Unit 5: Consciousness

The Study of Consciousness William James questioned the value of studying consciousness because he could not think of a scientific way to

___________________ another person's consciousness. Even though we can see other people talking or moving around,we cannot actually measure their consciousness.

John Watson(founder of behaviorism) also questioned whether consciousness could be studied _____________.

Consciousness as a construct Consciousness can’t be_________________. Many psychologists believe it can be linked with measurable

behaviors, such as talking and with brain waves. Intelligence and emotion are also ________________________.

Meanings of consciousness Consciousness means __________ but there are different types of awareness. We use our senses as a way to be aware of our ____________. Our feelings and emotions let us be aware of

ourselves. The older we get we start to recognize ourselves and our existence.

Levels of consciousness Awareness is more _________ at different levels of consciousness. The _____________________ is you being able to ________ something if you were asked about it even though

you weren’t thinking about it before you were asked. The ______________________ seems to push some memories to the back of our head so we may get

____________ while we’re doing something else. The _______________________ is us knowing things are happening on our body but we are not aware when it is

actually happening.

Freud’s Levels of consciousness According to Sigmund Freud, many memories, impulses, and feelings exist below the level of conscious awareness.

Altered states of consciousness is when a person’s sense of self or sense of the world changes. When we are we are not of our surroundings. If you were to be under the influence of you would be in an state of consciousness.

The Stages of Sleep There are 4 stages of sleep which are:

o waveso waves o waves o waves

Stage 1 is the lightest sleep. Our brain waves slow down and we see __________ images. The longer we sleep we start to gradually fall into a sleep, which is stages 2, 3, and 4, and our brain waves

get slower and slower. During these 4 stages our eyes do move which we call non-rapid-eye-movement(NREM). These are the typical EEG patterns for the stages of sleep. During rapid-eye-movement, or REM,sleep EEG

patterns resemble those of stage 1 sleep.

Sleep CycleThis is a typical sleep pattern. Most people go through the cycle five times in eight hours. As the night progresses, stages 3 and 4 become shorter, and REM sleep becomes larger.

Why do we sleep? When we are tired we tend to lose . Sleep helps us our tired body and build up resistance to infection. Sleep serves important psychological functions like helping us recover from ____________. Animals and people who are deprived of REM sleep learn more slowly than usual. They also ____________ more

rapidly what they have learned. REM sleep may help brain __________________ for infants and _______________ brain cells for adults.

DreamsDuring ________________ we have our most vivid dreams. We don’t remember every detail of our dreams because we can’t hold onto a piece a information from one _________________________ to another for so long. Sigmund Freud believed dreams are symbolic. He thought it gave them a way to cope with pain that they can’t deal with consciously. _______________ have a role in dreaming as well. Neurons burst in the part of the brain that controls movement and vision and they create dreams.

Sleep problems Insomnia

This is the _________________ of falling asleep. People with insomnia are most likely to worry and have racing minds at bedtime.

Nightmares and Night Terrors Nightmares are products of _____________ sleep. People who are ______________ or depressed are

more likely to have nightmares. Night terrors are more severe than, nightmares. Dreamers experiencing this gasp for air and feel their heart

racing. Night terrors occur during _________________(stages 3 and 4). Night terrors may reflect immaturity of the nervous system.

Sleepwalking Sleep walkers roam about almost nightly during stages of deep sleep. They are able to respond to questions while

sleepwalking, but when they wake up they typically don’t remember anything. Sleepwalking may reflect immaturity of the _____________________.

Sleep Apnea This is a breathing ___________________ that occurs during sleep. Sleep apnea can also lead to high

blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes. Narcolepsy

This is when suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is or where you are

Meditation: narrowing consciousness_________________ is a method for people to relax, calm down, or relieve stress. All methods of meditation focus on a peaceful _______________. Meditation is apart of some religions such as, Buddhism and Hinduism. Studies show that meditation can lower high blood pressure and help people relax.

Biofeedback: Feeding Back Information___________________ is a system that provides information about something that is happening in the body. People have learned to control bodily functions through biofeedback training. Some use it to create __________________ to cope with tension.

Hypnosis: Myths and RealitiesHypnosis came from the Greek word “hypnos” meaning________. Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness called a ___________________. Brain wave patterns in the hypnotic state are the same as shown in waking state.

Is Hypnosis Effective? Under certain ____________________ and with careful application, hypnosis has been used to help people from

feeling pain

To help someone quit a habit such as overeating or smoking, a therapist may use ____________________ suggestion.

Depressants Depressants are drugs that slow the activity of the ______________ system. They generally give people a sense of relaxation but can have many _______________ effects. Depressants include:

o Alcoholo Narcotics

Addictive depressants that have been used to relieve pain and induce sleep.

Stimulants Stimulants increase the activity of the ___________________. They ____________ the heart and breathing rate. Stimulants include:

o Nicotine Nicotine spurs the release of the hormone ______________.

o Amphetamines This is known for helping people stay awake and for reducing appetite.

o Cocaine This produces feelings of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain, and boosts self-confidence.

Hallucinogens Hallucinogen is a drug that produces _______________. Hallucinogens may cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure. However, they can also cause feelings of panic. Hallucinogens include:

o Marijuana May produce feelings of relaxation and mald hallucinations.

o LSD May produce intense hallucinations. Users claim that it expands consciousness and “opens new

worlds”.

Treatments for Drug Abuse Treatment for drug abuse ________, depending on the drug abuse Forms of treatment include:

o Detoxification The removal of the harmful substance from the body, is a way of weaning addicts from the drug

while restoring their healtho Maintenance Programs

Participants in these programs are given controlled or less dangerous amounts of the drug or some less addictive substitute.

o Counseling This treatment can be conducted either individually or in a group.

o Support Group Support groups usually consist of people who share common experiences, concerns,or problems.

Name the charts:

________________________ ______________________________

____________________Key Terms

____________________- various types of awareness.__________________________- focusing on a particular stimulus. __________________- information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness._________________- a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but which influences our behavior.___________________- bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware._________________________________- a type of consciousness other than normal waking consciousness.______________________- a regular sequence of biological processes, such as temperature and sleep, that occurs every 24 hours_______________________________- a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and linked to dreaming._______________- a sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep. ___________________- a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and apparent terror. __________________- a sleep disorder in which breathing is interrupted. _________________- an uncommon sleep disorder characterized by brief attacks of REM sleep, often at inopportune moments. _________________- a systematic narrowing of attention that slows the metabolism and helps produce feelings of relaxation. __________________- a system for monitoring and feeding back information about certain biological processes. _______________- a condition in which people appear to be highly suggestible and to behave as if they are in a trance. ______________________________- instructions given to a person under hypnosis that are supposed to be carried out after hypnosis session has ended. ________________- a compulsive need for and use of a habit forming substance. __________________- a drug that reduces neural activity and slows body function. ___________________- a state of drunkenness characterized by impaired coordination and judgement. _______________- a type of drug that dulls the senses, relieves pain, and induces sleep. ________________- a drug that increases neural

activity and speeds up body functions. __________________- a type of stimulant often used to stay awake or to reduce appetite. ____________________- a false sensory perception that occurs in the absence of any actual stimulus. _______________- an erroneous belief, as of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany certain psychotic disorders. ______________________- a psychedelic drug that distorts perceptions and evokes sensory images in the absence of actual sensory input. _____________________- the removal of a poisonous or otherwise harmful substance from the body.

Chapter 5: CONSCIOUSNESS

Consciousness- Awareness of _______________and ________ ___________________*William James - Questioned the value of studying consciousness because he could_______ think of a _________________ way to _______________ or _______________ another person's consciousness. Even though we can see each other people talking or moving around, we ______________actually measure their consciousness*John Watson- Is the founder of ___________________. Also like James questioned whether consciousness could be studied scientifically. He chose instead to focus on __________________ ___________________.

