VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUMON ALCOHOL FUELS

NOV. 13-16, '88 TOKYO

This proceedings is edited by New Energy and Industrial TechnologyDevelopment Organization, and printed by Sanbi Insatsu Co., Ltd. Japan (1988)

CONTENTS

Greeting ill

Sponsoring Organization v

Cooperating Organization v

International Organizing Committee vi

National Organizing Committee vn

Planning and Management Committee VII

Program Committee VII

Summary of Technical Contents 1262

Authors Index 1263

1. RESOURCES and PRODUCTION

1.1 . ALCOHOL PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS

Ethanol Production with Continuous and Repeated-Batch Fermentation UsingNewly Isolated Flocculating Yeast 3

Kuriyama, H.*, Murakami, T.*, Kobayashi, H . \ Kida, K.*\ Sonoda, Y.** /Fermentation Research Institute*, Kumamoto University**

Alcohol Production with a Genetically Improved Yeast Which Carries a ModifiedRhizopus Glucoamylase Gene 9

Ashikari, T., Matsumoto, N., Yoshizumi, H. / SuntoryLtd.

Yeast Cell Immobilization by Photo-Crosslinkable Resins and Its Application to EthanolProduction 15

Sakamoto, M.*, lida, T.*, Izumida, H.*, Takiguchi, K.** / Kansai Paint Co.,Ltd.*, JGC Corporation**

Zymomonas-A Superior Process Organism for Motor Fuel Alcohol Production 21Lawford, H. G. / University of Toronto

Relevance between L-Glutamic Acid and Salt-Tolerance on Ethanol-ProducingZymomonas Strains 29

Yoshida, Y., Muramatsu, T., Yagi, Y. / Sanraku Incorporated

Continuous Ethanol Production by Attached Microorganisms Fluidization MethodUsing Z Mobilis 35

Miyazawa, T., Yamadaki, M., Nakata, T. / Hitachi Zosen Corporation

IX

Isolation and Breeding of Thermophilic Ethanol Producers from Wood Components . . . 39Kurose, N., Kakimoto, T., Ohmori, M., Yagyu, J., Uchida, M., Hanai, S.,Obayashi, A. / Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.

Ethanol and Poultry Feed from Bananas 45Malcolm, D. G.*, McCurdy, S. M.** / D. G. Malcolm <& Associates Inc.,*, POSPilot Plant Corporation*-,**

Development of Process for Energy Saving Production of Ethanol by Usinga Raw Starch Saccharifying Amylase of Corticium Rolfsii 51

Kurosawa, K., Sasaki, H., Takao, S. / Hokkaido University

Production of Ethanol by Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Swedish Feedstocks 55Westmoreland, R. A.*, Griff ith, R. L* , Wannstrom, S.**, Kolar, J . * * * /Tennessee Valley Authority*, MoDo Development Centre**, Swedish Pulpand Paper Research Institute (STFI)***

Integrated Bench-Scale Plant for Ethanol Production from CellulosicBiomass 61Michiki, H.*, Miyakawa, H.*, Ishibashi, H.*, Ado, Y.** f Murata, Y . * \ Ogoshi,T.***, Yokouchi, M . * * \ Sanse, K.****, Morikawa, Y.**, Hirotani, T.** / ToyoEngineering Corp.*, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd.**, Kurita Water IndustriesLtd.***, Cosmo Petroleum Co., Ltd.****, Research Association for PetroleumAlternatives Development (RAPAD)

Hawaii's Program for Transition to Methanol Fuel 65Neill, D. R., Takahashi, P., Phillips, V., DeAlmeida, C, Xu, S. / Hawaii NaturalEnergy Institute

Direct Microbial Conversion of Cellulose to Ethanol by a New Isolate,Clostridium thermocellum 1-1-B 71

Hon-nami, K., Goto, S., Tomita, M., Takagi, Y., Sekine, K., Okuma, E.,Yonemura, S., Sato, K., Saiki, T. / New Energy and Industrial TechnolpgyDevelopment Organization

Genetic Manipulation in the Ethanol Producing Bacterium Zymomonas 77Okamoto, T., Misawa, N., Nakamura, K. / Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd. (FuelAlcohol Research Association)

Methanol Plantations in Hawaii 83Phillips, V. D, Browne, S. H., Neill, D. R, Takahashi, P. K. / Hawaii NaturalEnergy Institute

1.2. CONVERSION PROCESS OF BIOMASS

Effect of Nature of Substrate on the Composition of Cellulase-System and ItsHydrolytic Potential 87

Chahal, D. S. / University of Quebec

A Study on the Saccharif ication of Egyptian Bagasse 93Awad, W. I., Agami, S. M. / Ain-Shams University

Characterization of Raw Spirits Obtained from Rapeseed Straw 97Jarosz, A. W., Jarosz, K. / Institute of Fermentation Industry

Improved Xylose Yield from Willow by Employment of Two-Stage SteamPretreatment 101

Eklund, R., Galbe,M., Zacchi.G. / University of Lund

Development of A Flash Alcohol Fermentation Process 107Matsui, S.*, Sejima, S . * \ Izumida, H.*** / JGC Corporation*, SanrakuIncorp.**, Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.*i * * *

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Ethanol from Water Using Hydrocarbon Solvent 113Horizoe, H.*, Tanimoto, T.*, Haruki, T.*, Nishimoto, Y.*# Yamamoto, I.*,Ogawa, K.*, Maki, M.**, Sato, S.** / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.*,Yokohama Dockyard and Machinery Works*«.**

Dehydration of Alcohol and Water Vapor with Polyimide Membrane 119Ninomiya, K., Harada, T., Takada, N. / Ube Industries, Ltd.

