2016-2017 Revised 8th Grade Curriculum Outline Unit 1 - Structure and Properties of Matter

NGSS Spiral Text, pg. 211

Essential Questions:How can particles combine to produce a substance with different properties?How does thermal energy affect particles?

Key Concepts:● Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended

structures.(MS-PS1-1)○ Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various

ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. (MS-PS1-1)○ Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating

subunits (e.g., crystals). (MS-PS1-1)

● Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. (MS-PS1-3)

○ Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (MS-PS1-3) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-2.)

○ Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-3) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-2 and MS-PS1-5.)

● Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed. (MS-PS1-4)

○ Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other. (MS-PS1-4)

○ In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations. (MS-PS1-4)

○ The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. (MS-PS1-4)

○ The term “heat” as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)

○ The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy per atom or molecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system’s material). The details of that relationship depend on the type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of a system's total thermal energy. The total thermal energy (sometimes called the total internal energy) of a system depends jointly on

the temperature, the total number of atoms in the system, and the state of the material. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)

● Identify unknown substances based on data regarding their physical and chemical properties.

● Predict the physical and chemical properties of elements based on their positions on the Periodic Table.

Chemical Building Blocks Text: Chapter 1: Section 1-Describing Matter

● Section Concepts○ What kinds of properties are used to describe matter?○ What are elements, and how do they relate to compounds?○ What are the properties of a mixture?

● Key Terms:○ matter○ chemistry○ substance○ physical property○ chemical property○ element○ atom○ chemical bond○ molecule○ compound○ chemical formula○ mixture○ heterogeneous mixture○ homogeneous mixture○ solution

Chapter 1: Section 2 - Measuring Matter● Section Concepts

○ What is the difference between weight and mass?○ What units are used to express the amount of space occupied by matter?○ How is the density of a material determined?

● Key Terms:○ weight○ mass○ International System of Units○ volume○ density

Chapter 1: Section 3 - Changes in Matter

● Section Concepts○ What is a physical change?○ What is a chemical change?○ How are changes in matter related to changes in energy?

● Key Terms:○ physical change○ chemical change○ law of conservation of mass○ energy○ temperature○ thermal energy○ endothermic change○ exothermic change

Chapter 2: Section 1- States of Matter● Section Concepts

○ What are the characteristics of a solid?○ What are the characteristics of a liquid?○ What are the characteristics of a gas?

● Key Terms:○ solid○ crystalline solid○ amorphous solid○ liquid○ fluid○ surface tension○ viscosity○ gas

Chapter 2: Section 2 - Changes of State● Section Concepts

○ What happens to a substance during changes between solid and liquid?○ What happens to a substance during changes between liquid and gas?○ What happens to a substance during changes between solid and gas?

● Key Terms○ melting○ melting point○ freezing○ vaporization○ evaporation○ boiling○ boiling point○ condensation

○ sublimation

Chapter 3: Section 1- Introduction to atoms● Section Concepts

○ What is the structure of an atom?○ How are elements described in terms of their atoms?○ Why are models useful for understanding atoms?

● Key Terms:○ nucleus○ proton○ neutron○ electron○ atomic number○ isotope○ mass number○ model

Chapter 3: Section 2 - Organizing the Elements● Section Concepts

○ What data about elements are found in the periodic table?○ How is the organization of the periodic table useful for predicting the properties of elements?

● Key Terms:○ atomic mass○ periodic table○ chemical symbol○ period○ group

Chapter 3: Section 3 - Metals● Section Concepts

○ What are the physical properties of metals?○ How does the reactivity of metals change across the periodic table?

● Key Terms○ metal○ malleable○ ductile○ conductivity○ reactivity○ corrosion○ alkali metal○ alkaline earth metal○ transition metal○ alloy

Chapter 3: Section 4 - Nonmetals and Metalloids● Section Concepts

○ What are the properties of nonmetals?○ How are the metalloids useful?

● Key Terms○ nonmetal○ diatomic molecule○ halogen○ noble gas○ metalloid○ semiconductor

Unit 2 - Chemical ReactionsNGSS Spiral Text, pg. 213

Essential Questions:What happens when new materials are formed? What stays the same and what changes?

Key Concepts● Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances

interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred. (MS-PS1-2)○ Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity

under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (MS-PS1-2) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-3.)

○ Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (MS-PS1-2),(MS-PS1-5) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by MS-PS1-3.)

● Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. (MS-PS1-5)

○ The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (MS-PS1-5)

● Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes. (MS-PS1-6)

○ Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy. (MS-PS1-6)○ A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to

improve it. (secondary to MS-PS1-6)○ Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of

the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process that is, some of the characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. (secondary to MS-PS1-6)

○ The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. (secondary to MS-PS1-6)

● Design qualitative investigations to differentiate between physical and chemical changes in matter. (PS1.A; PS1.B)

Chemical Interactions Text :

Chapter 1: Section 1 - Elements and Atoms● Section Concepts

○ Why are elements sometimes called the building blocks of matter?○ How did atomic theory develop and change?