SENSORY AWARENESS*Sensory Awareness- When you __________ your teacher's voice or ________ pizza in the cafeteria, you are ______________ of all these sensations including, sight, sound and smell.*Selective attention- Focusing on a __________________ stimulus. Ex: To pay attention in class but cancel out the extra talking and rustling of paper.

DIRECT INNER AWARENESS If you imagine yourself jumping into a lake or a pool on a hot day, you could not feel the refreshing water on your body, but you are conscious of the image through what inner psychologist call ____________ ___________ _______________Anytime you are aware of feeling ___________ or ____________________ a childhood best friend, anytime you think about ________________ ____________ such as fairness and love; you do not hear, smell, see or touch your thoughts, images, emotions or memories yet you are conscious of them. This means you are aware of things _______________ yourself.

SENSE OF SELFHave your ever notice a child refer to themselves by their name and not I? Ex: instead of saying “I want milk” they say “Taylor wants milk”. As the child gets older they start to understand that they are _____________individuals. They have a sense of self, no matter how much they or the world around them _____________.

LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS There are 3 levels of Consciousness1.The Preconscious Level-What if someone ask you what you wore school yesterday, or what you did after school. Although you were ______ __________________ thinking about any of this information before you were asked about it, you will probably be able to come up with answers. ___________________ __________are not in your awareness right now but could recall them if you had to.2.The Unconscious Level-__________ theorized that people have an unconscious mind. Information stored in the unconscious(sometimes called the__________________) is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances. Ex: imagine that you are planning to go a party. Without realizing why, you find yourself continually distracted from getting ready first. Freud believed that certain memories are_____________ and that some of our impulses, such as ____________________, are considered unacceptable.3.The Nonconscious Level-Many of our basic _______________ functions exist on a nonconscious level. Even if you tried, you could _______ __________ your fingernails growing or the pupils in your eyes adjusting to the light.

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS The word consciousness sometimes refers to the state in which a person is awake. But there is also ___________ ___________ of consciousness, in which a person's sense of self or sense of the world's changes When you are sleeping you are ____ longer conscious of what is going on ____________ you, also when you are on drugs you experience altered states of consciousness Other altered states of consciousness occur through _________________, biofeedback and _____________

SLEEP AND DREAMS

Much of how people, ___________ and even ___________ function is governed by circadian rhythms, or biological clocksThe word circadian comes from the Latin word __________, meaning “about” and _________, meaning “a day”.The circadian rhythms in humans include a sequence of __________ ___________, such as those in the body temperature___________ _______________, sleepiness and wakefulness,that occurs every 24 hours-Ex: body temperature falls to its lowest point between 3:00AM and 5:00AM each day.The most studied circadian rhythm is on a ___________-_________- ____________; people normally associate periods of wakefulness and sleep with the rotation of ___________.People are removed from cues that signal day or night(such as clocks,___________ or TV sunrise and __________.) The cycle expands to about ____hours.

STAGES OF SLEEPSleep stages are defined in terms of _________-________ patterns. Which can be measured by an electroencephalograph(EEG).Brain waves are ____________and vary on the basis of whether we are awake relaxed or sleeping. There are ________ different brain-wave patterns are _________ waves, ________waves, __________ waves and ___________ waves.When we are _________ and _________, the brain emits beta waves, which are _________and __________.As we start to relax and become _____________, the brain waves slowly move from beta waves to alpha waves, which are a little ____________ than beta waves. In the relaxed state, we may experience ___________ images such as flashes of color or ________________ such as feeling as if we are falling. This state is followed by ________ distinct stages of sleep. Stage 1: Is the stage of the __________ sleep. As we enter stage 1 sleep, our brain waves slow down from the _______ rhythm to the slower pattern of ________ waves. May have dreamlike images that resemble ________ photographs. If we are not awakened we remain in stage 1 sleep for no more than ____to ____ minutes. Then we move into stages 2,3,and 4. During stages 3 and 4, sleep is ________ and the brain produces _______ waves -- the slowest of the four patterns. Stage 4 is the ______________ sleep, meaning that it is the one during which someone would have the greatest________________ waking us up. After about half an hour of stages 4 sleep, we begin a relatively quick journey back to stages 3 to 2 to stage 1. About ______ minutes will have passed since we fell asleep.Something strange starts to happen. We breathe more _________________, blood pressure __________ and the heart beats faster.Brain waves become similar to those of stage 1, yet this is another stage called __________-__________ _________________sleep or REM sleep; beneath our closed lids, our eyes are moving rapidly.

DREAMS-

THE FREUDIAN VIEW- some unconscious wishes may be unacceptable and even sometimes painful. Freud believed those would be the ones that appear in a _____________, although not always in direct or obvious forms. He believed people dream in __________________. He thought that these “symbolic” dreams give people a way to deal with ________________ material that they cannot deal with __________________.

THE BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH-

SLEEP PROBLEMS- Even when we need sleep, we may have trouble getting to sleep and sleeping ______________ which is considered to be ____________ ___________________.

INSOMNIA-

NIGHTMARES AND NIGHT TERRORS-

SLEEPWALKING-

SLEEP APNEA-

NARCOLEPSY-

Meditation, Biofeedback, and Hypnosis People who are asleep and _______________________ are in an altered state of consciousness. Other altered states of ___________________occur when we are awake. These states of consciousness can be achieved through __________________ ,______________ ,and ______________.

MeditationMeditation-Is a method some ______________use to try to narrow their consciousness so that the _________________of the outside world fade away.Ex:The ancient __________________gazed upon an oil-burning. The yogis of ____________stare at an intricate pattern on a ____________ or capet.

BiofeedbackBiofeedback:Is a system that provides, or “_________ _________” information about something happening in the body.Through ______________________ training, people have learned to control certain bodily functions, such as heart rate. Some people use biofeedback to learn to create the ____________ _________ produced when relaxing. Using biofeedback, people have learned not only to treat tension headaches, but also to lower their _________ ________or blood pressure. However, as with all ____________________ , biofeedback should be attempted only under the direct supervision of a medical professional.

HypnosisHypnosis is an altered state of ____________________ during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance.Hypnosis began with the ideas of German physician __________ __________ in the late 1700s. Mesmer thought that the universe was connected by forms of magnetisms.

Today hypnotism may be used may use hypnosis in a variety of ways. Ex: some doctors use hypnosis as an _______________ in certain types of surgery.Hypnosis should be left in the hands of ___________________. Do not attempt hypnotism on your own.

Hypnosis and Memory

Hypnosis and Pain Prevention

Hypnosis and Quitting Bad Habits

Drug and Consciousness *Depressants

*Alcohol

*Narcotics

Stimulants

*Nicotine

*Amphetamines

*Cocaine

Hallucinogens

*Marijuana

*LSD

Treatment for Drug Abuse

*Detoxification

*Maintenance Programs

*Counseling

*Support Groups

Key Terms Consciousness Awareness of oneself and one’s environment

Selective Attention The focusing on a particular stimulus

Preconscious Descriptive of information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness

Unconscious A reservoir of mostly unacceptable

Nonconscious Descriptive of bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware

Altered State of Consciousness

Which a person’s sense of self or sense of the world changes

Circadian Rhythm A regular sequence of biological processes , such as temperature and sleep, that occurs every 24 hours

Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and linked to dreaming ; also called REM sleep

Insomnia A sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep

Night Terror a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and apparent terror

Sleep Apnea Is a breathing interruption that occurs during sleep

Narcolepsy Is a rare sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is or where they are.

Meditation Is a method some people use to try to narrow their consciousness so that the stresses of the outside world fade away.

