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Careers in Forensic Science
Forensic Science is: Also known as __________________________________________________________
The application _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Possible Careers
Forensic Scientists
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Crime Scene Investigators
Coroners
Medical Examiners
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Common Duties in Forensics
Data collection
Data ____________________________________________
Data interpretation
_________________________________________________
Specialized Duties
Forensic Scientists – identify and/or compare physical evidence through chemical, physical, and instrumental analysis
Criminologists – __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Crime Scene Investigators – collect and preserve physical evidence from crime scenes
Specialized Duties
Medical Examiners – perform autopsies to identify the causes and manners of death
Coroners – typically transport corpses from the crime scene to the morgue; some aid in death investigations
Prosecutors – initiate arrests, indictments and prosecution of criminals
What is the main difference between Medical Examiners and Coroners?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Disciplines – Within Forensic Science
Trace Evidence (hair, fiber, paint, glass, impressions, etc.)
Latent Prints (____________________________________________)
Forensic Biology (Serology/DNA)
Toxicology (_______________________________________________)
Controlled substance (drugs)
Questioned documents (handwriting & typescripts)
Firearms (_________________________________________________)
Others
Other Disciplines
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensic ___________________________________________________
Forensic Anthropology
Forensic Computer Science
Forensic __________________________________________________
Forensic Entomology
Forensic _________________________________________________
Forensic Psychology & Psychiatry
Explain what each discipline is responsible for.
Employment Opportunities
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal, State, and Local Crime Laboratories
Drug Enforcement ____________________________________ (DEA)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
U.S. Postal Service (USPS)
________________________________________________________________
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Employment Qualifications
Forensic Scientists – _________________________________________________________________________ or higher in natural or physical science
Criminologists – BS or higher in sociology or psychology
___________________________________________________________ – law enforcement officers with a certification, such as one from the International Association for Identification (IAI)
Medical Examiners (ME) – ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Coroners – equivalent to MEs in some jurisdictions; some are elected county officials who handle corpse and death investigation
Prosecutors – Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) in criminal law
Training
College education
______________________________________________________
In-house training provided by the employing agency
External training sponsored by federal and state agencies such as:
FBI National Academy in Quantico, VA
Texas Department of Public Safety (TXDPS)
Workshops provided by various associations during meetings
Organizations
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)
American Board of Criminalistics (ABC)
Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE)
More available on the AAFS website:
http://www.aafs.org/forensic-links
Certifications & Accreditations
American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors –Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD-LAB)
Accredits crime laboratories
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Certifies crime laboratories (ISO 17025)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Certifies testing materials used in analysis
American Board of Criminalistics (ABC)
Certifies individual forensic scientists
Forensic Science: Ethical Standards in Forensic Science
Forensic Science in the Legal System
Forensic science = legal _______________________ and legal _______________________________
Significant elements in resolving civil and criminal matters
Link or exonerate (_________________________________________) suspects
Forensic Science: in the Legal System (continued)
Any distinction between civil and criminal is artificial
Principles and procedures of the forensic science investigation are the same for both
Physical evidence:
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Balance of Legal & Ethical Responsibilities
Science = natural phenomena
Law = _____________________________________ rules & regulations
Be familiar with the law
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legal Responsibilities of Forensic Science
Follow procedures
Obey the rules of evidence
Maintain _____________________________________________________, why? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Stay within the ____________________________________________________________________ boundaries
Character of Forensic Scientists
Unprejudiced and impartial
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Have sufficient education and training
Main Functions of Forensic Science
Analyze – unearth factual information, regardless which side the evidence supports
_____________________________________ – evaluate findings, arriving at opinions and conclusions
Report – _______________________________________________________________________________________
Establishing a Professional Standard
An important issue for forensic science
Assessment is needed to standardize the collection, examination, and analysis of physical evidence
Ethical Guidelines for Analyzing Physical Evidence
_____________________________________examination
Interpret and/or evaluate findings
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use valid, reliable standards of comparison
Use _______________________________, _____________________________________ equipment
Precise
Reproducible
Ethical Guidelines for Interpreting Physical Evidence
Don’t confuse scientific ____________________ with _________________________________________
Qualify and explain opinions and conclusions appropriately
Don’t state conclusions and opinions _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Give proper weight and certainty to opinions and conclusions
Ethical Guidelines for Reporting Physical Evidence
Personal interest or gain should not be _________________________________ a report or testimony
Never claim results and/or accomplishments not your own
Limit testimony to conclusions drawn from examinations and analyses
Avoid _________________________________________________________ and terms easily misconstrued
Ethical Guidelines for Professional Courtesy
Re-examining evidence is permissible
Resolve differences of opinion before the case goes to trial
Advising attorneys about the testimony of another forensic scientist is permissible if in good faith, not malicious, and to prevent incompetent testimony
Ethical Guidelines for Reporting Physical Evidence (continued)
Use accepted standards for photographs, posters, or background information
Do not distort or use unduly sensational material
“Attorney-client” relationship applies, unless it leads to a miscarriage of justice
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ethical Guidelines for Professional Courtesy (continued)
Inform colleagues about _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Report invalid or unreliable methodology
___________________________________________________________________________________ of colleagues unless you can prove them as false or inaccurate
Do not misrepresent or distort the statements, results, reports, testimony, or work of colleagues.
