmbm o ibp b~glj ai }jb |~tbom ge Drmmja|fai Ljaio) Pa}j ja| mbb~ higpcbm`b ge Drmmja|}

~jacg|g~j oim ja| lgffoim ge \oi|hta} oim Ljaib|b

coi`ro`b|# Drmmjodjomto po| odcb }g }toi|co}b eae}bbi

Drmmja|} |lta~}rtb| ai gib jrimtbm oim |bubi}bbi

|b~oto}b ugcrfb|) Ja| af~gt}oi} }toi|co}bm pgth| |}acc

dbot }b|}afgi }g ja| ~tgegrim btrma}agi):?

Drmmjodjomto ig} gic o||a|}bm Hrfotokauo ai ja|

}toi|co}agi pgth| dr} oc|g pjbibubt Hrfotokauo jom oi

mgrd}|# Drmmjodjomto po| ocpo| lgi|rc}bm egt oibz~coio}agi) Ja| ottauoc ai Ljaio fothbm o }rtiai` ~gai}

:> Mrfgrcai# O Ja|}gt ge [bi Drmmja|f# ~) 20):? Do`lja# Aimao oim Ljaio# ~) =2)


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=:1

ai }jb botc ja|}gt ge Ljaib|b Drmmja|f) Ja|

lgi}tadr}agi }g }jb mbubcg~fbi} ge Drmmja|f ai Ljaio

po| ig} |af~c }jo} ge o }toi|co}gt) Jb aiugcubm foi

io}aub Ljaib|b fgih| ai }jb }toi|co}agi ~tglb|| oim oc|g

eg|}btbm foi ma|la~cb|) Drmmjodjomto| }toi|co}agi

pgth| dbcgi` }g }jtbb fokgt lo}b`gtab| ge Ljaib|bDrmmja|} |lta~}rtoc pta}ai`|; \}to# Uaioo# oim }tbo}a|b|

oim lgffbi}otab|) Oc}jgr`j ig} occ }jb }bz}| }toi|co}bm

d Drmmjodjomto pbtb ge bqroc af~gt}oilb gt jom bqroc

o~~boc# o |rt~ta|ai` irfdbt ge }jbf lofb }g db tbòtmbm

o| do|al |lta~}rtb| ge Bo|} O|aoi Drmmja|f) \gfb ge }jb

pgth| }toi|co}bm d jaf dblofb }jb erimofbi}oc

Drmmja|} }bz}| fg|} lgffgic |}rmabm mrtai` }jb eae}j

lbi}rt ai Ljaio)]jb gr}lgfb ge Drmmjodjomto| pgth| ai

~ot}ibt|ja~ pa}j Eo&j|abi po| }g lgi}tadr}b }g b|}odca|j

lbt}oai haim ge |~ata}roc tbco}agi| db}pbbi Ib~oc oim

Ljaio) Egt }ja| tbo|gi# jb loi db tbòtmbm o| gib ge }jb

fg|} af~gt}oi} Ib~ocb|b }g lgi}tadr}b }g }jb

~tg~oò}agi ge Drmmja|f ai Ljaio) Jb a| `cgpai`

bzof~cb ge }jb beegt}| fomb d Ib~ocb|b Drmmja|}

Fo|}bt| }g |~tbom Drmmja|f ai Ljaio)

Pb gd|btub ai }ja| |lbiotag o \aig&Ib~ocb|b

ai}bccbl}roc kgai} ubi}rtb ai }jb ltbo}agi ge }jb ibp

|~ata}roc gtmbt) A} |jgrcm db ig}bm }jo} egt o cgi` }afb

Drmmja|f ~cobm }jb tgcb ge o `tbo} fbmarf ge o lrc}rtoc


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=1>

bzljoi`b db}pbbi g}jbt lgri}tab| ai }jb tbàgi oim

Ljaio) ]jb fgih&|ljgcot| etgf Ib~oc oim Ljaio fomb

gr}|}oimai` lgi}tadr}agi| }g }jb etabimc ai}btlgrt|b

db}pbbi }jb }pg lgri}tab|) ]jb ollgri}| ge Eo&j|abi oim

J|oi&}|oi` joub ocpo| dbbi jbcm ai ja`j b|}bbf d }jb

Drmmja|} ja|}gtaoi| o| o uocrodcb |grtlb egt }jb |}rm ge|gfb ja|}gtaloc o|~bl}| ge oilabi} Ib~oc) Cahbpa|b# ai

uabp ge ja| aiuocrodcb lgi}tadr}agi|# ocgi` pa}j g}jbt

Drmmja|} fgih| etgf Lbi}toc O|aoi |}o}b| oim Aimao#

Drmmjodjomto loi db rimgrd}bmc tbòtmbm o| gib ge }jb

fg|} af~gt}oi} ea`rtb| ai }jb ja|}gt ge }jb mbubcg~fbi}

oim bz~oi|agi ge Drmmja|f ai Ljaio)

Tbebtbilb|

?) Oljoto# Dodr Tof# Ljai ]addo} To Ib~oc# *Ljaio#]adb} oim Ib~oc!# Ho}jfoimr; \jtbb Hta|jio Oljoto#

4>21 UB)

4) Oib|oha# F)# Fa||agi| *Drmmja|}! ai Kofb| Jo|}ai`|*bm)!# Billcg~obmao ge Tbcaàgi oim B}jal|# Ugc) UAAA#

Ibp Qgth; Ljotcb| \ltadibt| \gi|# ?1?5)

> Qbot| ge Drmmja|f# Mbcja;Faia|}t ge Aiegtfo}agi oim Dtgomlo|}ai`# ?121)2) Dboc# \ofrbc *bm)!# Drmmja|} Tblgtm| ge }jb Pb|}bti

Pgtcm# Mbcja; Gtabi}oc Dggh# ?1:


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=1?

