PIA 2020 Discussion/Recitation Notes (Fall 2016) These notes are the ‘must-know’ for the class and are summaries of major points covered in class, and will be completed each week in Discussion Group. For each bullet point, include a summary of the key points for the item from the lecture and notes (3-7 sentences only) including reference to source(s) and page number, and your name so we know who contributed what:STUDENTS< Let’s do this together in class. Thanks!

WEEK 1 & 2

Define Public Administration, Bureaucracy, and Public Policy?

Public Administration: The management of public policy and performance through established standards, procedures, and ethics. (Schiavo-Campo 18-19)

Ex: Public Administrator can be CEO of an non-profit; State Department worker that is trying to implement policy procedures in foreign countries; City budget manager.

Bureaucracy: A complex hierarchy of non-elected individuals who are involved in managing institutions within a government. (This includes Public Administrators)

a. This story highlighted the complexities and inefficiencies caused by unchecked/unmanaged bureaucracies

b. Exc. There was a lack of interdepartmental communication

Ex: The State Department as a whole is an example of a bureaucracy. (Refer to Kafka for examples of characters/employee/departments within a bureaucracy).

Public Policy: a collection of laws, mandates, or regulations established through a political process.

Ex: On the State Department side it would be diplomacy, foreign aid, and implementing decisions dictated by congress. (LET GIRLS LEARN is an initiative of the State Department)

Difference between Government and Governance:

Government: a body that comprises a person or group of persons who run the administration of a country. (Class Notes) For the United States the government is the Executive, legislative, and Judicial branches and bureaucracies that are included.

Governance: Process of getting to policies… the rules and laws made by the government that are sought to be implemented through a chosen bureaucracy. (Class Notes) For the United this would be the Laws and regulations enacted by the branches of government and organizations.

Difference between institutions and organizations:

Institutions: A set of formal and informal basic rules of behavior for society to follow. Typically a reflection of the people in government proceedings, what they hold to value.

Organizations: the physical governing body or department created by the people with similar interests looking to accomplish a specific set of institutional goals/responsibilities. (Schiavo-Campo - 15)

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Explain Political Culture: Set of rules, expectations and norms the people have of their government. The way the people and their government interact independently and with the each other. set of attitudes and practices held by a people that shapes their political behavior. It includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society. (Schiave-Campo)

Public vs. Private Sector: In the late 60’s and 70’s, government action was viewed as superior to the private sector. This approach failed, and was succeeded in the 80’s by government action being viewed as the problem rather than the solution. This was followed in the 90’s by the recognition that both private and public sectors should behave within the same set of institutional parameters, where the operational parameters are power, size, competition, and accountability, not necessarily ownership. Depending on what it’s asked to do, how activities are supported and monitored, how it’s held accountable, and who happens to be in charge, government can either be part of the problem or the solution - or both. (Schiavo-Campo, 17)

Four Pillars of Governance: Good governance has 4 pillars: Accountability, Transparency, Predictability (through the rule of law), and Participation. These pillars must be supported by a strong civil society in order to be maintained.

-Accountability; the ability to call out public representatives on their actions.

-Transparency; a low cost way of accessing information.

-Predictability; laws and regulations that are clear, known in advance, and enforced regularly.

-Participation; needed in order to check the balance of power with the government.d

(Schiavo-Campo, 12)

Decentralization vs. Centralization:

Centralization - central administration has the virtual monopoly of state power - concentration of decision making is in the hands of a few. Decentralization - power and decision making is handed down to more localized government, mostly due to greater mobility of persons and goods, and more efficient forms of communications and information flows. More of a systematic of authority at all levels of government. (Schiavo-Campo, 5-6)

4 Es of Administrative Effectiveness:

Economy - Acquisition of goods and services of a given quality at a low price. U.S., China, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Ethiopia.

Efficiency - Production at the lowest possible unit cost. Inefficient Russia and Italy

Effectiveness - Extent to which the ultimate objectives of the activity are achieved. Switzerland

Equity - The welfare of a society is measured by by the conditions at the bottom. Focused on human rights. Rwanda, Canada

(Schiavo-Campo, 19)

How can culture affect public administration and governance?

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The government is an organization consisting of individuals. Individuals bring their own unique culture into the governance process. The culture helps to shape the process of the government. In this way, the culture of individual could be part of the government. (Burma’s culture of revenge as political action is an example) Political, Administrative Culture and Socialization have a major impact on organizational behavior. ;Political Culture can predict political behavior; Culture limits the action of citizens and administrators, channels demands and excludes certain possible policy options; Changing the organizational culture reforms the organization

Ascription vs. Achievement:

Ascription is which cultural values inherited over time, such as class structures. Achievement is which cultural values shaped based on merits.

Ascription inherited power i.e. kings. Achievement meritocracy i.e. going through ranks in the military or civil service.

Karl Marx & the Dialectic:

Thesis(Feudal Lords) vs Anti-Thesis (Serfs and Peasants) leads to Synthesis (Industrialization)this led to Socialism and eventual Communism.

Dialectic Steps that will eventually lead to communism

Thesis group is the ruling group (Lords)

Anti-Thesis is the subordinate group (Peasants)

Synthesis is the results of their conflict, Marxist view is subordinate group “winning” the conflict

1. Roman Slavery (Citizens vs Slaves)

2. Feudalism (Lords vs Serfs)

3. Capitalism (Bourgeoisie vs Proletarian)

4. Socialism (Will evolve into)

5. Communism (After Hours Group)

Communism- state and the bureaucracy wither away; Marx’s theory about the evolution of government systems: Slavery to Feudalism to Capitalism to Socialism

Max Weber & 3 Models of Public Administration (with examples):● Traditionalism - Africa and Louis XIV of France inherited power based in history, custom and

religion.● Charismatic - Revolutionary Model i.e. Fidel Castro or the French Revolution. Eventually the

loyalty to the charismatic leader is transferred to the state.● Legal Rational - i.e. Scandinavia. This system is rooted in liberalism and a system of laws.

Charismatic leadership- charismatic leaders are often raise to power in countries going through a revolution; once charisma has been routinized, it is usually succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally-established authority; historical figures who represent ‘charismatic leadership’ include: Che Guevara, Adolph Hitler, Napoleon Bonaparte

What does human resourcing do in terms of culture in the institution? (A-Team)

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● Human resources can act as the gatekeeper of culture to an institution. The institution usually sets the culture they want, and HR is responsible for the recruitment and hiring of individuals who may fit this mold. They do this within the confines of the various strict laws and regulations that prevent discriminatory hiring practices. HR also maintains the culture of an institution by activities such as group meetings based upon specific cultural attributes and training such as diversity trainings to make the institution more culturally component.

WEEK 3

Debate between Nation-state Sovereignty and Globalization with example: Ex of Nation-State: Norway

● Nation - a nation is a population with a shared culture, language, history, and possibly religion ex. Iroquois or Kurds

● State - a state is a sovereign legal bureaucratic entity with a set territory over which it governs. A state can contain many nations, such as Spain contains Castilla, Basque country, Galicia, and Cataluña.

● Nation-State - When the concepts of nation and state come together in the same entity such as North Korea, Japan. (After Hours Group)

Ex of Sovereignty: A sovereign state that preserves historical traditions and protocols in years to come.

● Sovereignty as defined by the Peace of Westphalia is the right of a state to govern over itself without interference by any other state in its internal affairs.(After Hours Group)

Ex of Globalization: the interconnectedness of states through mercantile, aid, and communication systems.

Difference and example of Fragile & Failed State: “A-Team”A fragile state is one that is susceptible to a crisis in one or more of its subsystems; it is

vulnerable to both domestic and international conflicts. (Example: Cambodia because it is at risk of collapse due to bad or worsening governance by a dictatorship). A failed state implies that the state has collapsed and can no longer function by providing basic security, and has no control over its territories or borders.

● Example; Somalia because of its lack of control over certain areas of the country, piracy attacks, and famine

●Definition of Democracy, and Direct vs. Indirect Democracy (examples): “Hindsight is 2020”

● Democracy - a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state. A system of government where the government (or its head) itself is voted in by the population.

● Direct Democracy - Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations. (Ex. Ancient Athens, Town Hall Meeting, also referendums)

● Indirect Democracy - Also known as representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions about laws and regulations on their behalf a

pPolitical Models (define & 1 example):

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○ Separation of Powers

Part of the Presidential system comprised of Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches with checks and balances on their power.

Ex: US, Mexico, Philippines, Japan, (other countries with US influence) ● Parliamentary System

○ Parliamentary systems are a form of representative democracy. Unlike a Presidential system, the head of government is not separate from the legislature, but part of it. The prime minister is the head of the party in power (majority seats in parliament). In the UK the Queen is the head of state, and the Prime minister is the head of government. In the case where no clear majority is held by any one party, a coalition government is formed by two or more parties coming together and agreeing to rule jointly. Elections are normally not held at regular intervals, but whenever parliament is dissolved. Citizens do not elect specific individuals to government, but elect which party they prefer instead.