History of Forensic ScienceBefore 17th century - Confrontation by the accuser
Confession under _______________________________ - Guilty
Strength to resist the pain - ____________________________________________
Criminalistics – also refers to _________________________________________ forensics (evidence found at crime scene to suspect) such as fingerprints or blood
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1775
Swedish Chemist
Devised the test for detecting the poison ___________________________________ in corpses
Alphonse Bertillon
French ________________________________________
Introduced the Bertillon system (aka Anthropometry) in 1879
Used various _________________________________ of the body to __________________________ people by their physical appearance
Replaced by ______________________________________________________ after the Will West case in _______________________________
The __________________________________ first used fingerprints, to identify ownership of objects
Henry Faulds, Frances Galton and Sir Edward Henry developed the use of fingerprints
Valentin Ross
German Chemist
1806
Discovered a more ___________________________ method for detecting ___________________________ of Arsenic
Mathieu Orfilla
Spain
1814
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons
1828
The Invention of the __________________________________________________________________________
1839 - First microscopic detection of sperm
James Marsh
Scottish Chemist
1839
____________________________________________________________________________ on the detection of Arsenic in a victim’s body
1863
The first presumptive test for blood
What is a presumptive blood test? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
1850’s – 1860’s – Development in photography and Improved records in forensic science
Therefore as picture technology got better so did record keeping.
Hans Gross
Austrian prosecutor and judge
1893
Published Criminal Investigation
Discussed the benefits of __________________________ (microscopy, chemistry, physics, zoology, botany, geology and fingerprinting) in ________________________________________________________
Karl Landsteiner
1901
Discovered ___________________________________________________
Albert Osborn
1910
Published Questioned Documents
Paul Kirk
Paul Kirk, known as the father of __________________________________________ in the U.S., first used this term
Paul Kirk, University of California, established first university forensic program in 1937
Edmond Locard
1877-1966
French doctor/criminologist
Locard’s Exchange Principle
Opened the very ____________________________________________________________________ in France
Principle of Exchange
Established by Dr. Edmond Locard, the principle states:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Study of the material can determine the nature and duration of the transfer
_______________________________________ – any small piece of evidence that may be found on clothing, car, or home, or on the soles of someone’s shoe
Why is this so important to forensic science? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Please use the following space to explain Locard’s Exchange Principle in your own words.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Walter McCrone
1916-2002
American chemist
_________________________________________________________
Examined The Shroud of Turin and the Vinland map
The History of Blood and Body Fluids
1983- Kary Mullis developed _______________________________________________________________, which is the basis for all DNA typing in forensic cases today
_________ Sir Alec Jeffries used DNA fingerprinting to solve a double murder case in England
History of Crime Labs in the United States
1923 - Los Angeles PD Crime Lab (the _________________________________________________ in US)
August Vollmer, LAPD Chief, established the first crime lab in the United States
1930’s – University of CA at Berkeley Dept. of ________________________________________________ headed by __________________________
1932 –FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover opens the ______________________ Laboratory
1981 –FBI opens Forensic Science Research and Training Center
Federal Crime Laboratories
FBI Laboratory (Quantico, VA)
Drug Enforcement _______________________________________________________ (DEA) Laboratories
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (_________________) Laboratories
U.S. Army Crime Investigation Laboratory (Fort Gillem, GA)
U.S. Postal Inspection Service Laboratories (why does the postal service have their own laboratories?) __________________________________________________________________________________
Crime Labs Abroad
The ______________________ Home Office
Metropolitan Police Laboratory (London)
5 other regional labs
Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (________________________________________) Laboratories
Centre of Forensic Sciences (Toronto)
The Institute of ________________________________ Medicine and Police _________________________ (Montreal)
Role of Forensic Pathologists and Anthropologists
Definition: Pathologist vs. Forensic Pathologist
Pathologist
A ____________________ who examines and analyzes tissue samples to identify irregularities and __________________________
Forensic Pathologist
A specialist who determines the ________________________________________________________ of the deceased
Forensic Pathologist: History
The Middle Ages
Autopsies were performed to establish _______________________________________________________ in humans
Well documented
Studied to help doctors discover more about human anatomy
The mid-1800’s
Rudolf Virchow
German physician
Known as the _______________________________________________________________________________
Explained how ___________________ arose in the individual cells and its effects on tissues and organ systems
Forensic Pathologist: History (continued)
1955
G.S.W. de Saram
Published detailed measurements of body temperature decrease in executed prisoners
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forensic Pathologist: Primary Role
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ with unexpected, sudden, or violent deaths
Determine cause, mechanism, and manner of death
Cause of Death (COD)
Is the underlying disease, injury, abnormality, or poisoning that results in a person’s dying
Examples of COD
Gunshot wound
______________________________________
Heart attack
Arsenic poisoning
If COD cannot be determined by _____________________________________________________________ is performed
Autopsy: a medical external and internal examination of a body to determine COD
Mechanism of Death
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples
A gunshot wound to the chest is the COD, but the mechanism of death is exsanguination (bleeding to death)
Drug overdose is the COD, but the mechanism of death could be heart failure
Manner of Death
There are ____________________________________________ into which the manner of death can fall
Natural
_____________________________________________
Suicide
Homicide
_____________________________________________
Forensic Pathologist: Other Responsibilities
Perform Autopsies
Collect evidence on the body (hair, blood, fibers, etc.)