Biofeedback A system for monitoring and feeding back information about certain biological on behavior

Hypnosis A condition in which people appear to be highly suggestible and to behave as if they are in a trance

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Instructions given to a person under hypnosis that are supposed to be carried out after the hypnosis session has ended

Addiction A compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance

Depressant A drug that reduces neural activity and slows body function

Intoxication A state of drunkenness characterized by impaired coordination and judgement

Narcotic A type of drug that dulls the senses, relieves pain, and induces sleep; the term is usually reserved for those drugs derived from the opium poppy plant

Stimulant A drug that increases neural activity and speeds up body functions

Amphetamine A type of stimulant often used to stay awake or to reduce appetite

Hallucination A false sensory perception that occurs in the absence of any actual stimulus

Delusion An erroneous belief, as of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany certain psychotic disorder

Hallucinogen A psychedelic drug , such as LSD, that distorts perceptions and evokes sensory images in the absence to the next

Detoxification The removal of a poisonous or otherwise harmful substance, such as alcohol other drugs, from the body

Chapter 11 (Adolescence) Questions1. What is an adolescent growth spurt?

2. How long does the adolescent growth spurt lasts?

3. What is the difference between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics?

4. What is identity crisis?

5. What are status offenses?

6. What age does the growth spurt usually occur in girls and boys?

7. During the growth spurt what is the usual height gain?

8. What does hormonal changes of adolescence have effect on?

9. Why does parent-child relationship change during adolescence?

10. What age does peer pressure begin and end? 11. According to Erikson what is the main task in the adolescent stage?

12. During identity crisis a person examines what?

13. What is identity moratorium?

14. What is identity foreclosure?

15. What is identity diffusion?

16. What is identity achievement?

17. Adolescents who are not accepted by their peers may experience what? 18.What are the main types of eating disorder?

19. What factors contribute to juvenile delinquency? 20. Why do you think it is important to address potential problems early?

Adolescence: Crash Course Psychology #20(0:48)Adolescence:the transition period from __________________ to _______________________, extending from puberty to independence.Adolescence in the process, which is the struggle between the need to stand out and the need to _____________________. (1:15)Identity: Our senses of __________________________German psychoanalyst _____________________ called the "crisis between identity and role confusion". (2:05)Today most psychologists view our psychological development as a lifelong process, from ____________________to _____________________________to ___________________________to card carrying senior citizen, people keep right on changing.(2:27)Like many others, Erikson believed our personalities develop in a _____________________________ order, which he outlined in an eight stage model and each stage from infancy to old age is defined by its own predominant issue or crisis.(2:44)Erikson defined the "adolescent years" or "stage five" as starting in our _______________________and extending, for some, as far our_____________________, and as the Breakfast Club so artfully depicted, its main crisis is the one of identity versus role confusion.Teen years are marked by lots of __________________________in the body and brain and __________________________ along with growing independenceErikson believed that__________________________________, which in his view started in a person's twenties and ended as late as the early ____________________was marked by another struggle, one between _________________________________ and__________________________. A good relationship here can lead to feelings of safety and caring and commitment, while a lack of intimacy can lead to _____________________________ and isolation and ______________________________. Recently, a number of psychologists have begun to refer to the first few years of this stage as_____________________, and some suggest that is warrants its own classification distinct from adolescence or full adulthood. (4:34)

For Erikson, after young adulthood came the middle adulthood of our forties to sixties. This stage, stage ________________________________ highlights our tendency toward either generativity or_________________________________. The lack of those things, an overall boredom or absence of purpose, can make stage seven-ers feel stagnant and unproductive, hence the often cliched and really real and potentially painful ______________________.(5:09)And finally, at the end, comes stage eight. In our Late Adulthood, from sixty five and up, we often struggle with _______________________ versus_________________. The flip side of that is looking back on life and feeling ______________and __________________, and that kind of retrospective disappointment can ruin old age with depression and feelings of _____________________. (5:56)So Erikson tackled our progressive _________________________development, but what exactly happens to our bodies and brains after we hit adulthood.But despite all of our differences, many many of our life courses do have some similarities ______________,____________________, and _____________________. (6:24)First there are, yes, physical changes: the slow decline of ____________________, muscle tone and strength, cardiac output, ___________________, and sharpness of senses like ___________________and _________________. (6:54)Psychologists Raymond Cattell and John Horn were the first to develop the concepts of fluid and crystallized _________________________, suggesting that intelligence itself is made up of different abilities that work together.(7:13)Fluid intelligence deals with your ability to ________________________ independent of your personal experience and education. (7:39)Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is just what it sounds like - knowledge that's based on _______________________________, solidified by past ___________________________and prior _________________________. (8:08)Brain tumors, small strokes, or continued alcohol dependence can all ___________________________ the brain, increasing the risk of dementia.

Dementia isn't a specific disease, but rather a set of symptoms related to impaired thinking, _____________________, confusion, and potential changes in ______________________________ that become severe enough to interfere with regular functioning.(8:35)Alzheimer's disease is a form of progressive, irreversible _____________________. First memory declines, then __________________________________, and then eventually basic physiological functions as vital brain neurons continue to deteriorate.

Questions Chapter 17: Stress and Health

1.What is the definition of stress in psychology?

2. What is the good stress and what is the bad stress?

3. What are the four main sources of stress?

4. What are the 2 main differences between daily hassles and life changes?

5. What are the 4 types of conflict?

6. What is psychological hardiness?

7. What is predictability?

8. Describe stress in your own words.

9.What is self-efficacy expectations?

10. Is it true that people with less conflict are less likely to be sick when they experience prolonged stress?

11. What is defensive coping?

12. What is active stressing?

13. How do people’s thoughts affect the amount of stress they experience?

14. What does GAS stand for in terms of physical effects of stress?

15. What are the three stages of the GAS?

16. The immune system prevents disease by producing ________________. Red blood cells Plasma White blood cells Platelets

17. Stress causes the immune system to function ______ __________ 18. The immune system consists of ___ components.

3 10 2 7

19.What is the most common stress-related health problem

20. What are the types of headaches ?

21. How long can migraines last?

22. What are two things that trigger migraines?

23. What can cause heart disease?

Chapter: __________________________________________________ Review questions

Answer the following questions during the video.(brain games battle of the sexes season 2 ep 10)

1. Which president wore typical female clothing?

2. How swatches of red do you see? How many they are really?

3.why can women see more colors than men?

4.what is spatial reasoning? What gender is better at it and why?

5. Which decision route makes to you?

6. Which gender won apollo’s challenge?why?

7. Why do women have better spatial memory ?

8. What skill is reaquired to pack the trunk? Who won?

9. At the end what were both genders better at than the other?

10. Who do you think won men or women? Explain in 3-5 sentences

Chapter 18: Psychological Disorders

Way back in 1887, a journalist named __________________ assumed the alias Nellie Bly and feigned a mental illness to report on the truly awful conditions inside psychiatric hospitals in the US--which were known as asylums at the time. She found rotten food, cold showers, prevalent rats, abusive nurses, and patients being tied down in her famous expose "______________________". What she documented had been pretty standard mental health treatment for centuries, but her work led the charge in mental health reform.

Nearly a century later in 1975, American psychologist _______________ published a paper called "On Being Sane in Insane Places" detailing the experiment that he conducted on psychiatric institutions themselves. The first part of his experiment involved sending _____________ (a group of eight totally mentally sound associates, including David himself) to knock on institution doors and falsely report that they'd been hearing voices. Once admitted, the fake patients abandoned their _______ symptoms and behaved as they normally did, waiting for administrators to recognize them as mentally healthy.

Like Cochran, _____________ and his team learned that it's easy to get into a mental institution, but it is much, much harder to get out. The participants were kept in the institution for an average of ______ days, one of them for ______ days. Of course, being dubbed in remission isn't exactly the same thing as being labeled sane, and that was just one of Rosenhan's criticisms of the system. It viewed mental illness as an irreversible condition, almost like a personality trait, rather than a curable illness.

Part two of his experiment came later when Rosenhan shared his results with a teaching hospital and then told the staff that he'd be sending more pseudopatients their way in the next few months, and challenged them to detect the imposters. With that in mind, out of _____new patients, _____were ferreted out as likely or suspected pseudopatients. The thing is, Rosenhan never actually sent in any____________. In the end Rosenhan concluded that the way people were being diagnosed with psychiatric issues often revealed less about the patients themselves and more about their situation.

