American Society for Nutrition

Style Guide For use with:Advances in Nutrition (AN)The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN)The Journal of Nutrition (JN)

1st Edition

Updated June 17, 2015

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Contents

INTRODUCTION 10ABBREVIATIONS 11

AUTHOR INITIALS 11ARTICLE TITLE 11GENES AND PROTEINS 11GENUS/SPECIES 12FOOTNOTE 12HEADINGS 12LATIN 12LOCATIONS 12

Australian states and territories_____________________________________________________________12Canadian provinces_______________________________________________________________________12United Kingdom__________________________________________________________________________12United States____________________________________________________________________________13

NONSTANDARD ABBREVIATIONS 13Abbreviations footnote____________________________________________________________________13Abstract________________________________________________________________________________13Beginning of a sentence___________________________________________________________________13Single-word abbreviations__________________________________________________________________13Studies and trials_________________________________________________________________________14Text___________________________________________________________________________________14

PLURALS 14POSSESSIVES 14SALUTATIONS 14SINGULARS 14STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS 14STATISTICAL ABBREVIATIONS14TABLES 15TRADEMARKS 15UNITS OF MEASURE 15

Area under the curve (AUC)_________________________________________________________________15Body mass index (BMI)____________________________________________________________________16Concentrations__________________________________________________________________________16Units of measure that may be used without definition___________________________________________16

Units of area and volume__________________________________________________________________17Units of concentration____________________________________________________________________17Units of length_________________________________________________________________________17Units of mass__________________________________________________________________________17Units of time___________________________________________________________________________17

ABSTRACT 18ABBREVIATIONS 19CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY 19REFERENCE CITATIONS 19

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 21

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF STUDY GROUP PARTICIPANTS 21ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF INDIVIDUALS 21AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 22

AFFILIATIONS 23ABBREVIATIONS 23FOOTNOTE SYMBOLS 23FORMAT 23FOREIGN AFFILIATIONS 24SAMPLE AFFILIATIONS 24

One author, one affiliation_________________________________________________________________24One author, multiple affiliations_____________________________________________________________24Multiple authors, one affiliation_____________________________________________________________24Multiple authors, multiple affiliations_________________________________________________________24

APPENDICES 25ARTICLE SECTIONS 26ARTICLE TITLE 27

CAPITALIZATION 27GENES AND PROTEINS 28SHORT TITLE 28SPECIES NAMES 28TENSE 28

ARTICLE TYPES 29ADVANCES IN NUTRITION 29AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 29

Book Review____________________________________________________________________________30CD-ROM Review_________________________________________________________________________30Letter to the Editor_______________________________________________________________________31

JOURNAL OF NUTRITION 31AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 33AUTHOR DISCLOSURES 34AUTHOR LINE 34

AUTHOR DEGREES 35AUTHOR NAMES 35AFFILIATION SYMBOLS 35COURTESY TITLES 35

CAPITALIZATION 36ARTICLE TITLE 36AUTHOR SURNAMES 36BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE 36DESIGNATORS 36GEOGRAPHICAL ENTITIES 36HEADINGS 36“THE JOURNAL” 36TABLE TITLES 36

ETHICS 37

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FIGURES 38FIGURE CITATIONS 38

Citation with a table______________________________________________________________________39Locants________________________________________________________________________________39Uncited figures__________________________________________________________________________39

FIGURE LEGENDS 39Abbreviations___________________________________________________________________________40Designators and directionals________________________________________________________________40Locants________________________________________________________________________________40Magnification___________________________________________________________________________41Permissions_____________________________________________________________________________41Symbols________________________________________________________________________________41

FOOTNOTES 43ARTICLE TITLE PAGE 43

Prior presentation________________________________________________________________________43Financial support_________________________________________________________________________44

Open access___________________________________________________________________________44Author disclosure_________________________________________________________________________44Disclaimer______________________________________________________________________________45Online supporting material_________________________________________________________________45Present address__________________________________________________________________________46Equal contribution________________________________________________________________________46Deceased author_________________________________________________________________________46Correspondence__________________________________________________________________________46Abbreviations___________________________________________________________________________47

PUBLISHED AHEAD OF PRINT47RECEIVED/REVIEWED/ACCEPTED 48TABLES 48TEXT 48

HEADINGS 49ABBREVIATIONS 49ARTICLE SECTIONS 49CAPITALIZATION 49CHAPTER SECTION HEADINGS 49RUNNING HEADS 49

Right running head_______________________________________________________________________49Left running head________________________________________________________________________50

TEXT HEADINGS 50Level 1 heading__________________________________________________________________________50Level 2 heading__________________________________________________________________________51Level 3 heading__________________________________________________________________________51Level 4 heading__________________________________________________________________________51

HYPHENATION 52COMPOUNDS 52

Hyphenated compounds___________________________________________________________________52Open compounds_________________________________________________________________________53

Adverb ending in “-ly” + participle or adjective___________________________________________________53Object and gerund used as noun_____________________________________________________________53Proper adjectives derived from geographic entities_______________________________________________53well_________________________________________________________________________________53

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Widely established compounds or disease names________________________________________________53NUMERICAL RANGES 53PREFIXES 54SUFFIXES 54

-fold___________________________________________________________________________________54VARIABLES 54

KEYWORDS 55MANUFACTURER INFORMATION 56

CITATION 56TRADEMARKS 56

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS 57“E” NOTATION 57SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 57

NOMENCLATURE 58AMINO ACIDS 58CENTRIFUGATION58CHEMICAL 58CURRENCY 59ENZYMES 59EQUATIONS 59FATTY ACIDS 60

cis and trans____________________________________________________________________________60Common names and systematic names_______________________________________________________60Standard (n) system and omega (ω) system____________________________________________________61

GENES AND PROTEINS 61Supporting material______________________________________________________________________61

GREEK 62HORMONES 62LATIN 62RADIOACTIVITY 62RATIOS 63RESTRICTION ENZYMES 63SI PREFIXES 63STATISTICAL TERMINOLOGY 63

Abbreviations and terms___________________________________________________________________64Confidence intervals______________________________________________________________________66Computer programs______________________________________________________________________66Interaction terms_________________________________________________________________________66Means SDs, SEs, SEMs___________________________________________________________________66P values________________________________________________________________________________66Ratios, risks, and coefficients_______________________________________________________________67

TAXONOMY 67TEMPERATURE 67VITAMINS 67

Preferred terminology_____________________________________________________________________67Units__________________________________________________________________________________68

NUMBERS 69BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE 69

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COMMA 69DATES 69FRACTIONS 69MEASUREMENTS 69ORDINAL NUMBERS 69PERCENTAGES 69PROPORTIONS 70RANGES 70SERIES 70SPELLING OUT NUMBERS 70TIME 71ZERO 71

PRIORITY CLAIMS 72PUNCTUATION 73

APOSTROPHE 73BRACKETS 73COLON 73COMMA 73EM DASH 74EN DASH 74EXCLAMATION POINT 74HYPHEN 74PARENTHESES 74

Fence order_____________________________________________________________________________75Punctuating data within parentheses_________________________________________________________75

PRIME SYMBOL 75QUOTATION MARKS 76SEMICOLON 76VIRGULE 76

Proportions_____________________________________________________________________________76

REFERENCES 77CITATIONS 77

Author names___________________________________________________________________________77Citations in the abstract___________________________________________________________________77et al.___________________________________________________________________________________77Figures and tables________________________________________________________________________78Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals______________________________________________78Multiple references_______________________________________________________________________78“Recent” studies_________________________________________________________________________78

JOURNAL ABBREVIATIONS 78PUBLICATION CITIES NOT REQUIRING STATE/COUNTRY NAMES 78STYLE 79

Books__________________________________________________________________________________79Article or chapter in an edited book__________________________________________________________79Author(s) and editor(s)____________________________________________________________________79Book with edition_______________________________________________________________________79Book with volume_______________________________________________________________________79Editor(s), compiler(s) as author______________________________________________________________79Organization(s) as author__________________________________________________________________79

Conference paper________________________________________________________________________80Conference proceedings___________________________________________________________________80

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Dissertation or thesis______________________________________________________________________80Electronic material_______________________________________________________________________80

CD-ROM______________________________________________________________________________80Database on the Internet, closed____________________________________________________________80Database on the Internet, open_____________________________________________________________80Database on the Internet, partial____________________________________________________________80Journal article on the Internet______________________________________________________________80Monograph on the Internet________________________________________________________________80Online computer program (e.g., open-source statistical packages)_____________________________________81Website______________________________________________________________________________81Website, part/portion of__________________________________________________________________81

Government and agency documents_________________________________________________________81Ethics________________________________________________________________________________81Statistics______________________________________________________________________________81Allowances and guidelines_________________________________________________________________81Food composition_______________________________________________________________________81

Journal articles__________________________________________________________________________82Abstract______________________________________________________________________________82Article containing retraction________________________________________________________________82Article not in English_____________________________________________________________________82Article published electronically ahead of the print version__________________________________________82Article republished with corrections__________________________________________________________82Article retracted________________________________________________________________________82Article with discussion____________________________________________________________________83Article with published erratum______________________________________________________________83In press (not published ahead of print)________________________________________________________83Issue with supplement____________________________________________________________________83No author given________________________________________________________________________83No volume or issue______________________________________________________________________83Online article__________________________________________________________________________83Organization as additional author____________________________________________________________83Organization as only author________________________________________________________________83Roman numeral pagination________________________________________________________________83Type of article indicated as needed___________________________________________________________83Volume with part________________________________________________________________________84Volume with supplement__________________________________________________________________84

Legal material___________________________________________________________________________84Code of federal regulations________________________________________________________________84Hearing_______________________________________________________________________________84Public law_____________________________________________________________________________84Unenacted bill__________________________________________________________________________84

Magazine article_________________________________________________________________________84Map___________________________________________________________________________________84Newspaper article________________________________________________________________________84Patent_________________________________________________________________________________84Scientific and technical reports______________________________________________________________84

Issued by funding/sponsoring agency_________________________________________________________84Issued by performing agency_______________________________________________________________85WHO technical report series________________________________________________________________85

Software packages_______________________________________________________________________85Unpublished material_____________________________________________________________________85

Personal communications_________________________________________________________________85Unpublished data_______________________________________________________________________85

SPELLING86

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AMERICAN VERSUS BRITISH 86-IC VERSUS -ICAL 86

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL 87CITATIONS 87

TABLES 88TABLE CITATIONS 88

Citation with a figure______________________________________________________________________88Uncited tables___________________________________________________________________________89

TABLE NUMBER AND TITLE 89TABLE HEADINGS 90

Column headings_________________________________________________________________________90Row headings___________________________________________________________________________90

TABLE BODY 91Reference citations_______________________________________________________________________91

TABLE FOOTNOTES 91Table title footnote_______________________________________________________________________91Table heading and table body footnotes______________________________________________________93Statistical footnotes______________________________________________________________________94

ABBREVIATIONS 94N AND N VALUES 94P VALUES 95UNITS 95

Column headings_________________________________________________________________________95Row headings___________________________________________________________________________96

TERMINOLOGY 97USAGE 107

ANIMAL STUDIES 110DIETS 111EPONYMS 111HUMAN STUDIES 111ITALICS 111PASSIVE VOICE 112POSSESSIVE FORM 112RACE/ETHNICITY 112SLANG/JARGON 112TENSE 112

APPENDIX 1: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 113APPENDIX 2: SAMPLE TABLES 123

COLUMN HEADINGS 123Units_________________________________________________________________________________123

Example 1___________________________________________________________________________123Example 2___________________________________________________________________________123Example 3___________________________________________________________________________124Example 4___________________________________________________________________________124Example 5___________________________________________________________________________125

Units vs. statistical designators____________________________________________________________126Example 1___________________________________________________________________________126Example 2___________________________________________________________________________126

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ROW HEADINGS 127Units_________________________________________________________________________________127

Example 1___________________________________________________________________________127Example 2___________________________________________________________________________127

Units vs. statistical designators____________________________________________________________128Example 1___________________________________________________________________________128

Value consistency_______________________________________________________________________128Example 1___________________________________________________________________________128

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Introduction

This guide is designed for use with the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) titles Advances in Nutrition (AN), The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN), and The Journal of Nutrition (JN). In general, the ASN titles follow Council of Science Editors (CSE) style. Consult Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th Edition) for any style topics not covered in these guidelines.

In addition to Scientific Style and Format, refer to the following references for other style points:

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition)Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th Edition)Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (28th Edition)

Using this guideAll entries in the Table of Contents are hyperlinked for quick access, as are any cross-references in text. Simply click on the hyperlink to be taken directly to the section that is being cross-referenced:

Standard abbreviations do not require expansion and should not be defined at first mention. See Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a list of standardabbreviations.

Text box NOTES highlight important aspects or interpretations of various style points.

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♫ NOTE  Always check to make sure that all parts of a figure labeled with locants are explained in the legend.

Abbreviations

Author initials Do not use a period to offset author initials; close up multiple middle initials (e.g., Donald CR Benoit).

Article titleNonstandard abbreviations may not be used in the article title without expansion; spell them out.

Gene and protein abbreviations may be used in the article title without definition provided they are defined in the abstract (see also Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations).

Genes and proteinsAll gene and protein abbreviations must be defined at first use both in the abstract and in the text (but see exceptions for select proteins in Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations).

Gene and protein abbreviations may be used in the article title without definition provided they are defined in the abstract (see also Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations).

Once a gene or protein name has been defined, it is not necessary to redefine the abbreviation of an associated gene or protein. The only exception to this rule is when the gene and protein abbreviations are different. For example, in the following passage, it is not necessary to redefine CD36, because the gene abbreviation is identical to the protein abbreviation; however, SCARB1 (the gene form of the protein SR-BI) must be defined, because the gene abbreviation differs from the protein abbreviation:

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and cluster determinant 36 (CD36) are involved

in cellular uptake of some provitamin A carotenoids…. The involvement of scavengerreceptor class B type I (SCARB1) and CD36 genetic variants on plasma levels of

provitaminA carotenoids was assessed...

Gene abbreviations should be defined in the abbreviations footnote only if their corresponding protein is not defined in the text and the abbreviations footnote.

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AJCNStandard abbreviations may be used in the article title without expansion.

ANJNOnly select standard abbreviations may be used in the article title without expansion; see Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a detailed list of standard abbreviations that may be used in the article title.

Protein abbreviations should be defined in the abbreviations footnote except for select proteins that do not require expansion (see Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations).

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Genus/speciesSee Nomenclature/Taxonomy.

FootnoteSee Footnotes/Article title page/Abbreviations.

HeadingsStandard and nonstandard abbreviations are allowed in headings, but nonstandard abbreviations should not be defined in a heading and should only appear in a heading if defined previously in the text. The appearance of a nonstandard abbreviation in a heading counts toward the minimum usage requirement of 3 times in the text (see Abbreviations/Nonstandard abbreviations/Text).

Latin See Nomenclature/Latin.

LocationsIn the affiliations and correspondence footnote, include postal abbreviations for US states; allow but do not require Australian states and territories and Canadian provinces (spell out both).

Spell out Australian states and territories, Canadian provinces, and US states in text.

Australian states and territoriesNSW New South Wales VIC VictoriaNT Northern Territory TAS TasmaniaQLD Queensland WA Western AustraliaSA South Australia

Canadian provincesAB Alberta NS Nova ScotiaBC British Columbia ON OntarioLB Labrador PE Prince Edward

IslandMB Manitoba QC QuebecNB New Brunswick SK SaskatchewanNF Newfoundland YT Yukon TerritoryNT Northwest

Territories

United KingdomDo not abbreviate “United Kingdom” as “UK” unless it is part of the name of an organization or institution that uses the abbreviation.

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United StatesAbbreviate “United States” as “US” when used as a modifier (e.g., US Department of Agriculture; US Food and Drug Administration; a U.S.–based study; but physicians in the United States).

AL Alabama IA Iowa NV Nevada SC South Carolina

AK Alaska ID Idaho NH New Hampshire

SD South Dakota

AZ Arizona KS Kansas NJ New Jersey TN TennesseeAR Arkansas KY Kentucky MT Montana TX TexasCA California LA Louisiana NM New Mexico UT UtahCO Colorado ME Maine NY New York VT VermontCT Connecticu

tMD Maryland NC North Carolina VA Virginia

DE Delaware MA Massachusetts

ND North Dakota WA Washington

FL Florida MI Michigan OH Ohio WV West VirginiaGA Georgia MN Minnesota OK Oklahoma WI WisconsinHI Hawaii MS Mississippi OR Oregon WY WyomingIL Illinois MO Missouri PA PennsylvaniaIN Indiana NE Nebraska RI Rhode Island

Nonstandard abbreviationsNonstandard abbreviations must be defined in parentheses after the first occurrence of the term in text (exception: see Abbreviations/Nonstandard Abbreviations/Studies and trials); thereafter, use only the abbreviation. See Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a list of nonstandard abbreviations.

Nonstandard abbreviations should be introduced only if they are used at least 3 times in the text or at least twice in the abstract.

All nonstandard abbreviations used in the text must be defined in the abbreviations footnote.

Abbreviations footnoteSee Footnotes/Article title page/Abbreviations.

AbstractAbbreviations used in the abstract must appear at least twice in the abstract to be abbreviated. Otherwise, spell out the term.

Beginning of a sentenceA nonstandard abbreviation may begin a sentence without expansion or definition only if it has been defined previously in the article text (see Abbreviations/Nonstandard abbreviations/Text).

Single-word abbreviations

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In general, do not allow single-word nonstandard abbreviations (e.g., do not abbreviate “lipogenesis” as LG); however, single-word abbreviations are allowed for diets (e.g., “M diet” for “MYB10 diet”) or study groups (e.g., “C group” for “control group”).

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Studies and trialsAbbreviations of large studies and clinical trials should be expanded in parentheses after the first use of the abbreviation. For example:

Wang et al. (6) showed in the large prospective EPIC (European Prospective Investigation

into Cancer and Nutrition) study that…

Exception: NHANES is considered a standard abbreviation and should not be expanded.

TextA nonstandard abbreviation may be used in the text only if it appears 3 or more times within the text (including the definition).

PluralsThe use of the plural form for abbreviations (e.g., “SNPs”) is required. Verb use for abbreviations should agree with the context of the discussion in which the abbreviation appears.

If the expanded form of a term is plural at first mention, the parenthetical abbreviation must also be plural [e.g., “Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been observed in…”].

PossessivesIf the expanded form of a term is possessive at first mention, the parenthetical abbreviation must also be possessive [e.g., “The American Medical Association’s (AMA’s) Council on Ethics enacted a policy… ”].