● Mixed Systems of Government “Greatest Group”

Mixed systems of government are a hybrid between a presidential system and a parliamentary system. The exact level of power invested in each the parliament and presidency differ. The president and the parliament are separately elected. In cases where the president has more power it is typical that they are popularly elected; In cases where the president is more ceremonial it is typical that the president is elected by members of the parliament. This balance of power may shift over time with changes in leadership, ranging from a ceremonial presidency (Austria) to one with significant executive powers (Turkey.)

● One Party or No Party Systems “Hindsight is 2020”○ One party has power, usually indicated within the state’s constitution, and has the right to

form/operate the government○ System operates with under a certain degree of oppression. Those in power feel the need

to assert their dominance through an atmosphere of fear and control. ○ Corruption is often a major indicator of this type of regime, which tends to spread

through all facets of the political system and imbeds itself in the political culture of the state. At that point, it becomes incredibly difficult to eradicate

○ Ex. Russia under the Soviet System● Military and Authoritarian Systems “Greatest Group”

○ Military and authoritarian systems are typified by a lack of accountability by leadership, oppression of free speech and media, and top-down leadership with few methods of recourse. They tend to be dominated by unelected figures (although illegitimate elections are common) who are not bound by the rule of law in practice. As such, they often suffer from extreme levels of nepotism and corruption throughout the government. “Us versus them” mentalities are often used as justifications for the harsh treatment of the populace, whether it be out of fear of foreign dissidents, mistrust of religious or ethnic minorities, or because of grudges created by past internal conflict.

■ Examples: North Korea, Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia

● Summary of ‘Greatest Man in the World’: “Chard”○ Jack Smurch flew around the world, nobody knew what he was, but he was a superhero

in the eyes of the public. He is the antithesis of what is expected of the greatest man of

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the world. He was in charge of being the face of his country, but was a poor example of it.

○ After his personality could not be reconciled with the public image of a hero, he was killed by consensus between the media and government, who then built a memorial for the hero, rather than the reality of the man.

● Summary of Kafka: “Divide and Conquer”○ K was hired as land surveyor but turns out his position is not needed.○ Mayor explained that his case happened because of usual miscommunication in

bureaucracy, it is indeed common and nothing out of the ordinary.○ This story represents the problem of bureaucracy which illustrated by unorganized piles

of paper, miscommunication between central authorities and field office, and long complicated chain of command.

● Summary of ‘Africa Emergent’: ○ This story explores the dynamics of relationships between the narrator (white Afrikaans)

and two key characters, Elias (black South African) and the unnamed character (black South African) during apartheid in South Africa

○ The beginning of the story explores how the narrator and fellow Afrikaans would defy the discriminatory rules of apartheid and have friendships with blacks. They usually did this through their music groups

○ The narrator encounters Elias, an artistically gifted fellow who had no formalized training/education and needed a platform to develop his artwork. The narrator decides to take Elias into his home and allow him to use his garage as an art studio (this was both unlawful and highly dangerous)

○ Elias’ work is discovered by an American patron, and he decides to take an opportunity to travel to the United States to further develop his craft and personal education. As a black man it was virtually impossible for Elias to gain a passport, and his only way to the United States was an exit ticket. This ticket forbad him future entry into South Africa

○ During his time in the U.S., Elias gets involved within the Civil Rights Movement (notably with Stokely Carmichael), but he experiences homesickness. Elias had missed South Africa, and his relationship with the narrator deteriorated (they did not write each other as often)

○ It is discovered later that Elias had died, he drowned within the lake. The narrator experiences great grief and guilt. He speculates that Elias committed suicide and perhaps him not writing to Elias frequently contributed to his decision. During this time the unnamed black South African had returned to South Africa with Elias’ scholarship money.

○ This man had originally earned a passport with no difficulty, this was of great joy for the blacks but rose suspicion amongst the whites (they thought he might had been a police informant). The narrator and unnamed character formed a relationship which ended abruptly, because the narrator was never paid the money he lent to the unnamed character.

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○ Years later the unnamed character is found to be in jail, under the premise of the Detention Act. This answered the speculation of whether or not he was an informant

WEEK 4

Mercantilism/ Neo-Mercantilism (A-Team)● The theory that generates wealth and that state should manage and and authorize trade activities

through concessions to private organizations.● An example was the East Asia Dutch Company● The Neo-Mercantilism: Based on Keynesian theory, the Neo-Mercantilism maximizes the

domestic benefits and has several exclusive trade protection policies, such as American anti-dumping action against China’s textile export. ( Team Panda )🐼

Classical Liberalism (Smith) (A-Team)● The promotion of a free market economy, where there is little to no government intervention and

the market determines supply and demand. This theory was formulated by Adam Smith from his book Wealth of Nations, where he coined the expression of the “Invisible Hand”

Command Economics (Keynes) - Keynesian economics: ● Command Economics - a system where the means of production are publicly owned, and the

government controls which goods are produced, how much is produced, and at what price they are produced. This can be influenced by consumers if planners consider market surpluses and shortages. (Tammy Kammenzind, class notes). Government dictates the economic operations and procedures: taxes, state owned businesses, trade regulations. Model is the opposite of Adam Smith’s free market; Keynesian

● model of economics and European socialism are examples of different levels of command economies

Keynesian economics:● Supports a mixed economy, guided by the private sector but partly operated by the government.

Aggregate demand is influenced by various economic decisions, both public and private. Market failures sometimes call for action by government (think stimulus package). Belief that prices and wages respond slowly to changes in supply and demand.

● Belief that changes in aggregate demand have the greatest short run effect on output and employment, not prices, prices are somewhat rigid. If government spending increases, and all other spending components remain constant, then output will increase.

● Keynes believed that governments should solve problems in the short run rather than wait for market forces to fix things in the long run. Quote “In the long run, we are all dead”.

Autarky- an alternative to capitalism focused on isolation and protection rather than engagement with the international market

Example: North Korea

Rostow’s Model of Economic Development

In the 1960 Rostow suggested countries pass through five stages of economic development● Stage 1 Traditional Society

○ subsistence , barter, agriculture

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● Stage 2 Transitional Stage○ Specialization, surpluses, infrastructure

● Stage 3 Take Off○ Industrialisation, growing investment, regional growth, political change

● Stage 4 Drive to Maturity○ Diversification, innovation, less reliance on imports, investment

● Stage 5 High Mass Consumption○ Consumer oriented, durable goods flourish, service sector becomes dominant

Rostow suggested this development requires substantial investment in capital. If a LDC country has already reached stage 2 and aid is given as foreign direct investment at stage 3, Rostow believed these injections of investment would lead to rapid growth.

Neo-Orthodoxy (Friedman) (Group: “Divide and Conquer”)● Milton Friedman - Professor of economics at University of Chicago - Professor at school that

started teaching neoconservative ideals (class notes)○ opposed Keynesian government policies○ People have rational preferences between outcomes that can be identified and associated

with values.○ Individuals maximize utility and firms maximize profits.○ People act independently on the basis of full and relevant information.○ Government should not interfere with individual behavior○ The Invisible Hand of the Market is the key to Economic Growth○ International Reform is called Structural Adjustment

Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP)● International reform based on neo-orthodoxy that required countries to change to market-based

systems and opening borders for trade in exchange for debt relief from the IMF and the World Bank. Also known as the Washington Consensus. The Washington Consensus refers to a specific set of requirements Latin American countries had to adhere to in the 1980s; it is a specific example of a structural adjustment policy but not interchangeable with the term structural adjustment policies which changes overtime and broadly refers to the requirements that international organizations like IMF and World Bank demand of countries in return for borrowing.

What is the difference between structure and process? Which does public policy relate to? Structure is the way things (and people) are organized. Process is a series of events that lead to a result. They both relate to public policy, it’s important to know the structure of an entity to be able to create a process to set policies. (Tammy Kammenzind, class notes)

What is the separation of powers according to S-C? Is this a good thing or a bad thing?● Separating power between multiple branches of government (e.g. Executive, Legislative, Judicial)

that are coequal, none having more authority than others on paper (though it may differ in practice.)

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● The separation of powers is a good thing according to S-C, tracing this stance to Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron of Montesquieu, who said that concentration of government power is always dangerous, based on historical evidence and conceptual premise. (P. 85) Separating power is a safeguard for Liberty under this logic, balancing branches of government against each other to prevent tyranny.

