BARTLEY SECONDARY SCHOOLPRELIM 2 4NA

14 AUGUST 2017SUGGESTED ANSWERS

SOURCE BASED QUESTION

1(a) Study Source AWhy was this article published? Explain your answer. [5]

L1 Repeat details of the source, no valid inference.

Example:This article was published to show that many people died in a famine.

[1]

L2 Valid inference, unsupported.Award 2 marks for valid inference, unsupported.Award 3 marks for valid inference, supported

Example:This article was published to portray the failure of Stalin’s collectivization programme. I know this because the article portrays farmers that look like they are not well fed, furthermore, the picture on the right also shows farm horses that looked like they have not been fed as their bones could be seen through their flesh. The headlines of the newspaper highlights that “Six million perish in Soviet Famine”. All this suggest that Stalin’s collectivization programme was a failure as he was not able to provide food for his people, leading to starvation. [3m]

AND/OR

The article was published to indicate that many people in the Soviet Union do not have enough to eat. I know this because the article portrays farmers that look like they are not well fed, furthermore, the picture on the right also shows farm horses looked like they have not been fed as their bones could be seen through their flesh. The headlines of the newspaper highlights that “Six million perish in Soviet Famine”. All this suggest that Stalin’s collectivization programme was a failure as he was not able to provide food for his people. [3m]

[2-3]

L3 Answer based on purposeAward 4 marks for an incomplete purposeAward 5 marks for a complete purpose [3As]

Example:The purpose of the article is to convince [AW] the American government [AU] that poor farmers are suffering in the Soviet Union and want the American people to appreciate their own government / American people to become anti-communist [AO].

[4-5]

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1(b) Study Source B and CWould Source C agree with Source B? Explain your answer. [5]

L1 Describes the source without making a valid inference of its message.

Example:Both sources are about Stalin’s collectivization programme where it states that the farmers are suffering.

[1]

L2 Valid Inference unsupported.Award 2 marks for 1 inference, unsupported.Award 3 marks for 2 inferences, unsupported.

Example:Both sources agree in terms of the peasants having to eat farm animals in order to survive.

AND/OR

Both sources agree in terms of the peasants facing difficulties as collective farmers, because of lacking seeds to grow food

[2]

L3 Valid Inference supported.Award 4 marks for 1 inference supported and explained and 5 marks for 2 inferences supported and explained.

Example:Both sources agree in terms of the peasants having to eat farm animals in order to survive. This is evident in Source B which says, ‘…We had to eat our animals to avoid starving…’ This means that the peasants have to kill and eat their own animals to live. Similarly, Source C says, ‘…to survive they had to slaughter their cows and sheep…’ This also means that the peasants have to kill their own animals to eat them to survive.

AND/OR

Both sources agree in terms of the peasants facing difficulties as collective farmers, because both sources agree that the of lacking seeds to grow food is a challenge / problems of low grain production. This is evident in Source B which says, ‘…our seed grains were taken away…do not have enough to sow our fields…’ This means that the peasants have not enough seeds to grow as the seeds have been handed over to the government. Similarly, Source C says, ‘…I saw only one sight, huge shortage of seed…’. This means that it is obvious to the view of the author that there were not enough seeds left to grow crops.

[4-5]

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1(c) Study Sources D.How reliable is this source? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Answers based on provenance.

Example:The source is reliable as the source is spoken by the leader of the collective.

[1]

L2 Reliable, not reliable, supportedAward 2 marks for 1 reliable or not reliable, supportedAward 3 marks for 1 reliable and 1 not reliable, supportedAward 3 marks for Typicality explained.

Example:The source is reliable because the source comes from the leader of the collective farm. The source states the benefits / success of the collective farm / that collectivization has improved the Soviet economy / improved food supply. I know this as the source states “We produce so much that our three lorries can hardly cope with the work”. This means that collectivization has helped improved the food supply to the Soviet Union.