SalutationsDo not allow salutations or academic degrees in acknowledgments.

SingularsUse the articles a and an to indicate the singular form of an abbreviation. The article used should correspond with the sounding of the first letter of the abbreviation (e.g., an HIV test; a UV ray).

Standard abbreviations Standard abbreviations do not need to be defined at first mention in the text and should be used in favor of the expanded term whenever possible See Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations for a list of standard abbreviations that do not require expansion/definition, including any exceptions.

See also Abbreviations/Genes and proteins for exceptions regarding gene and protein symbols.

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Statistical abbreviationsSee Nomenclature/Statistical terminology/Abbreviations and terms.

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TablesSee Tables/Abbreviations.

TrademarksSee Manufacturer Information/Trademarks.

Units of measureThe use of SI (International System) units of measure is preferred (but not mandatory), and the use of metric units and the Celsius scale (C) for temperatures is required. When English units are used (e.g., cups, inches, pounds, and tablespoons), allow them to stand but list the SI unit in parentheses.

Units should be used consistently throughout an article.

Always leave a space between numbers and units of measure (e.g., 20 mg not 20mg). The following units of measure should be changed as indicated below:

In lists, units of measure should appear only after the final value listed (e.g., 2, 3, and 5 g Zn/L; 20 or 30 g/kg diet) unless the unit is one that is closed up to the number (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%).

Verbs following units of measure should be singular (e.g., “5 mL of solution was…” or “47 mg of iron was added…”)

Where a modifier appears between a number and unit of measure, the unit should be spelled out (e.g., “2 additional weeks” but “2 wk” and “3 successive days” but “3 d”).

Units of measure should always be abbreviated when used with numerical values, but should be spelled out if a numerical value is not being described except when used with the word “expressed”; for example:

4 g/mL but “All doses were micrograms per milliliter.”11 cm but “Tumor sizes were measured in centimeters.”expressed as kg/m2 but “When expressed per kilogram body weight…”

Unit abbreviations are considered standard abbreviations and thus should not be defined at first mention in the text.

♫ NOTE Units take a singular verb because they refer to an indivisible quantity (e.g., “3 mL of supernatant was added to each petri dish”).

♫ NOTE Do not abbreviate units when used as designators (e.g., “study day 7” not “study d 7”).

Area under the curve (AUC)Acceptable formats for area under the curve (AUC) units include:

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nmol/L . h nmol . L−1 . h nmol . h/L

nmol/L × h nmol × L−1 × hnmol × h/L

Any of the above formats is acceptable, but be consistent within a given article.

Body mass index (BMI)The BMI unit of measurement should be established at first mention in the text; do not repeat the unit of measurement for subsequent BMI values. For example:

In RCTs, LCSs significantly reduced body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2): −0.24; 95%CI: −0.41, −0.07]. Among prospective cohort studies, LCS intake was significantlyassociated with slightly higher BMI (0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.06).

ConcentrationsFor concentrations, use a single virgule (e.g., g/L) rather than a center dot/negative exponent (g · L –1) (but note that there are exceptions for area under the curve). Do not use a double virgule, however; use center dot/negative exponent notation instead (e.g., 8 mg · kg–1 · min–1 not 8 mg/kg/min).

Do not use the word “of” with concentrations (e.g., 10 mg squalene/L not 10 mg of squalene/L).

If the substance corresponds to the first unit of the concentration, list the substance before the virgule (e.g., 20 mg Fe/d not 20 mg Fe/d).

Feeding studiesFor feeding studies, “g per person per day” is permissible; it is not necessary to convert to center dot and negative exponent notation.

Per capitaDo not allow the use of capita in units [e.g., kcal/(capita· d)]; instead, add per capita to the sentence in an appropriate place. For example:

Change: In 2012, the average consumption of beverages was ~382

kcal/(capita· d) among adults aged >20 y. to:In 2012, the average per capita consumption of beverages was ~382

kcal/d among adults aged >20 y.

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Units of measure that may be used without definition

g acceleration of gravityBq becquerelbp base pairC degree Celsiusi.d. internal (inner) diameterJ joulekat katal (mole per second)kb kilobasekbp kilobase pairkDa kiloDaltonmm Hg millimeters of mercuryo.d. outer diameterU unitV voltW watt

Units of area and volume L literμL microlitermL millilitercm2 square centimetermm2 square millimetervol2 volume

Units of concentrationmmol/L or mM millimolar (millimoles/liter)mol/L or μM micromolar (micromoles/liter)mol/L or M molar (moles/liter)

Units of lengthcm centimeterm meterm micrometer (do not use micron or um)nm nanometer (do not use angstrom; query author to convert)mm millimeter

Units of massDa daltong gramkDa kilodaltonkg kilogramμg microgram (do not use mcg)μmol micromolemg milligrammmol millimolemol molemOsmol milliosmolewt weight

Units of time d day

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h hourmin minutemo months secondwk weeky year

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Abstract

The abstract must be 300 words or less.

In AN articles, the abstract is a single unstructured paragraph.

In AJCN and JN research articles, the abstract is structured and includes the following headings:

For reviews, special articles, and reports, the abstract is a single, unstructured paragraph that states the purpose of the article and emphasizes the major concepts and conclusions.

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AJCN

ABSTRACTBackground: One or 2 sentences that explain the context of the study. Objective: The precise objective, the specific hypothesis to be tested, or both are stated. Use the plural form of the heading (i.e., Objectives) if more than one objective is stated. Use complete sentences.Design: The study design, including the use of cells, animal models, or human participants, is described. The control group, specific methods and procedures, and interventions, if used, are described. Use complete sentences.Results: The most important findings, including results of statistical analyses, are

reported.Conclusions: One or 2 sentences that summarize the primary outcomes of the study, including their clinical application, if relevant (avoid generalizations). The tense used regarding specific results should be consistent. Overall ramifications should be given in present tense.Use the singular form of the heading (i.e., Conclusion) if only one conclusion is stated.

JN

AbstractBackground: One or 2 sentences that explain the context of the study. Objective: The precise objective, the specific hypothesis to be tested, or both are stated. Use the plural form of the heading (i.e., Objectives) if more than one objective is stated. Use complete sentences.Methods: The study design, including the use of cells, animal models, or human participants, is described. The control group, specific methods and procedures, and interventions, if used, are described. Use complete sentences.Results: The most important findings, including results of statistical analyses, are

reported.Conclusions: One or 2 sentences that summarize the primary outcomes of the study, including their clinical application, if relevant (avoid generalizations). The tense used regarding specific results should be consistent. Overall ramifications should be given in present tense. Use the singular form of the heading (i.e., Conclusion) if only one conclusion is stated.

Supplement articles typically will have an unstructured abstract; however, supplement articles that present original research should have a structured abstract.

The following article types do not publish an abstract:

AJCN AN JNBook Reviews Letters AnnouncementsEditorials Nutrient Information Biographical articlesLetters Reports from the

AgenciesBook Reviews

Symposium introductions Symposium introductions CommentariesHistory of NutritionIssues and OpinionsLettersSymposium introductions

The abstract should end with a slug line with the requisite journal abbreviation:

Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:105–12. Adv Nutr 2014;5:225–36. J Nutr 2014;144:98–103.

For articles without abstracts, add the slug line to the copyright line.

AbbreviationsThe abbreviations footnote citation/footnote symbol should not appear in the abstract. Spell out any abbreviations that appear only once in the abstract.

Clinical trial registryAny article that discusses a trial that has been registered with a clinical trial registry should include a clinical trial registry statement at the end of the abstract. Observe the following format:

This trial was registered at [registry name] as [registration number].

Examples:

This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00109551.This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as

ISRCTN35739639.

♫ NOTE Always use lowercase letters in clinicaltrials.gov (not ClinicalTrials.gov).

♫ NOTE In addition to the end of the abstract, provide the trial registration number in parentheses at the first mention of the trial acronym in text.

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Reference citationsReference citations are not allowed in the abstract, including any citations of unpublished material; remove them and query the author for confirmation.

If the reference citations in the text have been numbered in order after the citations used in the abstract (e.g., if the text starts with reference 3 because the abstract had cited references 1 and 2), renumber the references in text accordingly.

If the reference citations are deemed necessary, they should be written out in the abstract in parentheses but without the article title. For example:

…as reported previously (Smith et al. Br J Nutr 2012;142:20–8).…as reported by Smith et al. (Br J Nutr 2012;142:20–8).

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Acknowledgments

The Acknowledgments section appears at the end of the article text, immediately before the References.

Acknowledgments of study group participantsIf a separate list of study group participants is provided, place it in a separate paragraph before the Acknowledgments paragraph. For example:

The members of the International Nutrition Study Group are: …We thank David Littleton for…

Acknowledgments of individualsIn general, edit the acknowledgments to individuals lightly, correcting for ASN style as necessary. In addition, observe the following style points:

change “acknowledge” to “thank” wherever possible delete phrases such as “would like to” and “wish to” use first person instead of third person (e.g., “We thank” not “The

authors thank”) Follow author use of full first names or initials (e.g., “We thank

John Lee” or “We thank J. Lee”)

It is not acceptable to acknowledge the following:

administrative assistance secretarial assistance unknown reviewers or other groups of unnamed individuals (e.g.,

“research staff” or “study participants”); if listed, query the author to provide names or delete the text in question

♫ NOTE  It is acceptable to acknowledge named individuals for providing editorialassistance and/or language assistance.

♫ NOTE  Funding statements or acknowledgment of financial support should be movedto the financial support footnote on the title page.

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AJCNThe Acknowledgments section is not preceded by a heading.

ANJNThe Acknowledgments section is preceded by the heading Acknowledgments.

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Author contributionsEvery article must include an author contributions statement. The author initials should match the names used in the author line, and the order of initials should match the order of authors in the author line.

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AN

AJCNThe author contributions are set as a separate paragraph directly below the acknowledgments of individuals at the end of the article text. This paragraph should conclude with an author disclosures statement; query if missing.

The authors’ responsibilities were as follows—AX, RFG, and PG-Y: designed research;

RFG and QC: conducted research; PT: analyzed data; AX and QC: wrote the paper. None

of the authors reported a conflict of interest related to the study.♫ NOTE Editorials and Letters do not require author contributions but do requirean author disclosures statement.

JNThe author contributions are run into the same paragraph as the acknowledgments of individuals. This paragraph concludes with an approval statement; query if missing (“All authors must read and approve the final manuscript and include a statement to this effect in the list of authors’ contributions. Please confirm that this is the case.”).

We thank John Smith for developing the study cohort database. AX, RFG, and PG-Ydesigned research; RFG and QC conducted research; PT analyzed data; AX and QCwrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.♫ NOTE For single-authored research papers and reviews, the approval statementshould read: “The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript.”♫ NOTE Author contributions are not required in Advances in Nutrition articles.

Onlythe approval statement is needed.

Affiliations

The affiliations should appear immediately below the author line in the copyedited file.

NEVER change the order of the authors to match the affiliations. The affiliations should always be ordered based on the order of the author line, not vice versa. Note, however, that in the case of combined affiliations, sequential ordering of combined affiliations in the affiliations footnote will sometimes result in footnote symbols appearing out of order in the author line (see also Affiliations/Sample affiliations).

Example:

Erin L. Glynn,6 Christopher S. Fry,6 Micah J. Drummond,4,6,8 Kyle L. Timmerman,5 Shaheen Dhanani,5 Elena Volpi,5,7 and Blake B. Rasmussen4,6,8*

Departments of 4Physical Therapy and 5Internal Medicine, Divisions of 6Rehabilitation Science and 7Geriatrics, and 8Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX

AbbreviationsAbbreviations should not be used in the affiliations, with the exception of “US Department of Agriculture.”

Footnote symbolsUse numerals for affiliation footnote symbols (numerals should be used for all footnote symbols, except for the corresponding author footnote, for which an asterisk is used). Affiliation symbols are superscript and appear in front of their respective affiliations, closed up to the first letter of each affiliation.

♫ NOTE The asterisk (*) is an inherently superscript character and thus should not be superscripted manually.

FormatDifferent departments within a single institution should be given separate affiliation footnote numbers, but combine the information for multiple divisions, departments, sections, etc. at a shared institution. Do not combine multiple institutions within the same location or multiple cities within the same state/country.

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Separate multiple affiliations with semicolons, except between multiple departments/divisions at the same institution, which should be separated by a comma. Add “and” before the last affiliation listed; do not add a period at the end of the footnote.

List only division and/or department (or the like) information, institution, city, and 2-letter state abbreviation. Delete street addresses and/or post office box numbers from affiliations. Do not query the author for postal codes when they are missing, and delete them if they are present. When the city for an affiliation is the District of Columbia, set “DC” without periods.

Foreign affiliationsInclude city and country information for foreign affiliations. Delete “USA” when it is listed for a domestic affiliation.

Change foreign spelling to English (e.g., Wien to Vienna, Munchen to Munich). If it is too difficult to translate a foreign affiliation (e.g., if the entire affiliation is in a foreign language), query the author to make the translation.

Allow but do not require Australian states/territories and Canadian provinces (spell out both; see Abbreviations/Locations).

♫ NOTE Foreign spellings are allowed in the correspondence footnote.

♫ NOTE Use “Netherlands” (not “the Netherlands” or “The Netherlands”).

Sample affiliations

One author, one affiliationSamih H NasrDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

One author, multiple affiliationsRuth RahamimovDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikvah, Israel; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Multiple authors, one affiliationJean-Philippe Rioux, Diane Watson, and Christopher T ChanDepartment of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

29

Multiple authors, multiple affiliationsStefan Hoby,4,5 Christian Wenker,5 Nadia Robert,4 Thomas Jermann,5 Sonja Hartnack,6 Helmut Segner,4 Claude Aebischer,8 and Annette Liesegang7

4Center for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; 5Zoo Basel, Basel, Switzerland; 6Section of Epidemiology and 7Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and 8DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland

30

Appendices

If present, appendices appear after the References section and should be preceded by a level 1 heading (e.g., APPENDIX A).

Appendixes are lettered (A, B, C, etc.), even if there is only one appendix in the article.

If an article contains an appendix, it must be cited in text. The first citation of an appendix in the text should be bold (e.g., Appendix A).

Tables, figures, and equations that appear within an appendix are numbered with the appendix letter:

Figure A1 Table A1Equation A1

Note, however, that if an appendix consists entirely of a table, the heading APPENDIX A replaces the table number.

References that appear in an appendix are numbered in the usual manner, but do not number them contiguously with the text references; they must start with reference 1.

31

Article Sections

Article sections should appear in the following order:

Subsection headings are not mandatory, especially when the Methods section is short. When a manuscript includes a long Methods section, however, subsection headings should be added for clarity. Common subheadings for the Methods section include Animals; Diets; Animals and diets; Animals and treatments; Measurement of XXX; Enzyme assay; Statistics; and Statistical analyses.

Manuscripts should not include Summary or Conclusions sections; if either one is provided, run the text into the end of Discussion section, delete the Summary or Conclusions heading, and add “In summary, …” or “In conclusion, …” to the beginning of the text in question.

♫ NOTE  Summary or Conclusions are acceptable under the following circumstances:

as a subsection of the Discussion in original research papers, but only if thereis at least one other subsection included in the Discussion; or

in Review papers (including supplements).

32

AJCN

AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussion

AN

AbstractIntroductionAuthor-prescribed sections

JN

AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussion

Capitalize article sections when cited in the text (e.g., “…as described in Subjects and Methods.”).

33

Article TitleChanges should not be made to the article title unless they are absolutely necessary (e.g., to correct grammatical errors). Always query the author for approval of any changes to the article title. When possible, titles without “Effect of...” are preferred:

“Excess Vitamin A Decreases the Specific Activity of Galactosyltransferase in Golgi Apparatus of Rat Liver,” not “Effects of Excess Vitamin A on the Specific Activity...”

Capitalization

♫ NOTE  If the title or subtitle begins with an abbreviation or scientific term that must

begin with a lowercase letter, retain the lowercase letter (e.g., “mRNA does not...”).

34

AJCNAJCN article titles are set in sentence case. Capitalize only:

the first letter of the first word proper nouns abbreviations genus names scientific terms that must be capitalized

Article subtitles that follow a colon should begin with a lowercase letter (e.g., “Ischemic heart disease: a prospective study”).

Article subtitles that follow a period should begin with an uppercase letter (e.g., “Ischemic heart disease. Part 2”).

AN

JNCapitalize all words in the title except articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, or, but), and prepositions of any length (about, against, along, at, before, beneath, between, by, during, for, from, in, inside, into, of, on, onto, outside, over, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, upon, via, with, within, without).

Capitalize the second element of a hyphenated word found in Webster’s (e.g., Long-Term, Follow-Up, Three-Dimensional).

Capitalize both parts of past participles (e.g., Drug-Induced Coma).

Capitalize Latin terms (e.g., Results of an In Vitro Study)

Capitalize all verbs, including 2- and 3-letter verbs (e.g., Be, Is, Are); however, the “to” in infinitives should be lowercase (e.g., to Run).

Genes and proteinsGene and protein abbreviations may be used in the article title without definition provided they are defined in the abstract.

Short titleSee Headings/Running heads/Right running head.

Species namesSpecies names should be spelled out in article titles.

TenseUse the present tense for most titles. The only time that past tense should be used is to refer to events that occurred in the past. Examples:

Present tense:A Six-Month Intervention Has [not Had] Long-Term Effects on

Growth of Vietnamese InfantsApolipoprotein E Genotype Has a Modest Impact on the Postprandial Plasma Response to Meals of Varying Fat Composition in Healthy Men: a Randomized Controlled TrialDHA-Enriched High–Oleic Acid Canola Oil Improves Lipid Profile and Lowers Predicted Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Canola Oil Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Past tense:The 2008 Food Price Crisis Negatively Affected Household Food Security

♫ NOTE The above examples reflect the capitalization rules for Advances in Nutrition

and The Journal of Nutrition.

35

Article Types

Advances in NutritionBelow is a summary of the article types found in Advances in Nutrition.

ASN EB Symposium Publication ManuscriptConsensus ConferenceEditorialErratumExpression of ConcernFrom the American Society for Nutrition:

Consensus/Position StatementInvitation for Nominations

Letter to the EditorNutrient InformationPerspectiveReport from the AgenciesRetractionReviewSponsored Supplement Publication ManuscriptWith Appreciation

American Journal of Clinical NutritionBelow is a summary of the article types found in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Book ReviewCD-ROM ReviewCommentaryEditorialErratumExpression of ConcernFrom the American Society for Nutrition:

Calendar of EventsConsensus/Position StatementIntersociety CommunicationInvitation for NominationsReport of a MeetingSpecial Task Force Report

In MemoriamLetter to the EditorNarrative ReviewOpinionOriginal Research CommunicationPerspectiveRetractionReview ArticleSpecial ArticleSupplement & Symposia ArticleWith Appreciation

Book ReviewThe format of a Book Review is as follows:

36

Book Title, [edited] by John R James and Beth E Smith, 1994, 200 pages, hardcover, $25. Publisher name, city, and state or country if needed.