● Key Terms○ matter○ element○ compound○ mixture○ atom○ scientific theory○ model○ electrons○ nucleus○ protons○ energy level○ neutrons

Chapter 1: Section 2 - Atoms, Bonding and the Periodic Table● Section Concepts

○ How is the reactivity of elements related to its position on the periodic table?○ What does the periodic table tell you about the atoms and the properties of elements?

● Key Terms○ valence electrons)○ (electron dot diagram)○ chemical bond○ symbol○ atomic number○ period○ group○ family○ noble gas○ halogen○ alkali metal

Chapter 1: Section 3 - Ionic Bonds● Section Concepts

○ What is an ion?○ What does a chemical formula tell you about a molecule?

● Key Terms○ ion○ chemical formula○ subscript

Chapter 1: Section 4 - Covalent Bonds● Section Concepts

○ What are the properties of molecular compounds?● Key Terms

○ molecule○ molecular compound

Chapter 2: Section 1 - Observing Chemical Changes● Section Concepts

○ How can matter and changes in matter be described?○ How can you tell when a chemical reaction occurs?

● Key Terms○ matter○ chemistry○ physical property○ chemical property○ physical change○ chemical reaction○ precipitate○ endothermic reaction○ exothermic reaction

Chapter 2: Section 2 - Describing Chemical Equations

● Section Concepts○ What does the principle of conservation of mass state?○ What information does a chemical equation contain?○ What must a balanced chemical equation show?

● Key Terms○ chemical equation○ reactant○ product○ conservation of mass○ open system○ closed system○ coefficient

Chapter 3: Section 1 - Understanding Solutions● Section Concepts

○ What are the characteristics of solutions, colloids, and suspensions?○ How do solutes affect the freezing point and boiling point of a solvent?○ What happens to the particles of a solute when a solution forms?

● Key Terms:○ solution○ solvent○ solute○ colloid○ suspension

Chapter 3: Section 2 - Concentration and Solubility● Section Concepts

○ How is concentrated measured?○ Why is solubility useful in identifying substances?○ What factors affect the solubility of a substance?

● Key Terms:○ dilute solution○ concentrated solution○ solubility○ saturated solution○ unsaturated solution○ supersaturated solution

Unit 3 - Growth, Development, and Reproduction of OrganismsNGSS Spiral, pg. 228

Essential Questions:How do organisms grow, develop, and reproduce?

Key Concepts: ● Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation

for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants respectively. (MS-LS1-4)

○ Animals engage in characteristic behaviors that increase the odds of reproduction. (MS-LS1-4) ○ Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on animal behavior and

specialized features for reproduction. (MS-LS1-4)

● Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms. (MS-LS1-5)

○ Genetic factors as well as local conditions affect the growth of the adult plant. (MS-LS1-5)

● Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism. (MS-LS3-1)

○ Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms. (MS-LS3-1)

○ Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (MS-LS3-1)

○ In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. (MS-LS3-1)

● Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. (MS-LS3-2)

○ Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (secondary to MS-LS3-2)

○ In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. (MS-LS3-2)

● Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms. (MS-LS4-5)

○ In artificial selection, humans have the capacity to influence certain characteristics of organisms by selective breeding. One can choose desired parental traits determined by genes, which are then passed onto offspring. (MS-LS4-5)

Cells & Heredity Text

Chapter 3: Section 1- Mendel’s work● Section Concepts

○ What were the results of Mendel’s experiments, or crosses?○ What controls the inheritance of traits in organisms?○ Please note that there is not a book section to coincide with these terms:

■ Animals engage in characteristic behaviors that increase the odds of reproduction. (MS-LS1-4)

■ Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on animal behavior and specialized features for reproduction. (MS-LS1-4)

■ Activity Suggestion: http://mypages.iit.edu/~smile/bi9111.html■ Angiosperm Lesson plans:

https://www.ngsslifescience.com/science.php?/biology/lessonplans/C424/■ Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction Activity-

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/reproduction/

● Key Terms:○ heredity○ trait○ genetics○ fertilization○ purebred○ gene○ alleles○ dominant allele○ recessive allele○ Hybrid

Please note that there is not a book section to coincide with these terms:○ Male plant parts (anther, stamen)○ Female plant parts (ovary, stigma, style, pistil)○ Self pollination ○ Cross pollination○ Asexual reproduction○ Sexual reproduction○ Reference: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_reproduction.html

Chapter 3: Section 2 - Probability and Heredity● Section Concepts

○ What is probability and how does it explain the results of genetic crosses?○ What is meant by genotype and phenotype?○ What is codominance?