When people think of psychology they probably most often think about the conditions that it's been designed to understand, diagnose, and treat--namely ________________ disorders. From common problems that most of us will experience at some point in our lives to the more serious dysfunctions that require intensive care. They're a big part of what psychology is here for and over the next several lessons we're going to be looking at mental illness, as well as wellness.

In 2010, the __________________________ reported that about 450 million people worldwide suffer from some kind of mental or behavioral disorder. No society is immune from them, but when I say psychological disorder I'm guessing some of you will conjure up all sorts of dramatic images like diabolical criminals from Arkham Asylum or Hollywood stereotypes of various eccentric, scary, or tragic figures. This roll call of one-sided stock images is part of the problem our culture faces--the misconceptions and often destructive stigma associated with ______________ ____________.Sounds like I'm talking about doing things that are dicey or raunchy, but in this context it's used to describe thoughts and behavior that are different from most of the rest of your cultural context. Of course, being different is usually wonderful. ____________________and visionaries are all deviants from the norm so it probably goes without saying that the standards for so-called deviant behavior change a lot across cultures and in different situations.

To be classified as a disorder, that ____________ ______________ needs to cause that person or others around them distress, which just means a subjective feeling that something is really wrong. In turn, distress can lead to truly harmful dysfunction--when a person's ability to work and live is clearly, often measurable impaired.

So that's today's definition but it took a long time for the Western world to come up with a way of thinking about psychological disorders that was rooted in science and____________________. It wasn't until around the ________ and _________ centuries that we really started to put forth the notion that mental health issues might be about a sickness in the mind.

This "a-ha" moment is just one instance of how perspectives on mental health began to shift towards what is called the __________________________________ The medical model champions the notion that psychological disorders have physiological causes that can be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, can be treated, and sometimes cured. That way of thinking about _________ health was an important step forward, at least at first. It took us past the old days of simply locking people up when they didn't seem quite right to others.

But another important part of handling disorders with scientific rigor is attempting to standardize and measure them. How we talk about them, how we diagnose them, and how we treat them. So the field has literally come up with a manual that shows you how to do that. But it is not without it's flaws. It's called the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; or, _________because it's currently in it's fifth edition. And it is used by practically everybody: clinicians obviously, but also by ____________ and _______________, policy makers, and the whole legal system.

For instance, the new edition reflects our growing understanding of the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and it changed the name of Childhood Bipolar Disorder to _______________________because kids were being over-diagnosed and over-treated for bipolar disorder when the condition that they had didn't actually fit that description. And totally new diagnoses are being explored as well, like Gambling Addiction and what's called ____________________________, showing that new disorders continue to arise with changing times.

Type of Anxiety Disorders

Phobic Disorder

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive

Disorder

Stress Disorder

Personality Disorders and Their CharacteristicsParanoid

Schizoid

Schizotypal

Antisocial

Borderline

Histrionic

Narcissistic

Avoidant

Dependent

Obsessive-Compulsive

Chapter 10: Infancy & childhood (Pre-test)

1. What factors may influence self esteem?

2. Do you think kids develope in steps or through continuous growth?

3. How may child abuse affect physical growth?

4. How important do you the physical touch is for infants from a caregiver?

5. What type of reflexes are babies born with?

Name:_______________________________________________________Date:________________________________________________________

Score:__________

Infancy and Childhood QuizQuestion 1: _______________ ________________is the field of study in determining how people grow and change throughout the lifespan from conception, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death.

A. Developmental Psychology B. Monumental PsychologyC. Life PsychologyD. Cognitive Psychology

Question 2: There is a process called ___________, which is the automatic and sequential process of development.A. GrowthB. Reflexation C. MaturationD. Life

Question 3:_______ _________Said that maturation played the most important part of development. A. Arnold Gesell

B. Jean PiagetC. Margaret WolfD. Erik Erikson

Question 4: John Watson and John Locke believed nurture mostly influenced a child’s _______.A. EnvironmentB. ParentsC. GrowthD. Behavior

Question 5: Perceptual Development is the process by which infants learn to make sense of the sights, sounds, tastes, and other sensations.

A. Sounds onlyB. Taste onlyC. Sight onlyD. All of the above

Question 6: In your own words explain the Babinski reflex.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question7: What is the last step of the Motor development stages for infancy?A. CrawlingB. Sitting aloneC. Stands aloneD. Walks alone

Question8: It is estimated that ________ children in the US are abused or neglected by their caregivers every year. A. 2 hundred thousand B. 3 millionC. 2.3 millionD. 6 hundred thousand

Question9: What is your prefered style of parenting? Explain why.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question10: True or false? Imprinting is a process by which some animals form immediate attachments during critical periods. Circle your answer choice.

True False

Question 11: The behavior of newborns is mainly_______.A. ReflexiveB. InnateC. LearnedD. Environmentally influenced

Question 12: The law of ____________ says that key properties of substances, such as their weight, volume, and number stay the same even if their shape or arrangement changes.

A. ScienceB. MeasurementsC. ConservationD. Movement

Question 13:True or False Accommodation is the process by which new information is placed into new categories that already exist. Circle your answer choice.

True False

Question 14:At about what age does the sensorimotor stage end?A. 4 years oldB. 8 years oldC. 2 years oldD. 7 months old

Question 15:In this stage, children begin to show signs of adult thinking.A. The Concrete-Operational stageB. The Sensorimotor StageC. The Formal-Operational stageD. The Preoperational stage

Bonus Question 16: List the 3 levels of moral development, as theorized by Kohlberg.

1._________________________________________________2._________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________

How people behave as part of a group often differs from how they behave as individuals.____________________ refers to the concept that people often perform better when other people are watching than they do when they are alone.In other words, the presence of other people seems to encourage one’s performance. Social facilitation is not limited to people. Psychologist ____________________ found that dogs and cats do things faster when they are in a group rather than when they are alone. Zajonc believes that animals, including humans, respond in this way because the presence of others increases their level of excitement. ___________________, or the concern about the opinions of others, is another reason that the presence of other people may improve an individual's performance. When people are working together toward a common goal, rather than working on individual tasks, they may “slack off” and not try as hard. This behavior is referred to as______________. Social loafing is especially likely to occur when people see that other members of the group are not pulling their share. This is because of_________________, which is the tendency for people to feel less responsible for accomplishing a task when the effort is shared among member of a group. A related event is______________, the tendency for people to take greater risks when they are part of a group than they would as individuals. Many important decisions are made by groups rather than individuals. Psychologists have studied how being part of a group affects the decision making process. They have identified a number of _____________________ or rules that govern group decision making.

The _______________ scheme The _______________ scheme The________________ scheme The___________ scheme.

In the _______________ scheme, the group agrees to a decision that was initially supported by a majority of group members. This applies most often in situations which there are no right or wrong choices. Often, the members of a group come to realize that one option is better than others after they learn more about the different choices available. This is know as the _______________ scheme Some groups, come with a decision after two thirds of their members come to to an agreement about the correct choice. This is called the_______________ scheme. It often applies to decisions made by juries. The ____________scheme applies to groups that are fifty-fifty about a decision. If just one person changes his or her mind, others may follow and shift to the opposite side as well. Members of a group usually share similar attitudes. The shared attitudes that the group members hold are likely to grow stronger over time. This strengthening of a group's shared attitudes is called ___________________, it occurs as group members discuss and act upon the attitudes they share. Polarization can be positive or negative. All groups, regardless of their nature, have leaders who serve several important functions in their groups

___________________ exert absolute control over all decisions for the group. They tell other group members what to do and demand that group members obey their orders.

____________________ encourage group members to express and discuss their ideas and to make their own decisions. Such leaders may try to build a consensus- that is, to encourage unanimous agreement on a decision.

____________________ encourage group members to express and explore their own ideas. They tend to stand back from the group and allow the group members to move in whatever direction they wish, even if the group seems to be making poor choices.