Dehydration of Water-Alcohol Mixtures by Pervaporation through Modified PVAMembranes 125

Takegami, S., Tsujii, S. / Toyobo Co., Ltd.

Production of Fuel Mixtures from Vegetable Oils and Ethyl Alcohol 131Martins, H., Pereira, L. R., Teixeira, L. C. / Fundacao Centro Technoldgico deMinas Gerais

Esters from Vegetable Oils as Substitutes for Diesel Fuels 137Meyer, C, Stern, R., Guibet, J. C. / Institut Francais du Petrole

Thermochemical Conversion of Ethanol Fermentation Stillageto Liquid Fuel 143Yokoyama, S., Ogi, T., Koguchi, K., Minowa, T. / National Research Institutefor Pollution and Resources

Anaerobic Treatment of Sugarcane Stillage in Semi-Industrial UASB Reactor 149Hirata, Y. S.*, Viana, C. E.**, Schmidell, W.*** / Inst Pesquisas TechnoldgicaEstado Sao Paulo*, Destilaria Penedo Agroindustrial SI A**, Escola Politecnicada Universidade de Sao Paulo***

Fuel Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Biomass 155Eton, H.*, Michiki, H . \ Ishibashi, H . \ Ado, Y . * \ Murata, Y . * \ Ogoshi, T . * * \Furuichi, M.***, Morikawa, Y.**, Hirotani, T.** / Toyo Engineering Corp.*,Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd.**, Kurita Water Industries Ltd.***, ResearchAssociation for Petroleum Alternatives Development (RAPAD)

Effects of the Addition of Alcohol on the Production of New Alternative Fuel fromWoody Biomass 161

Ogi, T., Yokoyama, S., Koguchi, K., Minowa, T. / National Research Institutefor Pollution and Resourses

XI

Performance Evaluation of Flash Fermentor Systems for the Efficient Production ofFuel Ethanol by Computer Simulation 167

Shimizu, K.*, Moriwaki, K.*, Michiki, H.** / Nagoya University *, ToyoEngineering Corporation*-.**

Concentration of Aqueous Alcohol Solutions by Membrane Distillation 173Nakane, T., Yanagishita, H., Takahashi, Y., Nakaiwa, M., Wakabayashi, K.,Yoshitome, H. / National Chemical Laboratory for Industry

Separation of Alcohol-Water Mixtures by Chitosan Derivative Membranes 179Uragami, T.*, Takigawa, K.*, Tsugita, T.**, Takeuchi, S.** / KansaiUniversity*, Katokichi Co., Ltd.**

1.3. SYNTHESIS GAS AND ALCOHOL PRODUCTION

Technology for Coal-Based Hydrogen Production 185Ueda, S., Miyahara,A., Nishimura, K., Koyama I. / New Energy and IndustrialTechnology Development Organization

Combined Reforming : A Most Economical Way from Natural Gas to Alcohols andSynfuels 191

Liebner, W., Supp, E. / LURGI GmbH

A Process to Produce Methanol and Electricity Following the Gasification of Coal 197Jackson, R. G. / Energy Consultant

The Raw Materials for Fuel Methanol and the Selection of Gas Purification Processes . 203Zhi, S.-Y. / Research Institute of Nanjing Chemical Industry Company

The Syngas Route for Alcohol Production 207Kawata, N.*, Obayashi, Y . \ Inokuchi,* A., Asselinau, L,** Courty, Ph.** ,Travers, Ph.** / Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.*, Institut Francais du Petrole**

Methanol Production Cost Reductions with the Use of Fluidized-Bed Reactors 213Kuwa, M., Hashimoto, O., Kawakami, I. / Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Inc

Direct Synthesis of Methanol from Methane by Photochemical Reactions 219Ogura, K., Migita, C. T., Fujita, M. / Yamaguchi University

Selective Synthesis of Ethanol from Syngas by a Promoted Rh/SiO2 CatalystCombined with a Cu-ZnO/SiO2 Catalyst:High Pressure in situ FT-IR Study of Surface Species over Cu-ZnO/SiO2 Catalyst 225

Arakawa, H., Hanaoka, T., Takeuchi, K., Matsuzaki, T., Sugi, Y. / NationalChemical Laboratory for Industry

Ruthenium Catalyzed Transformation of Alcohols to an Ethers-esters MixtureUseful as Gasoline Component by Reaction with Syngas 231

Braca, G.*, Sbrana, G.*, Raspolli Galletti, A. M.*, Trabuco, E.** / University ofPisa*, IBILCE, UNESP**

XII

Methanol for Motor Fuel via the MTBE and TAME Routes 237Torck, B. / Institut Francais du Petrole

tert-Butyl Alcohol by Direct Hydration : A Feasibility Study of a Trickle-Bed Process . . . 243Velo, E., Recasens, F. / ETSEIB Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya

Development of Methanol SNG Process (MTMP) 247Katoh, S. \ Kume, Y.*, Fukai, M.*, Tamai, M . * \ Imai, T.** / Toho Gas Co.,Ltd.*, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.**

Development of SNG Process from Methanol 253Nishino, C, Kurashige, M., Yamana, N., Takiguchi, M., Saito, Y. / MitsubishiPetrochemical Engineering Co., Ltd.

