Global History Marking Period 5 Weeks 4 and 5

India – Gandhi, Independence, and Partition

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British Colonial Rule

Geography of India

Gandhi & civil disobedience

Watch Gandhi

College Overnight

Gandhi & civil disobedience

Watch Gandhi

College Overnight

Partition of India and Pakistan

CHINA MEMOIR DUE

Day 5: Tues 4/16 Day 6: Wed 4/17 Day 7: Thurs 4/18 Day 8: Fri 4/19

Quiz on Unit 5, Sec. 7; Unit 6, Sec. 4; Unit 7, Sec. 4(Everything on India)

India Today

Thematic Essay Review

Thematic Essay Unit Test: (100 pts)

Start Unit on Cold War around the World

Get ready for individual research!

Calendar and Agenda for Weeks 4 and 5 (subject to change):

Reminder: IF YOU’RE GOING ON THE COLLEGE OVERNIGHT TRIP: CHECK TO SEE WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE/MADE UP

Label the following:

Textbook pg. 191:HimalayasArabian SeaBay of BengalIndo-Gangetic PlainThar Desert

As a group:Monsoons Languages:

Hindi BengaliTeluguMarathiTamilUrduEnglish

Railroads

Population: 1,200,000,000 (Expected to be the most populous country in the world by 2025)- 68% live on less than $2 per day

1500

s –

1800

s

1600

s –

1900

s 1857

1858

1880

s

1906

1908

1915

1919

1930

s

1947

1950

1948

Timeline events (not included in packet):

1500s-1800s: Mughal Empire

1600s-1900s: British East India Company

1857: Sepoy Rebellion

1858: British Raj

1880s: Inidian National Congress

1906: Muslim League

1908: Gandhi jailed for first time in S.A.

1915: Gandhi returns to India as national hero

1919: Amritsar Massacre

1930s: Purna Swaraj & Salt March

1947: Indian Independence & Partition (including 12 million people migration)

1948: Gandhi assassinated

1950: Nehru elected president (bans discriminating against “untouchables” and gives rights to women

Multiple Choice Questions

1.) The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans

2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help

3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans

4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

2.) The Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were similar in that they

1. restored power to the hereditary monarchies

2. attempted to reject the traditional cultures in these countries

3. resisted foreign influence in these countries

4. reestablished the power of religious leaders

Take up the White Man’s burden—Send forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

--Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”

3.) The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the1. negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world2. advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America

3. positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia

4. challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans

4.) One result of British colonialism in India was that India1. adopted a parliamentary system of government2. developed religious unity

3. supported Western foreign policies in the United Nations

4. created programs to increase its population

5.) “When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my Caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my Caste.”

What is the main idea of this quotation?1. the Caste system continues to influence Indian society2. the Caste system has been reflected by most Indians

3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste

4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system

6.) The primary goal of the Indian National Congress (1855-1947) was to1. reform the Hindu religion2. partition India between Muslims and Hindus

3. create a socialist economy

4. gain independence from Great Britain

7.) Which event was used by Mohandas Gandhi to bring world attention to the injustices of British colonialism?1. salt march2. partition of India

3. Sepoy Mutiny

4. formation of the Indian parliament

8.) Since the 1950’s, India has experienced conflict with both Pakistan and China over1. United Nations peacekeeping efforts in the region2. India’s increasing trade with Korea

3. borders and related territorial issues

4. the interpretation of common religious works

9.) Which statement best reflects a belief of Mohandas Gandhi?1. Muslims and Hindus must be separated if true peace is to come to India2. India must adopt the British factory system

3. The caste system must remain an important cornerstone of Hindu society

4. India must achieve independence, but not at the expense of further dividing the Indian people

10.) Since India’s independence in 1947, the government has had the greatest success in1. increasing overall food production2. reducing the population

3. eliminating religious conflict

4. controlling industrial pollution

11.) One reason India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947 was that1. Great Britain was defeated in World War II2. the Treaty of Versailles required Great Britain to give up its colonies