This is an essential book for any nutritionist because... Conflict of interest statement.Reviewer’s nameAddressCity, State ZipCountry [foreign countries only]E-mail: reviewer@uc.edu [do not query if missing]

♫ NOTE All Book Reviews must include a statement including potential conflicts ofinterest or a statement indicating that none of the authors had a conflict of interest.

♫ NOTE  References are allowed but are not mandatory. If included, place them at theend of the text, before the reviewer’s name and affiliation.

CD-ROM ReviewThe format of a CD-ROM Review is as follows:

CD-ROM Title, A Topics in International Health CD-ROM, edited by the Wellcome Trust, 1999, $120.00. System requirements: WINDOWS 95, 98, or NT with 16 MB available RAM, 486 DX2 or better processor, and monitor capable of displaying 16-bit color; MAC versions of this CD-ROM are not available. CAB International, New York, NY.This CD-ROM is a useful tool for... Conflict of interest statement. Reviewer’s nameAddressCity, State ZipCountry [foreign countries only]E-mail: reviewer@uc.edu [do not query if missing]

37

Letter to the Editor The format of a Letter to the Editor is as follows:

Letter title

Dear Editor:

We read with great interest the article by Lee et al. in which they describe...

Conflict of interest statement.

Jean HuangHorng-Yih OuRaymond KlingerKen C Chiu

From the Department of Clinical Diabetes, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (JH; KCC, e-mail: kchiu@coh.org); the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departmentof Internal Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H-YO); and the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (RK).

REFERENCES

♫ NOTE All Letters must include a statement including potential conflicts of interest ora statement indicating that none of the authors had a conflict of interest.

♫ NOTE For Letters for which no reply letter has been submitted, the following

statement should be added before the references: “Note: The  authors of the original

article chose not to submit a reply.”

Journal of NutritionBelow is a summary of the article types found in The Journal of Nutrition.

AnnouncementASN EB Symposium PublicationBiochemical, Molecular, and Genetic MechanismsBiographical ArticleBook ReviewCommentary

38

♫ NOTE  If the Letter has a Reply, the title should be:

One author: Reply to B Smith Two authors: Reply to B Smith and T Jones

Community and International NutritionCritical ReviewEditorialErratumExpression of ConcernFrom the American Society for Nutrition:

Calendar of Events Consensus/Position StatementInvitation for Nominations

Genomics, Proteomics, and MetabolomicsHistory of NutritionIngestive Behavior and NeurosciencesIssues and OpinionsLetter to the Editor*Methodology and Mathematical ModelingNutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient–Nutrient Interactions (including Nutritional Toxicities)Nutrient Requirements and Optimal NutritionNutrition and DiseaseNutritional EpidemiologyNutritional ImmunologyNutritional ToxicologyRecent Advances in Nutritional Sciences (RANS)RetractionSponsored Supplement PublicationWith Appreciation

39

Author Contributions

See Acknowledgments/Author contributions.

40

Author Disclosures

41

AJCNSee Acknowledgments/Author contributions.

AN

JNSee Footnotes/Article title page/Author disclosure.

Author Line

Author degreesAuthor degrees (e.g., M.D., Ph.D.) should not be listed in the author group; delete them if provided by the author.

Author names Include each author’s full first name and surname directly below the article title; query if not provided (i.e., if only the first initial is provided), except in cases where the middle name is spelled out (e.g., F Scott Fitzgerald). Middle initials may be included if provided by the author.

In the case of 2 authors, separate the author names with the word “and” with no punctuation in between. In the case of 3 or more authors, include the word “and” before the final author name and use serial commas to separate all author names.

Do not offset pedigrees with a comma (e.g., James Malloy Jr. and Arthur Watson III).

NEVER change the order of the authors to match the affiliations. The affiliations should always be ordered based on the order of the author line, not vice versa. Note, however, that in the case of combined affiliations, sequential ordering of combined affiliations in the affiliations footnote will sometimes result in footnote symbols appearing out of order in the author line (see Affiliations/Sample affiliations).

If author names differ between the article coversheet and the manuscript (e.g., spelling, presence/absence of initials, etc.), follow the manuscript and query the author to verify.

♫ NOTE If for any of the authors it is unclear what constitutes that author’s surname,

query the author to circle the surname as it should be indexed in PubMed.

Affiliation symbolsAffiliation symbols should be placed after the author name, outside the comma, and should be set superscript (except for the asterisk). The asterisk (for the corresponding author footnote) should appear after numerical footnote symbols (for affiliations and other title page footnotes), but without a comma before it. Separate multiple symbols with a superscript comma (e.g., Anne Blanchard,4,5* Michael Frank,6,7).

See also Affiliations/Sample affiliations.

Courtesy titles

42

Courtesy titles (e.g., Mr., Ms., Mrs.) should not be listed in the author group; delete them if provided by the author.

43

Capitalization

Article titleSee Article Title/Capitalization.

Author surnamesRetain lowercase surnames even when beginning a sentence (e.g., von, van, de).

Beginning of a sentenceWhen a sentence begins with a Greek symbol or other non-Roman character, capitalize the first letter after the character in question (e.g., β-Carotene, [3H]Thymidine).

When beginning a sentence with an abbreviation that begins with a lowercase letter, retain the lower case letter (e.g., cDNA, mRNA).

When a sentence begins with a multiword term that starts with a lowercase letter, capitalize the first letter in the second part of the term (e.g., “n–3 Fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation improves…”).

DesignatorsDo not capitalize the following designators unless part of a proper noun:

classdaygroup

levelpatie

nt

phase

stage

type

44

Always use roman numerals with designators.

Examples: group A streptococcus phase III clinical trial

stage IV renal cancertype 2 diabetes

Geographical entitiesCapitalize “Western” when used within a specific cultural or geographical context (e.g., Western dietary pattern, Western Europe [but westernized]).

HeadingsSee Headings/Capitalization.

“The Journal”Capitalize “Journal” when referring directly to an ASN journal (e.g., “In this issue of the Journal…”).

Table titlesSee Tables/Headings/Column headings.

Ethics

Original research studies performed with human subjects, even when only questionnaires and food recalls are used, must state whether the procedures followed were in accord with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (for example, an author may include a statement similar to the following: “The study protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Board of the Hospital for Sick Children”) or in accord with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 1983.

Studies performed with animal subjects must have a statement indicating whether the procedures followed were in accord with an institution’s or the National Research Council’s guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Figures

For figures that contain graphs, both the x and y axes must be labeled. If a figure has 2 y axes (one on the left, one on the right), the left axis reads from bottom to top, and the right axis reads from top to bottom.

If there are any misspellings in a figure, including any non-US English spellings, query the author to provide a new figure with correct spelling.

Figure citationsEvery figure should be cited in the article text in numerical order.

Always spell out “Figure” when a main text or supplemental figure is cited, either parenthetically or as part of a sentence.

Examples:(Figure 1) Figure 1 shows…(Supplemental Figures 4–6) Supplemental Figures 4–6

show…(Figures 5 and 7) Figures 5 and 7 show…(Supplemental Figures 1, 7, and 8) Supplemental Figures 1, 7,

and 8 show…

♫ NOTE It is acceptable to use the word “show” when referring to the contents of a

figure (e.g., “Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of…”The first citation of each main text or supplemental figure in a manuscript should be boldface [e.g., (Figure 1A) and (Supplemental Figures 1 and 2)]. Note, however, that locants included in the first citations of a figure should not be boldface.

If possible, the first citation of each figure in a manuscript should be parenthetical (to avoid the awkward use of boldface in running text [e.g., “Figure 1 shows that…”]).

Omit the word “see” from figure citations unless it is grammatically necessary to include it:

Participants who were missing potential predictor variables were dropped from the

stepwise analysis (see Figure 2 for noted missing data).

♫ NOTE It is acceptable to cite all figures at once (e.g., Figures 1–5) if the Results

section is short.

♫ NOTE When the figures in an article are mentioned in a general sense and without

specific figure numbers, the word “figure” should be spelled out and lower case (e.g.,

“The figures in this article show…”).

♫ NOTE Do not allow figure citations in headings.

Citation with a tableIf a figure is cited in conjunction with a table, either in parentheses or in running text, list the items in numerical order, not alphabetical order:

Our results were not conclusive in identifying which method is most beneficial for this

patient cohort (Table 3, Figure 5).Table 2 and Supplemental Figure 3 summarize the univariate

analyses of postoperative variables.

LocantsAll figure locants are uppercase and are set in roman type; letter locants are closed up to the number:

(Figure 3A) Figure 3A shows…(Figure 2, upper panel) Figure 2, upper panel

shows…(Figures 5, 6) Figures 5 and 6(Figures 4A and 7B) Figures 4A and 7B show…

♫ NOTE Locants may appear as lower case characters if they appear in a figure that

cannot be altered (e.g., if they are embedded within a photomicrographic image). When more than one locant within the same figure is being cited, use the singular “Figure”:

(Figure 2A, B) Figure 2A, B shows…(Figure 5D–F) Figure 5D–F shows…(Figures 1–4) Figures 1–4 show…

If the citation of a figure lists all of the locants included in that figure, cite only the figure number (e.g., if Figure 6 contains only locants A–C, change any citations for Figure 6A–C to Figure 6).

Uncited figuresIf a figure is not cited in text, attempt to add an appropriate citation and query the author to either confirm the citation or request that it be positioned elsewhere as appropriate. If it is too difficult to determine an appropriate location, simply add a citation to the citation of the preceding figure in text and inform the author that it has been placed there temporarily for typesetting purposes.

Figure legendsFigure legends are set in a single paragraph and should concisely describe the content of the figure. The figure number is boldface and all caps. For example:

FIGURE 2 Percentage of patients who developed acute kidney injury by total medication exposure. The x axis indicates the number of medication exposures. The y axis indicates the percentage of patients with acute kidney injury.

All items included in a figure should be identified in the legend. If a figure includes multiple panels, a general figure description should be included in the legend, in addition to text describing the contents of individual panels. Query the author for any missing information.

The data presented should be adequately described (e.g., “Values are means ± SEMs, n = 8.”) The results of statistical analyses should be explained as concisely as possible. For example:

Change:An asterisk means the control group was significantly different from

the group fed OA (P < 0.05).to:*Different from OA, P < 0.05.

When SD bars are included in a figure, “ SD” [or “ SEM,” “ SE,” “(95% CI)”] should be included after “mean.” Query the author if it is unclear which statistic should be used.

When authors use letters or symbols to distinguish several means, these letters/symbols should be explained (e.g., “Means without a common letter differ, P < 0.05.”).

♫ NOTE Delete text that refers to the Methods section (e.g., “See Methods for the

statistical analysis.”).

AbbreviationsNonstandard abbreviations used in figures should be defined alphabetically at the end of the figure legend; for example:

FIGURE 1 Model of sodium chloride cotransporter regulation. The process shown is mediated by adaptin 3. The sodium chloride cotransporter is trafficked as a monomer from the cytosol to the apical plasma membrane to become an inactive dimer. DCT, distal convoluted tubule; EnaC, epithelial sodium channel; SGK1, serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1.

If an abbreviation used in the figure art differs from the abbreviation used in text for the same term, define the figure art abbreviation in the legend.

For example, if TOBEC is used in the text to represent the term “total-body electrical conductivity,” but the artwork in a figure uses TBEC to mean the same term, then TBEC must be defined in the legend of that figure.

Designators and directionalsDesignative words (e.g., “arrow,” “panel,” “bar”) and directionals (e.g., “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right”) should be set in roman type, whether they appear parenthetically or in the main legend text.Examples:

FIGURE 1 Th2 cells were fixed for immunocytochemical analysis of cyt c (green)

and nuclei (blue). Arrows indicate chromatin condensation and nuclear shrinkage;

arrowheads indicate DNA degradation.

FIGURE 2 Serum creatinine was lower in the FasL-blocking Ab-treated group (upper panel) than in the isotype control Ab group (lower panel).

LocantsIn figure legends, locants should always appear in parentheses as uppercase letters in roman type.

When locants appear in the first sentence of the figure legend, they should always follow the text with which they are associated; do not begin a legend with locant A.

Correct: FIGURE 2 Fat mass (A) and total BMC (B) in adult, female rats

after 12 wk of endurance training and consumption of control or

calcium-, energy-, or food-restricted diets.

Incorrect: FIGURE 2 (A) Fat mass and (B) total BMC in adult, female rats

after 12 wk of endurance training and consumption of control orcalcium-, energy-, or food-restricted diets.

When locants appear in subsequent sentences of the legend, they may either precede or follow the text with which they are associated.

If the locants are integral to the structure of the sentence, omit the parentheses and precede the locant with the word “panel”:

FIGURE 3 Expression levels of IL-2 increased concomitantly, as shown in panel A.

♫ NOTE Always check to make sure that all parts of a figure labeled with locants areexplained in the legend.

MagnificationMagnifications should be listed at the end of the figure legend or at the end of the applicable locant description, whichever is more appropriate:

FIGURE 1 Colitis scores (A) and representative images (B) for CON and GOS-treated

mice preinfection (0 d) and at 28 d postinfection with Helicobacter hepaticus. Representative images are at 200 magnification.

PermissionsIf a figure is being reprinted or modified from another source with permission, a permission line should appear at the very end of the legend (after any abbreviation definitions). Observe the following format:

Reproduced from reference 22 with permission.Adapted from reference 34 with permission.

Figure legends in Supplement and Symposium articles should always contain one of the following statements: 1) “Reproduced from reference X with permission,” 2) “Adapted from reference Y with permission,” or 3) “Original to this manuscript.” If statement 3 is used in the accepted manuscript, it should be deleted during copyediting.

SymbolsWhen copyediting the figure legend, check that all symbols mentioned in the legend are represented in the figure. Likewise, check the figure for symbols that are not mentioned in the legend and query the author to reconcile.

For P values, symbols should appear before the significance statement if 2 symbols are present. Also if 2 symbols are present, information (eg, statistical test) that corresponds to all of the P values should be placed before the colon (not after the final P value) per the following example:

FIGURE 1 Mean ± SEM myofibrillar FSR in response to a 48-g whey-protein bolus (n = 8). **,***Significant increase from postabsorptive values (repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test): **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001. FSR, fractional synthetic rate.

♫ NOTE If a symbol key is already provided within the figure image, do not define thesymbols in the figure legend.

Footnotes

Article title pageThe sequence of title page footnotes should follow the order shown below:

Prior presentation*Financial support*Author disclosure†

Disclaimer*Supporting material*Present address*Equal contribution*Deceased author*CorrespondenceAbbreviations*

*If applicable.†AN and JN only (in AJCN, this information appears in the Acknowledgments).

Superscript numerals should be used for all footnote symbols, with the exception of the correspondence footnote, for which an asterisk is used. The numerals for the financial support, author disclosure, disclaimer, and supplemental material footnotes should appear at the end of the article title. For example:

Pregnancy low-carbohydrate dietary pattern and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus1–5

Peter Christian,6,7,9,10 William Howell,7,10 and Craig P Stewart8,11

Departments of 6Nutrition, 7Global Health and Population, and 8Biostatistics, Harvard Schoolof Public Health, Boston, MA1This article was presented in abstract form at the 46th Society for

Epidemiologic ResearchAnnual Meeting, Boston, MA, 18–21 June 2013.2Supported in part by Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands and the Dutch Heart Foundation, grant 2004T048 to TP and 2001B043 to JKK.3Author disclosures: P Christian, W Howell, and CP Stewart, no

conflicts of interest.4The USDA had no role in the conduct of this study or in the

content of this article.5Supplemental Tables 1 and 2 are available from the “Online Supporting Material” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at http://nutrition.org.9Present address: Department of Nutrition, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.10These authors contributed equally to this work.11CP Stewart is deceased.

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: t.plosch@med.umcg.nl.12Abbreviations used: C, control; LXR, liver X receptor; TOR, target of rapamycin.

♫ NOTE Depending on which footnotes are included in a given article, the numberassigned to a given footnote may vary.

Prior presentationFor statements of prior presentation, follow copy for date (but use the style day, month, year [e.g., 5 March 2010]) and title (and capitalization of title) of meeting and name of sponsor. For example:

1This article was presented in abstract form at the 46th Society for Epidemiologic Research

Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, 18–21 June 2013.

Financial supportEvery research article should include a financial support footnote. The footnote should begin with the text “Supported by…” or “Supported in part by…”; if provided, the footnote should conclude with acknowledgment of donated materials (e.g., “Product X was supplied by Company Y”).

Examples: 2Supported in part by NIH AT004678.2Supported by NIH grant P60MD0222 (to LMH and CBS) and a grant from the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation. PAA and BDH are supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEHS) Center for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention P01 ES011269.2Supported in part by the Irish Department of Agriculture and Food and by the UK Food Standards Agency.

If no financial support is reported, include the following footnote:2The authors reported no funding received for this study.

♫ NOTE The word grant is lowercase unless part of a proper name.

♫ NOTE Abbreviations used in institution or corporation names that appear in the

financial support footnote should be expanded, unless they are standard, but “Co.,”

“Inc.,” “Ltd.,” etc. should be retained.

Open access

One of the following 2 statements will be provided in the article metadata if the article meets the criteria for open access or free access. The statement should be added at the end of the financial support footnote. For example:

This is an open access article distributed under the CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

This is a free access article, distributed under terms (http://www.nutrition.org/publications/

guidelines-and-policies/license/) that permit unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Author disclosure

DisclaimerFor disclaimers that correspond to government agencies, follow the wording provided in the manuscript; for example:

4The USDA had no role in the conduct of this study or in the content of this article.

♫ NOTE General disclaimers for private funding organizations (e.g., “The sponsors

AJCNcontributions paragraph at the end of the article text (see Acknowledgments/Author contributions).

AN

JNEvery article should include an author disclosure footnote. For all article types except for RANS articles (in which the received/reviewed/accepted line information should be listed as the first footnote, followed by the financial support footnote), the author disclosure footnote appears as the second title page footnote.