Hydrogen Production from Methanol Steam Reforming 259Kobayashi, Y.*, Hirota, Y.*, Hashimoto, Y.*, Mitani, T.** / 7byo EngineeringCorporation*, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.**

Alcohol Synthesis on Iridium-Based Composite Catalysts 265Inoue, M., Kurusu, A., Inui, T. / Kyoto University

Catalyst Design for Alcohol Synthesis from Syngas by Pulse Surface Reaction RateAnalysis 271

Mori, Y.*, Mori, T . * \ Miyamoto. A.*** , Hattori, T . \ Murakami, Y.* / NagoyaUniversity*, Government Industrial Research Institute**, Kyoto University***

Mixed Alcohol Synthesis from Synthesis Gas over Potassium-Promoted MolybdenumCatalysts Supported on Silica 277

Tatsumi, T., Muramatsu, A.,Tominaga, H. / The University of Tokyo

Synthetic Liquid Energy Carriers-Synthesis Gas and Fuel Production 283von der Decken, C.-B., Hohlein, B., Fedders, H., Fink, H. /Kernforschungsanlage Julich GmbH

Direct Synthesis of Fuel - Grade Methanol from Syngas 289Zhu, Q., Li, J., Liu D. / Tsinghua University

SNG Process using Methanol and its Commercialization 295Kanamaru, T., Urano, S., Inoue, M. / Saibu Gas Co., Ltd.

Gasification of Methanol over Supported Metal Catalysts 301Mizuno, K.*, Zexsing, Z.**, Wakejima, N.***, Yoshikawa, K.***, Takeuchi,Y.***, Watanabe, A.*** / National Research Institute for Pollution andResources*, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, AcademiaSinica**, Kyushu Refractories Co., Ltd.***

Hydrogen Production Techniques Using On-site Steam Reforming : Rocket-FuelLiquid Hydrogen Production 307

Takemoto, K. / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

XIII

2. MOBIL USE

2.1 . OTTO ENGINE TECHNOLOGY-I

Ignition Phenomena of Methanol and Methanol-lso-octane Blends by a HotSurface 315

Makihara, S., Murakami, Y., Rokushima, K., Nakajima, T., Matsumoto, R. /Kobe University

Ignition Acceleration of Methanol Fuel by Addition of Active Oxidants 321Koda, S., Nomaguchi,T. / University of Tokyo

An Initial Study on the Characteristics of Unleaded Gasoline with High ProportionMethanol 327

Huang, Y., Liu, Z., Yao, R. / Logistical Engineering College

Gasoline - Methanol Dual - Fuel System Used in Trucks 331Xu, J.*, Gong, H.** / Yunnan Institute of Technology*, Jilin University ofTechnology**

The Changing Ratio of Gasohol Used in the Gasoline Engines 337Li,C.-Q. / The Motor Transportation Research Institute

Experimental Studies on QFCC-1, Methanol Blending Device for Combustion inGasoline Engines 343

Liu, Z., Li, S., Deng, B., Xiong, Y., Zhao, R. / Logistical Engineering College

A Study on the Operational Characteristics of Electronically-ControlledMethanol Injection (EMI) Engines 349

Hayashi, S.*, Kubota, Y.*, Sawa, N.** / Muroran Institute of Technology*,Ibaraki University**

A Study of Mixture Formation in a Methanol Engine under Transient Conditions 355Inoue, R., Hi rota, T. / Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

The Air Fuel Ratio of Spark-Ignited Alcohol Engine 361Kaneko, Y., Takasaki. H., Yoshino, H., Kariya, T., Satou, H. / National DefenseAcademy

Turbocharging Small Displacement Ethanol Fueled SI Engines for ImprovedPower Output 367

Lubicz, E. / Ishikawajima do Brasil Estaleiros SA-ISHIBRAS

Feasibility Study of a Methanol-Fueled Vehicle at Honda 375Suga,T., Kitajima, S., Nagashima, T., Fujii, I. / HondaR&DCo., Ltd.

Development of TOYOTA Methanol Light-Duty Truck 381Tsukasaki, Y., Ito, S., Nohira, H., Inoue, T. / Toyota Motor Corporation

Experiences from Construction and Testing of a Saab 16v MIOO-Car 387Laveskog, A.*, Gillbrand, P.**, Nilsson, O.* \ / Swedish Motor VehicleInspection Company*, Saab-Scania AB**

XIV

Study of Effect of Different Methanol and Gasoline Ratio on Engine ComprehensivePerformance 393

Jiang, L., Liu, Z., Liu, J. / Jilin University of Technology

Retrofit Adaptation of Vehicles to Ethanol Fuelling : A Practical ImplementationProgramme 399

Moncrieff, I. D.*, Walker, F. G. B.** / Liquid Fuels Management Group Ltd.*,Graeme Walker Motors Ltd.**

2.2. OTTO ENGINE TECHNOLOGY - II AND EMISSION MEASUREMENT

A Study of Methanol Fueled Low Heat Rejection Engine 405Kajitani, S., Yonezawa, H., Saitou, T., Sawa, N. / Ibaraki University

Comparative Assessment of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a DualSpark Plug Ignition Engine Operating on Gasoline and Methanol 413

Gajendra Babu, M. K., Sinha, D.K. / Indian Institute of Technology

Lean Burn Engine Fueled with Alcohol Gasoline Blends 419Gambino, M.*, Rizzo, G.** / Istituto Motori del CNR*, Universita' di Napoli*:*•