AND/OR

The source is not reliable because the source is the speech made by a single person of a single collective farm which may not represent how successful the collective farm is. I know this as the source states “We produce so much that our three lorries can hardly cope with the work”. This means that the author believed that collectivization has helped improved the food supply to the Soviet Union.

[2-3]

L3 L3, supported by cross-reference or contextual knowledgeAward 4 marks for Cross-reference on one perspective and 5 marks for Cross-referencing on both perspectives.Award L3/4 for failed Cross-reference as no link is established.

Example:The source is reliable because the source states the benefits / success of the collective farm / that collectivization has improved the Soviet economy / improved food supply. I know this as the source states “We produce so much that our three lorries can hardly cope with the work”. This means that collectivization has helped improved the food supply to the Soviet Union.

I can support my point that the source is reliable by cross-referencing with Source F that also states that the success of the collective farms had enabled the improvement of the Soviet economy. I know this because the source states “Following collectivization of agriculture and forced industrialization from 1927, a Soviet economy emerged based on large-scale production and communal agricultural work”. This implies that the collectivization of the farms have helped in the improvement of the Soviet economy.

As Source D can be supported by Source F, Source D is therefore reliable in stating the success of collectivization.

AND/OR

The source is not reliable because while the source states the benefits / success of the collective farm / that collectivization has improved the Soviet economy / improved food supply, the source can be contradicted to show that collectivization was a failure. I know this as while the source states “We produce so much that our three lorries can hardly cope with the work”. This means that collectivization has helped improved the food supply to the Soviet Union.

I can contradict the source by cross-referencing with Source B that

[4-5]

1(d) Study Sources EDoes this source prove that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Answers based on source type / provenance.

Example:Yes, the source does prove that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success as it is from a Soviet party official.

[1]

L2 Reliable, not reliable, supportedAward 2 marks for 1 does prove or does not prove, supportedAward 3 marks for 1 does prove and 1 does not prove, supported

Example:The source does prove that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success as the source states that Stalin’s collectivization policy have been successful implemented. I know this because the source states “…collective farms are here to stay. We’ve won the war”. This implies that Stalin’s collectivization has succeeded as it states that the policy will not be changed and that the Communist have won their struggle with the farmers/Kulaks.

AND/OR

This source does not prove Stalin’s collectivization was a success because it came at the cost of millions of people dead from starvation when it was meant to provide food for the people. I know this because the source states that “It has cost millions of lives…” This implies that many farmers died because of the policy, thus, it was not a success.

[2-3]

L3 L3, supported by cross-reference or contextual knowledgeAward 4 marks for Cross-reference on one perspective and 5 marks for Cross-referencing on both perspectives.Award L3/4 for failed Cross-reference as no link is established.

[4-5]

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Example:The source does prove that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success as the source states that Stalin’s collectivization policy have been successfully implemented. I know this because the source states “…collective farms are here to stay. We’ve won the war”. This implies that Stalin’s collectivization has succeeded as it states that the policy will not be changed and that the Communist have won their struggle with the farmers/Kulaks.

I can support by point that Stalin’s collectivization was a success becauseWhen cross-referencing with Source D, it also mentions the success of the collectivization policy. Source D also mentions the peasants have luxuries, the children were happy, adults attending classes and food production increased, “We, the older generation, dared not dream of such things. In our club, dozens are learning to read and write, joining study classes on literature, agriculture and politics”. This demonstrate that Stalin’s collectivization was a success as people under the policy are having better life.

As Source E can be supported by Source D, Source E is reliable and therefore Source E can prove that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success.

AND/OR

This source does not prove Stalin’s collectivization was a success because it came at the cost of millions of people dead from starvation when it was meant to provide food for the people. I know this because the source states that “It has cost millions of lives…” This implies that many farmers died because of the policy, thus, it was not a success.

