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Seed Plant Structure1. List the three principal organs of seed plants, and state the function of each one.

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2. What adaptation helps leaves conserve water?

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Plant Tissue SystemsFor Questions 3–6, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

3. The three main tissue systems of plants are ____________ tissue, ______________ tissue, and _____________ tissue.

4. The cuticle protects against _______________ loss.5. Some epidermal cells have tiny projections known as _____________, which may give a leaf

a fuzzy appearance.6. Dermal tissue in roots contains ______________ cells that help absorb water.

For Questions 7–11, match the vascular-tissue elements with their descriptions.

Vascular-Tissue Elements

______ 7. Tracheids

______ 8. Lignin

______ 9. Vessel elements

______ 10. Sieve tube elements

______ 11. Companion cells

12. How can water move from one tracheid into a neighboring cell?

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13. How can materials move from one sieve tube element into the next?

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DescriptionA. The main phloem cells

B. Long, narrow xylem cells with openings in their cell walls

C. Cells that support the phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances

D. Xylem cells arranged end to end on top of one another

E. The substance in the cell walls of dead tracheids that makes wood tough

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14.___________________________Complete the table that compares ground-tissue cells.

Ground-Tissue Cells

Type of Cell Structure Function

Photosynthesis in leaves

Cells with strong, flexible cell walls

Cells with extremely thick, rigid cell walls

Water Transport15. Complete the table about the types of attraction between molecules.

Attraction Between Molecules

Type of Attraction Definition

Cohesion

Adhesion

For Questions 4–8, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

16. Water cohesion is especially strong because water molecules tend to form ____________ bonds with each other.

17. The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube is called ____________________.18. The height to which water can rise in a tube is determined by its ________________.19. ________________ in xylem form many hollow, connected tubes through which water

moves.20. The pull of transpiration extends from the leaves to the _____________ of a plant.

Nutrient Transport21. According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, why must sieve-tube elements in phloem be

living cells?

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22. Where sugar concentration is high, what is the source of water taken in by phloem?

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23. Complete the flowchart that summarizes the movement of sugars in plants.

24. According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what process prompts rapid spring growthin a plant?

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25. Leaves range in size from very large to very tiny. In what type of environment would you expect to find the most plants with very large leaves? Very small leaves? Explain.

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Leaf Structure and FunctionFor Questions 1–4, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.26. The structure of a leaf is optimized for the purposes of absorbing ______________ and

carrying out____________________.27. The _____________ of nearly all leaves is covered by a waxy ___________.28. The vascular tissues of leaves are connected directly to the vascular tissues of

____________.29. The area between leaf veins is filled with a specialized ground tissue known as

_____________.

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For Questions 30-35, match the description with the leaf structure.Description______ 30. A layer of mesophyll cells that absorb

light that enters the leaf

______ 31. Small openings in the epidermis

______ 32. The thin, flattened part of a leaf

______ 33. A bundle of xylem and phloem tissuesin a leaf

______ 34. A stalk that attaches a leaf to a stem

______ 35. A loose tissue with many air spacesbetween its cells

Gas Exchange and Homeostasis36. Why can’t stomata be kept open all the time?

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37. Complete the flowchart that summarizes how guard cells help maintain homeostasis.

For Questions 38-42, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

_______ 38. Which is likely to happen to a plant if it starts losing more water than it can take in?

A. It will reproduce.B. It will flower.

C. It will grow.D. It will wilt.

StructureA. leaf vein

B. blade

C. petiole

D. stomata

E. spongy mesophyll

F. palisade mesophyll

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_______ 39. Which is a plant that has narrow leaves with a waxy epidermis?

A. cactusB. spruce

C. rock plantD. rose bush

_______ 40. A pitcher plant’s leaves are adapted forA. conducting photosynthesis.

B. limiting transpiration.C. catching and digesting insects.

D. pollination and fertilization.

_______ 41. A rock plant adapts to hot, dry conditions by having very few

A. thorns.B. leaves.

C. stomata.D. nutrients.

_______ 42. A cactus’s thorns are actually itsA. leaves.

B. stems.C. roots.

D. bark.

Root Structure and Growth43. Complete the table that compares the types of root systems.

Types of Root Systems

Type of Root Description

Mainly in Dicots or

Monocots?Examples

Long and thick primary roots that grow deep into the soil

Equally sized branch roots that grow separately from the base of the stem

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Root Functions44.Name at least two functions, besides uptake of water and nutrients, of a plant’s roots.