The Optimum Methanol Engine with Electronic Control for Fuel Efficiency andLow Emissions 425

de Boer, C. D.*, Leeson, G. J.*, Bruetsch, R. I.**, Tallent, W. D.** / RicardoConsulting Engineers pic.*, US Environmental Protection Agency**

Regulated and Unregulated Pollutants from Vehicles Fueled with Alcohols 431Egeback, K.*, Westerholm, R.** / The National Swedish EnvironmentalProtection Board*, University of Stockholm*, * *

Alcohol Fuelling : Effect of Induction Swirl on Aldehyde Emissions 437Varaprasada Rao, R.\ Nagalingam, B.**, Ganesan, V.**, Gopalakrishnan, K.V.** / JNTU College of Engg.*, Indian Institute of Technology**

Transient Unburned Methanol and Formaldehyde Emission Characteristics inCold Operation of a SI Engine Powered by High-Methanol-Content Fuels 443

Iwachidou, K., Kawagoe, M. / Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

Catalytic Oxidation of Unburned Methanol from Methanol Fueled Engines underUn-Steady Operating Condition 449

Fujita, O., Ito, K., Sakamoto, Y. / Hokkaido University

Capillary Gas Chromatography for Determination of Composition of Near NeatMethanol Fuels in Gas Phase 455

Akiyama, K.*, Kachi, H.*, Niwa, K.** / Japan Automobile Research Institute,Inc.*, Petroleum Energy Center*, * •

The Analysis of Oxygen-Containing Compounds Emitted from a Diesel-PoweredEngine Fueled by Low Concentration Methanol-Mixed Fuel 461

Obuchi, A., Aoyama, H., Ohi, A., Ohuchi, H. / National Research Institute forPollution and Resources

XV

Measurement of Methanol Emissions from Automobiles UsingMethanol-Gasoline Blend Fuels 467

Prakash, C. B., Wachmann, C. / Environment Canada

A Study of Hydrocarbon Composition Emitted by Straight Ethanol- FueledVehicles 473

Joseph Jr., H., Siekmann, R. W., Pischinger, G. H. / Volkswagen do Brasil

A Cooperative Study on Methods of Formaldehyde Analysis Using DNPH 481Kachi, H.*, Nakano, N.*, likura, Y.**, Nishi, S . * * \ Niwa, K.**** / JapanAutomobile Research Institute, Inc.*, The National Institute forEnvironmental Studies**, National Chemical Laboratory for Industry***,Petroleum Energy Center****

Investigation into Application of Pure Methanol as Fuel of Spark IgnitionEngines 489

Xu, J.*, Fang, X.**, Jiang, L.**, Li, L**. / Yunnan Institute of Technology*,Jilin University of Technology**

2.3. DIESEL SUBSTITUTED ENGINE TECHNOLOGY -1

Potential and Problems in Alcohol Fuel Combustion Techniques in Diesel Engines — 495Murayama, T., Miyamoto, N., Chikahisa, T., Ogawa, H. / Hokkaido University

Comparison of Various Methanol Combustion Systems for Heavy-Duty Application . . 501Seko, T.*, Hori, M.*, Kim, E.*, Niwa, K.** / Japan Automobile ResearchInstitute, Inc.*, Petroleum Energy Center**

Improvements of Efficiency and Emissions at Light Load in a Spark-AssistedMethanol Engine 507

Saito T.*, Takemura, N.*, Daisho, Y.*, Yoshida, Y.** / Waseda University*,Isuzu Motors Ltd.**

Stratified Charge Methanol Engine by Impingment of Fuel Jet (OSKA) 513Kato, S., Onishi, S. / Nippon Clean Engine Laboratory (NiCE)

Development of Komatsu Small Bore Methanol Engine 519Ishizuki, Y. / Komatsu Ltd.

Improvement of Heavy Duty Spark-Assisted Methanol Engine for City Bus 525Hikino, K., Suzuki, T. / Hino Motors, Ltd.

Performance and Exhaust Gas Characteristics of a Glow Plug Assisted MethanolDiesel Engine 531

Yui, H., Nakashima, N. / Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

Experience with the Deutz Glow Plug Assisted Methanol Engine for Transit BusOperation 539

Havenith.C. / Kloeckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG

XVI

Development of the Detroit Diesel Corporation Methanol Engine 547Jaye, J., Miller, S., Bennethum, J. / Detroit Diesel Corporation

Conversion of a Navistar DT-466 Diesel Engine to Methanol Operation 553Baranescu, R.\ Hilger, U.**, Bartunek, B.**, Scheid, E.**, Pischinger, F.**,Rogers, G.*** / Navistar International Transportation Corp.* FEVMotorentechnik GmbH <S Co. KG**, FEV of America, Inc.***

Investigations on Methanol-Fueled Engine with Glow Plug InitiatedCombustion 559

Cui, X.*, Ji, L.** / Huazhong University of Science & Technology*, ShanghaiDiesel Engine Works**

A Study on Ethanol Stratified Charge Combustion Engine 567Nagakura, K., Fukudome, J. / Yanmar Diesel Engine Co, Ltd.