Being in a ________ or being accepted by a group plays a big role in a person’s life. Some people rely on groups for being an individual ‘s needs for ________________, ______________ and ______________. Like in today’s life as teens we join clubs,sports after school activities other social organizations. Groups also play an __________ role because they show support when someone loses a loved one and feel like they have no one to depend on so they expect that group to show them support. Groups may also _____________ things better together rather than one’s own.The standards of behavior that people share______________ serve as a guidelines for what people should and should not do or say In any given situation. For example, social norms tell people what to wear,what to eat,and when and where to make a joke. There are _____ different types of social norms __________ and __________.

Explicit norms are ________ or written rules. Examples Traffic rules and school dress codes. Implicit norms are _________, unwritten rules. Example dressing ways.

Social norms can be __________ or ________. They are useful if they help promote the safety and well-being of individuals or groups. Social norms are harmful when they promote risky behavior. ______ wanted to determine whether people would go along with ______ opinion even when the group opinion differed from their own. He asked participants in the study to look at _______ lines of varying length and to compare them with a standard line. Each participant was tested in a group of several other people. For the first few comparisons, all of Asch’s associates gave the correct answer. However, For many of the remaining comparisons, all of the associates gave the same wrong answer. When Asch’s participants all gave the wrong answer many study participants conformed to the group opinion and gave the same wrong answer. About ___ of study participants went along with the group opinion at least ___ went along with the group at least half the time, and ___ went along with the group virtually all the time. Study participants who conformed later on that they knew the answer was wrong they just went with the along with the group.Some people conform their answers based on their __________. Some cultures are collectivistic which means that they place _______ emphasis on the group than its individual members.They also agree because need of ___________ because they feel like they need to be accepted by others. People who depend most on the acceptance and approval of others tend to be those with _____ self esteem and ______ social anxiety. They may have a feeling of being _____________ about standing out from others.May have a feeling that people will reject them if they appear alone, so they feel comfortable showing up in a group.Are people who commit immoral acts unusual or abnormal?________ got volunteers (men 20-50) to participate in his experiments to study they way different people learn.The volunteers were broken into groups the _______ and the _________. The teachers were told that if the learners got a question wrong they were to shock them and every time the _______ would be _______. The teachers were told they can quit at whenever they wanted. The teachers were told the experiments was what what effects does punishment have on ___________. One of the most obvious and direct social influences on people’s attitudes and behavior is the power of people in positions of authority.

Most children obey their _________, _________, and other _________ Most adults obey ____________, _____________, and other __________

Are people who commit _________ acts unusual or abnormal?______________investigated this question in a series of studies conducted in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Milgram research was to ____________ whether the average person would ______ the commands of authority figures.The learners were actually milgram's ________ . The learners were strapped into electric chairs to give off the expression that they were being shocked .Really the learners would make _________ that they were being shocked while a recording in the other room would make it seem that they were getting shocked. If the teachers _________ on shocking the learners they were _____ to keep going. Now were the teachers that went through with the experiment ______________ or _______?No the weren’t they showed signs of____________________, bit their ______, trembled, stuttered ________, dug their ______ into their palms and ______ laughter.Many wanted to stop but keep going anyways. One reason many people are ________ is because from childhood they are _________ to respect authority figures._________ refers to words or actions that are meant to hurt other people. It’s a _________ social problem. Young people between the ages of _____ and ______are victims of abuse. Children are ___________ by it because for example, children are drawn to _________ that kill or torture people. Games like that can _________ figures to do such.Why are people aggressive?____________, ____________, _____________, ___________ and ___________ views. _____________: The _______ and ___________ appear to be involved in aggression. Many lower animals react with instinctive aggression as a response to certain stimuli. The hypothalamus triggers aggressive behavior in many kinds of animals. However, humans have more complex brains and it dampens possible aggressive instincts. ____________ is also involved in Aggression. It ___________ with the __________ to try to dominate and control other people. Men have _________ testosterone than women and are _______ aggressive than women. __________________: Sigmund Freud’s beliefs about this were that ______________________ are ______________ reactions to the frustrations of daily lives and are likely to find other outlets like destroying other people’s possessions or disobeying their orders. __________ of aggressive impulses are called ____________. Studies show that catharsis doesn’t act as a __________ valve. It’s unclear whether it ___________ or __________ aggressive behavior.________________: Cognitive psychologist believe that people’s behavior is _____ influenced by ________ tendencies or ______________. Instead, they maintain that aggressive behavior is influenced by people’s _____________, the ways in which they perceive events, and the choices they make. People choose to act aggressively because they __________ aggression is _________________ in particular situations. _____________ and _____________ trigger feeling angry and cause people to act aggressively. People also don’t act aggressively _____________ and without ___________. Some people tend to interpret other people’s behavior as intentionally ____________ or cruel, even when it’s not. _____________: Some cultures encourage _____________ and _____________ and that this, in turn, promotes aggression. An example is when one person is _______ encouraged to win over others, ____________ and aggression may result. Where Courtesy, __________ and cooperation are encouraged people tend to be less aggressive.__________________: People learn to ________ behaviors that are __________ and _________ to behave aggressively. Aggression helps people get their own way. Other types of aggressive behavior are reinforced. In many sports, aggression helps players win games. Learning theorist believe people _________ many behaviors by ____________ others. People observe aggressive behavior on

___________, ___________ and ___________. They also observe it in their ___________ and ___________. Children learn to act aggressively by a considerably amount because they spend a great deal of time watching tv than they spend in school. _______________________ believe that altruism like aggression is linked to genetics. They believe it also helps people pass on their ____________ to future generations. By helping their relatives __________ and _____________ evolutionary psychologists argue, early humans indirectly passed on their own genes to the next generations. Research has shown that __________ factors influence whether a person will help others in particular situations. One factor is the person’s ________ of mind. Studies have found that people are more likely to help others being in a good mood. Being in a ______ mood seems to make people want to be more helpful to others.

Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception

Sense Stimulus Receptors Threshold

Chapter 13: Motivation & Emotion

This relates to motivation. A _________ is a stimulus that moves a person to behave in certain ways designed to accomplish a specific goal.

Motivations cannot be seen or measured directly. The psychology of motivation deals with the _________ of behavior

A _______ is a condition in which we require something we lack.

People have both psychological and biological needs.o ____________  needs are required to survive (EX. Food and oxygen). Tend to be inborn o ______________ needs motivate people to accomplish certain goals (EX. Achievement, self-

esteem, a sense of belonging and social approval). Tend to be learned and are shaped by culture

Biological and psychological needs give rise to ________ the forces that motivate an organism to take action.

EX. The biological need for food brings the hunger driveo Although these needs are biological the experience of them is psychological o The longer we are deprived of something such as ______ or _______ the stronger our drive

becomes.

__________ are behavior patterns that are transmitted from generation to generation.

Sometimes called fixed-action patterns. Researchers have discovered that many animals are born to act in certain ways in certain situations

At one time it was believed that ________ __________, like that of animals, is instinctive. Today however there is so much variation in human behavior that it is unlikely that it is instinctive.

According to this theory people and animals a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension.

Formed by psychologist _______ ______ the Drive-Reduction theory is based on learning as well as motivation. According to this theory people and animals a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension.

They learn to do whatever they can to reduce that tension such as eating to reduce their hunger drive. Some drives such as hunger, are caused by biological needs. Other drives such as a drive for money

are learned from experience.

Basic drives such as hunger, motivate us to restore an internal state of equilibrium, or balance. The tendency to maintain this state of equilibrium in the body is called __________.

Homeostasis is like a __________. When room temperature drops below a certain point the heat comes on to maintain that set point. Similarly, according to the theory, when people are hungry they eat until they are no longer hungry

According to __________ psychologists people are motivated by basic drives and by the conscious desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment.

Some argue that that sometimes our drive to fulfill personal desires are greater than for our basic needs. _________ _______ pointed out that some people are willing to tolerate pain, hunger and other kinds of tension in order to achieve their goals (EX. having a tight budget and choosing to put more money in things regarding their goal rather than for food/comfort)

Maslow claimed that people strive to fulfill their capacity for self actualization. ____   _______ refers to the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of becoming.