● Key Terms○ probability○ Punnett squares○ phenotype○ genotype○ homozygous○ heterozygous○ codominance

Chapter 3 - Section 3 The Cell and Inheritance● Section Concepts

○ What role do chromosomes play in inheritance?○ What events occur during meiosis?○ What is the relationship between chromosomes and genes?

● Key Terms○ Meiosis

Chapter 3 - Section 4 The DNA Connection● Section Concepts

○ What forms the genetic code?○ How does a cell produce proteins? ○ How can mutations affect an organism?

● Key Terms○ messenger RNA○ transfer RNA

Chapter 4 - Human Inheritance● Section Concepts

○ What are some patterns of inheritance in humans?○ What are the functions of the sex chromosomes?○ What is the relationship between genes and the environment?

● Key Terms○ multiple alleles○ sex chromosomes○ sex-linked gene○ carrier

Chapter 4 - Section 2 Human Genetic Disorders● Section Concepts

○ What are the two major causes of genetic disorders in humans?○ How do geneticists trace the inheritance of traits?○ How are the genetic disorders diagnosed and treated?

● Key Terms○ genetic disorders○ pedigree○ karyotype

Chapter 4 - Section 3 Advances in Genetics● Section Concepts

○ What are 3 ways of producing organisms with desired traits. ○ What is the goal of the Human Genome Project.

● Key Terms○ selective breeding ○ inbreeding○ hybridization○ clone○ genetic engineering○ gene therapy○ genome

Chapter 5: Section 1 - Darwin’s Theory● Section Concepts:

○ What important observations did Darwin make on his voyage?○ What hypothesis did Darwin make to explain the differences between similar species?○ How does Natural Selection lead to evolution?

● Key Terms: ○ species○ fossil○ adaptation○ evolution○ scientific theory○ natural selection○ variation

Unit 4 - Natural Selection and AdaptationsNGSS Spiral, pg. 230

Essential Questions:How does genetic variation among organisms in a species affect survival and reproduction? How does the environment influence genetic traits in populations over multiple generations?

Key Concepts:● Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence,

diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past. (MS-LS4-1)

○ The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order (e.g., through the location of the sedimentary layers in which they are found or through radioactive dating) is known as the fossil record. It documents the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of many life forms throughout the history of life on Earth. (MS-LS4-1)

● Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships. (MS-LS4-2)

○ Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between them and organisms in the fossil record, enable the reconstruction of evolutionary history and the inference of lines of evolutionary descent. (MS-LS4-2)

● Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy. (MS-LS4-3)

○ Comparison of the embryological development of different species also reveals similarities that show relationships not evident in the fully-formed anatomy. (MS-LS4-3)

● Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals’ probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment. (MS-LS4-4)

○ Natural selection leads to the predominance of certain traits in a population, and the suppression of others. (MS-LS4-4)

● Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time. (MS-LS4-6)

○ Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. (MS-LS4-6)

Cells and Heredity Text:

Chapter 5: Section 1 - Darwin’s Theory● Section Concepts

○ What important observations did Darwin make on his voyage?○ What hypothesis did Darwin make to explain the differences between similar species?○ How does Natural Selection lead to evolution?

● Key Terms: ○ species○ fossil○ adaptation○ evolution○ scientific theory○ natural selection○ variation

Chapter 5: Section 2 - Evidence of Evolution● Key Concepts:

○ What evidence supports the theory of evolution?○ How do scientists infer evolutionary relationships among organisms?○ How do new species form?

● Key terms○ homologous structure○ branching structure

Chapter 5: Section 3 - The Fossil Record● Key Concepts:

○ How does the Geological Time Scale show evidence of evolution?○ What are some unanswered questions about evolution?

● Key Terms: ○ relative dating○ radioactive dating○ radioactive elements○ half-life○ fossil record○ extinct

● Key Activity:○ Nature at work, pg. 146-147

Environment Text: Chapter 1: Section 3 Interactions Among Living Things

● Key Concepts:○ How do an organism’s adaptations help it to survive?○ What are the major ways in which organisms in an ecosystem interact?○ What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?

● Key Terms○ natural selection○ adaptations

○ niche○ competition○ predation○ predator ○ prey○ symbiosis○ mutualism○ commensalism○ parasitism○ parasite○ host

Unit 5 - Interdependent Relationships in EcosystemsNGSS spiral pg. 227

Essential Questions:How do organisms interact with other organisms in the physical environment to obtain matter

and energy?