When none of the authors have conflicts of interests to disclose, the footnote should follow the format below. Note that author names should appear as first and middle (if applicable) initials (closed up and without periods) followed by full surnames. The author names should match the names used in the author line, and the order of names should match the order of authors in the author line:

3Author disclosures: P Christian and CP Stewart, no conflicts of interest.

When one or more authors have a conflict of interest to disclose, use the following format:3Author disclosures: LT Coles, PJ Moughan, and A Awati, no conflicts of interest. A Darragh is an employee of Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd.

were not influential in the study design, analysis, interpretation of results, or writing of

the manuscript”) should be included in the author disclosure statement (in AJCN) or the

author disclosure footnote (in AN/JN).

Online supporting materialThe supporting material footnote should appear in any article that includes supporting material.

The footnote should be added by the copyeditor using the following format:

5Supplemental Figures 1 and 2 and Supplemental Table 1 are available from the “Online Supporting Material” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in theonline table of contents at _________.

… where the blank is filled in with the URL for the appropriate journal:

AJCN AN JNhttp://ajcn.nutrition.org http://advances.nutrition.org

http://jn.nutrition.org

Present addressA present address footnote should be included for any article in which one or more of the authors has a current address/affiliation that is different from the one that she or he possessed when the research discussed in the article was conducted. For American addresses/affiliations, the footnote should include institution name, street address, city, 2-letter postal service state abbreviation, and postal code. For foreign addresses/affiliations, it should include institution name, city, and country name. The footnote should follow the format shown below:

American addresses: 6Present address: Balchem Corporation, 52 Sunrise Park Road, New Hampton, NY 10958.

Foreign addresses: 6Present address: WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

♫ NOTE Do not allow a present address footnote for the corresponding author.

Equal contributionDesignate equally contributing authors by adding a footnote after each author name in the author line.

Author line: Qian Zhang,7 Junsi Qiu,7 Haiming Li, Yanwen Lu, and Jing Chen

Footnote: 7These authors contributed equally to this work.

Follow authors on the wording of the equal contribution footnote (i.e., “…to this work,” “…to this study,” and “…to the project” are all acceptable). Note that multiple equal contribution footnotes are acceptable.

Deceased authorIf an author died prior to publication of the article, indicate this with a footnote; designate the author using their initials:

8JS is deceased.

CorrespondenceEvery article should include a correspondence footnote. Use an asterisk for the correspondence footnote symbol, following and closed up to the numerical affiliation footnote symbol that follows the corresponding author’s name. Observe the following formats:

One corresponding author:*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alp.ikizler@vanderbilt.edu.

Two corresponding authors:*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: alp.ikizler@vanderbilt.edu (A Ikizler), j.smith@northwestern.edu (J Smith).♫ NOTE It is not acceptable to have 3 or more corresponding authors. Query theauthor to select 1 or 2 authors for correspondence if 3 or more names are given.

AbbreviationsAn abbreviations footnote should be added to all articles that include 3 or more nonstandard abbreviations in the main text (see also Abbreviations/Nonstandard abbreviations). If an abbreviations footnote is included in an article with fewer than 3 abbreviations, it should be deleted.

In text, the abbreviations footnote number should appear with the first abbreviation that is defined in the text and should be positioned outside of the parentheses; for example:

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)5 is a leading cause of death and disability globally (1). The human intestinal microbiota has been implicated…

Abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order; add any that have been omitted by the author. Abbreviations that begin with letters from the Greek alphabet should be listed after any abbreviations that begin with letters from the roman alphabet.Entries should always be singular (e.g., AA, amino acid) even if the abbreviation itself is plural (e.g., NIH). Include group designations (e.g.,

diet groups) and ensure that they are used consistently and appropriately.Chemical formulas (e.g., “CH4” for methane), 3-letter codes for amino acids, and abbreviations for chemical elements should not be included in the abbreviations footnote. When the corresponding and identical protein abbreviation for a gene abbreviation is not included in the abbreviation footnote, the gene abbreviation should be included in the abbreviation footnote. If both the protein and gene abbreviations are used in the text but are different (e.g., SR-BI and SCARB1), both should be included in the abbreviation footnote.Format the abbreviations footnote as shown below:

9Abbreviations used: AASS, α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde synthase; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; MOS, mannooligosaccharides; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; δ-ALA, δ-aminolevulinic acid.

The citation of/footnote symbol for the abbreviations footnote should be placed immediately after the first abbreviation used in the main text; it should not appear in the Abstract section.

♫ NOTE Any abbreviations appearing in the abbreviations footnote should be defined parenthetically at first use in the text [e.g., “…whey protein concentrate (WPC)…” “…control (C) group…”].

Published ahead of printA published ahead of print information line appears in every article. This information is added at composition and appears below the received/reviewed/accepted dates line in the printed version of the article:

First published online May 23, 2012; doi:10.3945/jn.111.157420.

Received/reviewed/accepted

♫ NOTE For received/reviewed/accepted dates in which the day is a single digit, do

not include a “placer zero” (e.g., April 8, 2013 not April 08, 2013).

TablesSee Tables/Footnotes.

TextAvoid the use of footnotes to article text unless they are lengthy and consist of multiple sentences. Short, single-sentence footnotes should be incorporated into the article text parenthetically.

AJCNA received/accepted line should be positioned directly after the abbreviations footnote in the edited file (it will appear directly above the published ahead of print line in print) and should appear in the following format:

Received October 30, 2014. Accepted for publication March 20, 2015.

The received/accepted line should not appear in supplement articles.

ANAN does not publish a received/reviewed/accepted line.

JNA received/reviewed/accepted line should be positioned directly after the abbreviations footnote in the edited file (it will appear directly above the published ahead of print line in print) and should appear in the following format:

Manuscript received October 30, 2014. Initial review completed December 6, 2014. Revision accepted March 20, 2015.

♫ NOTE In RANS articles, the received/reviewed/accepted line appears as the first title page footnote (rather than being listed without a footnote number beneath the copyright line at the very bottom of the article title page, as in other article types).

Headings

Abbreviations See Abbreviations/Headings.

Article sections See Article Sections for information regarding the required headings for ASN articles.

CapitalizationFollow the same guidelines as for capitalization in the article title.

Chapter section headingsEvery article (including book reviews) should have a chapter subject heading, which appears at the top of the manuscript document, above the short title and article title. The CSH should follow the same rules for capitalization as the article title. Do not alter the wording of the CSH, and always query your DJS representative before making any necessary changes to it.Unless otherwise indicated, the CSH for symposia and supplements should always be “Symposium: [symposium title]” and “Supplement: [supplement title],” respectively.

Running heads

Right running headThe right running head is a shortened version of the article title (i.e., the short title); it should appear directly above the left running head in the edited Word file.

AJCNThe right running head should be set in all uppercase letters. Retain lowercase letters for element names (e.g., Cu, Zn), fatty acids (e.g., n–3), and any other scientific terms that must include lowercase letters. Nonstandard abbreviations are allowed as long as they have been defined in the abstract and text. The short title should be no more than 50 characters, including spaces.Examples: DRIs FOR ENERGY IN PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

EFFECTS OF n–3 FATTY ACIDS ON WEIGHT LOSSANJNThe right running head should be set in sentence case. Nonstandard abbreviations are allowed as long as they have been defined in the abstract and text. The short title should be no more than 50 characters, including spaces.Examples: L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid in bread

Protein, GI, and CVD markers in children

Left running headThe left running head comprises the names of the authors; it appears directly beneath the right running head in the edited Word file.

♫ NOTE  Follow copy for accented characters (e.g., Knut Nygård, Hélène Lapierre, Luis Muñoz), but do not include patronymics (Jr., Sr., III).

Text headingsIn order to have lower-level headings under a given heading level, there must be 2 such lower-level headings. If there is only one lower-level heading, delete it and query the author (“The subheading XXX was deleted because it was the only subheading in this section; if you wish to retain this subheading, please indicate where an additional subheading should be added to this section.”)

Level 1 heading

AJCNThe left running head should be set in all uppercase letters. Format the left running head as shown in the examples below:

One author: ARIMONDTwo authors: ARIMOND AND RUELThree or more authors: ARIMOND ET AL.

Follow copy regarding the use of small caps (e.g., MCGREGOR, DELANEY).

AN

JNThe left running head should be set in title case. Format the left running head as shown in the examples below:

One author: ArimondTwo authors: Arimond and RuelThree or more authors: Arimond et al.

For supplement and symposium articles, the left running head should be “Supplement” or “Symposium,” respectively.

AJCNAll upper case, boldface; do not run in with following text:

EXAMPLE OF A LEVEL 1 HEADINGThis is the text below a level 1 heading.

Level 2 headingSentence case, boldface; do not run in with following text:

Example of a level 2 heading This is the text following a level 2 heading.

♫ NOTE For AN and JN, when a level 1 heading/section (e.g., “Methods”) includes

level 2 headings but no level 3 headings, the level 2 headings should be formatted as if

they were level 3 headings.

Level 3 heading

Level 4 heading

AN

AN

JNTitle case, boldface; do not run in with following text:

Example of a Level 1 HeadingThis is the text below a level 1 heading.

JNSentence case, italic, boldface, and followed by a period and a space; run in with following text:

Example of a level 3 heading. This is the text following a level 3 heading.

AJCNSentence case, italic; do not run in with following text:

Example of a level 3 headingThis is the text below a level 3 heading.

AJCNSentence case, italic, and followed by a period and a space; run in with following text:

Example of a level 4 heading. This is the text following a level 4 heading.

Hyphenation

In general, follow guidelines for hyphenation as outlined in Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th Edition).

Compounds

Hyphenated compoundsSome compound words are hyphenated when used as nouns; consult Webster’s:

cost-effectivenessfollow-up

self-reliancey-coordinate

Hyphenate compound terms serving as a single adjective before the noun. These terms are usually left open when they follow the noun:

2-h intervals ice-cold solution 5-mm break iron-rich sample 7-d experimental period long-term survival acid-fast bacilli low-protein dietacid-soluble protein male-to-female ratioblue-green color rate-limiting enzymedouble-blind trial serum-free mediumhigh-fat diet tube-fed mice

♫ NOTE Consider the context of a compound carefully before deciding whether to hyphenate it. For example, a “high-fiber diet” is a diet that is high in fiber, whereas “high fiber intake” refers to a fiber intake that is high.

Use a hyphen in a range in which the numbers act as modifiers:

4- to 6-week study 3- to 5-cm incision5-wk-old rat 12- and 13-d-old rabbits10-d-old mice 12- to 13-d-old rabbits (not 12-

13-d-old)

If multiple hyphenated compounds are listed in a series, the compounds that precede the conjunction may be left open-ended:

low- and high-dose prescriptions

Use an en dash between a prefix and a second element that is more than one word:

non–English-speaking people

Use a hyphen in noun-noun constructs:renin-angiotensin system physician-patient

relationship

Use a hyphen for fractions:

one-third of the patients in the study (note: avoid use of a third)

Do not hyphenate compound modifiers that include plasma, blood, serum, or dietary:

blood serum concentrationdietary fiber intakeException: blood-brain barrier

Open compoundsDo not hyphenate the following:

Adverb ending in “-ly” + participle or adjective

widely known fact

Object and gerund used as noun

decision making (but decision-making process)problem solving (but problem-solving techniques)

Proper adjectives derived from geographic entities

African AmericanCentral AmericanFar Eastern

Latin AmericanPacific RimSoutheast Asian

wellHyphenate adjectival terms beginning with well:

well-known method (but a method that is well known)

Widely established compounds or disease namesamino acid concentrationsbone marrow biopsyforeign body infiltratehealth care system

sickle cell anemiasmall cell carcinomasoft tissue massurinary tract infection

Numerical rangesDo not use a hyphen for numerical ranges; use an en dash instead (e.g., 3–10 mL of saline).

♫ NOTE Do not use an en dash for confidence interval ranges; use a comma instead.

PrefixesThe following prefixes are not followed by a hyphen in most cases:

ante- anti- auto-bi- co- cross- dis- extra-

inter- intra- intro- macr

o-micr

o- mid-

mono-

multi-

non- para- post- pre-

pro- re- semi- sub- super- trans- tri- un-

Retain the hyphen in the following instances:1. With abbreviations (e.g., anti-IFN)2. With proper nouns (e.g., non-Hodgkin’s)3. With numerals (e.g., pre-1914)4. With double-vowel or triple-consonant combinations (e.g., pre-

existing, re-entry, anti-inflammatory, cross-sectional); note that double-consonant combinations do not take a hyphen (e.g., nonnephrotic)

5. With antibodies (e.g., anti-mouse, anti-rabbit)6. If the resultant term is a different word or would lead to

mispronunciation [e.g., re-create, un-ionized, co-eluted, co-ingestion, etc. (but close up “coworkers”)]

7. post-ischemic

Suffixes-foldHyphenate the suffix “-fold” with numerals (e.g., 3-fold, 15-fold, 1000-fold), but allow severalfold, manyfold (not manifold), zerofold, and similar construction. Decimals require numerals even for numbers <10 (e.g., 5.2-fold).

VariablesDo not hyphenate “P value” or “F value.”

Keywords

The author is allowed 5–10 keywords. If there are fewer than 5 keywords, query the author to provide additional ones; if there are more than 10 keywords, query the author to reduce the number of keywords.

Keywords appear directly below the abstract and are preceded by the heading Keywords, followed by a colon; an em space separates the heading from the keywords, and the keywords are separated by commas with no ending punctuation. Use capital letters only for proper nouns, abbreviations, and scientific terms that require the use of an uppercase character. For example:

Keywords: folate, cobalamin, S-adenisylmethionine, AS3MT

Manufacturer Information

CitationIf the manufacturer name for any specialized product, device, or equipment listed in a manuscript is not provided, query the author for the missing information. When citing manufacturer information, include the product name and company (parenthetically if possible). Location is not required.

If provided in parentheses, manufacturer information should be presented in the following format:

… (Product name; Manufacturer name).If the product name is integral to the sentence structure, do not repeat it parenthetically:

… Product name (Manufacturer name).Examples:

Flat-bottom plates (Costar; Corning) were used in all experiments.Data were analyzed using FloJo software (Tree Star).We examined the effects of feeding mice Cheetos (Frito-Lay).

♫ NOTE A manufacturer’s name must also be given in figure legends or table footnotes,

even if already provided in text.

♫ NOTE Eponymous products that are not trademarked do not require a manufacturername (e.g., Douglas bags).

TrademarksFollow the recommendations of the International Trademark Association (INTA) for trademarks:

Trademarks are proper adjectives and should be followed by generic terms (e.g., Kodak camera)

Trademarks should not be pluralized (pluralize the common nouns they describe instead)

Trademarks should not be used in the possessive form unless the trademark itself is possessive

Trademarks are never verbs (e.g., “Copy the report on a Xerox copier” not “Xerox the report”)

Delete trademark symbols (note that the British use “R” to indicate trademark).

Often an author uses a trademark when a descriptive or generic term should be used. Query the author for a generic term if needed.

Substitute: for:polytetrafluoroethylene Teflonfeed pellets Chow (or cite Purina)evacuated tube Vacutainer clear plastic Plexiglascolloidal suspension of silica Percoll

♫ NOTE Olestra and orlistat are not trade names.Mathematical Expressions

“E” notationIf the author has used “E” notation, convert this to scientific notation. For example:

1.23E071.23e07 should be: 1.23 ×

107

1.23E+7

1.23E-071.23e-07 should be: 1.23 × 10−7

1.23E-7

Signs and symbolsThe mathematical signs <, >, , and should include spaces on both sides when appearing with a variable (e.g., P < 0.05), but close up the space in one-sided expressions (e.g., <4.4 mmol/L; constituted >100%).

Other mathematical signs and symbols (+, , =, ) are spaced on both sides when they are preceded by a variable, a noun, or a number and are followed by a number or variable (e.g., 1 104; 4.86 0.81%; P = 0.05; mean SD).

Close up plus and minus signs to positive and negative numbers (e.g., 3, +4; x = 3).

Close up the percentage sign to the number (e.g., 75%). Repeat the sign when multiple values are being expressed in a series or in a mathematical expression (e.g., 4.0% 7.2%), but do not repeat the sign in numerical ranges (e.g., 5–10%).

Close up the temperature degree sign () to the number and the abbreviation “C” (e.g., 45C).

Always replace the words “less than” and “greater than” with their corresponding mathematical symbols (< and >) when used with numerical values.

Do not use “” for the word “times” in running text (e.g., “3 times greater” not “3 greater”).

Change instances of “approximately” to the corresponding symbol (~) only when used with numbers, but when used, close up the symbol to the number (e.g., “~30 mL”).

♫ NOTE  Always insert the symbol from the DJS copyedit menu rather than using a

tilde symbol from the keyboard. Do not use the “” symbol.

Nomenclature

Amino acids

alanine (Ala) glutamic Acid (Glu) leucine (Leu) serine (Ser)arginine (Arg) glutamine (Gln) lysine (Lys) threonine (Thr)asparagine (Asn) glycine (Gly) methionine (Met) tryptophan (Trp)aspartic acid (Asp) histidine (His) phenylalanine

(Phe)tyrosine (Tyr)

cysteine (Cys) isoleucine (Ile) proline (Pro) valine (Val)

Follow the author on the formatting of amino acids; hyphenation (e.g., Ala-Leu) and superscript (Arg506) are both acceptable, but the first letter of any amino acid should always be capped.

♫ NOTE Amino acid abbreviations are considered standard and need not be defined

in the text.

CentrifugationUse “ g” not “rpm” for centrifugation statements (e.g., “10,000 × g; 5 min; 37°C”), and query the author for g-force, time, and/or temperature information if not provided.

ChemicalMost chemical compound prefixes are italicized; for example:

cis-, trans-, o-, m-, p-, n-, sec-, tert-, sym-, N-, S-, O-, d-, dl-, meso-, endo-, exo-

The abbreviations “D” (for “dextro”) and “L” (for “levo”) should always be set in small caps (e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate and 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine).

The number always precedes the charge (e.g., Ca2+).

Follow the author’s choice of element nomenclature when counting atoms (e.g., C18 column, C-18 column, or C18 column) except for superscript notation, which is not allowed (e.g., C18 column). Spell out the number if the name of the element is spelled out (e.g., a six-carbon ring).

Use numbers when discussing positions in chemical structures:

the 1-position of the ring carbon in the 6-position or C-6

Abbreviate element names when used with a unit (e.g., 7 mg Fe, 7 mg elemental Fe, 6% Ca content).

♫ NOTE  Spell out oxygen and carbon dioxide except when used with units or equations.