Experiences from a Ethanol Fueled Otto-Cycle Truck Engine 573Nylund, N. -O., Eklund, T. H. / Technical Research Centre of Finland

An Investigation of the Effect of Water Content in Ethanol on the Operation of aDual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine 579

Muthu, S., Jagadeesan, T. R. / Anna University

Development and Testing of a Surface Ignition Engine Using Ceramic HotSurface 585

Ramesh, A., Nagalingam, B., Gopalakrishnan, K. V. / Indian Institute ofTechnology

Optimisation of Ignition and Injection Timings in a Spark-Assisted AlcoholFuelled Diesel 591

Johns, R. A., Henham, A. W. E., Newnham, S. / University of Surrey

2.4. DIESEL SUBSTITUTED ENGINE TECHNOLOGY - II AND ON-BOARD REFORMING

Combustion and Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Ethanol-GasoiiBlends 595

Miwa, K.\ Wakabayashi, T . * \ Ohsawa, T . * * \ Ikegami, M.**** / TokushimaUniversity*, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.**, Nippon Steel. Ltd.***, KyotoUniversity****

Aspirated Ether Ignition System for Methanol Fuelled Diesel Engines 601Galvin, M. P. / Department of Scientific & Industrial Research

Ignition Delay for Alcohol Blends and Fumigation in a Diesel Engine 605Kwon, S. I., Arai, M., Hiroyasu, H. / University of Hiroshima

A Study of the Fuel Control System for Burning Methanol by Dual Fuelling Method

in Diesel Engines 613Shi, S. X., Fu, M. L, Liu Y. M. / Tianjin University

XVII

A New Approach to Methanol Combustion in Direct Injection Diesel Engine 619Yanagihara, H.*, Sato, Y.*, Sami, H.* Tsukahara, K.** / Toyota MotorCorporation*, Nippon Denso Co., Ltd.11 **

Development of a Spark-assisted Heavy Duty Methanol Engine 625Shiino, S., Nakashima, N. / Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

Durability of Heavy-Duty Direct Injection Methanol Engine 631Takada, Y., Sasaki, M., Machida, M. / Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd.

Methanol Ignition Stabilization with Different Metals in the Combustion ChamberWall of Diesel Engines 637

Hou, Z.-X., Ogawa, H., Chikahisa, T., Miyamoto, N., Murayama, T., /Hokkaido University

Cold Startability of a Spark Assisted Alcohol Diesel Engine 643Tsunemoto, H.*, Yamada, T.*, Ishitani, H.*, Takatuki, T.**, lizuka, H.** /Kitami Institute of Technology*, Isuzu Motors, LTD.** *

Optimized Operating Region of Dual Fueled Diesel Engine with DissociatedMethanol and Gas Oil 649

Korematsu, K.*, Saika, T . \ Itoh, K.** / Kogakuin University*, Komatsu Ltd.**

Design and Testing of a Dissociated Methanol Vehicle 655Karpuk, M. E.*, Cowley, S. W.**, Ratcliff, M.*** / Technology DevelopmentAssociates, Inc.*, Colorado School of Mines**, Solar Energy ResearchInstitute***

The Onboard Decomposed Methanol Engine - An Experimental Evaluation 663Pettersson, L., Sjostrom, K. / The Royal Institute of Technology

Performance Report on an Alcohol Powered SIAI Marchetti SF260C Aircraft 669Shauck, M. / Baylor University

2.5. ENGINE OIL DEGRADATION AND CORROSION

A Study of Methanol Fuel Effects on Lubricating Oil and Engine Wear 671Aihara, H. / Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

The Effects of Methanol Fuels on the Lubricating Properties in a Spark IgnitionEngine 677

Matsudaira, Y . \ Minamitani, H.*, Hirose, Y.*, Yamada, S.*, Yamagata, I.**,Tanioka.T.** / Cosmo Research Institute*, Mazda Motor Corporation.**

Fuel Line Components Material Compatibility with 90% Commercial Gasoline and10% Ethanol 683

Gutman, M . \ Stotter, A.*, Yanir, E.** / Technion-lsrael Institute ofTechnology*, Paz Oil Co.'* *

XVIII

A Study on Corrosion Inhibitors for Near Neat Methanol Fuels 691Tachiki, K.\ Anjyu, Y.*, Niwa, K.** / Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ltd.*, PetroleumEnergy Center**

Analysis of Corrosive Components Existing in Lubricating Oils of MethanolVehicles 697

Tsuruga, F.*, Nagai K.*, Suzuki, K.*, Niwa, K.** / Japan Automobile ResearchInstitute Inc.*, Petroleum Energy Center**

Corrosion of Stainless Steel AISI-440C in Hydrated Ethanol Fuel 703Aguiar, A.*, Alarcon, O. Q.*, Teschke, O.** / Robert Boch Ltda.*,Universidade Estadual de Campinas**

Analysis of Fuel Injector Deposits in Methanol-Fueled Engines 709Iwakiri, Y., Aihara, H. / Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

Tribochemistry of Silicon Based Ceramics in Alcohols 715Tsunai, Y., Enomoto, Y. / Mechanical Engineering Laboratory

2.6. FLEET TRIALS AND FFV

Results of a Hot Weather Driveability Test Programme with Oxygenated MotorGasolines 721

Schug, K. P.*, Mays, M.**, Sposini, M.***, Tontodonati, A.**** / Veba Oil*,ARCO Chemical Europe Inc.**, Ecofuel***, Euron****

Feasibility Study on Utilization of Low-Concentration, Methanol-Blended Gasolineto Currently-Used Automobiles 729

Ayusawa, T.*, Iwai, N.*, Kim, E.*, Niwa, K.** / Japan Automobile ResearchInstitute, Inc.*, Petroleum Energy Center**

Proving Tests on Storage and Distribution by Remodelling Existing PetroleumProduct Supply Facilities 735

Niibori, N.*, Niwa, K.** / Kyodo Oil Co., Ltd.*, Petroleum Energy Center**

Results of Field Test with Methanol Fueled Cars in Sweden 741Brandberg, A. / Swedish Motor Fuel Consultants Co.