Key Concepts:● Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across

multiple ecosystems. (MS-LS2-2)○ Similarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole

populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared. (MS-LS2-2)

● Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems. (MS-LS2-5)

○ Biodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth’s terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem’s biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health. (MS-LS2-5)

○ Changes in biodiversity can influence humans’ resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on—for example, water purification and recycling. (secondary to MS-LS2-5)

○ There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to MS-LS2-5)

● Describe how one population of organisms may affect other plants and/or animals in an ecosystem.

● Predict the impact of humans altering biotic and abiotic factors has on an ecosystem.

● Model the effect of positive and negative changes in population size on a symbiotic pairing.

Environment Text:Please note that Chapter 1, section 3 is covered in “Natural Selection and Adaptations” (See key terms listed above).

Environment Chapter 3, section 3: Biodiversity● Key Concepts:

○ In what ways is biodiversity valuable?○ What factors affect an area’s biodiversity?○ Which human activities threaten biodiversity?

● Key Terms○ biodiversity○ keystone species○ gene○ extinction○ endangered species○ threatened species○ habitat destruction○ habitat destruction○ habitat fragmentation○ poaching○ captive breeding

Environment Chapter 4, Section 1: Conserving Land and Soil● Key Concepts:

○ How do people use land?○ What is the structure of fertile soil?○ What kinds of problems occur when soil is not properly managed?

● Key terms○ development○ litter○ topsoil○ subsoil○ bedrock

○ erosion○ nutrient depletion○ fertilizer○ desertification○ drought○ land reclamation

Environment Chapter 4, Section 2: Waste Disposal and Recycling● Key Concepts:

○ What are three methods of handling solid waste?○ What can people do to help control the solid waste problem?○ How can hazardous wastes be safely disposed of?

● Key Terms○ municipal solid waste○ incineration○ leachate○ sanitary landfills○ recycling○ biodegradable○ composting○ hazardous waste

Environment Chapter 4: Section 3 - Water Pollution and Solutions● Key Concepts:

○ Why is fresh water a limited resource?○ What are the major sources of water pollution?○ How can water pollution be reduced?

● Key Terms ○ groundwater○ pollutant○ sewage○ pesticide○ sediment

Unit 6 - Human ImpactNGSS Spiral pg. 241

Essential Questions:How can natural hazards be predicted?How do human activities affect Earth systems?

Key Concepts:

● Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects. (MS-ESS3-2)

○ Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region,combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events. (MS-ESS3-2)

● Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.* (MS-ESS3-3)

○ Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. (MS-ESS3-3)

● Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems. (MS-ESS3-4)

○ Typically as human populations and per-capita consumption of natural resources increase, so do the negative impacts on Earth unless the activities and technologies involved are engineered otherwise. (MS-ESS3-3),(MS-ESS3-4)

● Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world data, and construct simple equations and inequalities to inform the development of technologies to mitigate the effects of natural hazards.

● Write and present the findings of a student led investigation of human consumption of a natural resource that may alter the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, or geosphere and the consequences (positive or negative) of that behavior.

* This performance expectation integrates traditional science content with engineering through a practice or disciplinary core idea.

● Sample/suggested research and engineering activities include:○ Research/data analysis/graphing to show evidence of hurricane frequencies and

intensities to predict the future effects of global warming and future natural hazards

○ Design and build a more effective storm drain○ Design and build a solar house with solar cells○ Alternative Energy: Windmills

Environment Text:Chapter 4, Section 4: Air Pollution and Solutions

● Key Concepts:○ What are the causes of smog and acid rain?○ What are the causes of indoor air pollution?○ What is the key to reducing air pollution?

● Key Terms○ emissions○ photochemical smog○ ozone○ temperature inversion○ acid rain

Chapter 4, Section 5: Global Changes in the Atmosphere● Key Concepts:

○ How have human activities damaged the ozone layer?○ How might human activities be linked to global climate changes?

● Key Terms○ ozone layer○ chlorofluorocarbons○ greenhouse effect○ global warming

Chapter 5, Section 2: Renewable Sources of Energy● Key Concepts:

○ What forms of energy does the sun provide?○ What are some renewable sources of energy?

● Key Terms○ solar energy○ hydroelectric power○ biomass fuels○ geothermal energy

Human Impacts on the Barnegat Bay Watershed● Key Concepts:

○ What does water do when it meets the land?○ What are some organisms that live in Barnegat Bay Watershed?○ What are the benefits of groundwater versus run-off?○ What are sources of pollution and how do they impact our environment?○ What are the functions of a wetland?

● Key Terms ○ aquifer○ estuary○ non point source solution○ point source solution○ run-off○ sewer○ storm drain water○ percolation○ natural resources○ wetland○ nonrenewable resources○ previous surface impervious○ watershed