This is supported in Source B and C where peasants starved due to the lack of food. I know this because Source C states that “. We had to eat our animals to avoid starving” This means that the policy was so tough that people had to eat their own animal in order to live. And in Source C, it states that “the mood of the people is a hostile due to famine and to survive they had to slaughter their cows and sheep”. This also support the view that collectivization had cause widespread famine leading to starvation.

L4 L3 + Explain purpose

Ultimately, this source does not prove Stalin’s collectivization was a success because it is a bias source as it is a tool for propaganda, as such it is not reliable. As a source of propaganda, the Soviet party official who would have to support the party’s collective policy. The purpose of this source is to convince [AW] the Soviets [AU] to support the party’s policy [AO].

[6]

5

1(e) Study all sources.‘Stalin’s collectivization policy was successful’ How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer. [8]

L1 Writes about the hypothesis, no valid source use

Example:Stalin’s collectivization was not successful as it did not have the support of many people.

[1]

L2 Yes or No, supported by valid source useAward 2 marks for one Yes or No supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source use up to a maximum of 4 marks.

Example:Does not supportSource A does not support the view that Stalin’s collectivization was successful because the policy cause a lot of hardship and suffering. I know this because the article portrays farmers that look like they are not well fed, furthermore, the picture on the right also shows farm horses looked like they have not been fed as their bones could be seen through their flesh. The headlines of the newspaper highlights that “Six million perish in Soviet Famine”. All this suggest that Stalin’s collectivization programme was a failure as he was not able to provide food for his people.

Source B does not support the view that Stalin’s collectivization was successful because the peasants were starving and has to eat farm animals in order to survive. This is evident in Source B which says, ‘…We had to eat our animals to avoid starving…’ This means that the peasants have to kill and eat their own animals to live.

Source C does not support the view that Stalin’s collectivization was

[2-4]

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successful because the farmer had to kill their own animals for food as they did not have enough food. I know this because Source C says, ‘…to survive, they had to slaughter their cows and sheep…’ This also means that the peasants have to kill their own animals to eat them to survive.

OR

Source D does support the view that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success because the source states that farmers under the policy was enjoying a good lifestyle. I know this as the source states “We produce so much that our three lorries can hardly cope with the work”. This means that collectivization has helped improved the lifestyle of the people.

Source E does support the view that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success because the source clearly states that Stalin policy of collectivization was the final victor against many challenges. I know this because the source states “… collective farms are here to stay. We’ve won the war” This implies that despite many challenges to the success of collectivization, the policy had been victorious eventually.

Source F does support the view that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success because the policy have improved soviet society from one that was not advance to one that had moved the Soviet Union to an advance nation. I know this as the source states “Following collectivization of agriculture… a Soviet economy emerged based on large-scale production and communal agricultural work. This foundation resulted in increased growth rates, which propelled the Soviet Union to be among the industrialized powers”. This implies that collectivization played a large role in advancing the Soviet Union, and as such, collectivization was a success.

L3 Yes and No, supported by valid source useAward 5 marks for one Yes and No supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source use up to a maximum of 7 marks.

Both aspects of Level 2Source A does not support the view that Stalin’s collectivization was successful because the policy caused a lot of hardship and suffering. With bad harvest in the 1930s together with the collectivization policy, it contributed to the Great Famine in the Soviet Union that resulted in the death of millions of people. Grain harvest did not improve in the 1930s to their 1928 level. I know this because the article portrays farmers that look like they are not well fed, furthermore, the picture on the right also shows farm horses looked like they have not been fed as their bones could be seen through their flesh. The headlines of the newspaper highlights that “Six million perish in Soviet Famine”. All this suggest that Stalin’s collectivization programme was a failure as he was not able to provide food for his people. Source A would not have supported the view as Source A is an American newspaper and as such would likely portray collectivization negatively as American is not a communist country and would probably not support communism. (5 marks + 1)

AND

[5-8]

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Source F does support the view that Stalin’s collectivization policy was a success because the policy have improved soviet society from one that was not advance to one that had moved the Soviet Union to an advance nation. I know this as the source states “Following collectivization of agriculture… a Soviet economy emerged based on large-scale production and communal agricultural work. This foundation resulted in increased growth rates, which propelled the Soviet Union to be among the industrialized powers”. This implies that collectivization played a large role in advancing the Soviet Union, and as such, collectivization was a success.