A Pure Methanol Fuel Car Road Investigation 747Gutman, M.*, Borik, S.**, Stotter, A.*, Gruenwald, T.* / Technion-lsraelInstitute of Technology*, Dor Chemicals, Ltd.**

Results from the Federal Methanol Fleet: A Progress Report 753McGill, R. N., Graves, R. L. / Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Porsche Experiencies with Dual-Fuel and Flexible-Fuel Vehicles 759H6chsmann, G.f Gruden, D. / Dr.-lng. h. c. F. Porsche AG

XIX

Flexible Fuel Vehicles Optimized on Methanol 765van der Weide, J., van Ling, J. A. N., de Voogd A. / TNO Road-VehiclesResearch Institute

A New Fuel Injection System for Flexible Fuel Operation 773Waring, P., Ciechanowski, W., Daniell, N. B. S., Sidwell, R. C. / Department ofScientific and Industrial Research

The Development of Methanol Fuel Technology at Volkswagen 779Menrad, H., Decker, G., Bernhardt, W. / Volkswagen AG

Heavy-Duty Methanol Engines : Wear and Emissions 785Jackson, M. D., Unnasch, S., Lowell, D. D. / Acurex Corporation

Study of Design Data for Dl-Spark Assisted Methanol Vehicle through PrototypeVehicle Driving Test 791

Kurihara, K., Ayusawa, T., Kim, E. / Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc.

Operation and Performance of Methanol Powered Heavy Trucks in the CanadianRocky Mountains 797

King, L J., Bol, M. A. / SYPHER: MUELLER International Inc.

Further Field Testing of Hydrous Ethanol as Fuel for Heavy Duty Transport inSweden - "The E95 Project" 803

Larsson, E. A. / Swedish Foundation for Ethanol Development

Evaluation of Engine-Oils in Swedish M100 Field-Test 811Isaksson, K. / Aspen UtvecklingsAB

Development of a Sensor for Use in Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV's) 817Mendelsohn, R.* Jones, E.** / Victorian Solar Energy Council*, M.I.E.Australia** I Invetech Operations Pty. Ltd.

C1-C4 Alcohols Gasoline Blends Stability Behaviour in Water and PartitionCoefficient 823

Pea, R., Ancillotti, F. / Snamprogetti

Modelling the Flammability Hazards of Methanol/Gasoline Blends 829Bardon, M. F.*, Rao, V. K.\ Battista, V.** / Royal Military College ofCanada*, Transport Canada**

Argentine Alcodiesel Field Trial 835Ibarguren, R. / Alcodiesel Committee

Methanol Powered Transit Buses in Canadian Fleet Service 839King, L J., Bol, M. A. / SYPHER: MUELLER International Inc.

XX

2.7. FUEL FORMULATION

Research and Development of Methanol Fuel Formulations for Compression-IgnitionEngines 845

Kirshenblatt, M., Bol, M. A. / SYPHER : MUELLER International Inc.

Safety Tests of Near Neat Methanol Fuel 851Matsumura, I.*, Niwa, K.** / Nippon Oil Co., Ltd.*, Petroleum EnergyCernter**

Cold and Hot Driveability Performance of Passengers Cars Operating onMethanol / Gasoline Blends 857

Lawson, A. / Canadian Oxygenated Fuels Association

Effects of Additive Components on Near Neat Methanol Fuels on the ColdStartability and Hot Weather Driveability 863

Iwai, N.*, Nagai K.\ Yasuda, H . \ Ayusawa, T.*, Kim, E.\ Niwa, K.** / JapanAutomobile Research Institute, Inc.*, Petroleum Energy Center**

Effect of Fuel Properties for Spark-Assisted Methanol Diesel Engines 869Hori, M.*, Seko, T.*, Kim, E.*, Niwa, K.** / Japan Automobile ResearchInstitute, Inc.*, Petroleum Energy Center*,**

Specification of Ethanol, Engine Technology and Vehicle Exhaust Emissions 875de Eston, N. E.*, de Mattos, Pimenta, M.** / Instituto de PesquisasTecnoldgicas*, Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Sao Paulo**

Methanol-Fuel in the Federal Republic of Germany : Development of an OptimizedFuel Specification for the German Research Program 881

Dolkemeyer, W., Mertens-Gottselig, D. / Union Rheinische BraunkohlenKraftstoff AG.

Application of Oxygenates as An Element of Motor Gasoline 887Emelianov, V. E.*, Makarov, O. K.* \ Kvardakov, S. S.** / VNIINP*,VNIIKTEP**

An Emulsion Comprising Unlead Low Octane Number Gasoline, Methanol,Water and Surfactants for Automobile Engines 893

Feng, G., Yang, W. / Chengdu University of Science and Technology

A Study on Marker for Identification of Near Neat Methanol Fuels 897Kiyota, K.*, Sendoda, Y.*. Kitayama, A.*, Niwa, K.** / Idemitsu Kosan Co.,Ltd.* Petroleum Energy Center**

The Effect of Water as a Fire Extinguisher on Methanol Pool Burning 901Tatsuta, S*., Ito, K.** / Asahikawa National College of Technology*,Hokkaido University**

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3. STATIONARY USE

3 . 1 . FUEL CELL

The Introduction of Fuel Cell Power Plant as Power Source for Off- Islands ofOkinawa and Its Generation Cost 909

Shiroma, N. / Okinawa Electric Power Co., Ltd.