_______  organized human needs into a hierarchy a ranking of items in order of importance. At the bottom are biological needs and the need for self actualization is at the top.

Maslow believed that if a person’s needs are met at one level they will try to reach the next level

Name of graph: ____________________________

______________ __________ argue that even if basic drives such as hunger are inborn, cultural experiences and factors influence the behavior that people use to satisfy those drives.

The foods people eat and the way they eat are shaped by culture. Cultural experiences affects whether people like hot dogs or tacos, coffee or tea, apples or pineapples.

Biological needs are based mainly on body tissue needs, such as the needs for food, water, air, temperature regulation, and ______ ___________.

People need for in order to survive, but food can mean much more than mere survival. Food can be a symbol of the closeness of the family or group of friends, or it can be something to make a stranger feel welcome.

But sometimes eating too much for comfort could lead to obesity. _______ - that is, weigh more than 30% greater than their recommended weight.

Stimulus Motives:

Psychological needs motivate us to reduce tension or stimulation. Desires for stimulation are called ________ ________, include sensory stimulation, activity, exploration, and manipulation of the environment.

Sensory Deprivation:

Student volunteers participated in an experiment, the intention of the experiment was to see how people would react to an absence of stimulation, a state referred to as ________ ____________. The experiment demonstrated the importance of sensory stimulation to human beings.

People who are driven to get ahead, to tackle challenging situations, and to meet high personal standards of success are said to have high ____________ ____________.

Types of Goals:

For some students, performance goals may be the reason for their achievement motivation. ____________ _____ are specific goals such as gaining admission to college, earning the approval of parents or teachers, or even simply avoiding criticism.

Other students are driven mainly by learning goals. For some students, learning for learning’s sake is the most powerful motivator. We call such motivators ________ ______.

Performance goals are usually satisfied by external or extrinsic rewards. ________ _______ include good grades, a good income, and respect from others.

On the other hand, learning goals are usually satisfied by internal or _______ ______, such as self-satisfaction.

People are motivated to achieve ________ _________. That is, they seek to think and behave in a way that fits what they believe and how others expect them to think and behave.

Balance Theory:

According to ________ ________, people need to organize their perceptions, opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner.They want to maintain a cognitive balance by holding consistent views and by being with people who share their beliefs and values.

When someone we care about disagrees with us, an uncomfortable state of _________. We may attempt to end the uncomfortable state by trying to persuade the other person to change his or her attitude or by changing our feelings about the other person.

When we dislike certain people or have no feelings toward them one way or another, their attitude are not of much interest to us. Because we do not care about them, we are not greatly affected by the disharmony between their views and ours. We can be said to be in a state of __________.

Why do people find a state of __________ uncomfortable?

The answer is that most people want their thoughts and attitudes to be consistent with their actions.

Awareness that our cognitions are inconsistent with our behavior is unpleasant. According to_______-__________ _______, people are motivated to reduce this inconsistency.

The desire to join with others and be part of something larger than oneself is called ___________. The desire to affiliation is what prompts people to make friends, join groups, and participate in activities with others rather than by oneself. Affiliation motivation helps keep families, groups, and nations together.

__________ are states of feeling. Emotions can motivate behavior and have social, cognitive, and biological components. Strong emotions spark activity in the autonomic nervous system.

The _______ _______ believed that there are four inborn (humanistic) emotions: happiness, anger, sorrow, and fear. Behaviorist John B. Watson believed that there are only three: rage, fear, and love.

_________ ______ said that the motive behind everything that people do is “how to gain, how to keep, how to recover happiness.”

Our state of happiness affects us in nearly every area of our lives. Happy people tend to be more satisfied with their lives and think that the world is a happier and safer place. When a person is ________  gloom tends to settle into everything they do. When their moods brightens every aspect of their lives seems better (school, work, relationships and self-image)

_______ is a common response to an insult or attack and can often make a person seem out of control. The ancient Roman poet Horace called anger “__ _____ ______”.

What is an effective way to handle anger?o Participants in a study (Averill, 1983) reported that when angry they tended to become more

assertive than hostile. They anger frequently prompted to discuss the situation with the offending person, this eased the _________ feelings. These controlled reactions are almost always the most effective at reducing anger.

We often rely on the practice of “reading” people’s faces. We can read their __________ and know when they are sad, surprised, happy, angry, disgusted, afraid,etc.

Are these expressions __________ or do they signify certain emotions on the basis of their cultural settings?

o Cross-cultural evidence suggests that expressions are probably inborn. Many specific emotions appear to be the same around the world

In a study by _____ ________ people from around the world were asked to identify the emotions that were being expressed in a series of photos (sadness, fear, anger, happiness, disgust, and surprise).

o All the people that participated in the study agreed on the emotion that was being portrayed in each photograph.

Psychologists have developed different theories on what emotions are, where they come from and how they operate.

According to the ________________ emotions often come in pairs with one emotion being followed by its opposite

o (EX. extreme happiness tends to be followed by feelings that are its opposite, such as extreme sadness  rather than a neutral feeling)

Solomon and Colleague J.D. Corbitt suggested that people are inclined to maintain balanced emotions but when the balance is upset by a strong emotion caused by a certain situation, an opponent emotional response occurs.

According to this theory when something happens to a person in a certain situation, the person quickly interprets the situation. The interpretation triggers body sensations that signal a ______ or _______. The emotion, in turn, triggers a behavior.

EX. A person who is walking down a street and encounters a large stray dog may sense that he/she is in danger. The person then feel anxious (body sensation) and quickly turns down the nearest side street to avoid the dog (behavior).

________ ______ who is also known as the father of functionalist psychology, created one theory. Around the same time, a Danish psychologist named _____ ________, developed a similar one. So today, we refer to this single theory using the names of both men.

It proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion. o EX. According to this theory, we don't blush because we're embarrassed; rather, we feel

embarrassed because we blush.

_______ ________ and _______ _______, created a different theory. Their Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests that we experience emotions at the same time as we experience physiological arousal; or, the emotion and the arousal are simultaneous.

EX. according to this, we blush and feel ___________ at the same time.

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer,created the__________ __________ ______.

They believed that when we experience physiological arousal, we cognitively process the context in which we find ourselves before feeling the proper emotion.

Their theory is sometimes called the _____-______ theory of emotion because this theory maintains that the experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive processing.

Section 1 question:1. Why do people do the things they do?

2. What are some examples of biological needs? (name at least 2)

3. What are some examples of psychological needs? (name at least 2)

4. Behavior patterns that are transmitted from generation to generation is called what?

5. Who formed the theory that people and animals a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension?

Section 2 question:1. What are biological needs mainly based on?

2. Give at least 2 examples of body tissue needs.

3. What can be a symbol of the closeness of the family or group of friends?

Section 3 question:1. Desires for stimulation is called what and what is included with it?

2. What was the importance of sensory deprivation experiment?

3. Define what sensory deprivation is.

4. According to the balance theory people need to what their perceptions,opinions,and beliefs in a harmonious manner?

5. Why do people find a state of imbalance uncomfortable?

Section 4 question:1. What is an effective way to handle anger?

2. Are these expressions instinctive or do they signify certain emotions on the basis of their cultural settings?

3. Are expressions instinctive or do they signify certain emotions on the basis of their cultural settings?

4. Which theory stated that emotions often come in pairs with one emotion being followed by its opposite?

5. Which two psychologist developed the theory of emotions suggesting that we experience emotions at the same time as we experience psychological arousal?

Guided Notes Chapter 9: Intelligence

What is Intelligence?-Intelligence is the                                          to learn from                                                            and to think rationally and deal with                                               . Intelligence has nothing to do with achievement (                                                                                                         ). Intelligence makes achievement possible. What are the different theories

                                       Two Factor Theory-Spearman was a psychologist that suggested that general intelligence (                                 ) labels our intellectual abilities (

). Then he suggested the specific/S- factor that accounts for people's specific abilities.