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45.What is the role of active transport in the uptake of water by plant roots?

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46. Where in roots are active transport proteins located?

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47. What happens to water and dissolved minerals after they move across the epidermis of a root?

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48. Why is there a one-way passage of materials into the vascular cylinder in plant roots?

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49. What is root pressure?

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50. People often give potted houseplants more fertilizer than they need. As a result, the plants begin to wilt and eventually die instead of getting larger and healthier. What could be the reason for this result?

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Stem Structure and Function51. What are the three main functions of stems?

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52. What is an example of a stem that conducts photosynthesis and stores water?__________________________________________________________________________________

Growth of StemsFor Questions 53-, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

53. Plants grow in a way that is the same as the way animals grow.

54. The number of legs an animal will have is predetermined, but the number of branches a plant will have is not predetermined.

55. Primary growth of stems is the result of elongation of cells produced in the ground tissue.

56. The increasing thickness of stems and roots in dicots and gymnosperms is called new growth.

57. Vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles.

58. Stems become thicker because the cambium produces new layers of vascular tissue each year.

59. “Girdling” is a term that refers to removing the bark of a tree in a complete ring around the trunk or a branch. Predict the effect that girdling will have on a tree. Explain.

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60. Complete the illustration showing the formation of wood and bark. Use the following terms: wood, bark, cork, cork cambium, vascular cambium, phloem, heartwood, and sapwood.

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The Structure of FlowersFor Questions 1–10, match the floral part with its description.

Floral Part

_________ 1. anthers

_________ 2. carpels

_________ 3. filament

_________ 4. ovary

_________ 5. petals

_________ 6. pollen

_________ 7. sepals

_________ 8. stamen

_________ 9. stigma

_________ 10. style

11. Complete the illustration by labeling the parts of the flower indicated.

Hormones1. What is a hormone?

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2. What are the functions of hormones in plants?

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Description

A. Stalk with a stigma at the top

B. Structures that produce male gametophytes

C. Structure that contains one or more ovules

D. Outermost circle of floral parts (usually green)

E. Long, thin structure that supports an anther

F. Floral parts that produce female gametophytes

G. Yellowish dust that contains male gametophytes

H. Male structure with an anther and a filament

I. Brightly colored parts just inside the sepals

J. Sticky, top portion of style

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3. What is a target cell?

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For Questions 4–18, match the action with the plant hormone that produces it. Hormones may be used more than once.

Action

________ 4. May oppose the effects of auxins

________ 5. Promotes cell elongation

________ 6. Causes petals and leaves to drop

________ 7. Promotes seed germination

________ 8. Promotes seed dormancy

________ 9. Stimulates cell division

________ 10. Causes the enlargement of fruits

________ 11. Causes apical dominance

________ 12. Stimulates fruit ripening

________ 13. Forms in growing roots

________ 14. Forms in aging leaves and flowers

________ 15. Opposes the effects of abscisic acid

________ 16. Stimulates dramatic stem growth

________ 17. Stimulates new root growth

________ 18. Inhibits cell division

19. Complete the table about plant tropisms.

Plant Tropisms

Tropism Definition Example

Gravitropism

Phototropism

The response of a plant to touch

Plant Hormone

A. abscisic acid

B. auxin

C. cytokinins

D. ethylene

E. gibberellin

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Chlorophyll and ChloroplastsFor Questions 1–6, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

1. Chemicals that absorb light are called _________________________.

2. Chlorophyll makes plants look green because it __________________________ green light.

3. Chloroplasts contain an abundance of saclike photosynthetic membranes called _________________________.

4. The _______________ is the fluid portion of the chloroplast located outside the thylakoids.

5. The visible light absorbed by chlorophyll _______________ the energy level of the chlorophyll’s electrons.

6. Label the internal parts of the chloroplast below.

An Overview of PhotosynthesisFor Questions 7-9, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

___________ 7. What are the reactants of the photosynthesis reaction?

a. chlorophyll and light c. carbohydrates and oxygenb. carbon dioxide and water d. high-energy electrons and air

___________ 8. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

a. chloroplasts and light c. oxygen and ATP

b. proteins and lipids d. water and sugars___________ 9. Where do the light-independent reactions occur?

a. stroma c. chlorophyllb. thylakoids d. mitochondria

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10. Complete the illustration by writing the reactants and products of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Also, fill in the energy source that excites the electrons.

11. Solar power uses cells or panels to absorb the sun’s energy. That energy is then used to create electricity. How does this compare to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

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