Development of a Methanol Reformer for 200kW Fuel Cell 915Yoshioka, H. / Fuji Electric Corporate Research & Development Ltd.

Outline of 100kW PAFC Pilot Plant 921Nagashima, M.*, Tomei, H.** / The Hokkaido Electric Power Co.,Inc.*Mitsubishi Electric Corp.**

Development of a Methanol Reformer for a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 925Nishino, C, Kobayashi, K., Yamamoto, Y., Yamana, N. /Mitsubishi Petrochemical Engineering Co., Ltd.

Condition in the Operation of 4kW PAFC Using Methanol 929Gange, T. / Shikoku Research Institute Inc.

Portable Methanol/Air Fuel Cell Power Unit 935Sohkura, K.*, Yonemochi, S.*, Kato,H.**, Kumeta, M.** /Japan Defense Agency*, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.**

3.2. GAS TURBINE

Alcohol Fuel Gas Turbine and Its Efficiency 939Cai, R. / Academia Sinica

Research and Development of Reformed Methanol Gas-Type PowerGeneration System 945

Baba, S. / The Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc

Methanol in Gas Turbine for Electricity Production : A Prefeasibility Study 951Banti, A.*, Dell'Anna, G . \ Pecci, G.**, Sposini, M.** / Nuovo Pignone*,Ecofuel**

Enhancing Efficiency of Methanol Fuelled Gas Turbine 959Aoki, I., Shindou, A. / Chiyoda Corporation

Combined Gas and Steam Cycle Turbine with Reforming Process of Methanol 965Tsuruno, S., Fujimoto, S. / The National Defense Academy

Performance Analysis of Methanol Fueld Gas .Turbine with Dissociating orReforming 971

Danjo, K.*, Matsuoka, K.*, Kaneko, K.*, Tanimura, K.** / University of OsakaPrefecture*, Kawasaki Heavy Industry Co., Ltd**

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Kinetic Studies of Reformer for Reformed Methanol Gas-Turbine PowerGeneration System 977

Saruwatari, J., Fujimoto, Y., Nagaya, K. / Hitachi Zosen Corporation

Development of a Gas Turbine Combustor Burning Reformed Methanol 983Abe, T., Suzuki, T., Sugimoto, E. / Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.

3.3. COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY AND OTHERS

Availability Study on Conversion of Stationary Diesel Engine to MethanoiFuel 989

Kajiwara, H.*, Takakura, T.** / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries*,The Institute of Applied Energy*,**

Energy Alcohols for Heating Purposes 995Brockerhoff, P., von der Decken, C.-B., Emonts, B. /Kernforschungsanlage Julich GmbH

Development of a Gasified Methanol Engine for Stationary Use 1001Murayama, T.*, Goto, T.**, Ishizuki, Y.*** / Hokkaido University*, JapanSmall Business Corporation** Komatsu Ltd.***

The Stirling Engine with Methanol Burning 1007Katohno, R., Matsue, J., Terada, F. / Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.

Catalytic Combustion of Lean Methanol Mixture fora Room Heater 1013Choi, B. C, Ito, K., Fujita, O., Takahashi, H. / Hokkaido University

4. ENVIRONMENTSOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS and IMPLEMENTATION

4 . 1 . HEALTH EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Health Effects of Hydrated Ethanol Used as Automobile Fuel 1021Bohm, G. M., Saldiva, P. H. N., Massad, E., Pasqualucci, C. A. G., Munoz, D. R.,Gouveia, M. A., Cardoso, L. M. N., Caldeira, M. P. R., da Silva, R. / University ofSao Paulo

The Health Effects Institute Research Program in Methanol Toxicity 1027Kinney, P. L, Nauss, K. M. / The Health Effects Institute

Ecotoxicological Studies in Marine Environment 1033Takayama, S.*, Fujita, N.*, Imamura, H.**, Ishikawa, M.**, Maruyama, M.**,Yoshida, T.*** / The Industrial Research Institute*, Tokyo University ofFisheries**, Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute***

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A Mathematical Modelling of Transportation Process of Methanolin Marine Environment 1039

Taguchi, K.\ Ishikawa, M . * \ Takayama, S.***, Imamura, H.**, Fujita, N.***,Yoshida, T.** / Fuyo Data Processing & Systems Development Ltd.*, TokyoUniversity of Fisheries**, The Industrial Research Institute*, * * *

Environmental Effect Prediction of Methanol by Mathematical Modelling 1045Ishikawa, M . \ Taguchi, K.**, Takayama, S.***, Imamura, H.*, Fujita, N.***,Yoshida, T.* / Tokyo University of Fisheries*, Fuyo Data Processing & SystemsDevelopment Ltd.**, The Industrial Research Institute*, * * *

Long-Term Effects of Methanol Vapor at Low Concentration 1051Takeda, K., Katoh, M. / Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Toxicological &Environmental Sciences

Emission Standards for Methanol Vehicles in the United States 1057Gold, M. D. / U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Comparative Review of World Wide Vehicle Emissions Legislation and Its Effect onMethanol Fuel Introduction 1063

Kirshenblatt, M., Hamilton, G. B. / SYPHER : MUELLER International Inc.