3. Great Britain did not have the resources to maintain an empire after World War II

4. India had supported the Axis Powers during World War II

12.) One similarity between the Sepoys in India, the Boxers in China, and the Mau Mau in Kenya is that these groups1. tried to drive Europeans out of their countries2. depended on Western support for their success

3. adopted Marxist economic and political principles

4. sought independence through nonviolence

13.) The “homespun movement” and the Salt March promoted by Mohandas Gandhi in India are examples of his policy of1. industrialization2. isolationism

3. nonalignment

4. nonviolent protest

14.) Which statement best explains why India was partitioned in 1947?1. the British feared a united India2. one region wanted to remain under British control

3. religious differences led to political division

4. communist supporters wanted a separate state

15.) During India’s independence movement, Mohandas Gandhi’s boycott of British-made products was effective because the British considered India a major1. shipping center2. industrial center

3. market for manufactured goods

4. source of mineral resources

16.) In India today, the continued discrimination based on caste illustrates1. a commitment to a capitalist economic system2. the gap between law and tradition

3. the influence of the Cold War on India

4. the declining role of religion in modern society

17.) The caste system is still practiced in India today primarily because it is1. encouraged by village customs and traditions2. enforced by the military

3. supported by Christian and Muslim teachings

4. mandated by law

“Indian National Congress Refuses To Support British War Effort”“Indians Answer Call for the Production of Homespun Cloth”

“Indians Call for Boycott of Imported British Cloth”

18.) These three headlines all refer to1. attempts by the native people to gain Indian independence2. political reorganization in the British colonial empire

3. programs to increase India’s standard of living

4. the benefits of economic interdependence between Britain and India

19.) After World War II, the conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India resulted in the1. near genocide of the Hindu population2. creation of the Muslim state of Pakistan

3. forced removal of most Hindus from northern and western India

4. decision of Mohandas Gandhi to seek election as Prime Minister of India

20.) A sense of national unity has been difficult to maintain in India because of1. its reliance on foreign aid2. the emergence of a mixed economic system

3. the continuing influence of militarism

4. the desire of religious groups for greater autonomy

British Colonial RuleFor much of its history the Mughal Dynasty ruled India. Like the Chinese emperors, they were

able to unify India and build a rich and powerful society. During the 1600s British and French traders established trading posts in India. They competed with each other and hired local Indians to fight on their behalf. These Indian troops were called sepoys and they would help expand Great Britain’s and France’s spheres of influence in India. Eventually the British traders – who were part of the British East India Company – were able to mostly push the French traders out of India. Additionally, the British were able to convince the Mughal Emperor to collect taxes on Indian citizens in northeast India. Soon, the real power in the region was the British East India Company. Much like the Chinese emperors, the Mughals became ineffective and weak.

In 1847 many of the sepoys the British East India Company hired were upset because they were asked to do things that went against their religion. The sepoys – who were mostly Muslim and Hindu – attempted to fight against the British in the Sepoy Mutiny, but the British quickly crushed the rebellion. The Hindus and Muslims were unable to fully unite and some sepoys fought with the British (those of the Sikh faith). Although unsuccessful, the mutiny created a sense of nationalism across India. This caused the British Government to take control away from the British East India Company and rule India directly as a colony. This time of British control is known as the British Raj.

In the 1880s a small group of wealthy Indians formed a group called the Indian National Congress. Its purpose was to discuss and debate British policies and rule, but by the early 1900s the organization wanted full Indian independence. In 1906 a group of Muslim leaders split off from the Indian National Congress, which had mostly Hindu leaders, in order to form the Muslim League, whose goals were to protect the rights and interests of Muslim Indians.