For L2 and L3 award a bonus mark of up to (i.e. +1/=1) for use of contextual knowledge to question a source in relation to its reliability, sufficiency etc. Total mark must not exceed 8

Notes: To score in L2/3 there must be source use, i.e. direct reference to

source content. Only credit source use where reference is made to a source by letter

or direct quote. Simply writing about issues in the source is not enough.

Higher marks in L2/L3 to be awarded on numbers of sources used.

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STRUCTURED ESSAY QUESTIONS ANSWER SCHEME

HISTORYPRELIM 2 4NA 2017

2 This question is on the consequences of World War I.

2a Describe how the League of Nations was ineffective in handling disputes in the 1920s-1930s. [8]

L1 Describes the League of NationsAnswer which describe the event without focus on the question.Award 1 mark for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

Example:League of Nations was formed officially on 10 January 1920 with its headquarters established in Geneva. It was the original idea of Woodrow Wilson. The horrors of World War I convinced many leaders that a League of Nations that was committed to collective security would ensure lasting peace.

[1-2]

L2 Identifies OR describesAward 3 marks for each identified aspect up to a maximum of 5 marks OR award 4 marks for one described aspect and 5 marks for 2 described aspects.

Example:Structural WeaknessOne reason the League was ineffective was because of the poor organization and discipline of the League. There were very few meetings to discuss major issues and decisions took a long time to be made. Also, a unanimous agreement had to be made by all members before a decision could be made. Economic sanctions were also poorly carried out. The result was decisions took too long or were never made at all. By the time a decision was made the situation could have escalated and the peace would have been broken. Also, the countries of the world realise that their problems could not be solved through dialogue sessions at the League and may not bother to bring problems to the League and solve problems by themselves through other means such as force. With

[3-5]

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countries solving problems by themselves it could lead to more conflict and the peace being disturbed.

AND/OR

Examples:Structural WeaknessThe League of Nations was ineffective in handling disputes in the 1920s to the 1930s because of structural weaknesses. The different parts of the League did not work together effectively. The Conference of Ambassadors made decisions which should have been made by the League. The working relationship of the Assembly and the Council was not clearly defined. This as a result, caused decision making in the League to be slow and ineffective as it was difficult to gain complete agreement amongst the League members. Furthermore, League was like a toothless tiger organisation as powerful countries such as USA (the world’s most influential and largest economy), Germany and USSR did not join the League.

AND/OR

Examples:Structural WeaknessThe League of Nations lacked authority to be taken seriously. The League was seen as a league for victorious nations as most of the members came from the side that won the war. Besides that, the measures the League took was also insufficient to stop aggression like in the case of Italy and Japan when they expanded into Manchuria and Abyssinia in the 1930s.

AND/OR

Examples:Post-War Attitudes of Britain and FranceAnother factor that contributed that resulted in the League not being able to maintain the peace was the League did not have the military means to enforce any resolutions or sanctions imposed by the League. It did not have an army of its own or an international force it could call upon to maintain the peace when conflict arose. The result was aggressor countries did not take the League seriously and carried out with their expansion policies. With countries disregarding the League as it was a dog with a bark but no bite the peace was disturbed on several occasions such as when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia.

Furthermore, many countries that joined the League just after WWI were facing economic problems of their own, and were already militarily weak. Therefore, they sought to rebuild their own strength and did not want to get involved in another war. Most of the members’ countries did not have sufficient military power to apply sanctions to deal with a stronger country that broke the League of Nations rules. Countries like Britain and France though they were stronger were also unwilling to use sanctions or be involved in conflicts as these were not popular moves due to the large devastation cause by WWI. Therefore, these countries was will to appease rather than go to war with countries that broke the League of

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Nations’ rules. This post-war attitude affected their willingness to help maintain world peace and order.