CurrencyUse the dollar sign (“$”) by itself when referring to US dollars; if used in conjunction with other dollar currencies, however, specify “US$” to denote US currency (e.g., “equivalent to 9.21 US$ in 2004”).

EnzymesUse enzyme names as provided by the author; there is no need to add the Enzyme Nomenclature number (but if provided by the author, it can be retained).

Use an en dash for the long dash in some enzyme names in Enzyme Nomenclature.

Some common enzymes:

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD)cytochrome-c oxidase (1.9.3.1)dopamine--monooxygenase (alternate name: dopamine--

hydroxylase)ferroxidase (alternate name: ceruloplasmin)sterol O-acyltransferase (not acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase

or ACAT)superoxide dismutase (1.15.1.1)

EquationsEquations should be displayed on a line by themselves. No punctuation should follow an equation, even if it is introduced at the end of a sentence.

It is acceptable to define terms in equations after the equation; abbreviations used in an equation do not have to be used in the text.

The order of fences in equations is as follows: { [ ( { [ ( … ) ] } ) ] }

Single-letter symbols standing for a quantity or variable should be in italic. Multiletter symbols should be in roman so as not to be confused with 2 or more single-letter symbols that are being multiplied. All other characters in equations should also be set in roman.

Number all equations with italic numbers in parentheses, flush right of the equation; for equations that appear in appendices precede the number with the letter of the appendix in which the equation appears:

a = b + c (1)a = b + c (A1)

Cite equations in text as follows:

Equation 1 shows… As shown by Equations 2–6, … … is clear (Equation 1).

♫ NOTE  Display equations are set in MathType. If the copyeditor does not have

MathType, the DJS representative should be notified so that any necessary equation

formatting measures can be taken.

Fatty acids

cis and transIn general, there is no need to use the abbreviations “c” and “t” to denote cis and trans after first usage. The author can continue to use the “cis” and “trans” terminology throughout. For example:

Studies show that human milk contains a high amount of cis-9,trans-11 CLA (cis-9,trans-11-18:2)and that women consuming cis-9,trans-11 CLA supplements produce milk with more cis-9,trans-11 CLA.

If the author has used c9,t11-CLA, change to cis-9,trans-11 CLA (cis-9,trans-11-18:2) and use cis-9,trans-11 CLA thereafter.

Note the use of the common name (CLA) after the first mention with the systematic name in parentheses. If the author does not specify isomers or refers to a group of isomers, then use “CLA” alone.

If, however, an article includes many references to systematic names including cis and trans designators, it may be more economical to use the “c” and “t” designators. If used, the abbreviations “c” and “t” do not need to be defined in tables and figures.

♫ NOTE  cis and trans should be italicized; “c” and “t” should not.

Common names and systematic namesUse common names and systematic names together at first mention; then use the common name thereafter. For example:

Palmitic acid (16:0) is the most common fatty acid in animals and plants. Evidencesuggests that consumption of palmitic acid increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Linoleic acid (18:2n–6) is an unsaturated ω-6 fatty acid. Medical research has shown thata diet deficient in linoleic acid causes poor wound healing in rats.

Systematic names may be used in tables and figures without definition. Do not include systematic names in the abbreviations footnote.

Examples:

18:2n–618:2ω-6trans 18:1n–79-trans 18:19t-18:120-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid (not C-20)

18–20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid18:0 (not C18:0); once introduced in an article, use it consistentlycis and trans monounsaturated fatty acids

Standard (n) system and omega (ω) systemListings should follow the format carbon atoms:bonds(position) [e.g., “20:4n–6”]. Note that an en dash should be used with “n” but that a hyphen should be used with “ω” and all elements of the expression should be closed up.

Use of the omega (ω) system is allowed (e.g., ω-3). It is acceptable to spell out “omega” in the text if the author has done so, but only at first mention; thereafter, use the Greek letter. Always use the Greek letter in the article title.

Regardless of which system is used in the text, include the alternative form in parentheses in the abstract. For example, if “n–3” is used throughout the paper, add “(ω-3)” after “n–3” in the abstract. Similarly, if “ω-3” is used, add “(n–3)” after “ω-3” in the abstract.

Beginning a sentence with a fatty acid expression (e.g., “n–3 Fatty acids…”) is acceptable. There is no need to rephrase the sentence (e.g., “Various n–3 fatty acids…”). Note that when a sentence begins with a multi-word term that starts with a lowercase letter, you should retain the lowercase letter in the first part of the term but capitalize the first letter in the second part of the term (e.g., “n–3 Fatty acid ethyl ester supplementation improves…”).

In text, observe the following usage:

n–3 fatty acids ω-3 PUFA ratio of n–3 to n–6 fatty acids

Genes and proteinsAll gene abbreviations listed in text, figures, and tables should be italicized. The use of prefixes to designate species is not allowed. For articles that include genetic terminology, the following standard author query should be added to the manuscript:

Per journal style, gene symbols or abbreviations should be italicized, whereas protein abbreviations should appear in roman type. All gene and protein abbreviations should be defined at first use in the abstract, text, figures, and tables, and the abbreviations footnote on the title page should include definitions for them as well. Please check and amend as applicable.

For rodent genes, the first letter of the gene abbreviation should be uppercase and the other letters lowercase (e.g., Pparg not PPARG). For human genes, all letters should be uppercase (e.g., PPARG). The same gene abbreviation and formatting conventions should be used for messenger RNA (mRNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA).

The protein designation for a given gene is the same as the gene abbreviation, but all letters in it should be uppercase (even for rodent proteins) and roman rather than italic (e.g., PPARG).

See Abbreviations/Genes and proteins for additional information.

Supporting materialFor genes listed in online supporting material (OSM, supplemental tables, or supplemental figures), the citation may be provided in a table footnote or in the figure legend [e.g. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene) or Unigene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/unigene).

GreekAlways use Greek letters themselves (e.g., β-VLDL, NF-κB) rather than the spelled out English words for them. Greek characters should appear in roman type (not italic type).

Hyphenate single Greek letters to their terms (e.g., IFN-γ). If a hyphenated compound that begins with a Greek character appears at the beginning of a sentence, capitalize the first non-Greek character (e.g., 2-Agonist).

HormonesLook up any hormone that ends in hormone or factor to confirm and change the name; for example:

Change: to:adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropinsomatotropin release-inhibiting factor somatostatin

LatinAll Latin terms should be roman, including:

a priori ad hoc ad infinitum ad libitum bona fide

de facto de novo e.g. en bloc et al.ex vitro

ex vivoi.e.in situin uteroin vacuoin vitro

in vivopost hocvia

Use correct Latin plurals, e.g., aquaria, sera, inocula, spectra, etc. The word media should be treated as a plural noun.Latin abbreviations should also be roman. Do not italicize expanded Latin terms (e.g., lamina propria). Use periods with the abbreviations e.g., et al., etc., and i.e., and offset with a comma.Do not use Latin abbreviations that are used in prescription writing; spell out instead:

po: by mouth

q: every

qd: every day (or daily)bid: twice a day

qid: 4 times a daytid: 3 times a day

Radioactivity Examples of acceptable presentation:

[99Tc]albumin [32P]AMP 13C 40K[13C]glucose 13CO2 2H2O 99mTc

♫ NOTE  Avoid use of the term spiking, which is jargon for the addition of a radioactive

element to a nonradioactive sample to compare with a radioactive sample; query the

author if unclear how it should be changed.

Ratios Examples of acceptable presentation:

millimolar ratio of phytate to zinc millimolar ratios of (phytate calcium) to zincratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P:S)petroleum ether:diethyl ether:acetic acid (80:20:1, by vol) The ratio of females to males was 3:1.The chemicals were mixed in a 2:3 ratio.

Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes should be set closed up, with the first 3 letters in italic type. Examples:

AceI BamH DdeI HaeI PvuI TaqIApaI BamHI EcoR HaeII Sal3AI XhoI ApaLI BanI EcoRI HinPI SphI XhoII

SI prefixesUse the following SI prefixes:

Factor Prefix Symbol1012 tera T109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k10−2 centi c10−3 milli m10−6 micro μ10−9 nano n10−12 pico p10−15 femto f10−18 atto a

Statistical terminologyFor data presented in the main article text, provide the data immediately after the relevant group is mentioned rather than parenthetically at the end of the sentence [e.g., “X was greater in the C group (mean SE) than in the T group (mean SE) (P < 0.001).”]

For reporting means and ranges in parentheses, use the following style:

(range: 7.5–9.7) (mean: 57 y)

When statistical designators are given, ensure that any corresponding value sets match the designators. For example, if the author states only that the “mean ± SD = 5.1,” query for the missing SD value.

Abbreviations and termsThe following statistical abbreviations are common and may be used without definition: ANCOVA analysis of covarianceANOVA analysis of variance (use “factor,” not “way” [e.g., 2-factor

ANOVA])CI confidence intervalCV coefficient of variationdf degrees of freedomF variance ratioHR hazard ratioIQR interquartile rangeln natural logn (not n, N, N, or #) number of observationsNS not significantOR odds ratioP, P-trend, P-interaction, etc.

probability (level of significance)

r coefficient of correlation, sampler2 coefficient of determination, sampleR coefficient of multiple correlationR2 coefficient of multiple determinationRR relative riskSD standard deviationSE standard errorSEE standard error of the estimateSEM standard error of the mean

Other commonly used statistical terms include:

arcsin½ transformation (arcsine of the square root)

Bonferroni testBonferroni’s corrected P valuebroken-line regression analysis

chi-square tests, χ2 analysisCochran testcommon-intercept multiple linear regression

Duncan’s multiple range test (MRT)Dunn t testDunnett’s t test

Fisher’s exact testFisher’s protected least significant difference (PLSD) multiple comparison testFisher’s Z transformation

Gehan’s Wilcoxon test

General Linear Model procedure (SAS 1985)

Hartley’s testKolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample testKruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA

Latin squareleast-squares methodLevenberg-Marquard methodlinear contrast test

Mann-Whitney U testMcNemar’s test for changes in prevalencemean square error (MSE)method of least squares\Michaelis-Menten equation

P value, F testpaired 2-tailed t testspairwise multiple-comparison procedurePearson’s product-moment correlation, Pearson correlation coefficientspost hoc t test

repeated-measures ANOVA

Scheffé test or Scheffé procedure (either is acceptable)Shapiro-Wilk testSpearman rank correlation coefficientsplit-plot ANOVASPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciencesstatistical analysis root mean square error (RMSE)Student’s one-sample testStudent’s t test (paired, unpaired)Student’s two-sample testStudent-Newman-Keuls test

Tukey’s ω procedureTukey’s honestly significant difference test (HSD)Tukey’s procedureTukey’s studentized range testTukey-Kramer test of significance

Waller-Duncan Bayes least significant difference (BLSD) testWilcoxon 2-sample testWilcoxon’s nonparametric testWilcoxon’s rank-sum testWilcoxon’s Signed Rank and Rank Sum testsWilks’ Lambdaz score

Consult the CSE Manual for other statistical abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature not listed here.

Confidence intervalsConfidence intervals and related statistics should be listed using the following format:

(95% CI: xxx, yyy) (HR: x; 95% CI: xxx, yyy)

(OR: x; 95% CI: xxx, yyy) (: x; 95% CI: xxx, yyy)

♫ NOTE  Follow the author on the confidence level (95% vs. 99%, 98%, 90%), but query

for the level if not provided.

Computer programsA reference or computer program must be cited for statistics other than t test or chi-square test. If a computer program is cited, the version number and manufacturer’s name are required. Follow author for program formatting (caps, etc.).

Interaction termsFor interaction terms, it is permissible to use hyphens or a multiplication sign (e.g., treatment group interaction or treatment-by-group interaction).

Means SDs, SEs, SEMsUse the format “mean SD” rather than “mean (±SD)” (the same rule applies to SE and SEM). Values given as “” must include whether they are SD or SE; query if missing.

The statistical designator “mean ± SD” can either be plural or singular as long as parallel usage is used:

acceptable: mean ± SD or means ± SDsnot acceptable: mean ± SDs nor means ± SD

If the Methods section states that the format of the data throughout the Results section is expressed as the mean ± SD (or SE, or SEM), do not repeat “mean ± SD” (or “SE,” or “SEM”) throughout the Results when the data are given. For example:

Statistical Analysis…Values are expressed as means ± SDs.

Results…Individual scores (4.3 ± 1.4 points) were calculated from 4.4 dietary reports over 13y,on average. The mean age of participants was 74.3 ± 2.3 years, and the mean TICS scorewas 33.8 ± 2.7 points.

♫ NOTE  This rule applies only to the statistic mean ± SD (or SE, or SEM); do not

apply it to other statistical information (e.g., 95% CI, HR, RR).

P valuesThe term “P value” should not be hyphenated, but hyphenate the terms “P-trend,” “P-interaction,” etc.

Use parentheses around P values discussed in the text, but format them with commas when they appear in figure or table legends (e.g., “Different from OA, P < 0.05.”).For statements of nonsignificance, JN preference is to include the P value, unless P > 0.1, in which case the preference is to delete the sentence. Query the author if a statement is made without a P value. If the P value supplied by the author is between 0.05 and 0.10, add the P value in parentheses where appropriate. If the P value supplied by the author is >0.10, then the sentence should be deleted.

♫ NOTE  A statement “Significantly different from . . .” ordinarily should have a

corresponding P value; query if not provided. However, if significance has been defined

in the Methods section (e.g., P < 0.05), then it is not necessary for the author to include the specific P values.

Ratios, risks, and coefficientsUse colons rather than virgules to express the composition of buffers or solutions, [e.g., 1-butanol:acetic acid (75:25, vol:vol)], and “by vol” if more than 2 substances are being listed [(75:20:5, by vol)]. Note as well that “vol:vol” and “vol:wt” should be used rather than “v:v” and “v:wt,” respectively.

TaxonomyGenus and species names are always italicized (e.g., Escherichia coli; Limulus amebocyte assay).

Spell out each genus the first time it is used with each species in the text; thereafter, abbreviate the genus name to one letter with a period (e.g., Escherichia coli becomes E. coli). Exception: Spell out the genus name in table titles.

TemperatureUse Celsius designations for temperature, closing up the degree symbol and the abbreviation to the numeral (e.g., 37C). Query the author to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius if necessary.

VitaminsSpecific vitamin names should be preceded by vitamin when discussed in the text (e.g., “vitamin B-6 toxicity” not “B-6 toxicity”). Use hyphens

88

rather than subscripted numbers when listing vitamin names for all vitamins except vitamin D (e.g., B-12 not B12 but D3 not D-3).

Preferred terminologyIn tables, lists, or discussions of diet ingredients or vitamin mixes, the following terminology should be used. It is preferable that the forms of vitamins A, D, and E be specified; if they have not been, however, do not query the author for them. When a number is not provided for vitamin K, leave as is.Vitamin B-1 thiamin (not thiamine)Vitamin B-2 riboflavinVitamin B-3 niacinVitamin B-5 pantothenic acidVitamin B-6 pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, pyridoxal-P (PLP), pyridoxamine-

P (PMP), pyridoxine-P (PNP) [NOTE: follow author usage]Vitamin K-1 phylloquinoneVitamin K-3 menadioneVitamin D2 ergocalciferolVitamin D3 cholecalciferol

When discussing vitamin D3, it is preferable to define/expand the term as “cholecalciferol,” “1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol,” or “25-hydroxycholecalciferol” at first usage, but abbreviations [e.g., “l,25(OH)2-D3” or “25(OH)-D3”] may be used for subsequent instances. Query the author if the definition/expansion is not provided at first usage. Note that vitamins D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8 are similarly obscure and should thus be defined chemically as well.

UnitsAcceptable vitamin A units include μg, IU, and retinol equivalent (RE).

Follow author usage of vitamin D units.

Acceptable vitamin E units include g (preferred) and α-tocopherol equivalents (α-TE).

89

Numbers

Beginning of a sentenceSentences should not begin with a numeral; restructure as necessary to avoid this. For example:

NaCl (100 mg) was…” or “A total of 100 mg of…” not “100 mg of NaCl was...”

CommaUse a comma in numbers of 5 decimal places:

10,000 250,000 (but 2 million, 3.5 million)

A comma should never be used in the place of a decimal point.

DatesIn text, use the following format for dates: day, month, year (e.g., 23 April 2013).

In the received/reviewed/accepted line, use the following format: month, day, year (e.g., April 23, 2013).

FractionsChange fractions used in text to an expression of percentage or to words (e.g., one-third [always hyphenate] or 33% not 1/3).

MeasurementsUse numerals with all units of measure (e.g., 27 mg) and time (e.g., 2 minutes, 50 years).

Ordinal numbersAvoid the use of ordinal numbers, (e.g., week 2 not 2nd week). If unavoidable, spell out ordinal numbers <10 but use the numeric form for numbers 10 (e.g., the first day, the 11th hour).

PercentagesAlways use numerals when discussing specific percentages. Close up the percent symbol (%) to the numeral and repeat it in a series, in mathematical expressions, and in ranges separated by words:

90

22%, 59%, and 684% 7.0% ± 4.2% between 5% and 10%

Do not repeat the symbol when an en dash is used to express a range (e.g., 5–10%).

The word “percentage” should be used when it appears alone in a sentence without a numerical value (e.g., “The percentage of zinc in...”).

ProportionsUse “of” to express numerical proportions, not the virgule (/):

3 of 9 patients not 3/9 patients 15 of 25 patients not 15/25 patients

RangesAn en dash should generally be used for all numerical ranges in text and in tables (e.g., 6–12 days; 3–10 mL). An en dash should also be used for reference citations (see References/Citations) and for page ranges in the reference list (see Reference Style).

Do not repeat symbols that are closed up to the numeral (e.g., 20–50%).

Do not use an en dash in the following instances:

in “from” or “between” construction (e.g., “from 4 to 6 L/d”; “between 3 and 6 wk”)

when one of the values is a negative number (e.g., 0.7 to +1.4) when one of the values requires a mathematical symbol (e.g., 1 to

<5)

SeriesRun numbered lists into the text with which they appear wherever possible. For lists preceded by a colon, the sentence before the colon must be complete. Follow example below:

”The results of Expt. 1 were as follows: 1) xxx, 2) yyy, and 3) zzz.” not “The results of Expt. 1 were: 1) xxx, 2) yyy, and 3) zzz.”

In text, use italic Arabic numerals set off by parentheses to denote a numerical series:

This is an example of an in-text numbered series: 1) the first item, 2) the second

item, and 3) the third item.

♫ NOTE The italic formatting is necessary to differentiate the series numbers from

reference citations (see References/Citations).