WEEK 5

Definition of Political Economy The relationships between markets, trade, rule of law, governance and money. (Class Note)

(Greatest Group) Interaction between government and economy, international trade recognized by government. International affairs is the subsidy of political economy. (Class Note) (Team Panda )🐼

Development Model Post WWII● Keynes and Modernization Theory

○ Keynes Theory: use of the government to promote economic growth and development. Public policy, patterns of international trade . Government should regulate the market. Public state regulation. (Chard)

○ Modernization Theory: the agraria vs. industria, going from an agricultural model characterized by fixed attitudes, inheritance, illiteracy, potential for revolution and violence, to a commercial, literate, urban, peaceful, universalistic, democratic model. Change from Agraria to Industria only happens through economic programs. Focuses on the political economic development of underdeveloped weak peasants. (Chard)

● State as Development Manager

Ideas that began under Saint-Simon and continued under Keynes. The state and the private sector both contribute to development. Workers rights were viewed as important under this model. In LDC’s the idea was to transform from agraria to industria. A good example of the state being used as development manager is MITI in Japan. (Greatest Group)

● Industrialization vs. Rural Development (Divide and Conquer) ○ Industrialization

■ Commercial - manufacturing and production oriented ■ Urban/Rich - Advanced Technology■ Democratic/Peaceful - educated, legal, rational decision making■ Achievement Oriented■ Universalistic (looking at the big picture but also pragmatic)■ Rule of law■ Literate and occupational mobility (making career)

○ Rural■ Agricultural ■ Poor■ Authoritarian instability■ Lack of specialized role■ Illiterate and occupational fixed

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■ Holistic Change (revolution and violence)■ Fixed rules and inherited

● The Take Off Point: Capital Accumulation

Asian Tigers: 4 countries in the 1970s and 1980s that went under rapid development based on the ‘Japan/Asian’ model of development. Republic of Korea, Taiwan (Republic of China), Hong Kong (at the time a British colony, not the SAR it is today), and Singapore. Focused on corporatist intermeshing of state and private sector. Economics first, worry about the politics later. Important to note that these countries did not have proper democracy until the 1980s and 1990s and were ruled by military dictatorships during the 1970s and 80s. (Singapore still does not have proper democracy). (A-team)

Stages/Classifications of Developing Status: (CHARD)● Colonial heritage● Political nationalization: whether or not it's in contrary to development. It involved immigration

and down scaling of the role of government and upscaling of the role of regional associations. ● Adapted Keynesianism: adaptive to development ● Anti privatization: development is anti-private sector ● Pariah groups: white settlers, chinese, indians, Lebanese-arabs. Important issues and debate

regarding who controls capital and development that can address small strategic and overly rich groups.

Problems with Public Sector in Development:Public sector in development is viewed to be inefficient, corrupt, influential based on personal

interest, authoritarian, and practices patronage. (Chard) ● Inefficiency

○ Public sector is inefficient and grows more so over time due to corruption● Corruption● Interest influence

○ Access to privileges becomes basis for corruption● Authoritarianism

○ Based upon patronage and exclusion of the vast majority from access to resources● Patronage

○ Ruler grants businesses and powerful positions to their friends/family

Problems with Privatization in Development: (Hindsight is 2020)Public-private partnerships get around bureaucratic rigidity and private sector corruption,

however, this can lead to crony capitalism in developed/ developing countries. Private companies will charge people for basic needs that they would normally not have to pay for under public aid;p; Private companies are too motivated by profit which can lead to ethical dilemmas.

Definition of Sustainable Development: (Hindsight is 2020) An alternative model to economic transformation comes from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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These steps are part of the natural resources “Value Chain” from Non-Renewable Resource to Sustainable Development

● Step 1: Licenses and contracts● Step 2: Regulating Operations● Step 3: Collection of Taxes● Step 4: Revenue distribution● Step 5: Sound Sustainable Products

Human Rights vs. Human Security: (Hindsight is 2020)● Human Security definition (UN): protection of the vital core of all human lives in ways that

enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. Protecting people from critical and widespread threats and situations. Human security removes the focus from the state and places it on the individual. It encompasses a broad range of factors that address a person’s physical, economic, and overall well-being.

● Human Rights definition: rights inherent to every human regardless of race, religion, gender, etc. ● There are levels to Human Rights and Human Security:

○ Basic: food, shelter, security○ Political: speech, representation, religion○ Social: health, education○ Economic: employment, income

● Must start with satisfying the basic levels of human rights/security before pursuing other levels

3 D’s: Diplomacy, Defense, Development: ( Team Panda ) 🐼Diplomacy, Defense, Development (3Ds) - as represented by the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, and the Department of Defence - are the three pillar of that private foundation for promoting and protecting U.S. national security interests abroad. (From USAID website)

Summary of ‘In a Free State’: NOTE: Both of the main characters are expatriates.(Tammy Kammenzind)One of Many:

❖ Main character is from Bombay, was brought to America with his government employer. Had little to no money. Has a sense of ignorance about him.

❖ Feel out of place and “invisible” in America, seems to miss his home❖ Escapes his employer eventually, lands a job with with a restaurateur named Priya, who pays him

$100 per week, which is a considerable amount more than he made with the government, and he’s able to get his own room, which is a luxury to him

❖ Priya convinces him to marry an African American maid that he has a romantic encounter with in order to get a green card and escape the threat of being pulled back to his previous employer. He marries her, although he already has a wife and children back in Bombay. Priya tells him it’s o.k., no one cares what he does here. He seems resistant to marry a, as he calls it “hubshi” woman (cue the ignorance), but does it anyway.

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❖ He’s “free”, so to speak, after the marriage, but feels like a stranger in his surroundings, the freedom seems like an illusion. He makes reference that he must feed and clothe himself till it’s “over”.

Tell Me Who to Kill:❖ Story about two brothers from the Caribbean (West Indies). Older brother is the narrator of the

story.❖ Younger brother Dayo travels to England, supported by an Uncle (Stephen), to pursue his studies.

Older brother seems to be scornful about this, and feel that no one cares for him. Says he’s waiting for them to die and hated them. Says he could hate everyone else, but ultimately feels like the dead man is him.

❖ Stephens family lashed out against Dayo, treated him badly. Stephen’s daughters thought they were the only ones who should pursue study.

❖ Older brother left West Indies to travel to England to further support Dayo, but found that Dayo was betraying him by spending his days in the park smoking and spending his brothers money instead of going to college.

❖ Older brother makes money working in a cigarette factory, but eventually loses it in a failed cafe business (because he didn’t have the skills or understanding of rules governing the health and safety of his business). Older brother blames this on “Prejudice and Regulations”. As his money dwindled and his business failed, so did his courage.

❖ Older brother was “betrayed” by younger brother, and by a man who sold him a business that was assured would eventually fail due to his lack of knowledge, and eventually resigned himself to being full of rage, having been displaced from friends, family, and community.

❖ Dayo ends up getting married and becoming a “laborer”. Older brother can’t bring himself to go back to a life in the cigarette factory with the “insulting, illiterate girls”, although he admits at one time that kind of life didn’t bother him.

❖ The title of the story “Tell Me Who to Kill” refers to the older brothers rage over his situation, and wanting to know who to kill to avenge his losses.

Iron Triangle (Schiavo Campo P470-471): (A-team) The “iron triangle” is referring to these 3 players:

1. The international consulting industry2. Aid organizations which finance consulting services3. The officials of the country receiving the advice

● How it works: Consulting firms provide advice on public administration reform -> aid agencies finance this because they think it is consistent with reform priorities -> local officials accept this because they either believe it is best for the development of their country, or national pride in that they’re importing something new.

● Problems with model: Consultants can push complex models on poor countries which they can’t handle, country officials cooperate to gain kickbacks etc, corruption with technical assistance. Many interests involved that aren’t focused on the greater good.

● Solutions: Specialists on call to consult on individual cases (no one size fits all model), quality assurance with independent outsiders, foreign consultants should partner with local people to

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ensure they understand the culture of the location, countries could request independent assistance to analyze ‘reform’ before implementing models.

Capacity Building (Schiavo Campo, p 472-473) (Tammy Kammenzind): Social development that focuses on understanding the obstacles that inhibit people, governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations from realizing their development goals while enhancing the abilities that will allow them to achieve measurable and sustainable results. Should comprise activities to support (in this order):

1. Institutional development - improvements in mandates and incentives should reduce transaction costs. Strengthen internal administrative links.

2. Organizational development - review organization structure to ensure it’s consistent with the new rules.

3. Information and communications development 4. Financial and human resources development - provide sufficient financial resources to each

agency, along with guidance and support for human capital development (training, for example). This should be initiated only institutional, organizational, and information changes have been implemented.