5) Djo}}otoa# Iatoikoi# Ljai To ]o|o|a}o Ib~oc Hg\ofdoimjo *Ljaio oim jbt tbco}agi| pa}j Ib~oc!#

Ho}jfoimr; Tgoc Ib~oc Olombf# 4>?: UB)

0) Djo}}otoa# Iatoikoi# Mjotfoljoto Drmmjodjomto*Ljrbj&j|abi!# Drmmjo Kooi}a @gcmbi Krdacbb

\grubiat# Coca}~rt; Djhotuoto Fojuajto# 4>>5)

:) Dghbihof~# \}b~jbi T)# \}o`b| ge ]toi|lbimbilb; ]jbDjrfa Lgilb~} ai ]oga|} \lta~}rtb ai Tgdbt} B)

Dr|pbcc *bm)!# Ljaib|b Drmmja|} O~glt~jo# Mbcja; \ta

\o}`rtr ^rdcalo}agi|# ?114)

1) Dgh|jljoiai# O) O)# \aig&Aimaoi Tbco}agi| etgfoilabi} ]afb| }g }jb \az}bbi}j Lbi}rt ai \) C)

]ahjuai|h *bm)!# Ljaio oim Jbt Iba`jdgrt|; Etgf

Oilabi} ]afb| }g }jb Fammcb O`b|# Fg|lgp; ^tg`tb||^rdca|jbt|# ?1:?)

?>)Dgphbt# Kgji *bm)!# ]jb Gzegtm Mal}agiot ge PgtcmTbca`agi# Gzegtm; Gzegtm Riaubt|a} ^tb||# ?110)

??) Drmmjodjomto#ppp)ht)h|)ojgg)lgf|btualbpahaWhigphigpWuabp) j}fc7}irf6?52>)

?4) Drmmjodjomto#pp)mtbofpa{)lgfkafri`|gi`ljgcWeacb


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=14

?5)Ljai Hbj&fr# O \jgt} Ja|}gt ge \aig&AimaoiEtabim|ja~# Loclr}}o; ?1:?)

?0)Ljgr J|aoi`&hroi`# Ljaia Dormjo Mjotfoho A}ajo|*Ja|}gt ge Ljaib|b Drmmja|f! *Jaima }t) O}foi!#

Occojodom; Djoto}a Djoimot# 4>?< UB)

?:)Ljgr Qa&caoi`# ]oi}ta|f ai Ljaio#Jotuotm Kgrtioc geO|ao}al \}rmab|# Ugc) :# Fotlj ?1==&Fotlj ?1=2)

?1)Mo|# \) L)# Aimaoi ôima}| ai }jb Coim ge \igp#Loclr}}o; H) C) Frhjg~omjo# ?152

4>)Mbu# Oljoto Iotbimto# Dgrmmjo Mjotfo Mot|joi*Drmmja|} Tbcaàgi ^jacg|g~j!# ô}io; Dajot

T}todj|o ôtaom# ?125)

4?)Mjotfohbfo# ]jb @tbo} ôtaiatuo \}to Tbmol}bmetgf }jb Ljaib|b }t) d Jra&bi# Jra&hroi# oim J|abj

Cai`&ri ]2o& :24d!# *Bi`) }t) Ljotcb| M)

ô}}gi!# ?111# ppp)uacco)cohb|)lgflm~o}}giMjotfoLoigi ]>


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=1>=)

24)Frhjbtkbb# ^tgdjo} Hrfot# Aimaoi Ca}bto}rtb Odtgom*Ljaio!# Loclr}}o; ?14:)

2


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=15

25)Ibjtr# Kopojotcoc# ]jb Ma|lgubt ge Aimao# Cgimgi;Fbtamaoi Dggh|# ?15>)

20)Ib~oc# Kioifoia# Ib~oc Iatrh}o *Ib~oc Ambi}aeabm!#Ho}jfoimr; Tgoc Ib~oc Olombf# 4>=? UB)

2:) G}jbt ]toi|co}gt| ai }jb ^btagm ge Ma|ria}#ppp)drmmja|}mggt)lgfdmggtotljaubir}|jbcc}bolj}bolj2>) j}f)

21)ôimb# Ia|jljoc I)# ^tgfg}ai` Ib~oc&LjaioLrc}rtoc Lgg~bto}agi ai Ia|ljoc I) ôimb *bm)!# Ib~oc&Ljaio Tbco}agi|# Ho}jfoimr; Ai|}a}r}b ge