During World War I almost 1 million Indians served on the side of the Allies (Great Britain, France, U.S.). Many Indians died during the war, so Britain promised India greater self-governance, however the British failed to deliver this promise. With growing resentment toward the British, many Indians were organizing in protest and even attacking British citizens living in India. As a result, the British banned public meetings. In April, 1919 a large group of Indians assembled in the city of Amritsar. British troops shot into the large crowd killing

approximately 400 Indians and wounding 1,200 in what is known as the Amritsar Massacre. The British brought some good things with them: railroads were expanded, a mailing system

developed, irrigation for farming was improved, education was expanded, and certain customs that threatened human rights were ended. However, the British also introduced negative things, too: crops for food were replaced by cash crops, top government jobs went to British citizens, Indian resources were used for Great Britain, and Indians were treated as inferior.

Mohandas Gandhi: The MahatmaMohandas Gandhi was born in western India in 1869 into a family with a father who was a high

ranking local official. Growing up, he was taught to be accepting of all faiths and not to look down on anyone based on their religion. At the age of 13 he was married to his wife, Kasturba, through an arranged marriage. His family encouraged him to become a barrister – a courtroom lawyer – so that one day he could fill his father’s position. Though Gandhi was not a great student, he managed to travel to London in 1888 to study law. In London, Gandhi became interested in religion and studied Buddhist and Hindu texts, which would have a huge impact on his later philosophies. Three years later Gandhi returned to India to practice law, though his firm soon failed. Eventually Gandhi agreed to take a job in South Africa – then part of the British Empire – working for Indian traders, many of whom were Muslim.

While in South Africa Gandhi would develop many of his political views, philosophies, and leadership skills. When Gandhi first arrived he experienced the hardships Indians were facing in South Africa. He was thrown off of a train, twice, and was refused service at various hotels. He saw South African Indians experiencing the prejudice of apartheid and began questioning his people’s place in the British Empire. One of his earliest protests was a mass burning of registration documents that all Indians were required to carry with them at all times. For this Gandhi was put in prison for the first time.

This form of non-violent protest was called Satyagraha: to fight against a law using love and peace as opposed to violence. This type of protest is an example of civil disobedience (the act of purposely disobeying the laws or commands of a government or occupying power). After many years Gandhi was able to secure a compromise from the South African government. Able to successfully unite Indians of different religions and social classes in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India in 1915 as somewhat of a national hero. Many Indians wanted India to become independent and saw Gandhi as someone who could unite and lead them to independence.

When Gandhi returned, the Indian National Congress recruited him. Gandhi, however, knew very little about the politics or issues of India since he spent very little time there during his life. By 1920, however, Gandhi became the leader of the party. He was able to not only gain the support of Hindus, which was a majority of the Indian population, but also Muslims, which were the second largest religious group in India. This was significant because, historically, Hindus and Muslims have been in violent conflict.

One of Gandhi’s campaigns was the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. He advocated that instead of wearing British made clothes, Indians create their own clothes using homespun cloth (cloth that one makes in their own home). Civil disobedience became very popular

across India, however it also had unintended consequences. Violence also spread and many Indians were severely hurt, even killed, during the non-violent protests. As a result, Gandhi called off the campaign and was imprisoned for two years. Without his leadership, the National Indian Congress began to divide and the tensions between Hindus and Muslims began to escalate, again. Gandhi spent much of the 1920s trying to re-unify his party and ease the tensions between Hindus and Muslims. To try and accomplish this, Gandhi wouldn’t eat (fasting) for weeks at a time until demands were met.

One of the most successful campaigns of Satyagraha was the Salt March in 1930. The British had created monopolies on many items and goods in India, including salt. As a way of protest, Gandhi led a march that from his home to the coast of India; over 240 miles long. The purpose of the march was to reach the coast and break British law by making salt. On the way, thousands of Indians joined the march and millions more around India made their own salt. The British authorities arrested over 60,000 Indians during the campaign and were baffled as to what to do with Gandhi. The Salt March was proof that the British were weakened by Satyagraha and a pivotal turning point in the independence movement.