Schiavo Campo’s Basic Components of an approach to effective and sustainable public management checklist (p. 479-80): (A-team)

Framework: The way forward- suggestions on reforms and priorities to be taken by governments to better govern. A call to action on administration change. Looking at capacity building, administrative reforms, strategies, and operational approaches to better the system.

Concluding Points: 1. Consider Risks and Costs as well as benefits of reform: “if it ain’t broke don’t fix it” but always

consider opportunities to improve it. 2. Keep Honesty first: Public admin. Needs to protect the public’s resources first. 3. Don’t look for quick fixes: no such thing as rapid institutional change, people need to acclimatize

and build consensus for change. 4. Do look for quick wins: to keep momentum going, publicize improvement projects no matter how

small. 5. Exceed on the Side of Openness: people are suspicious of change, so be honest and an effective

communicator. 6. Look to the Web: internet has simplified admin transactions, may do the same for reforms by

exposing their faults while reinforcing their good parts as well. 7. Get the basics right: In developing countries get the basics of public admin correct before doing

things that are too complex. The government of the country should be driving the reform, not external donors.

8. Adapt, not Adopt: Improvements in admin need to take into account advances and mistakes in other countries, BUT also must rest on country-specific analysis. Look to others for advice, but focus on the country at hand first.

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WEEK 6

Economic Systems: ● Mercantilism- a way of relating government to economy, when trade generates wealth and state

should manage and authorize economic and trade activities through concessions to private organization for the purpose of augmenting state power (Divide and Conquer)

● Liberalism- A representative government that upholds civil liberties (freedom of speech, religion, etc.), has a strong rule of law, and separation of power into different branches of government. (Divide and Conquer)

● Neoliberalism: A form of governing that promotes economic reform through privatization (transfer control of public sector to private), deregulation of markets (allow free hand of market to dictate cost no matter how harmful socially) , free enterprise (economic liberalism), and free trade in an expanded globalized market (universal regulations). (Divide and Conquer)

Patronage vs. Nepotism: (Hindsight is 2020) ● Patronage: elites that support itself through favors

○ Example: appointments to positions in exchange for favors● Nepotism: appointment of relatives to positions

Rent-Seeking vs. Jackson’s Spoils System:Rent seeking is a group’s or individual’s activity that increases one’s share without increasing the total wealth, including Bribery but there may be other forms, access to contracts, bartering, etc. Jackson’s Spoils System- is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

Merit Selection: (Hindsight is 2020)● Bureaucratic workers are appointed based on merit and ability to perform the job, instead of

representation, job selling and spoils.

Woodrow Wilson & View of Public Administration Dichotomy:Wilson was a progressive and popularized the ideas of Max Weber within the American political

system. He believed in legal norms and rationalized decision making. He also promoted Civil Service reforms. The dichotomy was not to divide the politics of a democracy from the public administration of the government. The phrase “don’t throw out the baby with the bathwater,” meant not to throw out the baby of democracy with the bathwater of corruption that came from the spoils system. (Greatest Group); It came out of “disappointment” of spoils system or Dysfunctionalism of spoils. Public administration is a field of business-like and should be separated from politics. The object of administrative study is to rescue executive methods from the confusion and costliness of empirical experiment and set them upon foundations laid deep in stable principle. Executive decisions in governments should not be manipulated by politics. Such a distinction highlights accountability of those who are in charge of their actions.

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Max Weber’s Models of Management: (Hindsight is 2020)Models of controlling bureaucracy

● Traditional - Comes out out Monarchy and is an imperative process Example: King George III● Charismatic - Comes out of Revolution Example: Che Guevara, Hitler● Legal Rational Model - Comes out of internal government processes Example: Ford pardoning

Nixon, which some say saved the political structure of the United States by setting a precedent of how to treat outgoing Presidents

Summary of Swart’s ‘The Sale of Public Offices’ (The A-Team)Swart describes the “sale of offices,” a principle where a government, minister or official sold a

position to a person who paid the most money for the seat. This practice was common in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.

Quote on Reasons for Sale of Office: Popular in countries where “a bureaucracy (was) ruled by aristocratic principles, (where there was) remuneration by means of fees, a flourishing of trade and commerce, a powerful middle class, an absolutist government which had no other means of meeting its financial emergencies…”

Best exemplified by France in the 17th and 18th century (absolutist regime under Louis XIV)

Results of Sale of Public Office: Led to the influences on politics, social dynamics and economics. ● Politics: Individuals were not qualified to participate in political process. Led to the creation of

new offices that were based on merit.● Social: Sale of offices allowed social mobility at first. In France, the bourgeoisie replaced nobility

in the government of the state. This gradually changed because offices became inheritable.● Economic: Many thought that the selling of offices would increase economic growth, especially

where the medium of exchange was grain (more grain, more agriculture, more money/food). The opposite effect to hold and there was a decrease of interest in commerce and industry. Money that could have been spent on economic development went to buying offices.

Practice ended because of political instability within countries that clamoured for reform.

Schiavo-Campo

Define and critique Reinventing Government. The process of decentralization, privatization for effective governance. Mostly evident in structural adjustments policies.

What is the New Public Management. Assess its strengths and weaknesses.

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(Tammy Kammenzind) This is the “business of government” - basically, it’s the idea that the practices in the private sector are superior to those of the public sector, so the government should be run more like the private sector - more decentralization, more focus on the citizens.

Strengths - Can decrease bureaucracy, empower people at multiple levels, make operations more efficient, basically “works better and costs less”.

Weaknesses - Lowered transparency and accountability (example, taxes used for “earmarked” funds - no specific purpose, creates a mis trust by taxpayer that their tax dollars are being spent irresponsibly).

Is Libertarianism and extreme form of deregulation? Discuss.More of a laissez faire system; no control, free market system, non-regulated social and moral behavior, non-interference in the international system.

Explain the key concept of neo-classical liberalism. Structural Adjustment: putting market at center stage, state in a secondary placeFiscal Austerity: government reductions in spending because it causes inflation and also because it “crowds” out private investorsDisinflationary policiesPrivatization of state owned enterprisesTrade liberalization and Currency devaluationDeregulation of economy People have rational preferences between outcomes that can be identified and associated with values.Individuals maximize utility and firms maximize profits. People act independently on the basis of full and relevant information.Government should not interfere with individual behaviorThe Invisible Hand of the Market is the key to Economic GrowthInternational Reform is called Structural Adjustment.

Picard and Buss

What were the origins of Modern foreign aid? ( Team Panda 🐼）1. Before the World War 2, increasingly global colonial empires defined a system of international

governance including foreign aid.2. After 1945, international assistances are needed. US developed “rules of the games” for its

foreign aid. The US sent foreign aid to Europe so that people would not turn to communism as a way to improve their living situations.

3. After 1948, there are more and more developing countries exposed to need financial aid. (Picard &Buss, 83-84).

What was the difference between the Marshall Plan and Four Points? (The Greatest Group)● The Point Four Program was the distribution of technical aid to developing countries via a large

bureaucratic organization in order to counter growing Communist influence and support

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established leaders. It differs from the Marshall Plan in that it distributed aid specifically to countries outside of Europe, and was focused on the building of technical and managerial capacity instead of supporting imports. (Picard & Buss, 86-87).

● Point four mainly focused at the developing countries that were in the process of gaining independence like India, Indonesia, while the Marshall plan focused at the post WWII European recovery.

How did Foreign Aid Change after 1960? ( Team Panda 🐼）● The Modern foreign aid policy began after World War 2, and at the same time, United States

create USAID. After the creation, foreign aid took three forms, stated as followed: 1.Direct dollar aid to supply foreign exchange for the purchase of imports;2.Funds for economic and social development in the form of either loans and grants;3.Technical assistance provided by skilled professionals in residence for varying periods of time. (Picard & Buss, 95-96)

Is foreign aid focused on humanitarian needs? (Divide and Conquer)It become less humanitarian. Foreign aid served as vehicle of state based interest and used as tools to spread influence (soft power). Ex: 1950s US foreign aid program focused on food, which strengthen US economy power in LDC countries, 1980s Reagan administration - US foreign aid become a tools to combat communism and spread democratization

Zakaria:

How does Zakaria explain Fascism? Is this similar to the "Altright?"Crony Capitalism with a suppression of Civil liberties. The altright movement is different in that it is founded upon the foundation of white nationalism, xenophobia, and highly reactionary use of force. (Divide and Conquer)

How is economics linked to democratic politics? Is Democracy inevitable? (CHARD)

Having a wealth of natural resources is actually a detriment to democracy, because a nation relies on unearned wealth instead of creating stable political institutions. It also tends to concentrate wealth in the hands of several wealthy families, instead of creating a solid middle-class.

Zakaria also names a $6000 GDP threshold for increased success at implementing a democracy.