L3 Describes both reasons for the outbreak of war in the Asia Pacific.Award 6 marks for describing one reason for the outbreak of the Second World War (and another reason) and an additional mark for the depth of supporting information and the number of aspects covered.

Answers written above.

[6-8]

2b Explain how the following terms in the Treaty of Versailles contributed to the weakening of Germany:

(i) Demilitarisation

(ii) Reparations [12]

L1 Writes about the defeat of japan in the Second World War.Award 1m for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

Germany was forced to sign The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 under the threat of war by the Allies. The terms were very harsh to Germany that caused hatred among the Germans towards the Allies.

[1-2]

L2 Describes reasonsAward 3-4 marks for one described reason and 5-6 marks for two described reasons.

Example:The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany's armed forces were to be strictly limited to an army of just 100 000 men, 6 battleships. Germany was not allowed to have submarines and an air force.

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, the German government had to agree to sign the 'War Guilt Clause' (Article 231) which put the blame of the cause to World War One entirely on the Axis Powers mainly Germany. It had to pay huge reparation of 6600 million pounds to the Allies.

[3-6]

L3 Explains reasonsAward 7-9 marks for one explained reason and 10-12 marks for two explained reasons.

Example:DemilitarizationDemilitarization as stated in the treaty of Versailles was damaging to Germany. The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany's armed forces were to be strictly limited to an army of just 100 000 men, 6 battleships. Germany was not allowed to have submarines and an air force. The

[7-12]

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severe restrictions on the German armed forces were seen as a deliberate attempt to keep Germany weak. Many Germans believed that the size of the armed forces was inadequate to even defend Germany in times of attacks. The Germans were deprived of their source of national pride when the German armed forces were made to disarmed by Treaty of Versailles. As a result, the harsh restriction on the German armed forces was damaging to Germany's security and Germans' pride for the national.

AND/OR

ReparationsReparations as stated in the treaty of Versailles was damaging to Germany as it led to a weak economy. Germany had to pay compensation for all the damage caused in the war. The reparations demanded were 6,600 million pounds. Germany had to pay through ongoing payments to the Allies and through the surrender of coal and other resources at set periods. Germany was also suffering economic problems due to its efforts in the war. In addition, when Germany was unable to make its payments on time, France sent its army into the Ruhr industrial region of Germany to confiscate coal and other goods as payments. This worsened the economic conditions in Germany and led to a general strike of the German workers in the Ruhr. As a result, reparations proved to be an additional burden which further worsened German economic conditions. The Germans were extremely bitter over the issue of reparations and the impact that it had on the German economy. As a result, the reparations were damaging to Germany as it further worsened the German economy.

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3 This question is on Hitler’s control of Germany.

3a Describe Hitler’s exploitation of the fear of Communism as a reason why he was able to come to power in Germany. [8]

L1 Describes the Second World War in EuropeAward 1 mark for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

Hitler used fear as a way to get Germans to vote for him. One of the fear that the Germans had was the fear that Communism would take hold in Germany.

[1-2]

L2 Identifies OR describesAward 3 marks for each identified aspect up to a maximum of 5 marks OR award 4 marks for one described aspect and 5 marks for 2 described aspects.

FearHitler was skilled at working on the fear of the masses. He capitalized on the fear of the rich bankers that their wealth will all be taken away should the Communist come to power in Germany. Hitler convinced many rich bankers that they would suffer the same fate as the rich in Russia who had their wealth confiscated by the state. Thus, many bankers started to finance the Nazi Party to ensure that it would be able to defeat the Communist Party at the elections. To wealthy industrialist, bankers and businessmen, Hitler promised to take action against the trade unions, which were becoming stronger in demanding for worker’s rights. Towards the peasants, Hitler won their support by capitalizing on their fear that they would experience a many hardship and death should collectivization be introduced in Germany should the Communist Party come to power. German peasants were so worried that they would lose their lands that they decided to support the Nazi Party.