Gandhi somewhat opposed the caste system. The caste system is a very structured social class system whereby your caste (rank) would dictate what rights, jobs, and interactions you could have, as well as where you could live. In Hinduism, your caste was determined by how good you were in your previous life. At the very bottom of the Indian caste system were the “Untouchables.” They had very few rights and they were the poorest. Gandhi supported the Untouchables and fasted for six days while in prison. The public outcry at his fasting forced the British to repeal a law that further limited their rights.

One of the last campaigns of Gandhi’s life was the “Quit India” campaign. This was started during World War II while Great Britain was fighting against Nazi Germany. Gandhi said he could not support Great Britain’s struggle since they were eager to fight for freedom in Europe, but willing to oppress the Indian people. Gandhi called for “an orderly British withdrawal” from India, causing Indians all across the country to protest for independence. Again, the British arrested tens of thousands of people – including Gandhi – and severely limited Indians’ rights. Due to deteriorating health, Gandhi was released from prison in 1944. By this time, the Muslim League had gained a lot of support and had begun campaigning for a separate Muslim nation: Pakistan. Gandhi opposed the idea because it contradicted his belief of religious unity throughout India.

By the end of World War II Great Britain saw the need to reduce the size of its empire, which included granting India independence. However, Great Britain also supported the creation of the Muslim state of Pakistan. In 1947 Great Britain passed the Indian Independence Act which created the nations of Pakistan and India. This division into two countries is known as the Partition of India, which caused millions of Hindus living in Pakistan to migrate to India and millions of Muslims in India to migrate to Pakistan. Close to 500,000 died during this migration due to conflicts between the two groups.

Gandhi would spend the remainder of his life trying to ease the tensions between Hindus and Muslims, as well as share his teachings and philosophies. In 1948 a Hindu radical shot and killed Gandhi. His assassin opposed the idea of nonviolence and believed Gandhi, a Hindu, supported the Muslims more. Two million people attended his funeral, with millions more around India and the world mourning his death. For his efforts and philosophy of non-violence, Gandhi would earn the nickname Mahatma or “Great Soul.”

Questions on Gandhi Reading

1.) What was significant in Gandhi’s youth that shaped his views on religion later in life?

2.) How was Gandhi treated when he arrived in South Africa?

3.) Why would Gandhi choose Satyagraha to challenge the British?

4.) What was the purpose of the “homespun movement?” How did it end?

5.) What happened while Gandhi was imprisoned?

6.) Why would Gandhi fast? Why do you think it was effective?

7.) What was the Salt March? What did it show about the British government in India?

8.) What was the Muslim League and what were they hoping to accomplish?

9.) Shortly after the Partition of India, Gandhi was assassinated. Why?

10.) Do you think non-violent civil disobedience is effective? Would you use it to create change?

11.) Pretend you could go back in time and be the person to decide whether or not to divide India into a Muslim nation (Pakistan) and a Hindu nation (India). What would you do?

Gandhi Movie GuideGandhi is a 1982 biographical film based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi, who led the nonviolent resistance movement against British colonial rule in India during the first half of the 20th century.

Satyagraha

1. What are conditions like for Indians living in South Africa?

2. Why does Gandhi burn his pass? What does the pass represent to him?

Speech to South African Indians

3. During the speech, many audience members stand up to advocate killing British soldiers, saying they are willing to die fighting for their rights. How does Gandhi respond?

4. Why would the Indians sing Great Britain’s national anthem at the end of Gandhi’s speech?

Amritsar Massacre

5. Why did Gen. Dyer open fire on the Indians gathering in Amritsar Square?

6. Why would Gen. Dyer be disciplined by the British?

Homespun Movement & Violence

7. Why does Gandhi tell Indians to spin their own cloth and make their own clothes?

8. What does Gandhi do when the Homespun Movement turns violent?

Salt March

9. What’s Gandhi’s plan for the Salt March? What happens to the size of the march as they move forward?

10. The British have a monopoly on the production of salt. Why would Gandhi focus on salt?

11. How do the British initially react to the Salt March? How do they eventually react to it?

12. What happens at the salt mine? Does this help or hurt the British?

Independence and Partition

13. Eventually the British grant independence to India, but not all Indians are united. What divides them?

14. Because of religious tension, Gandhi has to choose between dividing India into Pakistan and India (Partition) or civil war. What ends up happening?