Explain "Illiberal" democracy vs. ‘liberal’ democracy. Give examples. ( Team Panda 🐼）Illiberal Democracy -- mixed elections and authoritarianism. (democratic process is followed but certain sects may be barred from it, also may be an absence of civil liberties afterwards) Symbolic use of referendum with restricted citizen participation in decision making processes.Example: Russia ChinaLiberal democracy:- Form of government where representative democracy operates under the principle of liberalism. I.e. protecting the rights of the individual which are generally enshrined in the law.

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What are tyrannies of the majority? Assess Zakaria's concept of "liberal democracy." (Chard) Tyranny of the majority is when a voting public in a democracy use their liberal rights to reduce those same rights for minority groups within that democracy. The majority... “quietly, sometimes noisily [erodes] separations of power, [undermines] human rights, and [corrupts] long standing traditions of tolerance and fairness. (Fear of mob rule)

Zakaria’s example: The rise of the BJP to political power by denouncing secularism and promoting an almost militant Hindu view of nationalism while pursuing anti-Muslim and Christian policies. US example: The passing of Proposition 8 in California with 52% of the vote eliminating the right to marriage for same-sex couples. Or (hopefully not a majority!!!)……. Trump?

Zakaria’s concept of “liberal democracy:” “A political system marked not only by free and fair elections but also by the rule of law, a separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property.”

Assessment: A liberal democracy is thought of as the ideal. Many democracies are established as “liberal democracies” but over time they become increasingly more illiberal. Free and fair elections means the majority typically wins and representatives of the majority are tasked with pursuing policies that the majority agrees with. Over time, power tends to concentrate. Separations of power are blurred, and freedoms are reduced.

Lemann

How has the U.S. changed since the 1960s?

What did African-American leaders seek in Chicago? Washington? Clarksville? (A-Team)

ChicagoDifferent levels of leadership sought different things - some were willing to go against the machine but many were not and little good came from the policies handed down from Washington. African-American leadership in Chicago struggled to make a positive impact in the ghetto community described by Lemann due to how tightly Mayor Daley and his “machine” controlled funding from Washington. One example is when Martin Luther King received a grant from HEW, Daley had the grant rescinded with one call to Washington. The one major anti-poverty grant that Woodlawn Organization did secure ran out quickly when the gang leaders who were brought on to help run the program (for maximum feasible participation) continued their violence.

WashingtonWhat was most revealing from Lemann was the absence of African-American leadership in Washington particularly when it came to making policies like those of the OEO which directly impacted African-American communities. Through Ruby and Connie and Juanita, we saw how job opportunities would come and go with changes in administration. The main African-American figure at the time was Martin Luther King who focused more on equality under law (Civil Rights) than on “reunification” of the black

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race and community development/empowerment/self-help which was what the ghettos needed (debatably).

ClarksdaleAgain, there was African-American leadership that wanted to work with whites and Washington (which were mostly the same thing at that time) and some who did not. Aaron Henry (owned the pharmacy) was one leader who stayed in Clarksdale and did work with Washington which benefited the Clarksdale community. He headed his chapter of NAACP and helped usher in desegregation of the schools. He also helped Clarksdale keep federal funding for Head Start when Levin’s group of Head Start schools had administrative trouble and scandals. He was respected by Washington and focused his efforts on securing equality under law for African-Americans.

Causes of the "Great Black Migration"? (Chard) Mechanization of agriculture in the rural South left many African-Americans without jobs. Industrial Northern cities in the 1940s and 1950s were sources of comparatively well paying work and a (very small) modicum of tolerance. Additionally, social safety net programs paid more in the North compared to the South.

WEEK 7

Systems Model-

Bureaucracy & Bureaucratic Lethargy (Hindsight is 20/20)- Bureaucracy is an institution of government, a separate institution within the government often referred to as the “fourth sector” Example: Elected law makers (not bureaucratic) vs. law administratorsBureaucratic Lethargy - unwillingness of the bureaucracy to change

Human Resource Development, Social Capital, Merit based Recruitment (A-team) - Human resource development: Recruitment is the name of the game. As the office responsible for making employment decisions, human resource development guides the direction of an organization. Social Capital: Capital - resource used to make investments; social capital - human resource capacity; marked by networks and relationships between individuals whether coworkers or between organizations; need strong social capital to advance as an organizationMerit-based recruitment - recruitment based on standard qualifications Ex. Master's degree over bachelor's degree

Pro: equal-opportunity in theoryCon: Those with merit may not always be the best person for the job/have the best understanding

of issue at hand. Ex. Someone seeking a job with State Department who is passed by b/c they have not lived overseas, but are first-generation Americans and have a better understanding of what is occurring on-the-ground in other countries

HRD Role Theory (Hindsight is 2020)- personal and environmental factors influence behavior. Socialization, status vs. roles, counter-roles are all elements of Role Theory.

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How other people’s behavior and environmental factors affect/influence personal characteristics (cognitive, affective and biological).

Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs and Roles-Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. This five stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. The first four levels are often referred to as deficiency needs and the top level is known as growth or being needs. ( Team Panda ); they are: physiological, safety, 🐼love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

10 Types of Alternative Choices of Development- (Chard) 1. Human Resource Development (Skills development and Labor productivity) 2. Social Development: Health, Education and Community 3. Societal Development and Environmental Analysis 4. Basic Needs: Human Security (Food, Water and Shelter) 5. Management Development 6. Issues of Poverty and Redistribution (Isbister) 7. Civil Society and Social Capital 8. NGOs, Education and Development a. Social Development or left wing privatization? b. Scaling-up and self-spreading 9. Social liberalism vs. social democracy (John Stuart Mills vs. John Maynard Keynes) 10. Women and Development vs. Gender and Development. sdSocial capital in capacity building Social capital is highly related to human capital but includes organizational system; social capital are the skills developed in civil society and non-profit sector; human skills directed at social sector (NGOs, CS); Human resource development is key to internal capacity building; training and skills passed on to others

3 Models of Recruitment- (Chard)● Merit: Career appointments, competitive exams, and an end to patronage.

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● Spoils: Patronage system, positions are given as rewards to supporters. “To the victor belongs the spoils.” Example: Schedule C appointments (Politically exempt appointments- about 6,000 positions in DC); Jackson’s Spoils System- is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

● Representation: Affirmative action, assuring that bureaucracy is representative of real-world.

Job Classification vs. Performance Management (Schiavo-Campo)-Job classification aims at grading jobs in the government or organization in order to set a personnel system. (by responsibility and pay grade. There must be enough pay grades to encourage people to work towards promotions, but not so many that it is difficult to differentiate between jobs). It is also based on merit.(Chard)Performance management aims at evaluating performance of every employee, in order to improve their efficiency.( Team Panda 🐼）Has to be managed, measured and evaluated (Chard)

Donor Fatigue (Picard & Buss) (Hindsight is 2020)- People are less likely to donate money because of the proliferation of foreign aid needs.

To Zakaria, what is “liberal” democracy and how is it different from “illiberal” democracy:Liberal democracy is a political system marked not only by free and fair election but also by the rule of law, a separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property; Illiberal democracy- Mob Rule and intolerance of Minorities.

Vertical and horizontal regulatory conflicts that Schiavo-Campo and McFerson:Vertical: national regulations and actions of decentralized government bodies e.g. unfunded mandates; Horizontal: between national regulations and specific national government entities e.g. Personnel management, rights and obligations of civil servants, privacy and integrity protection and affirmative actions

Organization and institution:Institutions are the set of formal or informal rules put in place for society to operate under, are meant to be efficient, and may regulate our behavior.Organizations are groups created by people with similar interests looking to accomplish specific goals. Organizations must abide by the rules implemented by institutional processes.

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WEEK 8 - post-midterm

Irving R. Janis, “Groupthink,” Summary (Hindsight is 2020)“Groupthink” a term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972), occurs when a group makes bad decisions because a similarly-minded group is under pressure to make a decision. Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups. A group is

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especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members have a similar background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.Example: the decision to rush into a war with Iraq before a broad based coalition of allies was established

Groupthink can be caused by these factors, though they don’t necessarily lead to groupthink:1. Illusion of invulnerability2. Collective rationalization3. Belief in inherent morality4. Stereotyped views of ‘Out Groups’5. Direct Pressure on Dissenters6. Self-Censorship7. Illusion of Unanimity8. Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ (protect group from contradictory information)

Some potential remedies to “groupthink” include:1. The leader asking team members to be critical evaluators2. The leader’s avoidance of stating preferences at the outset3. Each member discussion group decisions with a trusted associate and reporting back

Can Bureaucracy be reformed?(Tammy Kammenzind)Reforming bureaucracy is often associated with reducing bureaucracy, or “cutting the red tape.” It is difficult to enact because those charged with reducing bureaucracy are bureaucrats which would mean putting themselves out of a job. Reducing bureaucracy usually means reducing or elimination programs. This is usually avoided as many voters benefit from the services provided from these programs, and the voters will oppose and rebel against these reductions. More conservative approaches toward reforming bureaucracy may include

● Deregulation by reducing the number of rules and government regulation/power within bureaucracies. Since the 1980’s, many industries have been deregulated, including telecommunications, energy suppliers, airlines, and railroads. Barriers exists to deregulation, including but not limited to opposition from labor unions in regulated firms.