91

If necessary, use semicolons between individual list items/numbers for clarity.

Spelling out numbersAll numerical values should be Arabic numerals; do not spell out numbers less than 10.

Exceptions:

Spell out zero and one when not used as an assigned value or in connection with units of measure:

one patientone of the most important factorsa value approaching zero

Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence (but see Numbers/Beginning of a sentence):

Forty-seven patients were hospitalized and 8 of 12 patients were released.

Twenty-five grams of fat was consumed.

When 2 numbers are adjacent to one another, retain the numeral that occurs with the unit of measure and spell out the other number:

eight 50-g aliquotsthree 5-d treatment periods

TimeUse military time (e.g., “0800” not “8:00 am”). Do not include the unit “h” for hours unless the statement would be ambiguous without it.

ZeroInsert a zero before all decimal values <1.00.

92

Priority Claims

Priority claims are acceptable as long as they are qualified with the phrase “to our knowledge” or a reasonable and appropriate alternative. For example:

We observed for the first time, to our knowledge, that Zn deficiency substantially increased leptin production and the infiltration of activated macrophages.

Do not append “to our knowledge” to priority statements that (a) would be generally accepted as a fact or (b) attribute priority for something other than the findings of the original research. For example:

Barack Obama is the first African American to become President of the United States.

Funk (1) was the first researcher to identify and name these micronutrients.

93

Punctuation

Refer to the Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition) for any punctuation rules not presented here.

ApostropheUse an apostrophe to form plurals of single letters but not of numbers and abbreviations:

p’s and q’s but DNAs, 1970s

BracketsSee Parentheses.

ColonUse a colon rather than a virgule in all ratios, [e.g., “methanol:water (50:50, vol:vol)”], as well as in expressions of the composition of buffers or solutions [e.g., “1-butanol:acetic acid (75:25, vol:vol)”].

Do not use a colon to introduce a list that is a complement or object of an element in the introductory statement (e.g., “The metals excluded were mercury, manganese, and magnesium.”).

CommaUse commas in the following instances:

1. in a series unless one of the items in the series (other than the final item) contains commas, in which case a semicolon should be used:

at days 2, 4, and 6 but at days 2, 4, and 6; weeks 3, 5, and 7; and months 8, 9, and 10

2. after all introductory adverbs3. when the clauses of a compound sentence are joined by a

conjunction, use a comma before the conjunction unless the clauses are short and closely related:

He bolted the door, but the intruder had entered through the window.

butCharles played the guitar and Betty sang.

94

4. “respectively” should be preceded by a comma and followed by a comma, period, or other punctuation, as appropriate:

When a 10%, 20%, or 40% casein diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4% methionine, respectively, was fed to rats...

5. between units of the same dimension (e.g., 2 years, 4 months)6. after a state abbreviation that follows a city (e.g., “Patients from

Tacoma, WA, were examined.”)7. between modifiers if the placement of the modifiers can be

swapped:We studied the effect of perioperative, arginine-supplemented nutritional support.This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized

controlled trial.butrandomized controlled trial; healthy elderly women

Avoid the use of commas in the following instances:

1. after short introductory phrases that include dates at the beginning of sentences (e.g., “In 1965 McAdams discovered...”)

2. around “in part” (e.g., “results were due in part to...”)3. in compound predicate, unless the parts are very long (“In fact,

glucose administration raised brain phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations and exacerbated the increase of these amino acids induced by aspartame in the rat brain.”)

Em dashIn general, follow CSE Manual guidelines for em dash usage.

Use an em-dash in tables in which a hyphen is used to indicate no value obtained.

En dashUse an en dash (–) to show relational distinction in a hyphenated or compound modifier, 1 element of which consists of 2 words or a hyphenated word, or when the word being modified is a compound:

HF diet–fed rats amino acid–deficient dietascorbic acid–induced effects vitamin A–

adequate dietAIN-76–based diet β-carotene–deficient

Use an en dash for all numerical ranges in the text and in tables, including reference citations (see References/Citations) and page ranges in the reference list (see Reference Style). Do not use an en-dash when the range cited is expressed as “between”/”and” or “from”/”to.”

95

Exclamation pointDelete exclamation points used in Original Research Communications.

HyphenSee Hyphenation.

ParenthesesPlace brackets around elements that are already in parentheses:

…greater deiodinase activity than controls [26 vs. 44.0 ng T3/(mg protein·20 mm)].

Fence orderFor multiple parenthetical sets, alternate between parentheses and brackets, with parentheses as the innermost set; for example: [([( … )])]. For mathematical equations and formulae, include curly brackets in the alternation; for example: [{({[( … )]})]}.

♫ NOTE When brackets or parentheses are integral to a scientific term, adjust the order

of sets accordingly, as in isotope nomenclature (i.e, where brackets are the innermost set):

Internal standards ([13C2]-glycine, [2H4]-cystathionine, [2H2]-guanidinoacetic

acid) were purchased from Cambridge Isotopes.

Punctuating data within parenthesesBelow are several examples of preferred means of punctuating data within parentheses.

(r = 0.10, P < 0.05) (r = 0.28 and 0.29, respectively, P < 0.05)(r = 0.010, P < 0.05; Figure 1)(r = 0.010, P < 0.05; n = 5)(2 test: 4.28, P = 0.05)(P-trend = 0.05)(214%; P < 0.01)(control group, 5 ± 1 min; experimental group, 6 ± 2 min; P < 0.05)(control group: 5 ± 1 min, n = 5; experimental group: 6 ± 2 min, n = 6; P < 0.05)(BMI; in kg/m2)[BMI (in kg/m2): 22.6](DHA, 22:6n3)(mean ± SEM: 5 ± 2 min)(range: 1–10 s)(90:10:1, by vol) (OR: 0.39)

96

(OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.50) ORs (95% CIs) were 0.39 (0.20, 0.50) and 0.41 (0.35, 0.52)(n = 1 at 2 mo, n = 3 at 3 mo)(15 women and 13 men) or (15 women, 13 men)(4 mmol/L, or 155 mg/dL)(catalog no. 5671; Isotec Inc)

In figure legends:(□, experimental group; ■, control group)(□, experimental group: r = 0.12, P < 0.05; ■, control group: r = 0.05, P < 0.05)

Prime symbolEnsure that the prime symbol is used in constructions such as “T4-5′-deiodinase activities”; do not use a single “dumb” quote.

97

Quotation marksQuotation marks should be used only in the following situations: (1) to offset a quote; (2) to define a word or term that is being used ironically or out of its normal context; (3) to offset slang; or (4) to offset coined words and phrases.

Quotation marks should never be used for emphasis.

Periods and commas should be placed inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons, outside.

SemicolonUse a semicolon to separate elements of a complex series, usually when one or more of the series items (except the final one) include commas. For example:

The dietary diversity index accounted for animal-based foods, including organ meats,

fresh fish, and eggs; cereals and tubers; vitamin A–rich foods, including mangoes, tomatoes,

and red palm oil; and fruits and vegetables.

Use a semicolon to separate coordinate clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb (e.g., “I arrived late; however, I saw the entire movie”).

Use a semicolon to separate a series of abbreviation definitions in figure legends and table footnotes.

VirguleUse a virgule as a substitute for “per” in tables and parenthetical expressions in conjunction with units of time and measure:

5 mg/kg 30 to 50 mg/kg intravenously

Do not use a double virgule for drug dosages; instead, substitute the second virgule with “per”:

Iron supplementation of 2 mg/kg per day is provided to infants in the postnatal period.

Note that the virgule is used with units of measure only when at least one unit contains a numeral.

ProportionsDo not use a virgule to express proportions (see Numbers/Proportions).

98

References

Entries in the References section are listed numerically based on the order in which they are cited in text. Numbers should be followed by a period with no parentheses or brackets.

CitationsAll entries listed in the References section must be cited in the text in numerical order. Query author to cite any missing citations or references not cited in text.

Citations should appear as Arabic numerals within online parentheses and should be positioned inside commas, colons, semicolons, and periods and outside quotation marks.

This finding is consistent with some previous studies (15, 16), but not others (17–19).

HEGC is the gold standard for assessing insulin (45); however, its use is limited.

When an author’s name appears in the text, place the reference directly after the citation [e.g., Quigley et al. (25)].

Author namesWhen authors are mentioned in text as part of a reference citation, use only the author surnames.

For citations of a 2-author reference, list both surnames:Xu and Wang (39) excluded patients with a negative d-dimer test

result.

For citations of references with more than 2 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”:

The formula obtained by Ito et al. (2) was associated with an mPAP of 35.8 20.2 mm Hg.

♫ NOTE Always check author names against the reference list to confirm accuracy of

the citation, including proper use of “et al.”

Citations in the abstractSee Abstract/Reference citations.

et al.When a reference with 3 or more authors is cited by author name in the text, include only the first author name followed by et al.:

99

Drake et al. (43) found that a patient’s initial experience was predictive of compliance.

Rewrite citations to avoid the possessive form in text:

The study by Nguyen et al. (17) not Nguyen et al.’s (17) study

Follow the author on alternatives to et al. when the author cited is any author other than the first author, or if one author is associated with several references in a citation:

Jenkins and colleagues (17) showed that this indicator is a good predictor of ED visits.

These findings are consistent with those of Nelson and coworkers (5).

Figures and tablesIf a reference is cited for the first time in a figure or table, it must be numbered based on the in-text citation of that figure or table.

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsIf the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is cited as part of an ethic statement without a reference, reword the sentence so that the reference is not needed (e.g., “according to the National Research Council guidelines”).

Multiple referencesMultiple references within one citation should appear in numerical order. Separate reference numbers with a comma and a space between the numbers:

These techniques have been described previously (14, 15).Overall morbidity and mortality have improved in adults and

children (2, 7, 9).

Use an en dash in citations consisting of 3 or more consecutive numbers:Our findings are consistent with other studies of similar cohorts

(22–24).This is a safe alternative for health care facilities with limited

resources (32, 33, 35–39).

“Recent” studiesPreviously published studies should be referred to as “recent” only if published within 3 years of the publication date of the article in which they are being cited.

Journal abbreviationsUse PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/journals) as a primary resource for journal title abbreviations.

100

Publication cities not requiring state/country namesThe following cities should not be followed by their respective states or countries when appearing in a reference as the publisher location:

Amsterdam

BerlinBostonChicago

LondonMadridNew YorkParis

PhiladelphiaSt. LouisTokyoToronto

Any city not listed above should be followed by the 2-letter United States postal code (see Abbreviations/Locations/United States) or country name in parentheses.

StyleReferences are numbered, with periods (no parentheses or brackets):

1. Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Can we improve the quality of life for dialysis patients? Am J

Kidney Dis 2009;54:993–5.

For all reference types, list all author/editor names, unless there are more than 10 authors, in which case the first 10 authors should be listed, followed by “et al.”

Style pedigrees in references as follows: “Smith J Jr.” and “Smith J III”.

Do not change the wording or spelling of any article or publication title in the reference list (i.e., retain British spellings, do not change numbers to words, and do not change “alpha” to “”). Check possible errors through MEDLINE (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/) and/or query the author for clarification.

Use an en dash in all page ranges, and include periods at the ends of references.

Books

Davidson, R. Probiotic therapy. Boston: Windsor Press; 2009.

Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kim GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.

Article or chapter in an edited bookMeltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.

♫ NOTE Delete chapter numbers in edited book references if provided.Author(s) and editor(s)

101

Breedlove GK, Schorfheide AM. Adolescent pregnancy. 2nd ed. Wieczorek RR, editor. White Plains (NY): March of Dimes Education Services; 2001.

Book with editionBianco LE, Unger EL, Beard J. Iron deficiency and overload: from basic biology to clinical medicine. 3rd ed. New York: Humana Press; 2010.

Book with volumeBebia Z, Buch SC, Wilson JW. Bioequivalence revisited. Vol. 7, 2nd ed. London: Vanguard Press; 2008.

Editor(s), compiler(s) as authorGilstrap LC III, Cunningham FG, VanDorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.

Organization(s) as authorRoyal Adelaide Hospital; University of Adelaide, Department of Clinical Nursing. Compendium of nursing research and practice development, 1999-2000. Adelaide (Australia): Adelaide University; 2001.

♫ NOTE Do not include the state or country name for well-known publishing cities in

book references (see References/Publication cities not requiring state/country names).

Conference paperChristensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.

Conference proceedingsHarnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, United Kingdom. New York: Springer; 2002.

Dissertation or thesisBorkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002.

Electronic material

CD-ROMAnderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

Database on the Internet, closedJablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National

102

Library of Medicine (US). c1999 [updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2002 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_title.html.

Database on the Internet, openWho’s Certified Database [Internet]. Evanston (IL): The American Board of Medical Specialists. c2000 [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp.

Database on the Internet, partialMeSH Browser Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002 [updated 2005 Jun 15; cited 2003 Jun 10]. Meta-analysis; unique ID: D015201. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html Files updated weekly.

Journal article on the InternetAbood S. 2002. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6). Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm.

Monograph on the InternetFoley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [monograph on the Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/.

Online computer program (e.g., open-source statistical packages)Wong J. imputation: imputation. R package version 2.0.1 [Internet]. c2013 [cited 2015 Jan 9]. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=imputation.

WebsiteCancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.

Website, part/portion ofAmerican Medical Association [Internet]. Chicago: The Association; c1995-2002 [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Office of Group Practice Liaison. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/1736.html.

♫ NOTE  It is acceptable for website URLs to be cited in text without appearing in the References section.

Government and agency documents

EthicsNational Research Council. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1985. (NIH publication 2 85-23.)

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StatisticsSAS Institute Inc. SAS user’s guide: basics, version 5 edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1985.

Allowances and guidelinesNational Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1989.

FAO/WHO/UNU. Energy and protein requirements. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985;724:1–206.

US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. The Surgeon General’s report on nutrition and health. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1988.

US Department of Agriculture. The food guide pyramid. Hyattsville, MD: Human Nutrition Information Service; 1992. (Publication HG252.)

Public Health Service. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 1990. [US DHHS publication (PHS) 90-50212.]

National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1994. [Series 1,1. DHHS publication (PHS) 94 1308.]

Food compositionConsumer and Food Economic Institute. Composition of foods: raw, processed, prepared. Agriculture handbook no. 8. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1976.

Paul AA, Southgate DAT. McCance and Widdowsons’ the composition of foods. 4th ed. London, United Kingdom: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1978.

Favier J, Ireland-Ripert J, Toque C, Feinberg M. CIQUAL. Répertoire général des aliments. Table de composition. [General repertoire of foods. Food composition table.] 2nd ed. Paris, France: Lavoisier; 1995 (in French).

Implied nutrient content claims and related label statements, 21 CFR Sect 101.65 (2002).

Journal articlesHalpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002;347:284-7.

Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002 Jul 25;347:284-7. Cited in PubMed; PMID 12140307.

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Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, Verr KL, Mitchell DL, Hastings BB, Smith WD, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res 2002;935:40-6.

♫ NOTE  For ASN article titles, use Greek characters, not words (e.g., β not beta).

AbstractJeffreys AB. Effect of dietary fiber on glucose responses. Proc Nutr Soc 1974;33:11 (abstr).

Article containing retractionFeifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:169. Retraction of: Feifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:909-11.

Article not in EnglishJelliffe B. Desnutricion energetico-proteinica. [Protein-energy malnutrition.] Arch Invest Med 1975;6:83–96 (in Spanish).

♫ NOTE  If only the English title is given, do not query for the foreign language title; simply place the English title in brackets.

Article published electronically ahead of the print versionYu WM, Hawley TS, Hawley RG, Qu CK. Immortalization of yolk sac-derived precursor cells. Blood 2014 Nov 15 (Epub ahead of print; DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-390849).

Article republished with correctionsMansharamani M, Chilton BS. The reproductive importance of P-type ATPases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002;188(1-2):22-5. Corrected and republished from: Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;183(1-2):123-6.

Article retractedFeifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. Safety and tolerability of a rapidly escalating dose-loading regimen for risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:909-11. Retraction in: Feifel D, Moutier CY, Perry W. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:169.

Article with discussionMillward DJ, Fereday A, Gibson NR, Pacy PJ. Post-prandial protein metabolism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;10:533–49; discussion 52–4.

Article with published erratumMalinowski JM, Bolesta S. Rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review. Clin Ther 2000;22:1151-68; discussion 1149-50. Erratum in: Clin Ther 2001;23:309.

In press (not published ahead of print)Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature of balancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. In press.

105

♫ NOTE  For articles that are in press, first check PubMed to determine whether there is

an update, applying journal article style or e-pub ahead of print style as appropriate. If

there is no update, simply style the reference as shown above.

Issue with supplementGlauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology 2002;58(12 Suppl 7):S6-12.

No author given21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ 2002;325(7357):184.

No volume or issueOutreach: bringing HIV-positive individuals into care. HRSA Careaction 2002 Jun:1-6.

Online articleSee References/Style/Electronic material/Journal article on the Internet.

Organization as additional authorVallancien G, Emberton M, Harving N, van Moorselaar RJ; Alf-One Study Group. Sexual dysfunction in 1,274 European men suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 2003;169:2257-61.

♫ NOTE  This example does not conform to NISO standards.

Organization as only authorDiabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension 2002;40:679-86.

Roman numeral paginationChadwick R, Schuklenk U. The politics of ethical consensus finding. Bioethics 2002;16:iii-v.

Type of article indicated as neededTor M, Turker H. International approaches to the prescription of long-term oxygen therapy [letter]. Eur Respir J 2002;20:242.

Lofwall MR, Strain EC, Brooner RK, Kindbom KA, Bigelow GE. Characteristics of older methadone maintenance (MM) patients [abstract]. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;66 Suppl 1:S105.

Volume with partAbend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5.Volume with supplementGeraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9.

106

Legal material

Code of federal regulationsCardiopulmonary Bypass Intracardiac Suction Control, 21 C.F.R. Sect. 870.4430 (2002).

HearingArsenic in Drinking Water: An Update on the Science, Benefits and Cost: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Environment, Technology and Standards of the House Comm. on Science, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (Oct. 4, 2001).

Public lawVeterans Hearing Loss Compensation Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-9, 115 Stat. 11 (May 24, 2001).

Unenacted billHealthy Children Learn Act, S. 1012, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).

Magazine articleRoueche B. Annals of medicine: the Santa Claus culture. The New Yorker 1971 Sept 4:66–81.

MapPratt B, Flick P, Vynne C, cartographers. Biodiversity hotspots [map]. Washington (DC): Conservation International; 2000.

Newspaper articleTynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).

PatentPagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.