________________________________________________________
Assist with the ID of the deceased
Establish time and date of death
_________________________________________________________
Act as an ________________________________________________________ in court
Forensic Pathologist: Career Information
Usually holds other titles like medical examiner, coroner, or medico-legal death investigator
People who hold these titles are usually appointed to the position of forensic pathologist
Medico-legal – _________________________________________________________________________________
However, people who hold these titles do not necessarily have to be forensic pathologists
Forensic Pathologist: Career Information (continued)
Education
High School diploma/equivalent
___________________________________________________
major doesn’t matter,
must complete pre-requisites for medical school
Attend medical school and obtain a MD or DO degree
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Certifications and Licenses
Must have a license to practice medicine
________________________________________________________
Pass the exam given by the American Board of Pathology
Forensic Pathologist: Career Information (continued)
Other requirements
Have a ____________________________________________________
Work well under pressure
Be able to accept that they hold a ______________________________________________________________
Communicate well with others
Be able to keep calm and patient
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forensic Pathologist: Career Information (continued)
Where they work:
State governments
City or county governments
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
The federal government
Private groups or practices
Hospitals
Salary and Benefits
$151,000-$308,000 annually (in 2012)
Paid vacation
Health, disability, and life insurance
Retirement or pension plans
Work a 40-hour week, but are called in if there is a death emergency
Forensic Pathologist: Career Information (continued)
Outlook for the career choice
____________________________________________________________________
Population increasing means more deaths that need analyzing by forensic pathologists
Definition: Anthropologist vs. Forensic Anthropologist
Anthropologist
Has at least a master’s degree
_____________________________________________________________________
Studies humans’ physical, social, and language development, and the cultures they establish
Forensic Anthropologist
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forensic Anthropologist: History
1878
Published an essay that uses parts of skeletal remains that can establish age, sex, or height
1939
W.M. Krogman
Published the book The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine
Although the term forensic anthropology is not used in the textbook it is used as a guide for many years
Forensic Anthropologist: History (continued)
1957
Thomas Mocker and T. Dale Stewart
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Formed the basis of forensic anthropology
1971
___________________________________________ starts the first “Body Farm” at the University of Tennessee
Forensic Anthropologist: Primary Role
To identify someone from skeletal, decomposed, or charred remains
Forensic Anthropologist: Primary Role (continued)
Skeletal remains can tell a forensic anthropologist a _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Human or animal
Age
Sex
Height
Race
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forensic Anthropologist: Other Responsibilities
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
May perform facial reconstruction to recreate a person’s face
Help search areas for remains and recover them
Act as an expert witness in court
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Plane Crashes
Natural Disasters
Terrorist Attacks
Forensic Anthropologist: Career Information
Education
After receiving a high school diploma
Obtain a bachelor’s degree in anthropology, anatomy, or osteology
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forensic Anthropologist: Career Information
Education
Complete graduate work in anthropology or forensic anthropology
It is important to pick a _____________________________________________________ where you would like to work
Because most graduates in this field of study receive their first job at their university
Complete a doctorate (optional)
Needed to join the faculty at a college or university
Most places may hire people with a master’s degree on a temporary basis, but they usually need to be working on their doctorate
Forensic Anthropologist: Career Information
Certificates and Licenses
Complete certification through the American Board of Forensic Anthropology
Have a Ph.D.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pass a practical exam and a written exam
Forensic Anthropologist: Career Information (continued)
Other requirements
Work well with a team
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Communicate well with others
Have good writing skills
Be able to train and teach others
Forensic Anthropologist: Career Information (continued)
Where they work
Colleges or universities
Most work here and are brought in for cases
Research institutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Military
Salary and Benefits
Hard to find actual salary information for forensic anthropologist s
Regular anthropologists make between $32,000 and $117,000 (in 2012)
Earn $100 – 200 an hour as consultants
Vacation and sick time
Health and life insurance
Pension or 401K plans
Forensic Anthropologist: Career Information (continued)
Outlook for career
Growing _________________________________________________________________________ than average
Because the forensic anthropology field is so small and the turnover is low
The number of applicants is larger than the number of positions available
Similarities
These careers overlap since ____________________________________________________________________ is a continuous process
Pathologists are helpful when mummified tissues exist
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Both work to determine the time since death, look for any evidence on deceased, and collect the evidence
Working Together
They will work together on cases with the investigators assigned
Both are a part of the medico-legal system if needed
Medico-legal systems are required for any of the following cases:
_______________________________________________________
____________________________________, not in a doctor’s care, of __________________________________
Deaths in prison or other state-run institutions
Deaths of children that are less than 1 year old