 

India Partition Plan

Document A: Muhammad Ali JinnahThe passage below is a speech by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was known as the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as president of the All-India Muslim League

from 1913 until Pakistan’s independence on August 15, 1947. The speech became known as the “Two Nations” speech and was delivered at the Muslim

League’s annual meeting in 1940. 

“If the British Government really wants to secure the peace and happiness of the people of this Subcontinent, the only course open to us is to allow Hindus and Muslims separate homelands, by dividing India into ‘autonomous national States.’ It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders. It is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality. This misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits and is the cause of most of our troubles and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to revise our notions in time.

The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literature. They neither intermarry, nor inter-dine together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. To yoke together two such nations under a single State, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of the government of such a State.”

1.) What is Jinnah’s opinion? How does he want to split up India?

2.) Why would he want to split up India in this way?

Document B: Jawaharlal Nehru

The passage below is an excerpt from the book The Discovery of India, by Jawaharlal Nehru published in 1946. Nehru was India’s

first Prime Minister and a member of India’s Hindu Congress during pre-Independence. Nehru was actively involved in India’s Independence Movement

and he wrote the book between 1942-1945 when he was in prison for civil disobedience.

 “Any division of India on a religious basis as between Hindus and Muslims, as proposed by the Moslem League today, cannot separate the followers of these two principal religions of India, for they are spread out all over the country. Even if the areas in which each group is in a majority are separated, huge minorities belonging to the other group remain in each area.

Other religious groups, like the Sikhs, are split up unfairly against their will and placed in two different states. In giving freedom to separate to one group, other groups are denied that freedom… If the economic aspects of separation are considered, it is clear that India as a whole is a strong and more-or-less self-sufficient economic unit. If the division is made so as to separate the predominately Hindu and Muslim areas, the Hindu areas will not be so hard hit. The Muslim areas, on the other hand, will be economically backward. Thus, the odd fact emerges that those who today demand separation will suffer the most from it…

It is difficult to imagine any free state emerging from such turmoil, and if something does emerge, it will be full of contradictions and [unsolvable] problems.”

1.) What is Nehru’s opinion? Why does he want to keep India unified?

2.) What sort of “contradictions” and “unsolvable problems” do you think Nehru is worried about if India were to be split?

Questions:1.) Who are the groups of people that are migrating and why are they doing so?

2.) Why are these two groups in conflict?

3.) Would you have partitioned India into two different countries?

Mumbair Terror Attacks: 7 Pakistanis Chargedby: Nick Schifrin (ABC News)

One day before the first anniversary of the worst terror attacks in India's history, Pakistan today made its first formal charges against seven Pakistanis accused of planning and executing the assault that killed 166 in the southern city of Mumbai.The men are members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a militant group created in the late 1970s -- with the help of Pakistan's intelligence agency -- to attack in India and Afghanistan.The case is being closely watched by U.S. and Indian authorities. They want to see how willing and able Pakistan is to crack down on militant groups it once supported.

In Washington, Indian Prime Minister Monmohan Singh praised the action but said Pakistan had not done enough to curb militants who use its soil to attack India."It is our strong feeling that the government of Pakistan could do more to bring to book people who are still roaming around in the country freely and to dismantle the infrastructure of terrorism," Singh said.

Lashkar-e-Taiba was also held responsible for the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi, after which Pakistan banned the organization. Pakistan has also banned the group's charity arm, Jammat-ud-Dawa, but that group has been recreated under a new banner, Pakistani officials admit.

- http://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592#.UWHXQ5MTXSg

Have relations between Pakistan and India improved or worsened since Partition?

Why are these countries still in conflict?

Is peace possible between India and Pakistan? What would have to happen to achieve that?