● Privatization, where a formerly public activity is transferred to a private firm to manage.

Example: This was attempted through a review conducted by Vice President Al Gore in 1993, called the National Performance Review. The NPR called for less centralized management, more employee initiative, and a strong emphasis on customer satisfaction. Few of the recommendations, however, have been followed.

Cultural Approach (Hindsight is 2020) ***Dr. Picard, can you please clarifyBased on a two-part thesis (part two is a theoretical question):

1. Political, Administrative Culture and socialization have a major impact on organizational behavior.

2. Can we reform or reinvent government given premises about organizations and socialization?

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Cultural approach involves an ideal of utilizing organizational culture to impact leadership development, team dynamics and strategic planning.

Two Assumptions of Multi-Cultural Issue ***Dr. Picard, can you please clarify1. Many Cultures; Regional, ethnic, professional, administrative, etc. including a hierarchy of

values.2. These are rooted in historical origin, race, gender, education etc.

Three Components to Culture (Hindsight is 2020)1. Information and Measurable Understanding/Cognitive: the set of historical and cultural

information to which any native of the society is automatically tuned in (ex. Patriotic image of US president as paternal)

2. Beliefs and Values/Evaluative: what ought to be, based on normative evaluation of what is good and bad (example from the 1980s: military service is good and welfare cheaters are bad)

3. Emotions/Emotional: the emotional attachment of people to their political system based on symbolism, myth, anthems, flags etc. It provides the strength of values and is the framework of nationalism (example: propaganda utilizes this emotional component, like the portrayed on the 1898 Spanish-American War to the American people saying that few were killed and it was a “splendid little war” just because there were no consequences for the US)

Normative Evaluation (Greatest Group)● Comparing an individual body to the group they are part of, essentially identifying the degree to

which they meet the standards of the whole. This can be applied in a practical sense (identifying a nation's institutions as weak compared to the “standard” nations) or a moral one (identifying practices within a population as “wrong” compared to the standard accepted by everyone else).

Concept of Political Culture:1. People are tied to a unique web of historical experiences2. Assumption: From the general culture one can extract the salient aspects of that culture that relate

to political behavior and organizational and administrative traditions3. Includes interactions between political systems, media and citizenry4. A society carries a common set of information, understanding, values and emotions about

public policy and governance

Socialization on Culture and Institution (Tammy Kammenzind)Socialization is the process by which members of a society acquire the customs, values, and norms required for integration into a society/community. For instance, within an organization, new employees may be introduced to organizational culture and norms via documented expectations, such as employment handbooks, job descriptions, dress code and information technology use policies, etc.

Can we Reform or Reinvent Government given Premises about Socialization and Organizational Development? (A-team)

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Any attempt to reform or reinvent government has to give consideration to the applicable culture; cultural values are the most difficult to change. Bureaucratic culture is deeply ingrained in many governments and resistant to change, especially when change threatens the status quo. Elites benefiting from the organizational structure do not have an incentive to invite change and those lower down in the organizational structure do not have the influence to affect change. However, these organizations developed out of a socialization process and, under good leadership, have the potential to use socialization to reform the organization.

WEEK 10

Rational Model- (CHARD)A comprehensive approach to decision making. Optimal for achieving a goal or solving a problem. Complete availability and use of information (as opposed to emotional decision making) is required determining optimality.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)- (CHARD)Pre-defined steps and activities of a process or procedure. An SOP provides employees in an organization a set of established procedures/actions/responses to common external practices, activities, or tasks. SOPs are an important model and descriptor of the way the government actually works. (Class notes)

Satisficing (Simon) vs. Incrementalism vs. Zero Based Budgeting-(Team Panda 🐼)

Satisficing is a decision-making strategy that attempts to meet an acceptability threshold (first available option) at a very low level of analysis.

Incrementalism is a method of working by adding (or subtracting) to a project using many small (often unplanned) changes.

Zero Based Budgeting is the budgeting wherein all the budgetary allocations for each department for the financial year are set at zero.As against incremental budget, in ZBB, it is assumed that the organization is starting anew - right from the planning stage, especially for preparing budgets.

Cost Benefit Analysis-(Team Panda 🐼)Cost Benefit Analysis is a decision making tool that aims to assess the value of a proposal or competing proposals on a consistent basis.CBA estimates and totals up the equivalent money value of the benefits and costs to the community of projects to establish whether they are worth-while.The purpose of CBA is to ensure that the public sector allocates scarce re-sources efficiently to competing projects.

Auditing vs. Accounting: (TEAM CHARD)Accounting is the process of keeping financial records, and is an internal process. Auditing is a review process of accountability by an external source.

Current state of Financial Management-(Team Panda 🐼)

Recurrent (rent, ongoing expenses) vs. Capital Budget (new building, long-term investment)

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Technical Assistance and Recruitment - providing human skills (Peace Corps)

Samuel Huntington’s ‘Modernization and Corruption’ Summary- (CHARD)-Corruption is most prevalent during intense phases of modernization

● Modernization changes values in the society, so there is a new standard for right and wrong. As a result, some traditional behaviors are condemned as corrupt.

● A recognition of difference between public role and private interest. ● New sources of wealth and power● New means of assimilating groups to political power

Schiavo-Campo’s Selected Requirements for Fiscal Transparency (Greatest Group)● Clarity of Roles and Responsibilities: A law or administrative framework should outline what the

budget encompasses and what it does not, as well as who is responsible for its formulation and execution. This includes stating how taxes will be gathered.

● Public Availability of Information: Information on non-budgeted activity, the previous two budgets (and their revisions,) and an annual outlining of government debt should all be available to the public.

● Open Budget Preparation, Execution, and Reporting: A paper outlining fiscal policy and risks of government activity, as well as the nation’s fiscal balance, should be made available along with the basic budget information.

● Independent Assurances of Integrity: Government budgets should be audited by an external organization, whose findings are directly reported to the legislature. (Schaivo-Campo & McFerson 133)

Schiavo-Campos’s Budget Execution 3 factors(Hindsight is 2020)-P. 144 Budget Execution- the phase when financial resources are used to implement the policies incorporated in the budget.

1. Expenditure Cyclea. Allocation of appropriations/ release of funds to spending unitsb. Commitmentc. Verificationd. Payment

2. Assuring compliance: ***Dr. Picard, can you please clarify3. Auditing and Evaluation: ***Dr. Picard, can you please clarify

Schiavo-Campo’s Management Controls, Audit, and Evaluation (Greatest Group)● Management Controls: The means by which managers ensure that the organization’s policies and

procedures are being followed. If these are not followed, there is the possibility for fraud, inefficiency, and basic errors. Internal audits allow managers to detect and correct such problems before they become major issues.

● Audits: Two types: financial audits and efficiency audits. The former assesses that an organization’s finances are as they claim, and that there is no corruption or other malfeasance. The latter type assesses whether or not an organization is operating at its maximum expected output.

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● Evaluation: Providing feedback based on the outcomes of a past budget in order to determine which policies worked or did not work. This information is used to improve a future budget. (Schaivo-Campo & McFerson 149-150)

Schiavo-Campo’s Core Principles of Reform (Hindsight is 2020)-● Basics of expenditure management need to be in place first, before more sophisticated budget

management● Reform should raise the country’s own capacity to manage expenditure, and not rely on foreign

specialists● Budgeting improvements cannot last if they are imposed top-down by the central ministry of

finance with little involvement or low implementation capacity of the sector ministries● The record of actual success or failure of the measure being recommended must be carefully

assessed by obtaining independent feedback from other countries that have experimented with it● The annual budgeting decisions must take into account their probable future impact

Schiavo-Campo’s Gender Gap and Compensation (Hindsight is 2020)-● Though some countries prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender, there remains a difference

between men and women’s wages. ● “Equal pay for equal work” ● Should be a continuing priority for governments to push for increasing convergence in pay for

men and women in government service.