                                                              - Gardner suggested that we have multiple intelligences and all of them are                   seperate and                                              from one another. These different intelligences cover                                                   . Also intelligence is separate from a person's given talents.

                                                                          Theory- He argued that intelligence worked all together in 3 levels model of intelligence. We also use more then one these at the same time.

Different Kinds of Intelligence

                                                  : listening,reading writing and teaching                                                 : problem solving and performing experiments

                                                  : Singing, composing music, and playing instruments

                                                    : Being able to sense other people's emotions and feelings

                                                                          : Being able to coordinate your mind with your body

                                                              :Understanding yourself what you feel and want

                            :Being able to visualize the world in 3D

                                                :Understanding living thing and reading nature

                                                  :Tackling the question of why we live

General Intelligence

                                                                  helped develop general intelligence factor approach. He proposed that general intelligence is linked to many                                    that can be analyzed by . For example, people who do good on vocabulary test then they would be good at analyzing and comprehending a story

Emotional Intelligence

1.                                                   - the ability to recognize our own feelings2.                                                             - Ability to distract oneself from                                                      feelings

3.                                                     - Ability to move ahead in life with positive attitude4.                                                   - Ability to show empathy communicate and cooperate with others 5.                                                       - Ability to delay enjoyment or until task has been accomplished  

Testing Intelligence

                                                   conducted the first modern intelligence test in                     . After someone had taken Benits test it gave them there mental age. Your mental age tells you your thats you are functioning at. In                Stanford University         changed Alfred Binet's idea a little. Instead of getting a MA when you take the Stanford-Binet intelligence test you get a           . Your          reflects the mental age with your                                             .Intelligence is measured around the IQ number of 100 which is average (                     ) IQ over                is beyond average (barley past             ) If you have a IQ below             this is classified as intellectually .

High Intelligence

Giftedness and Creativity

People that are                              posses an outstanding talent or being able to perform at high levels when compared to other people. Also people that are gifted or have high intelligence are usually very                                 ( just because you are creative doesn’t make you more intelligent). People who tend to have a healthy lifestyle self motivated and are successful                                                              are the characteristic of a person with high intelligence.

Intellectual Disability

Characteristics

-IQ is between             and               this is moderate which means the person can still take care of themselves well (communicating feeding/dressing themselves and taking care of their own hygiene.

-IQ is between             and               this is severe this means that they can do                         things on there own partially but they need continuous direction.

- IQ is                                             this means the person needs to                                on someone else to take care of them for the rest of their life

Causes

Accidents resulting in brain damage Difficulties during childbirth Women using drugs or alcohol during birth Women who are malnourished while pregnant Genetics

Influences on Intelligence

                                          - We have                              of 50% from our parents. Studies show that identical twins share almost the same level IQ. People that are adopted have the same           to their parents or their adopted siblings.

                                          - closely related people are alike in IQ scored rather than unrelated people

                                                    - IQ scores are more like the biological parents then the adopted parents.

                                                            - Our environment we grow up in, how we are taught in school, and different programs we participate in as children play a                     in our intelligence. Our parents also  play a role in our intelligence because they are our . Studies show that a child that has a nice safe organized home and parents who and enroll their children in decent schools/programs have a better chance of having a                                                                           level.

                                        -Preschool programs are designed to give children enriched experiences early. Studies show that children that receive schooling                            tend to get                                        in school and is less likely to fail or drop out but more likely to graduate and go to college. School can only affect a person's intelligence environmentally. So this doesn’t mean if you didn’t go to preschool or failed a grade you're not intelligent.

Adults and Intelligence

As you get older you start to                    down. Older people do tend to have a                              in their intelligence (test show, especially in timed test).                                                 influences that affect an adult's intelligence include their schooling, income, job, travel, family, reading, and your personality. Also vocabulary and                                 can be                             for the rest of your life. No matter what a person's intelligence is not                            or unchangeable.

What else did you learn from the crash course ? (At least 3 notes)

Vocabulary                                                 - knowledge and skills gained by experience                                                 - Abilities to deal with others                                                     - Any score that has been changed from a raw score in a systematic way.                                                                       - A number that reflects the relationship between a child’s mental age.                             - Something that refers to its consistency.                                                   - Comparing scores earned by the same person                                   - Measures what it is supposed to measures.                     - Possess out standing talent or shows potential.                           -   Ability to invent new solutions to problems.

Chapter 14: Adulthood

______________________ covers a span of approximately 20 years- from about age 20 to about age 40.

Most people reach their physical peak in their _____. During their 20s and early 30s, they are__________, __________, better

________________, and have more endurance than they have ever had or will ever have again.

Young Adulthood is characterized by a ____________ to try new ways of doing things. In their late ________, early____ some people assume that they must live the way their

parents do in order to succeed in life. Some also assume that their parents will always be there to rescue them if their plans fail.

As time passes young adults learn to become _______________and to take _______________ for themselves and the decisions they make.

Studies indicate that, in the United States, becoming independent from parental authority is a key goal development for most young adult men.

Women are generally less concerned with seeing themselves as separate, independent ____________. They tend to be more interested in creating relationships with others.

Many women in their 20s become independent and focus on their development as individuals.

The creation and _______________ of relationships are also important concerns for many men.

_______ in their 20s often believe they have chosen the course in life that is exactly right for them. As they reach their 30s, however, they often reevaluate the decisions they have made in an effort to determine whether their chosen course is really the one that is right for them.

____________has labeled the period of the late 20s and early 30s as the “age 30 transition”. For many young adults, this is a time to reassess earlier choices. People often ask themselves “ Why am I doing this?” or “Where is my life going?”

This period of _______________ may bring about major life changes. Some people change jobs or start new careers.

_________, as in years past, it is still mostly women who take care of family and household chores.

________ in their 30s may increase the financial and emotional investments they make in their lives. They often become more focused on advancing their careers and gaining stability in their ___________ lives.

Many people today choose to _________ single or to postpone or forgo having and rearing children.

An important part of _____________ and young adulthood is the development of an identity-who you are and what you stand for (your values)

_________ brings the personal stability that is needed to form lasting relationships. According to Erik Erikson (1963), one of the key tasks of young adulthood is the forming

of relationships.

_____________ can be difficult to sustain when one or both of the people involved lack personal stability, which may be one reason why __________ marriages suffer a higher divorce rate than adult marriages.

Erikson believed that people who do not develop intimate relationships may risk falling into a pattern  of _________ and _____________.

An _________ relationship is not necessarily a physical relationship. Rather, it is a trusting, close friendship with another person in which one can be honest without fear of ___________.

In most Western societies, men have traditionally played the dominant role in marriage as well in the larger society. This system is known as _______________.

Some couples continue to ____________ to roles in which the husband is the breadwinner and the wife is the homemaker.

Other couples have begun to share, and even reverse, these roles. Many single or divorced individuals are alone responsible for fulfilling these roles. In the United States today, most people marry primarily for love. The concept of romantic love as a reason for marriage, however did not become

_____________ in Western societies until the 1800s. In the 1600s and 1700s, most marriages were arranged by the parents of the bride and

groom, generally on the basis of how the marriage would benefit the two families. ______________ generally provides feelings of security and opportunities to share

experiences and ideas with someone special. ___________ in times past, in which marriages were arranged by the family, today young

people in the United States typically select their own mates. Parents may, however, have at least some degree of influence over the choice.

People are also________________ in their marital decisions by factors such as ethnicity, level of education, social class, and religion.

Americans tend to marry people who are from the same geographic area and social class- perhaps because they are more likely to meet such people in the first place.

People in the United States __________ marry people of different races or socioeconomic classes.

According to the U.s. Census Bureau, only 2 percent of U.S. marriages are interracial. More than 90 percent of married couples are of the same religion.

Although most ____________ get married because they are in love, about half of the marriages in the United States- such as the one between Janet’s parents- end in divorce.

The_________ rate rose steadily throughout most of the last century before leveling off in the 1980s.

