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BATTLE OF PLASSEY- 1757

The Battle of Plassey was a major battle that took place 23 June 1757 at Palashi,Bengal

It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies.

Battle of buxar- 1764

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company and Shuja – ud –Daulah and Shah Alam 2 .

Anglo – mysore wars

The Anglo–Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency.

Treaties signed in the war The Treaty of Madras was a peace agreement signed in 1769 between Mysore and the British East India Company which brought an end to the First Anglo-Mysore War

Anglo maratha wars

The Anglo–Maratha Wars were three wars fought in the Indian sub-continent between Maratha Kingdom and the British East India Company

Treaties signed in the war The Treaty of Salbai was signed on May 17, 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.

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MAHALWARI SYSTEM

The Mahalwari system is one of the three major land tenure systems implemented by the British in India. The two systems were the Permanent Settlement of Bengal and the Ryotwari system.

PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe Permanent

Settlement was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire Empire

RYOTWARI SYSTEM

The ryotwari system, instituted in some parts of British India, was one of the two main systems used to collect revenues from the cultivators of agricultural land.

CIVICS

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

It is the longest written constitution in the world. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is widely regar The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. He is the father of the Indian Constitution.

Introduction

5.The Preamble to Constitution of India.

The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly

resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE:- social, economic and political;LIBERTY:- thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY:- status and of opportunity; and to promote among them allFRATERNITY:- assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Sarojini Naidu and Vijayalakshmi Pundit were important women members.

Constituent Assembly

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1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS …..

The Constitution of India recognizes certain basic fundamental rights for every citizen of India, such as:-

(a)Right to Equality

(b)Right to Freedom

(c)Right to Freedom of Religion

(d)Right against Exploitation

(e)Cultural & Educational Rights

(f)Right to Constitutional Remedies

The constitution provides certain fundamental duties to the citizens of India .Some of them are as follows :

1) To respect and protect the cultural and natural heritage 2) To respect the environment 3) Promote peace an harmony 4) Safeguard public property 5) Show respect to our national flag and anthem

2) FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES …..

3) Secularism In this feature all the Indian citizens can preach any religion they want . 4) Federalism In a federal set up individual states enjoy independence in the matters to their state

SKIT ON SECULARISM

GEOGRAPHY

SOIL FORMATION

The process of soil formation is very slow .It takes thousands of years to form 2-3 centimeters of soil .

Some factors are very important for soil formation :

Climatic Conditions :This plays a very important role in weathering of rocks .Distribution of rainfall and temperature determines the weathering of rocks .

Humus : Humus is the remains of dead plants and animals .It provides organic matter to the soil and thus , makes it fertile .

Relief Features :The altitude and slope decides the weathering and drainage of water .

TYPES OF SOIL

Red soil- Red soil is generally formed from iron-rich sedimentary rock.

Mountain soil-it is very sandy and found on hilly areas

Laterite soil- Laterite are soil types rich in iron and aluminum, formed in hot and wet areas .

WHERE IT IS FOUND Red soil- large tracts

of western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, southern Maharashtra.

Mountain soil- Gangtok,Sikkim,arunachal Pradesh.

Laterite soil-Tamil Nadu Orissa

SOIL CONSERVATION

The protection of soil from physical as well as chemical deterioration is called soil conservation.

AfforestationCrop rotation Contour ploughing

Strip cropping Terrace farming

Cover cropping

Terrace farming

It is most effective in conserving soil on mountain. In this method the hill slopes are cuted into terrace to create flat area to grow crops. It reduces the speed of flowing rainwater

Strip cropping

In this method cover crops such as small grains and grasses are planted alternatively with cultivated crops in narrow strips. These cover crops absorbs the moisture to hold the surface soil together.

COVER CROPPING

In areas such as orchards and plantations, cover crop are planted between young trees to check soil erosion. Leguminous crops are often used as they often add nitrogen to soil.

Water conservation

METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION ARE :

DRIP IRRIGATIONSPRINKLER IRRIGATIONRAINWATER HARVESTING

DIFFERENCE BETWEENCONVENTIONAL

Energy resources that have been in common use for a long period of time are Conventional Resources.

Some Conventional Resources are Coal, and natural gas.

NON-CONVENTIONAL

Energy resources that have not been common use for a long period of time are called Non Conventional Resources.

Some of the Non Conventional Resources are- Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Nuclear Energy

CoalCoal is the most abundantly

found fossil fuel. It occurs between the layers of sedimentary rocks. Coal was formed millions of years ago, when huge ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of the earth.

Petroleum

Petroleum is found between the layers of sedimentary rocks and is drilled from the oil fields located in offshore and coastal areas. About two –third of the total reserves of petroleum are found around the Persian gulf.

SOLAR ENERGYIt is the energy that we receive

from The SUN. It is the most non-polluting and inexhaustible source of energy. It is used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers and is also used in community lightning and traffic signals.

WIND ENERGYWind is an inexhaustible source of energy. It is a clean , safe and non-polluting source of energy

NUCLEAR ENERGYNuclear energy is produced by

the disintegration of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. This process is called nuclear fusion and is used to generate electricity in power stations.

biogasBiogas is a gaseous fuel.It is developed from organic waste like dead plants,farm waste,kitchen waste,animal and human waste.

Tidal energyTidal energy is a energy

generated from the ocean tides.High tides and low tides are used

to run turbines for electricity generation.

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

COAL (25%) NATURAL GAS (21%) OIL (34%) NUCLEAR POWER

(6.4%) HYDROELECTRICITY(

2.2%) BIOMASS AND

REFUSE(11%) OTHER RENEWABLE

SOURCES (0.4%)Coal Natural gasOil Nuclear powerHydroelectricity Biomass And refuseOther renewable sources