Schiavo-Campo’s Promotions, Raises, and Nonmonetary Incentives- (“Divide and Conquer”)● Promotion- A critical element in the motivation and morale of employees. Promotion increases

salary while enhancing status and responsibility. ● Criteria- The factors used to determine eligibility for promotion. Includes: Performance,

Potential, Skill, Knowledge, and Seniority (as a proxy for experience and good judgement).● Salary Increments- a form of monetary reward within a pay-grade (in the US these are called

steps within a pay grade i.e. GS-04-01, GS-04-02, ..., GS-04-09). These increments are usually automatic with time in grade and only withheld as a form of punishment. If an employee maxes out their salary increments without being promoted to a new grade, increments disappear and monetary incentives can only be achieved through promotion.

● Non-monetary Incentives- Important in times of fiscal restraint and insufficient funds for monetary incentives. These include: National Honors, Agency-based recognition and award schemes, Career Development Opportunities, and Post-Retirement Options.

● All of these can be found in more detail with examples on pp. 189-192

Predominant Theories of Development: (Hindsight is 2020) ****see note at the bottom - we think that this would be most effective as an essay question

● Faith in the state○ Industrialization and modernization (economic growth)○ From Keynes to Rostow

● Basic human needs (1965-1975)○ Growth with equity

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○ Robert McNamara and the World Bank (shifting focus toward poverty reduction)○ Integrated rural development and internal distribution

● New International economic order (1970s-1983)○ Redistribution at the local level level○ Basic human needs vs. new international economic order (north/south dialogue)

● Structural adjustment (1983-1989)○ Private power (soft power)○ Public sector reform○ Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher as pioneers

● Governance and Capacity building (1989-2006)○ End of the Cold War and 9/11○ Governance and decentralization○ New public management: reinventing government

● Focus on public sector reform (1979-2016)○ Decentralization○ Shift in conflict from east-west to internal conflict○ Public sector reform○ Reforms vs. corruption - the dialectic of the public sector

● Return to human resource issues○ Training, recruitment, rewards and punishment○ Return to meritocracy

Reinventing government: See pre-midterm

Top Foreign Aid Countries (total): (Team Panda 🐼)1.U.S. ； 2.Japan；3.Germany；4.France5.U.K.；6.Netherlands；7.Italy；8.Canada9.Sweden；10. Norway

Human Resource Development: See pre-midterm

Difference between Proportional, Regressive and Progressive Taxes (Schavio-Campo): TEAM CHARD and Greatest Group

Proportional - Tax rates are proportional to income. An example is a flat tax.Regressive - Tax rates decrease proportionally as income increases. A sales tax is regressive because, while it remains the same rate for all transactions, it represents a smaller share of a wealthy person’s income than a poor person.Progressive - Tax rates increase as income increases. The U.S. income tax system.

Difference between Fiscal and Monetary Policy: (Hindsight is 2020)

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Monetary policy deals with such things as controls of interest rates and money supply to ensure price stability and trust in the currency. Fiscal policy deals with tax rates, government spending and income to influence the economy.

Meaning of ‘Death to Authority’ (Zakaria): TEAM CHARD

-Power diffused among the populace ● People have more access to ideas and services (ex: financial sector and credit cards), and can

influence ideas (ex: shaping church doctrine, or shaping cultural taste)-Politicians pander to the public

● People in leadership positions are held accountable to a fault - they worry about popular opinion and re-election more than making decisions in the best interest of their constituents

-Modern elites fail to take responsibility ● Elites are less acknowledged, but they still exist. Money, knowledge, and power all contribute in

varying proportions to make someone elite. Unlike the past, current day elites are self-interested instead of abiding by a code to provide public services.

Is foreign aid ‘dead aid’ or how is it best used? (Picard & Buss)Dead aid refers to the ineffectiveness of aid because:

● promotes dependency from recipient countries ● fails to achieve its objectives ● aid usually has ulterior motives that dictates its agenda ● imposes one size fits all western development models

WEEK 12

Definition of Privatization:(Chard)The process of divesting direct civil service responsibility for the provision of public services or the collection of revenues.

Principles of Privatization: (A-team) (Moved up- Hindsight is 2020)Key conditionality - Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative reform.

a. Divestiture - sell off in whole or in part government sharesb. Contracting out - giving business to the private sector, outsourcing (Blackwater)c. Liquidation - close down (load shedding)d. Sell off public private partnership shares

Criticism of Privatization: (A-team)1. Private sector and NGO’s not necessarily more effective and efficient than government agencies

(Paul Nelson)2. Loss of coverage for social services - lower health and education statistics3. Can replicate private sector conditions within government 4. ‘Contracting in’ - government agency provides services for another agency, NGO or private

sector.

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5. Reinventing government - customer driven government, competition within government and between units

6. Enhances corruption - enhanced by cultural differences (gifts vs kickbacks, corruption as lobbying the executive

Block Grants vs. Categorical Grants: (Chard)Block grants refer to large amounts of money given to local governments or the local entity to be used at the discretion of the receiving entity. Unrestricted grants mainly for social services. If there are specifications around the use of funds it is usually general: use for education or health.

Categorical grants are a more targeted and restrictive type of funding than block grants. Still a way to provide funding for local and state level governments. This type of grant is far more common than block grants today.

Summary of Privatization under Thatcher and Reagan: (Chard)Economic reform and structural adjustment policies (SAPs) focused on:

1. IMF stabilization fund for countries that were overly indebted and a fund to provide trade liberalization (the seed of current free-trade agreements/associations).

2. Ensuring and enforcing rules for currency reform allowing for currency exchanges, auctions, and ending subsidies (urban privileges) to combat radical inflation.

3. Reagan/ Thatcher Revolutions called for: a. Market prices for agriculture and industrial goods. b. Deregulating economies around the world using free trade agreementsc. Domestic Changes which followed international reforms that allowed for tendering and

contracts. i. Tendering is the procurement or acquisition of goods and/or services at the best

possible total cost of ownership, in the correct quantity and quality, at the right time, in the right place for the direct benefit or use of governments, corporations, or local authorities, generally by a contract.

5 Pros & 5 Cons of SAPs and its Conditionalities:(Team Panda )🐼 (Greatest Group) International reform based on neo-orthodoxy that required countries to change to market-based systems and opening borders for trade in exchange for debt relief from the IMF and the World Bank. For context, see pre-midterm

Pros:1) Greater global integration2) Higher growth rate3) Expanded private sector through privatization4) Reduced inflation5) Reduces corruption and bureaucratic bloat Cons:1) Fewer social services to protect poor2) Lack of protective tariffs sometimes causes domestic manufacturing collapse

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3) International capital can purchase former state enterprises at low cost4) Government priorities shift away from health and education5) One size fits all: policies applied without nuance or regard for unique national situations

Summary of the ‘Tax Dodger’:One who evades the payment of his taxes; specifically, a resident in a locality where the rate of taxation is high, who, in order to escape paying such taxes, removes before the day of assessment to another residence in some locality where the rate is lower.

Divide and Conquer possible essay: How have Structural Adjustment Policies implemented under Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan affected individual countries today? What do structural adjustment policies include?

Hindsight is 2020 possible essay: Give examples of Foreign Aid that address different levels of Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs or Picard and Buses historic models of foreign aid.

TEAM CHARD: To what degree is mob rule beneficial or detrimental to the process of democracy? A-team: Discuss the pros and cons of foreign aid in today’s world.

WEEK 14

Federal Relationship, Definition and ExamplesSome power lies with the national level and some power lies with the local level. The national level can transfer additional authority back to sub units. The lower units cannot take power away from the national unit. The lower unit cannot break away from the national unit. Example of a federal system is the United States.(Greatest Group)

Unitary Systems, Def and Examples● All power lies at the national level.● What power the local level has is given by the national level.● Power that is given to the local level by the national can be taken away.

○ Creation and abolition of local power is common, e.g. Margaret Thatcher dissolved the government of the city of London.

● Examples: U.K., France, Denmark, Costa Rica, Thailand, Kenya, Ivory Coast, etc. (there are many more)

(Greatest Group)

Devolution - A TeamA type of decentralization where authority is transferred to a person or a political body outside of the national system. The goal of devolution is to give local representatives power to make decisions for their own area. Example of a devolution is the existence of city councils, transfer of budgets as a form of fiscal decentralization headed by elected leaders.

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Definition of Civil Society and Example(Greatest Group)Networks of Organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests. In civil society, one finds the Intersection between public and private sector foundations. “Beyond the family but short of the State” - Hegel

● Example: church groups, book clubs, NGOs, community organizations

Types of Organizations (at least 7) (Hindsight is 2020)● Nonprofit● Not for Profits● PVOs● CBOs● CSOs● Civics (South Africa)● Foundations● Associations● Interest Groups● Quangos (Quasi-non-governmental organizations)

6 Types of Development NGOs(Greatest Group)1. Philanthropy2. Relief and Welfare Societies3. Public Service Contractors4. Populist Based Development Agencies5. Grassroots Associations6. Advocacy Groups

NGOs’ Advantages and Weaknesses(Team Panda )🐼Advantages:1. Links with poor2. Close to people they serve3. Small size can lead to efficiency4. Innovative5. Staff loyalty and commitment

Weaknesses:1. Lack of local legitimacy2. Donor driven3. Inefficiency4. Amateurism- leadership and continuity problems6. Self-serving- own objectives: Faith Based7. Fixation on projects- problems of replication8. Lack of perceived accountability9. Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

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10.Tensions with government institutions- Politically threatening

Conclusive Points by Zakaria(Team Panda )🐼● “Modern democracies will face difficult new challenges——fighting terrorism, adjusting

globalization, adapting to an aging society——and they will have to make their system work much better than it currently does.