[3-5]

L3 Describes both reasons for the fear of Communism in Germany as a reason for Hitler coming to power.Award 6 marks for describing one reason for the fear of Communism in Germany as a reason for Hitler coming to power (and another) and an additional mark for the depth of supporting information and the number of aspects covered.

[6-8]

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3b Explain how each of the following contributed to Hitler’ control over Germany.

(i) Propaganda

(ii) Secret police [12]

L1 Writes about how Hitler controlled GermanyAward 1m for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

Hitler was able to control Germany by controlling the way people think as well as through the use of force.

[1-2]

L2 Describes reasonsAward 3-4 marks for one described reason and 5-6 marks for two described reasons.

Example:PropagandaHitler was aware that the use of propaganda would get the Germans to accept his ideologies. Thus, he set up the Ministry of Propaganda and placed Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda. One of Goebbels’ tactic was to portray Hitler as Germany’s saviour. He had Hitler’s picture placed all over Germany. German people living outside Germany was also influenced by Goebbels’ propaganda. To build German nationalism, non-Germans living in Germany, especially the Jews were portrayed as enemies and blamed for all the ills that are happening to Germany. Large grand rallies were organized to awe the people and to show that Germany was a great nation. The media was used to get support for Hitler through production of propaganda movies that depicted the Germans as a great people and that the Jews were the enemies of the state. Posters and newspapers were also used as propaganda medium to convince the German people about Hitler’s greatness.

AND/OR

Secret PoliceThe Nazi established a totalitarian state were no opposition to Hitler’s rule was tolerated. The secret police was headed by Heinrich Himmler and was established to deal with people who opposed Hitler. The Gestapo was the Nazi secret police. It has unlimited powers and could arrest anyone without having to bring them to court. The gestapo used torture to get information from opposition and may innocent people died as a result of torture. Judges in courts were carefully selected to ensure

[3-6]

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that they supported the Nazis and Hitler. These judges meted severe punishment to anyone who were anti-Hitler or anti-Nazi.

L3 Explains reasonsAward 7-9 marks for one explained reason and 10-12 marks for two explained reasons.

PropagandaHitler was aware that the use of propaganda would get the Germans to accept his ideologies. Thus, he set up the Ministry of Propaganda and placed Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda. One of Goebbels’ tactic was to portray Hitler as Germany’s saviour. He had Hitler’s picture placed all over Germany. German people living outside Germany was also influenced by Goebbels’ propaganda. To build German nationalism, non-Germans living in Germany, especially the Jews were portrayed as enemies and blamed for all the ills that are happening to Germany. Large grand rallies were organized to awe the people and to show that Germany was a great nation. The media was used to get support for Hitler through production of propaganda movies that depicted the Germans as a great people and that the Jews were the enemies of the state. Posters and newspapers were also used as propaganda medium to convince the German people about Hitler’s greatness. As a result of the use of propaganda helped to create a good impression of Hitler so much so that the German people are willing to support Hitler and his policies.

Secret PoliceThe Nazi established a totalitarian state were no opposition to Hitler’s rule was tolerated. The secret police was headed by Heinrich Himmler and was established to deal with people who opposed Hitler. The Gestapo was the Nazi secret police. It has unlimited powers and could arrest anyone without having to bring them to court. The gestapo used torture to get information from opposition and may innocent people died as a result of torture. Judges in courts were carefully selected to ensure that they supported the Nazis and Hitler. These judges meted severe punishment to anyone who were anti-Hitler or anti-Nazi. As a result there was great fear in Germany and the German people were more likely to follow Hitler’s rule for fear of being tortured.

[7-12]

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