Effects of Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends on Motor Vehicle Emissions 1069Harvey, C. A., Adler, J. / U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

A State-of-Knowledge Review of the Emissions Effects of Methanol Vehicles 1075Hira, A. U.*, Timbario, T. J.*, Bechtold, R. L*, Singh, M. K.**, Sekar, R. R.** /E. A. Mueller Associates*, Argonne National Laboratory**

Photochemical Reaction Process of Methanol Engine Exhaust Gas 1083Ito, K., Narita, M., Fujita, O. / Hokkaido University

Heterogeneous Reaction of Alcohols with NO2 in Exhaust Gas from Vehicles 1089Maeda, Y., Munemori.M. / University of Osaka Prefecture

Methanol and the Greenhouse Effect 1093DeLuchi, M. A., Sperling, D. / University of California, Davis

Ethanol as Substitute of Tetraethyl Lead in Gasoline 1099Gotelli, C. A. / Camara de Alcoholes

4.2. SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BIOMASS ALCOHOL FUELS

Fuel Ethanol in Brazil and Its Use as Methanol Cosolvent in Gasoline Blends 1105dos Santos, M. L, Caldeira, A. C. A., Santos, M. A. E., Fontes, S. A. M. /PETROBRASIDECOM

Brazilian National Alcohol Program at the Crossroads 1113Miyake, M. Y., Chung, S. L / Institute de Pesquisas Tecnoldgicas do Estado deSao Paulo SIA-IPT

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Long Range Forecast of Alcohol Production Cost with Technical Progress 1117Yu, A. S. 0.*, Pizysieznig, J.**, da Fonseca, M. A. S.** / IPT S. A. andUniversity of Sao Paulo*, IPTS. A.'**

Plan Alconafta Impact on Industrial Productive Sector 1125Garaventa, C. G. / Camara de Alcoholes

New Cellulose to Ethanol Technologies may be of Interest to DevelopingCountries 1131

Greven, R. G. / Ontario Ministry of Energy

Assessment of Macro-and Socioeconimic Aspects of Alcohol Fuel 1137Mascheroni, S. / Swiss Alcohol Board Monopoly

Industrial Alcohol as Fuel Supplement 1143Malik, S., Sarwar, S. N. / Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan

The Ethanol Programme in Guatemala 1149Avalos Ortiz, C. A. / Ministry of Energy and Mines of Guatemala

4.3. SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OXYGENATED FUELS

IEA Agreement on Alcohols and Alcohol Blends as Motor Fuels : A Descriptionof its Annex IV, Production of Alcohols and Other Oxygenates from Fossil Fuels 1155

Vancea L. / Department of Energy, Mines & Resources Canada

Methanol as a Means of Utilising Natural Gas 1159Keith, G. N. / BHP Petroleum Pty. Ltd.

Proposal of a Pioneer Large Scale Fuel Methanol Project Closed for PowerGeneration and City Gas 1165

Tanaka, T. / Japan Fuel Methanol Corporation

The Small Nitrogen Fertilizer Plants Combine with Production ofMethanol Fuels 1171

Gao. X. / Ministry of Chemical Industry

Cost of Producing Methanol from Lignite Coal: Lessons from the Great PlainsCoal Gasification Project at Beulah, North Dakota, U. S. A 1179

Andersen, G. E. / The Nokota Company

The Assessement of Application Techonology and Transportation Economic ofAlcohol Fuels in Vehicle 1185

Huang, P., Zheng, L. / Fujian Institute for Scientific and TechnologicalResearch of Communications

The Worldwide Role of MTBE in the Production of Unleaded Gasoline 1191Mays, M. A., Piel, W. / Arco Chemical Europe Inc.

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Oxygenated Gasoline Blends for the Control of Carbon Monoxide Levels inPhoenix, Arizona 1199

Holmes, J. G., Duleep, K. G. / Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.

The Logistics and Costs of Distributing Methanol for a Large U. S. MotorVehicle Market 1203

Holmes, J. G. / Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.

Economic Life Cycle Costs of Methanol in Diesel Applications 1209Bol, M. A., Hamilton, G. B. / SYPHER: MUELLER International Inc.

Operating Experience & Economics of Ignition-Improved Alcohols as DieselFuel 1215

Short, G. D. / ICI Americas

Consumer Demand for Alcohol Fuels 1219Sperling, D. / University of California, Davis

4.4. IMPLEMENTATION

Methanol's Contribution to Energy Security in the U. S. A 1227Stagliano, V. A., Ecklund, E. E. / U. S. Department of Energy

The Five-Year Clean Fuel Program of the South Coast Air QualityManagement District 1233

Wuebben, P. / South Coast Air Quality Management District

Transportation Fuels Policy Issues and Options : The Case of Ethanol Fuels in Brazil .. 1237Trindade, S. C.*, Carvalho Jr., A. V.** / United Nations Centre for Science andTechnology for Development*, Promon Engenharia S. A.**

Institutional Considerations for the Marketing of Alcohol Fuels 1243West, J. / Techsearch Inc.

Present and Future of Alcohol Fuels in China 1249Sun, Z.*, Pan, K.** / The State Science and Technology Commission of P. R.China*, Academia Sinica**

Feasibility Study on the Utilization of Methanol for the Automobile in Japan 1257Niwa, K., Sakai, T., Seki, H. / Petroleum Energy Center

XXVI