● That means making democratic decision-making effective, reintegrating constitutional liberalism into the practice of democracy, rebuilding broken political institutions and civic associations.

● Perhaps most difficult of all, it requires that those with immense power in our societies embrace their responsibilities, lead, and set standards that are not only legal, but moral.

● Without this inner stuffing, democracy will become an empty shell, not simply inadequate but potentially dangerous, bringing with it the erosion of liberty, the manipulation of freedom, and decay of a common life.”

“Donors, Publi c Sector Reform and Decentralization ,” in Picard, Groelsema and Buss- The intersection of decentralization efforts, SAPs, and donors in Ghana - Power was centralized with traditional leaders, centralization continued during colonial

periods- SAPs were followed by democracy and governance reforms- Post-SAPs, Ghana remained poor and indebted - Citizens lacked trust in their government - Donors contributed to programs that would help strengthen the civil society m

Degree Book Summaries: Emma’s War: Three main themes: Western aid worker idealism, Complex layering of problems, and difficulty identifying core problem. (Group: Divide and Conquer)

Emma’s Idealism: Emma felt that she played a role in the war and that she was actually working to make the South a better place for all, however, she may have made it worse by choosing a side and inadvertently associating the Western world with the rebel forces. Emma wants nothing more than to see Riek succeed and he uses it to his advantage to start a vicious tribal war within the South, manipulating starving refugees to garner international aid that benefits his struggle. Scroggins found it difficult to understand which side Emma stood on, was she with the refugees or with Riek? Emma was well known as she walked from village to village, with her flirtatious personality, her infectious persistence and ability to pull resources out of thin air which made an unforgettable mark on the locals, but Emma became a “symbol of how a relief operation meant to be neutral had become part of the machinery of civil war.”

Sudan Complexity: Scroggins makes a point to highlight that Emma probably never really understood the complex interweaving of the Sudanese government and what was actually taking

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place. Scroggins defines the problem in great detail on pages 79-80: “I have often thought that you need a similar kind of layered map to understand Sudan's civil war. A surface map of political conflict, for example--the northern government versus the southern rebels; and under that a layer of religious conflict--Muslim versus Christian and pagan; and under that a map of all the sectarian divisions within those categories; and under that a layer of ethnic divisions--Arab and Arabized versus Nilotic and Equatorian--all of them containing a multitude of clan and tribal subdivisions; and under that a layer of linguistic conflicts; and under that a layer of economic divisions--the more developed north with fewer natural resources versus the poorer south with its rich mineral and fossil fuel deposits; and under that a layer of colonial divisions; and under that a layer of racial divisions related to slavery… a violent ecosystem.”

Identifying Core Problem: It is difficult to understand where to place the blame in Sudan, it’s likely that everyone is to blame, however, much of the blame may be placed on the humanitarian aid industry itself. Scroggins puts forth the notion that there may be too many hands in the pot and few have the expertise or knowledge of local culture to have any significant understanding of the people in countries that they serve. Scroggins also questions the noticeable number of Western European women in the country and what role they serve in military and political struggles such as this.

1. Do aid workers do more harm or more good?2. To which extent can foreign aid workers interfere with the local community?3. Do you have to necessarily be a foreign aid worker to provide objective change for the

community in question?

Betraying Our Troops:● Summary: An investigative report on the way money was spent in the Iraq War, focusing in

particular on the lack of oversight and control on aid, and the corruption in contractors who were supposed to be managing the military’s supply lines. The book lays a majority of the blame on the structure of payment established by Donald Rumsfeld that covered all costs of the contractors and distributed profit on top of that. Furthermore, it identifies a key flaw in the use of contractors on a battlefield, as they are not bound to operate in the same way that military personnel are.

● Key questions of the book:○ Does the desire for profit inherently mean private contractors are inefficient methods by

which to implement aid programs?○ Does military distribution of aid needlessly complicate the programs or projects by

giving the impression of imperialism (or other perceptions of state interference?)○ How should blame for the distribution failures be distributed? How much is Rumsfeld

himself to blame? The Department of Defense? Contracting companies as a whole?

Last Call:

Summary:

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The 18th amendment to the Constitution, ratified on Jan. 16th, 1919 and put into effect on Jan. 16, 1920, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation (but not the consumption) of intoxicating liquor, otherwise known as Prohibition, changed the world as it was then known. Prohibition lasted nearly fourteen years, but was largely ignored or abused due to weak enforcement and a belief amongst many that the rule was arbitrary and unnecessary (including Winston Churchill, who thought it to be comic and pathetic), making many other law abiding citizens willing to break the law.

Prohibition ended on December 5, 1933, when the 21st amendment was ratified, repealing the 18th amendment. Many viewed Prohibition as an experiment, and some argued that it was successful in cutting down on drinking and alcohol related illnesses. Per Okrent, it changed the way we live, and redefined the role of local government.

Key Points:

Economic Effects: Prohibition created a black market that competed with formal economy. This caused the movement to come under great pressure during the Great Depression, when governments desperately needed the tax revenue that would have been generated by alcohol sales. As a result of prohibition, the advances of industrialization within the alcohol industry were shut down, for the most part, closing manufacturing plants and taverns, resulting in an economic downturn for the country, and eventually causing government revenues to plummet. Good Governance: Many attempts to impose prohibition were deterred due to a lack of transparency between federal and state governments. Federal law enforcement agencies were stretched too thin and too poorly funded by Congress to make a substantial impact, especially when state and local governments were uncooperative. There were many loopholes in the laws, such as giving rights to Religious figures to store wine for sacramental purposes (many of them being “fake” clergymen), and allowing doctors, dentists, and veterinarians to write prescriptions for “bitters” that contained 45% alcohol. Corruption: Corruption ran rampant during prohibition, mainly due to laws being ignored poor enforcement. Many prohibition agents who joined the movement weren’t lawful individuals, but “goons”. They didn’t join out of loyalty, but instead, in an effort to extract bribes from operators in their jurisdictions. It didn’t help that they only made around $20K per year by today’s standards. Local police departments were in on the action as well – many officers wanted initially to enforce the law, found themselves too tempted by the spoils and eventually gave in and accepted bribes. Borders were porous, and enforcement funding was minimal, causing enforcement efforts to be all but abandoned in some cases. Clergy were even involved – wine was supposed to be allowed for “sacramental purposes”, but it was often stored and set aside for parishioners. At one point, 900 gallons of “sacramental” wine was being stored in a building that measured almost an acre in size. Much crime and corruption was blamed on the immigrant populations. Saloons frequented by immigrants were often also frequented by politicians, who wanted to obtain immigrant votes in exchange for job offers, food baskets, legal assistance, etc. Interest Groups: Such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), who were the leaders in the Women’s Suffrage movement. The group was formed in an effort to advocate the prohibition of

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alcohol as a method for preventing spousal abuse. However, the women in the WCTU eventually used the power they gained through the prohibition movement as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues, such as voting rights, prison reform, and labor laws. Questions:

1. Do you think it would be possible to establish a form of prohibition today or perhaps to reverse a form of “prohibition” (as is being done with medical and recreational marijuana), and how do you think it would be received vs. how it was received in the 1900’s? Do you think the benefits (economic mostly) of having substances such as liquor and marijuana outweigh the risks to society?

2. How important do you think the involvement and influence of interest groups are in the formation of laws? Name one parallel you can draw today. (Ex: AARP protecting Social Security and Medicare, NRA protecting 2nd amendment).

3. Do you think regulation for Prohibition should have been more centralized or decentralized? Would it have been better to focus the enforcement efforts and resources at the federal level, or was it better to have pushed the enforcement down to at the local and state levels, who didn’t seem to be cooperating with the federal government.

4. How can social norms and cultural values prevent corruption in a society? Do you think that culture had a large impact on America’s views of prohibition? Especially given that America was described as a hard drinking, freedom loving society prior to prohibition?

Possible Essay Questions:

-Is foreign aid dead? Assess its level of effectiveness. -Discuss 3-4 stages of development. Compare and contrast. -How did this class impact your future career goals? (same question as the midterm - but even more relevant now!)

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