Scientific and technical reports

Issued by funding/sponsoring agencyYen GG (Oklahoma State University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stillwater, OK). Health monitoring on vibration signatures. Final report. Arlington (VA): Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), Air Force Research Laboratory; 2002 Feb. Report No.: AFRLSRBLTR020123. Contract No.: F496209810049.

Issued by performing agencyRussell ML, Goth-Goldstein R, Apte MG, Fisk WJ. Method for measuring the size distribution of airborne Rhinovirus. Berkeley (CA): Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies

107

Division; 2002 Jan. Report No.: LBNL49574. Contract No.: DEAC0376SF00098. Sponsored by the Department of Energy.

WHO technical report seriesControl of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia. Report of a Joint WHO/UNICEF/USAID/Helen Keller International IVACG Meeting. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1982;672:1–70.

Software packagesComputer programs/packages can be cited in the text in Methods under Statistics. See example below:

“Differences between groups were determined using StatView 152+ (Brainpower).”

Unpublished materialOnly articles that have been accepted for publication may appear in the reference list. If an article is “submitted,” “under review,” “in preparation,” etc., it must be removed from the reference list and cited in text as unpublished data. The first initial and last name of all researchers must be included. Query the author if not provided.

Personal communicationsPersonal communications cannot be included in the References section and should instead be cited parenthetically in the text. Include the first initial(s), surname(s), and primary institution(s) of all individual(s) who provided the communication [e.g., “(J Smith, P Brown, Duke University, personal communication, 2013)”].

♫ NOTE Personal communications should be used only for individuals who are not

authors of the current article. If the name(s) given for a personal communication are those

of the authors, change the citation to unpublished data and query the author for approval.

Unpublished dataUnpublished material cannot appear in the References section. The material should be cited parenthetically in the text, and all authors should be listed (e.g., “(A Author, B Smith, C Bell, unpublished results, 2013)”]. “Manuscript submitted” should not be used; change to “unpublished results” and query the author to provide or confirm the first initials and surnames of all researchers.

♫ NOTE Unpublished data should be used only for authors of the current article. If the

name(s) given are not those of the authors, change the citation to a personal communication

(with the requisite inclusion of all individuals in the Acknowledgments) and query the

author for approval.

108

♫ NOTE  Articles accepted for publication but not published when final revisions are

completed on the current article should be cited as “in press.”

109

Spelling

Consult Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th Edition) for preferred spelling.

American versus BritishUse American spellings, not British ones, in the text, figure legends, and tables. However, leave British spellings in reference titles, as they in all likelihood were used in the original publication. British spellings should also be retained in institution names.

-ic versus -icalShorten –ical suffixes to –ic provided that the resultant term (a) is a viable word and (b) does not have a different meaning. For example:

Change: Do NOT change:

anatomical to anatomic clinical to clinic

physiological to physiologic helical to helicplasmatic to plasma medical to

medicradiological to radiologic

Exceptions:

Always use biological and psychological; do not change to biologic nor psychologic.

Change historical to historic (or vice versa) only if the author has used these terms inappropriately. For example:

Historical data confirmed our results.The discovery of radiation was a historic event.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material is not copyedited, but if an article has supplemental material, it must include the proper footnote and citations.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________CitationsUse the following formats when citing the various forms of supplemental material:

Supplemental Figure 2 Supplemental Table 5

The first citation of each supplemental figure or table should be boldface [e.g., (Supplemental Figure 1) and (Supplemental Tables 1 and 2)]. Note, however, that locants included in the first citations of a supplemental figure should not be boldface [e.g., (Supplemental Figure 1A)].

Tables

The treatment of table format, including table headings and treatment of units, should be consistent for all tables in a given article.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Table citationsEvery table should be cited in the article text in numerical order.

The first citation of each table in the article text should be boldface:Table 1 or (Table 1)Tables 1–3 or (Tables l–3)Tables 3 and 4 or (Tables 3, 4)(Table 1, Figure 3)

The word “Table” should be spelled out in all citations in the text, whether or not the table is being cited parenthetically:

(Table 1) Table 1 shows…(Tables 4–6) Tables 4–6 show…(Tables 5 and 7) Tables 5 and 7

show…(Tables 1, 7, and 8) Tables 1, 7, and 8

show…(Table 1, Figure 3) Table 1 and Figure 3

show…Attempt to cite specific tables in the text parenthetically rather than using phrases such as “Table Y shows…”

For tables appearing in supplemental material, simply preface the citation with the word “Supplemental” (e.g., Supplemental Table 1).

Omit the word “see” from table citations unless it is grammatically necessary to include it:

Participants who were missing potential predictor variables were dropped from the

stepwise analysis (see Table 2 for noted missing data).

♫ NOTE When the tables in an article are mentioned in a general sense and without

specific figure numbers, the word “table” should be spelled out and lower case (e.g.,

“The tables in this article show…”).

♫ NOTE Do not allow table citations in headings.

Citation with a figure

If a table is cited in conjunction with a figure, either in parentheses or in running text, list the items in numerical order, not alphabetical order:

Our results were not conclusive in identifying which method is most beneficial for this patient cohort (Table 3, Figure 5).

Uncited tablesIf a table is not cited in text, attempt to add an appropriate citation and query the author to either confirm the citation or request that it be positioned elsewhere as appropriate.

If it is too difficult to determine an appropriate location, simply add a citation to the citation of the preceding table in text and inform the author that it has been placed there temporarily for typesetting purposes.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Table number and titleTables are numbered with Arabic numerals. The word “TABLE” (all uppercase) and the table number should be boldface. Do not place a period after the table number.

The table title should be sentence case, lightface, with no period at the end. The table title should concisely describe its subject matter and should not be more than one sentence; convert additional sentences into a table title footnote (see Tables/Table footnotes/Table title footnote).

Include the study population or study component in a table title when it is directly relevant to the data in the table. Examples:

Characteristics and prevalence of undernutrition among adolescents in Tanzania

Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets

AJCNThe table title appears below the table number on its own line:

TABLE 1Physical and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission

ANJNThe table title appears directly after the table number on the same line:

TABLE 1 Physical and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission

Note that an em space is used to separate the table number from the table title.

♫ NOTE If the author supplies tables that are numbered using alphabetical designators

(e.g., TABLE 1A and 1B), consolidate or split the tables (whichever is more appropriate)

to remove the alphabetical designators, then renumber as necessary.

 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Table headings

Column headingsEach table column should have a heading; headings should be sentence case. Exception: It is not necessary for the stub column to have a heading, and in some cases it is preferable to not have one (e.g., if the stub column headings are made up of unrelated items).

Column headings appear above the line separating the headings from the body of the table. Do not repeat the same unit of measure under multiple column headings. Each column heading should be centered except for the stub column, which should be flush left.

Column headings should be made singular wherever possible (e.g., “Ingredient” not “Ingredients”).

It is acceptable to use statistical descriptors such as “Mean SD” and “Range” as column headings (rather than a footnote) when several such descriptors are used in a table. For example:

TABLE 1 Patient characteristics by HFE genotype

CharacteristicWild type/wild type (n = 15)

Mean ± SD Median RangeAge, y 60 ± 6 50 48–69

If column headings include values that overlap or contain gaps, consult the text for clarification or query the author to clarify (e.g., if one heading is “≤130 pmol/L” and another heading is “130–178 pmol/L”).See Tables/Units/Column headings for information about the treatment of units in column headings.

Row headingsRow headings appear in the far left column of a table and should be sentence case. Subheadings are sentence case as well, and should be placed under primary headings, with an em space indent.Avoid repetition in row headings to save space:

Change: to:

Monthly food expenditure, CFA francs/mo Food expenditure, CFA francs/moDelete the word “concentration” from a row heading if the unit given is a concentration:

Change: to:Plasma folate concentration, nmol/L Plasma folate,

nmol/LTotals are usually indented below flush left row heads, with no extra space above Total. When all of the column totals are 100%, delete the entire row.

If row headings include values that overlap or contain gaps, consult the article text for clarification or query the author to clarify. For example:

Vitamin D status, n (%)<30 nmol/L30 to <50 nmol/L50–75 nmol/L≥75 nmol/L

See Tables/Units/Row headings for information about the treatment of units in column headings.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Table bodyDo not use bolding, underlining, italics, etc. to indicate the hierarchy of subheadings or entries in a table; always use indents.

Use an em dash in tables in which a hyphen is used to indicate no value obtained. No explanation for the em dashes is required.

Reference citationsReference citations are allowed within the table body. However, take care to distinguish between reference citations and numerical values that appear in parentheses, reformatting the table as necessary to avoid confusion.

If a table includes a column that is specifically dedicated to reference citations, follow the citation style for author names that are mentioned in text as part of the citation; for example:

TABLE 1 Epidemiologic studies on consumption of fermented soy foods in association

with prostate cancer risk in menReference Design Description of studyKurahashi et al. (13) Cohort

study307 incident cases/43,509 cohort size, Japanese, Japan

Allen and Smith (12) Cohort study

196 incident cases/18,115 cohort size, Japanese, Japan

Severson (10) Cohort 174 incident cases/7999 cohort

study size,Japanese American, United States

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Table footnotes

Table title footnoteThe table title footnote carries the footnote symbol “1” and is always the first footnote below the table. Its purpose is to account for any information that pertains to the table as a whole. The symbol/numeral for the table title footnote appears at the end of the table title, closed up to the final character of the title:

TABLE 1 Reduction of cholesterol absorption by dietary plant sterols and stanols in mice is independent of the Abcg5/8 transporter1

The data presented in a table should be adequately described in the table title footnote. If all of the values in the table are expressed in the same format, it is sufficient to state this in the table title footnote.

Example:

TABLE 1 Comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic variables in plasma for CaHMBand FAHMB after oral administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats1

DoseCaHMB

(30 mg/kg)FAHMB

(24.2 mg/kg)CaHMB

(100 mg/kg)FAHMB

(80.8 mg/kg)kel, 1/h 0.5 ± 0.02 0.6 ± 0.05 0.6 ± 0.03 0.5 ± 0.02t1/2, h 1.3 ± 0.05 1.3 ± 0.12 1.3 ± 0.09 1.4 ± 0.06Tmax, h 0.8 ± 0.12 0.9 ± 0.10 0.8 ± 0.12 1 ± 0Cmax, mg/mL 19.9 ± 2.03 13.7 ± 1.54 56.2 ± 3.39 35.9 ± 3.79

1Values are means ± SEMs, n = 5.

If the values are expressed in different formats, adjust the table title footnote accordingly; for example:

TABLE 1 Participant characteristics and descriptive

statistics for the young adult sample1

Characteristics Valuen 978Age, y 19.6 ± 1.6Gender, % men 36.5BMI, kg/m2 23.8 ± 4.1Serum selenium, μg/L 82 ± 18Current smoker, % 7.1

1Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated.

It is also acceptable to use either table heading or table body footnotes as befits the situation when the values are expressed in different formats.

♫ NOTE Always check to make sure that any descriptions of the data in the table title

footnote match the representation of the data in the table.

♫ NOTE There should only be one table title footnote; if there are 2 or more footnotes,

consolidate them into a single footnote.Abbreviations used in tables (including the table title) should be listed and defined alphabetically at the end of the table title footnote.

Example:1Amino acid composition of the diets was the same with the exception of proline and serine. LP, low-proline; PS, proline-supplemented; TPN, total parenteral nutrition.

If a table includes abbreviations but has no other information that should appear in a table title footnote, then the abbreviations should be the only content of the table title footnote.

Example:1LP, low-proline; PS, proline-supplemented; TPN, total parenteral nutrition.

If a table contains only one abbreviated term in the body of the table, then the numbered footnote should appear after that term instead of after the title.

Abbreviations may be used in table titles, but they must be defined in the table title footnote.

♫ NOTE When an abbreviation appears only in a table footnote and is used only once in

that footnote (e.g., LSM for least square mean), it should be expanded rather than included

in an abbreviations list at the end of the footnote.

Table heading and table body footnotesFor information that is applicable only to a single column or row or to a specific item within the table body, a footnote symbol should be placed after the column/row heading or table body item.Superscript Arabic numerals should be used for all table footnotes; they are ordered based on a top-to-bottom, left-to-right fashion throughout the table body.

If the values in a table are expressed in different formats, place the footnote symbol on the first value or on the appropriate column or row head (depending on the context) for each format given. For example, if only one row of data has values that are means SDs, it is clearer to add the footnote to the row head rather than to the first such value in that row.

Examples:

TABLE 1 Subject characteristicsWomen (n =

29) Men (n = 40)Age,1 y 33.2 ± 10.4 32.9 ± 8.7Weight,2 kg 93.9 ± 25.5 96.8 ± 21.6BMI,2 kg/m2 35.8 ± 9.4 31.8 ± 6.5

1Values are means SDs. 2Values are means SEs.

TABLE 1 Baseline characteristicsAll subjects (n =

216)Cork (n = 97) Coleraine (n =

119)Sex, M:F 86:130 38:59 48:71Age, y 70.7 ± 5.41 71.6 ± 6.0 70.0 ± 4.7Dietary calcium, mg/d 874 (678, 1174)2 890 (681, 1162) 867 (677, 1183)Serum calcium, 9.2 ± 0.4 9.0 ± 0.4 9.3 ± 0.4

mmol/L 1Mean ± SD (all such values). 2Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).

♫ NOTE When a footnote symbol corresponds to a unit of measure, the symbol should

follow the text or variable to which the unit applies, not the unit itself (e.g., BMI,4 kg/m2).

Statistical footnotesFor statistical footnotes (primarily P values), it is permissible to use symbols (*, **, †, etc.) or superscript lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.), but neither is required; follow author usage, provided that the footnote scheme is clear.

TABLE 1 UMFA and its relation to demographic characteristics in US

adults aged 60 y without () and with (+) UMFA1

CharacteristicAll subjects(n = 1121)

UMFA(n = 756)

UMFA+(n = 365)

Age, y 70 ± 0.5 71 ± 0.3 70 ± 0.5Male, % 42 ± 2 44 ± 2 38 ± 2*Non-Hispanic white, % 82 ± 1 80 ± 1 86 ± 1Folic acid supplement users, % 47 ± 2 40 ± 2 61 ± 3**

1All values are means or percentages ± SEs. *, **Different from UMFA: *P < 0.01, **P < 0.05. UMFA,

unmetabolized serum folic acid.When authors use letters or symbols to distinguish several values, the letters/symbols should be explained; for example:

TABLE 1 Subject characteristics1 20–29 y of age

(n = 69)30–39 y of age

(n = 29)40–49 y of age

(n = 40)Age, y 33.0 ± 9.4a 38.2 ± 10.4b 32.9 ± 8.7a

Weight, kg 90.6 ± 23.2a 83.9 ± 25.5b 96.8 ± 21.6c

BMI, kg/m2 33.4 ± 8.0 25.8 ± 9.4 30.8 ± 6.5 1All values are means SDs. Values in a row without a

common letter aresignificantly different, P < 0.05.

If both letters and numbers are used as symbols after the same value, position the letter first and separate the symbols with a comma; for example:

TABLE 1  Subject characteristics1 20–29 y of age

(n = 69)30–39 y of age

(n = 29)40–49 y of age

(n = 40)Age, y 33.0 ± 9.4a,2 38.2 ± 10.4b 32.9 ± 8.7a

Weight, kg 90.6 ± 23.2a 83.9 ± 25.5b 96.8 ± 21.6c

BMI, kg/m2 33.4 ± 8.0 25.8 ± 9.4 30.8 ± 6.51All values are means SDs. Values in a row without a

common letter are significantlydifferent, P < 0.05 (ANOVA). 2Data missing for one subject.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________AbbreviationsSee Tables/Table footnotes/Table title footnote.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

N and n valuesIf N and/or n values apply to a particular column or row, they should appear in the corresponding column or row heading (see Example 1 in Appendix 2: Sample Tables/Row headings/Value consistency). They may also follow the values themselves in brackets (not in parentheses, since the n values could be mistaken for reference numbers). Otherwise, they may be appended to the table title or included in table footnotes as appropriate.

When “M” and “F” are used, insert a space between the number and the letter (e.g., n = 70 M, 40 F) unless space is an issue.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________P valuesSee Tables/Table footnotes/Table heading and table body footnotes.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________UnitsAvoid providing units in the table title; they may appear in a footnote if they are extremely complex and do not fit easily into the body of the table.

Query the author regarding any missing units of measure in tables.

See Appendix 2: Sample Tables for examples of correctly (and incorrectly) formatted units in tables.

Column headingsWhen a unit of measure applies to an entire column, the unit should appear at the end of the column heading, offset by a comma, regardless of whether the values in the column are expressed in that unit. Examples:

Trial Diet Energy, MJ/d Protein, g/d Sugar, g/d Vitamin C, mg/d

1 MTD1 12.1 ± 1.5 89 ± 11 132 ± 15 143 ± 492 MTD2 13.4 ± 1.6 105 ± 12 195 ± 22 238 ± 333 MTD3 13.1 ± 1.4 115 ± 13 215 ± 26 215 ± 27

Baseline platelet aggregation, AUC

ohmsTestosterone,

nmol/L Estradiol, pmol/LRBC count, ×1012/L −0.15 0.59 −0.32WBC count, ×109/L 0.31 −0.12 0.18Platelet count, ×109/L 0.45 −0.30 0.19

If several contiguous columns have the same unit of measure, place the unit after the applicable straddle column heading.Example:

Study n Age Sex, n (M/F)

Measured 25(OH)D, nmol/L

BasalSeasonal difference

Smith et al. (18)

59 46.3 ± 12.6

23/36 57.7 NA

Li et al. (34) 60 41.5 ± 10.0

12/48 46.8 7.90

Jones et al. (46)

17 49.3 ± 9.7 1/16 65.0 NA

♫ NOTE Statistical abbreviations are not units and thus should not appear as italicheaders in the table body; place them within column headings or in the table footnote as appropriate.

Row headingsWhen a unit of measure applies to an entire row, the unit should appear at the end of the row heading, offset by a comma, regardless of whether the values in that row are expressed in that unit.

Examples:

TABLE 1 DNA concentrations of…

DNA concentration

DietHigh-Protein Low-Protein

Fiber-Rich Starch-Rich Fiber-Rich Starch-RichBacteria, mg/g 2.93 2.95 2.59 2.53Anaerobic fungi, μg/g 0.71 0.47 0.54 0.44Methanogens, 107 copies/g

1.70 1.40 1.58 0.66

TABLE 1 Correlation between …Baseline platelet aggregation, AUC

ohmsTestosterone,

nmol/LEstradiol,

pmol/LRBC count, ×1012/L −0.15 0.59 −0.32WBC count, ×109/L 0.31 −0.12 0.18Platelet count, ×109/L 0.45 −0.30 0.19

If a unit applies to all subheadings below a primary heading, list the unit only in the primary heading.