More ______ one quarter of children live in single-parent households. Why is divorce such a__________ occurrence when most couples believe in marrying for

life? One reason may be that obtaining a divorce has become easier than it used to be. Many states now have”____________” divorce laws. That means that a judge can grant a

divorce without having one or both partners blaming each other. The increased economic independence of women also may have contributed to the rise in

the divorce rate.

Increasingly high ________________ may also have made divorce more likely. Today many couples expect marriage to be constantly gratifying-and to be easy.

Relationships, however, require work and________________. Some couples no longer feel committed enough to the marriage to try to make it work.

____________ has many financial and emotional costs. When a household splits, the financial resources, such as income and property, are usually divided.

Often, neither partner can afford to maintain the standard of living he or she had while married.

A ______________ who does not have an established career may find herself struggling to compete with younger, more experienced workers as she enters the workforce.

Women generally are granted____________ of the couple’s children. Thus, divorced mothers often face the primary responsibility for rearing the children and may need to increase income to make ends meet.

____________ fathers, meanwhile, may find it difficult to pay child support and alimony-financial support paid to a former spouse.

Divorce can lead to feelings of ___________, loneliness, fears about the future, and depression.

Research shows that the_____________ of divorced people are more likely to have behavioral problems, engage in substance abuse, and earn lower grades in school.

Boys have____________ problems than girls  in adjusting to parental conflict or divorce, such as conduct problems school and increased anxiety and dependence.

It also seems that it is not so much parental separation that affects the children as the breakdown in the quality of parenting that often follows separation.

Children may fare better in homes with well ____________ mothers than in homes with constantly bickering parents.

Marital ____________ or fighting is also connected with serious psychological distress in children and adolescents.

______________________ spans the years from 40 to 65. By age 40, most people have begun to lose some of the strength, coordination, and

stamina they had in their 20s and 30s. However, middle adulthood can also be the time when many people first begin to work

on ________________ their physical potential. Even someone who has been inactive for years might decide at 45 to train for a marathon. People who work at their________________ can maintain excellent health and strength

throughout middle adulthood. ____________ believed that the greatest challenge for middle-aged adults is

___________________ which is the ability to create, originate and produce. According to Erikson,________________ adds meaning to the lives of adults, and it

helps them maintain and enhance their self-esteem. Adults can be creative, or generative in various areas of their lives, such as their career,

their family, and their community. As _______________ workers, they may improve methods and relationships in the

workplace. As parents, they guide the next generation.

As ___________ and residents, they can help make their communities safer, friendlier. Helping one’s children make the transition from home life to the outside world __________________ one’s relationship with one’s spouse Helping make the world a better place by assuming leadership roles in social civic

activities Achieving mastery in one’s career Adjusting to the physical changes that occur in middle age. Making ______________ about how to spend one’s “second middle adulthood” _________________one’s passions Coping with one’s aging parents Some psychologists have noted that many people experience a midlife transition around

the ages of 40 to 45. The______________________ is a period in middle adulthood when people’s

perspectives change in a major way. ___________ adults in their 40s are struck with the dramatic realization that they have

lived about half their lives. They see themselves as being at a turning point. People in their 30s may still think of themselves as the older sibling of brothers or sisters

in their 20s. ______________ tend to undergo their midlife transitions about five years earlier than

men do, at about age 35 instead of 40. In some people, the midlife transition triggers a second period of reassessment, often

referred to as a ________________. The middle-aged professional who sees younger people advancing at a faster rate may

become seriously______________. The concept of the midlife crisis has often been treated as something generally

_________________. It suggests that people are overwhelmed by the crushing realities and the limits of their lives.  

Because people are____________ longer than people did in previous generations, most American adults have 30 to 40 healthy years left after they reach middle adulthood.

In some people, the midlife transition triggers a second period of reassessment, often referred to as a__________________.

The middle-aged professional who sees younger people advancing at a faster rate may become seriously_________________.

The concept of the midlife crisis has often been treated as something generally _____________. It suggests that people are overwhelmed by the crushing realities and the limits of their lives.  

Because people are _______________ longer than people did in previous generations, most American adults have 30 to 40 healthy years left after they reach middle adulthood.

_______________________________ is the term applied to the feelings of emptiness and loss mothers and fathers sometimes feel after the children have left home to establish their own lives.

For mothers who have never worked outside the home, it can be particularly difficult to adjust to the departure of the children whose upbringings have been a full-time job.

Many___________________women become more self-assertive and achievement oriented.

With more energy and time to spend outside the home, many women become more influential in politics and___________________.

_____________________, the end of menstruation, usually occurs in a woman’s late 40s or early 50s, although it can occur earlier or later.

It is caused by a decrease in the secretion of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. After menopause, a woman no longer produces egg cells that can fertilized. Other body _______________ also occur. Breast tissue decreases, and the skin becomes less elastic. There may also be a loss in bone density that can lead to brittle bones, a condition called

____________________. Age _____ marks the beginning of late adulthood. People are living longer than ever before. Some people _______ the later years as the beginning of the end of life, but they can be

much more. In fact, the later years provide many opportunities for self ______________. Many_____________changes take place in late adulthood. Wrinkles and skin folds occur as the skin becomes less elastic. In general, ____________ people do not see and hear as well younger people. A decline in the sense of smell leads many older people to add more spices to their food

for flavor. The_____________ and the reaction time of older people also tend to be a little slower

than those of younger people. ______________development is also affected by aging. Cognitive development in adulthood has many aspects such as creativity, memory

functioning, and intelligence. Although people can lead ______________ lives throughout old age, memory ability

does decline with age. It is_____________ for older people to have trouble recalling the names of things or

people. Memory lapses can be ________________, and older people sometimes lose confidence

in their memory. Older people show better memory in areas which they can apply their special experiences

to new challenges. In ____________ to physical and cognitive changes, aging also involves many social

changes. People have to make decisions about their ___________________, how much time to

spend with their children and grandchildren, and where they should live. Some people age more ___________________ than others.

Psychologists have found that “successful agers” have several characteristics that can __________________ all people to lead more enjoyable and productive lives.

We all must face _____________ at some point in our lives.

According to __________________ Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the subject of death is often avoided.

We seem to do all kinds of things to _______________ confronting the reality of death. Because death often brings __________________, some people send their children away

to friends or relatives so that they need not face the sadness and anxiety around the home. Kubler-Ross theorized that there are five stages through which many dying people pass. She believed that many older people have similar feelings when they suspect that death is

near, even if they have not been diagnosed with a terminal illness. The stages are as follows: 1. _________________. For example, the dying person might think, “It can’t be me. The

doctor’s diagnosis must be wrong.”2. ______________. People in this stage might think “It’s unfair. Why me ?”3. _____________________.For instance, “ I’ll be kinder if I can just live to see my

grandson graduate.”4. _____________________. The person may despair and wonder, “What’s the use of

living another day?”5. _____________________. The person reasons, “I’ve had a good life. I’m ready to die.”6. _________________ people, like other people, need security, self-confidence, and

dignity. Dying people may also need relief from pain. Dying people, perhaps even more than other people, need to feel cared for and supported. Sometimes it is enough just to spend ____________ time with the person to let the

person know that he or she is not alone. Family ______________________ and others also can help by assisting with the

financial and legal arrangements to pay for medical care and distribution of property. The ______________________ that one’s final wishes will be carried out can help the

dying person gain a sense of peace and completion. The funeral is________________________ way for a community to acknowledge that

one of its members has died. The rituals of the funeral also provide a framework for what to do and how to act when a

family member or friend has died. As the decreased is ___________________ removed and prepared for burial or

cremation, his or her body is both physically and symbolically separated from the living. Funerals also provide a way to remember and ________________ the life of the

deceased. The people who are left behind are said to be ______________________, which means

mourning over something or someone precious who has been taken away. People who are bereaved may have feelings of _________________ and loneliness,

numbness, anger, and even relief. When the dying person ___________________ greatly, family members may feel they

have reached the limits of their ability to be helpful. Some bereaved people may join __________________ groups or seek professional help

in dealing with their grief.