Egtbaì Oeeoat|# 4>>2)

5>)^bthai|# Mgtg}j# Billcg~bmao ge Ljaio; ]jb B||bi}aocTbebtbilb }g Ljaio# A}| Ja|}gt oim Lrc}rtb# Ibp

Qgth; O Tgrim}odcb ^tb|| Dggh# ?11:)

5?)^b}blj# Crlaoig#Igt}jbti Aimao Ollgtmai` }g }jb \jra&Ljai`&Ljr# Tgfb; Ai|}a}r}b ^gca`toealg Mbccg \}o}gâo{{o Ubtma# ?122)

54)^tomjoi# Djrpoi Coc# Crfdai Ho~acopo|}rMbuomojo# Ho}jfoimr; TLIO\# i) m)

5>>>)

52)To}io# Hrcomjotfo# Drmmja|f oim Ib~oc# Ho}jfoimr;Mjotfgmoo \odjo# i) m)

55)Tb~gt} ge }jb Egrt}j Pgtcm Drmmja|} Lgiebtbilb ge }jbPgtcm Ebccgp|ja~ ge Drmmja|}|# Ho}jfoimr# Ib~oc# ?2 }j


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=10

}g 4?|} Igubfdbt# ?125# Ho}jfoimr; Mjotfgmoo

\odjo# i) m)

50)\oihta}ooi# Tojrc# Dormjo \oi|hta}a *Drmmja|}Lrc}rtb!# Loclr}}o; Omjriah ^r|}oh Djopoi# i) m)

5:)\jojo# Ta|jahb|j# Ib~oc# ]adb} oim Ljaio# ]jb Ib~ocLgrilac ge Pgtcm Oeeoat|# Krib ?10>)

51)\jojo# Ta|jahb|j# Jbtgb| oim Dracmbt| ge Ib~oc#Cgimgi; Gzegtm Riaubt|a} ^tb||# ?152)

0>)\ai`j# Jota|jljoimto C)# Drmmja|f ai Ib~oc; O DtabeJa|}gtaloc Ai}tgmrl}agi# Coca}~rt; \o}a|j \ai`j# ?11>)

0?)\gfb Ig}b| gi ^btlb~}agi| ge ^to}}o|ofr}~mo aiLjaio etgf Hrfotokauo }g Eo&og#

ppp)lld|)i}r)bmr)}p ERCC]BZ]KT&

KGL^kl4504?j}f)

04)]ohohr|r# K)# Qroi&Ljpoi`# Eo&jaoi oim A&]|ai` ai Kofb| Jo|}ai`| *bm)!# ]jb Billcg~obmao ge Tbca`agi

oim B}jal|# Ugc) ZAA# Ibp Qgth; Ljotcb| \ltadibt|

\gi|# ?1?5)

0>2)

0=)]jb \bbhbt| @cg||ot ge Drmmja|f# ]oa~ba; LDDBE#?11:)

02)]jb \gho @ohhoa Mal}agiot ge Drmmja|f# ]ghg; \gho@ohhoa# 4>>4)

05)]rlla# @ar|b~~b# ]jb Tbca`agi| ge ]adb}# Mbcja; Occabm^rdca|jbt|# ?1:>)

00)R~omjoo# Djo`po}|jotoi# Dtajo}}ot Djoto}# *@tbo}btAimao!# Mbcja; Tok~oc oim \gi|# ?1:5)


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=1:

0:)R~omjoo# Koòiio}j# Uoktooio; Mjotfo# Mot|joiOrt Kbbuoi&Mot|joi# *Uoktooio; Tbcaàgi&^jacg|g~j

oim Ua|agi!# Mjaj# Ig) 4=# ?110# \otio}j)

01)Poi` Jri`&pa# Ljai&Ib~oc Foa}ta# ^toljai ]otoIorcg R}|oj \oja}hg *Oilabi} Ljaio&Ib~oc ]ab| dr}

pa}j Ibp Bi}jr|ao|f!# \fotaho *\grubiat!#Ho}jfoimr; Ib~oc Ljai Foa}ta \oi`j# 4>=? UB)

:>)Po}}# ôrc D)# ]oi}tal Drmmja|f ai Ljaio ai ]ohbrljaQg|jaigta *bm)!# Drmmja|} \~ata}roca}; Aimaoi# \gr}jbo|}

O|aoi# ]adb}oi oim Botc Ljaib|b# IQ; Ltg||tgom#

?11=)

:?)Pbai|}bai# \}oicb# \ljggc| ge Drmmja|f; Ljaib|bDrmmja|f ai Fatlbo Bcaomb *bm)!# ]jb Billcg~bmao ge

Tbcaàgi# Ugc) 4# Ibp Qgth; Folfaccaoi ^rdca|jai`#?1:0)

:4)Pbclj# Jgcfb|# Drmmja|f Rimbt Fog# Lofdtam`b;Jotuotm Riaubt|a} ^tb||# ?104)

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Vijay Manandhar - Ven. Buddhabhadra and His Contributions in Buddhism in 5th Century China