Example:

Dietary intake ValueTotal carbohydrate, g/d 314

Fiber 30Free sugars 134

Total fat, g/d 71Saturated fat 23Monounsaturated fat 26 Polyunsaturated fat 14

If the unit in a primary heading does not apply to all subheadings, list the unit for each subheading.

Example:

TreatmentsNAT IMP TOFU

Raw patty weight, g 114 114 198Cooked patty weight, g 64.0 70.0 144

Dry matter (as fed), % 44.6 39.2 17.8E2Eq, supplement (as fed), ng/kg

7.74 ± 4.03 26.2 ± 30.4 4430 ± 443

Terminology

5-methyl-THF

acid-catalyzed reactionacid-soluble carnitineacute load testacute phase proteinacyl-CoAadrenaline do not use; use epinephrineAdequate Intake note capitalizationaflotoxin-N7

air-displacement plethysmographyair-dryalbumin-globulin ratioamino-terminal (adj.)amino terminus (n.)angiotensin-converting enzymeapolipoprotein A-Iatom % abbreviate as at.% only if the author has done

soattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

-adrenergic receptor not beta receptor or beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker cell-carotene supplementation trial-carotene–supplementation group-glucan-glucan–rich barleyB cellbalance-beam scalebaselinebest-fit linebetween-subject variationbile-salt-activated lipasebinge-eating disorder also binge-eating statusbirth weightbirth-weight-for-gestational ageblood-brain barrierbody-composition-adjustedbody-composition databottle-feedbranched-chain amino acidbreakpointbreastfed also breastfeed, breastfeedingbreast milk but breast-milk calciumbreath-hydrogen testbreath-hydrogen concentrationbrush border (membrane)

C-peptide (n. and adj.)C-reactive proteinC3 plantcalcitropiccalcium balance studycarboxyl-terminal (adj.)carboxyl terminus (n.)cause-and-effect relationCD4+, CD8+

cesarean delivery not cesarean section or caesarean deliverychild-onset morbiditychild-yearschylomicron-cholesterol concentrationschylomicron-triacylglycerol (n. and adj.)colony-forming unitconcentration-versus-time curvecrossovercross section (n.)cross-sectional (adj.)cross-reaction also cross-react, cross-reactivitycrosstalkcost-benefit analysiscost-effectivecow milk not “cow’s milk” or “cows’ milk”cow-milk formulacoronary artery disease* or ischemic heart disease; preferred to

“coronary heart disease”cornstarchcrossovercross-reactcoworkercutoff preferred to “cutoff point”; avoid “cut point”cyanocobalamine change to “cyanocobalamin” (American

spelling)cytochrome ccytochrome P450

[number] desaturase Do not superscript number (e.g., “6 desaturase” not “6 desaturase”)

D-dimerdairy OK to use as a noun (e.g., “dairy intake”)dark-adaptation thresholddata bankdatabasedata setday-to-daydelayed-hypersensitivity skin testdelayed-type hypersensitivity skin testdiet-induced thermogenesisDietary Reference Intake note capitalizationdiode-array detectorDL or dl use DL for carbohydrates and amino acids, and

dl for lipids (e.g., dl-α-tocopheryl acetate)DNA-binding proteindose-response testdouble-blind studydownregulatedry-asheddry-heated sampledual-isotope-tracer techniquedual-photon absorptiometryduplicate-portion technique

E%, En%, e%, en% change to “percentage of energy” (also: change “7 En%” to “7% of energy”); OK to use abbreviation in figures and tables

EDTA-coated tubes or “tubes containing EDTA” (not “EDTA tubes”)

epinephrine not adrenalinee-mailendpointend productend-stage liver diseaseenzyme-linked immunosorbent assayessential fatty acid metabolismeven-chain (fatty acids)

false positivefalse-positive resultfar-reachingfast-protein liquid chromatographyfat-freefat mimicfat tolerance testfecal-fat data also fecal-fat excretion, fecal-fat coefficientfiber-blend dietfieldworkerfinger-prick capillary bloodfinger stickfirst class (n.)first-class (adj.)firsthandfirst-order (adj.)fish-oil supplementationflame ionization detectorflow meterfollicle-stimulating hormonefood-assessment instrumentfood-composition tablefood consumption frequencyfood-fortification programsfood-frequency questionnairefood preparation methodfood-use reportfollow-up (n. and adj.)follow up (v.)

footraceforce-feedforced expiratory flow volumeformula-fed infantsfree-living (n and adj)freeze-clampedfreeze-driedfull-fledgedfunctional foodfused silica column

gas-liquid chromatographygastric-emptying timegel-permeation chromatographygeneral-acid-catalyzed reactiongerm-freeglucose tolerance testglucose-1-phosphateGram staingram-negative bacteriagram-positive bacteriagrand mal seizure

half-life (n.)HbA1cHDL cholesterolHDL-cholesterol concentrationHDL-cholesterol-raisinghealth care workerheight-for-ageheme-iron absorptionheparin “heparin-coated tubes,” “heparinized tubes,”

and the like are OKhexane–benzene solventhemoglobin A1chigh-fiber diethigh fiber intakehigh-carbohydrate, low-fat diethigh-complex-carbohydrate diethigh-fructose corn syruphigh-molecular-weight compoundhigh-protein meal-replacement shakehigh–vitamin E diethormone replacement therapyHPLC–mass spectrometryhuman milk proteinhydrolyzed-lactose milkhomocysteine not homocyst(e)ine

ice-coldin-depthin-houseInternetion kinetic energy spectroscopy

intensive-care-unit patientsinsulin-dependent diabetesinsulin suppression testinternal-standard methodion-exchange chromatographyiron deficiency anemiairon-binding capacity (but total-iron-binding capacity)iron-status indexesischemic heart disease* or coronary artery disease; preferred to

“coronary heart disease”isotope-infusion studyisotope ratio mass spectrometry

labor-intensivelactoovovegetarianlarge-bowel obstructionlarge-for-gestational-age (adj.)large-intestinal diseaselarge TRL apo B-48large TRL–apo B-48 concentrationlatex agglutination testLatin-square designLDL cholesterolLDL-cholesterol concentrationsLDL-receptor-relatedleast-significant-difference methodleast-squares methodleukotriene A1life cyclelife spanlife-support systemlifestylelinear regression analysislipid-lowering effectlipoprotein(a)liquid-scintillation counterlog OK for logarithmlog transformedlog-transformed data log-normallog-rank testlong-chain triacylglycerolsLong-Evans Cinnamon ratlong-term (adj.) but “in the long term”low-energy beamlow-fat milklow–glycemic index foodslow-lyinglow-molecular-weightluminallung function test

magnetic sector field mass spectrometer

Maillard reactionmaizemealmarker-corrected fecal dry weightmass-isotopomer distribution analysismass spectrometric analysismeal-fat oxidationmeal-to-meal intervalmealtimemedical school studentmedical-nutrition educationmeta-analysismetabolic ward studymethionine-loading studiesmethyl-CoA–CPT IMichaelis-Menten kineticsmicro-Kjeldahlmidarmmiddle-aged (adj.)middle-class (adj.)midpointmidupper armmidupper arm circumferencemild-to-moderate diseasemixed-linked -glucansmodified relative dose responsemodified-relative-dose-response test

reword if possible to avoid hyphens

mouth-feelmultiple linear regressionmultiple linear regression analysismultiple range testmultiple regression analysismultivariate regression analysismyo-inositol hexaphosphatem/z mass-to-charge ratio

near-termnegative thermal ionization mass spectrometryneural tube defectneutron-activation analysisnitrogen balance testnon-binge-eaternonbreastfednon-energy-containing drinknon-energy-restricted dietnonheme-iron absorptionnon-insulin-dependent diabetesnonmilk intakenonnormally distributed datanonprotein respiratory quotientnon-silicone-coated glass tubenonstarch polysaccharidenon–steady state conditions

non-stone-forming subjectsnormal-weight parentsnuclear magnetic resonance spectrometerNurses’ Health Studynursing home residentnutraceutical

olestraOlean Procter & Gamble Companyone-factor ANOVA change to “1-factor ANOVA” (not 1-way

ANOVA)one-time (adj.) only onceonetime (adj.) formeroral-glucose-tolerance testoral tracer studyorlistat brand name: Xenical, Hoffmann-La Rocheoxygen reactive species

packed cell volumepack-years do not abbreviate as pack-ypair fedpair-fed animalspair feedingpairwise analysispairwise comparisonpart-timepatient-years do not abbreviate as patient-yPearson’s product-moment correlation coefficientpH-adjusted mediaphysician-nutritionist noun and adjectivepetri dishphagocytose preferred to “phagocytize”plasma cholesterol–lowering effectpolicymakerpolymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphismpostcolumn derivatizationpost hoc (test) sometimes post-testpost-transcriptionalpostpartumpostprandialprealbumin preferred to “transthyretin”preschool childrenpresent-day (adj.)preterm infant an infant with gestational age <37 completed

weeksprostaglandin A1pulse-field gel electrophoresispyrodoxine change to “pyridoxin” (American spelling)

quality of life outcomequality-control (adj.)

radioimmunoassayradioimmunodiffusion assayrandom-effects modelrandomized controlled intervention trialrandomized controlled trialrate-limiting (n.)ready-maderepeated-measures analysisretinol-binding protein per Stedman’sreversed-phase chromatographyright-hand (adj.)Ringer solutionrisk-factor profilerpm do not use for centrifugation statements; use

g instead (e.g., XXX × g; XXX min), and query author for g-force and time, if not provided

scatter plotSchiff’s baseschool ageschool-age childrenschoolchildrenself-reportSeventh-day Adventistssex-by-risk factorsex hormone–binding globulin per Stedman’sshelf lifeside effectsignal-to-noise ratiosingle-axial abdominal MRIsingle-meal studyskin testskinfold fat areaskinfold fat-area calculationskinfold thickness not simply “skinfold”small-bowel-associated diseasesmall-bowel functionsmall-for-gestational-age adjectivesmall-intestinal diseasesociodemographicsocioeconomicsoft tissue analysisspin-echo T1-weighted imagesspoon-feedSprague-Dawley ratsstable-isotope mass spectrometric measurementstable-isotope studystable-isotope-tracer protocolstainless steelstand-alonestate of the art (n.)

state-of-the-art (adj.)steady state (n. and adj.)stepwisestepwise regression analysisStep I, Step II diet roman numeralssoy foodssoy-protein intakesubcutaneous-fat distributionsupernatant fluid do not use “supernatant” alone as a nounsyringe-and-needle method

T cell (n. and adj.)T helper lymphocyteT lymphocyte surface antigenterm infant an infant with gestational age between 37 and

42 completed weekstertile not terciletest weighingthiamin do not change to “thiamine”thin-layer chromatographyThird World (n. and adj.)thromboxane A2time pointtime courseTolerable Upper Intake Level note capitalizationtotal body fattotal body nitrogentotal-body fat contenttotal cholesterol concentrationtotal-iron-binding capacity but iron binding capacitytransition-metal-promoted reactiontriceps skinfold thicknesstriceps-skinfold-thickness measurement

reword if possible to avoid hyphens

TRL-triacylglycerol concentrationTRL-esterified-cholesterol concentrationtwice-weekly supplementationtwin A weight changetype 1 diabetes not insulin-dependent diabetes mellitustype 2 diabetes not non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

ultrahigh-temperature-treated formulaupper-body fatupregulateurinalysis

vaginal deliveryvenoocclusiveventilated-hood systemvery-low-birth-weight infantvery-low-density lipoproteinvery-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol

vitamin-deficientVO2 max if the overdot is not present, query the author

as to whether it is needed

waist-to-hip ratiowarm-upwashoutweaning-food viscositywebsiteweighed-food recordweight-for-lengthweight-loss treatmentweight-reduction programweight-stable subjectswhole-blood spot assaywhole-body (adj.)whole-grain (adj.) change to “whole grain” for nounwhole-wheat breadWilcoxon matched-pairs testwild type (n.)wild-type (adj.)within-subject variationWorld Wide Web also “The Web”

X-ray

z scorezinc-binding protein

*For articles in which the topic is cardiovascular disease and the author uses the term coronary heart disease in reference to the present study, query for the more specific term (usually coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease). When the term coronary heart disease is used in reference to previous studies (e.g., “In the study by Mellor (35), the incidence of coronary heart disease was studied…”), do not query for the more specific term.

Usage

additionally Change to in addition.administered/received  Use for dosages and treatments; either word is acceptable within this context (e.g., “mice received an i.v. dose” or “were administered an i.v. dose”).affect/effect  As a verb, affect means to have bearing or influence on something; effect means to cause something to happen. As a noun, affect refers to emotion; effect is the power to produce a consequence.aliquot  Do not use as a verb.although  Use instead of though.among Use among when discussing items considered as a group rather than as discrete units (“the British bombs landed among the homes in Dusseldorf”); do not use when discussing relations involving more than 2 items. See also between. analog/analogue  An analog computer, but a hormone analogue.as Use only in a temporal sense; otherwise, use because (e.g., “Because the patient did not respond to therapy…”).assure/insure Change to ensure. One should use “assure” only to describe an action between 2 or more people (e.g., “Richard assured John that the project would be completed on time” not “The use of HPLC assured quality results for our study”)average Avoid using for mean, especially when the mean is given. It is acceptable to use average when it is not being used in a statistical context (e.g., “On average, the obese rats were more lethargic…”).between  Use between whenever discussing relations involving 2 or more individual items (e.g., “association between smoking and cardiovascular disease” or “associations between food groups, dietary patterns, and cardiorespiratory fitness”). Avoid using between when discussing relations involving 1 individual item and 1 or more sets of multiple items (e.g., change “association between smoking and cardiovascular disease and mortality” to “associations of smoking with cardiovascular disease and mortality”). See also among.biopsy  A procedure to obtain a tissue sample. Do not use as a verb (not “The mass was biopsied”). Observations are made on the specimen, not on the biopsy itself (“The biopsy specimen showed fibrosis”).blinded   It is acceptable to use the word “blinded” when referring to observers in a study (e.g., “Both technicians were blinded…”).cause/etiology A cause is an agent that brings about disease; etiology refers to the study of disease causes.caused a decrease  Avoid overuse of this type of phrasing; change to decreased if used excessively.

compare compare to a standard; compare with a peer, but avoid the latter construction if it can be easily replaced with “than” (e.g., “Ghsr/ mice ate small meals more frequently than WT controls”).compose/comprise compose means to make up (“The soup is composed of many ingredients”); comprise means to encompass, to be made up of (“The whole comprises the parts”). control When referring to animals, it is acceptable to use control as a noun.data The plural form of datum: the latter is rarely used (“the data are” not “the data is”). demonstrate/reveal/show It is acceptable to use “demonstrate,” “reveal,” or “show” as befits the situation when discussing the results of a study (e.g., “These results demonstrate the effects of a high-fat diet on…”; “These tests revealed an increase in…”; “Mice fed the BF diet showed decreased levels of…”)dose/dosage A dose is the amount of medicine administered (e.g., a dose of 10 mg); dosage refers to the frequency of administration (e.g., a dosage of 10 mg/d).downstream/upstream Acceptable when referring to chemical pathways, but do not use in reference to the diet.due to Use only as an adjective (“His errors were due to carelessness”); synonymous with attributable to. Use because of or owing to in adverbial phrases (e.g., “Because of rain, the game was delayed”).effect/affect See affect/effect.e.g./i.e. e.g. means “for example” and introduces a list of examples; i.e. means “that is” and introduces a restatement or definition.employ Change to use.ensure/insure  To ensure means to guarantee or make sure; to insure means to assure against loss or to give, take, or procure insurance. etiology/cause See cause/etiology.euthanize  Do not use when referring to laboratory experiments in animals; use kill instead. The term euthanize is acceptable only when moribund or suffering animals are killed.fast  Humans fast, but animals are deprived of food. Do not routinely substitute starved for fasting, as the former indicates a certain physiologic state. female/male See Usage/Human studies.-fold  Use 1-fold, 2-fold and so on; severalfold. Fold-decreases do not make sense; query author to convert to %. A 4-fold increase is 5 times the original value. following Do not use when after is meant.gender/sex  Use gender when referring to the social constructs of male and female (e.g., “In peasant societies, gender roles are clearly

defined”); use sex when referring to biological constructs (e.g., “The effectiveness of the treatment depends on the sex of the patient”). groups Use precise language to describe changes within a single group over time vs. differences among or between groups at a time [e.g., “X increased from baseline to wk 12 in the C group (P<0.05)” (change in single group over time) and “X was greater in group C than in group T at wk 12 (P<0.05)” not “X was increased in the C group at wk 12 (P<0.05)” (difference between groups)]. Additionally, always state which means differ.impact  When used as a verb, change to affect.indexes  not indices.insignificant/nonsignificant Do not use insignificant when discussing statistics; use nonsignificant. insure/ensure See ensure/insure.kill Use in place of euthanize when referring to laboratory experiments in animals.less Use only for quantities that cannot be counted, such as liquid; use fewer otherwise (e.g., less liquid, fewer cells). level Use only to refer to relative rank or position on a scale. Do not use to indicate amount or concentration (e.g., “There are different levels of government,” “The cholesterol concentration in the blood can be measured,” and “We determined the amount of RNA in each sample”). Query the author to confirm any edits related to the use of “level.”

♫ NOTE It is acceptable to use level when referring to mRNA (“mRNA levels were…”).

male/female See Usage/Human studies.modality Change to method or approach as appropriate.model  Do not use to refer to humans (e.g., change “human and animal models” to “humans and animal models”.nonsignificant/insignificant See insignificant/nonsignificant. “on” a diet See Usage/Diets.“on” drugs Do not refer to human subjects as being on a drug; change to taking or receiving (e.g., change “7 subjects on cyanocobalamin” to “7 subjects who were taking cyanocobalamin”).“on” therapy Do not refer to human subjects as being on therapy; change to receiving (e.g., change “on hormone therapy” to “receiving hormone therapy”).parameter Use only in a statistical or mathematical context; use variable or marker otherwise.

plasma total concentrations not total plasma concentrations. The purpose of this phrase is to describe the total amount of a compound that appears within plasma (hence plasma modifies total).plateau  Do not use as a verb.plural “(s)”  Do not use “(s)” to suggest a plural form [e.g., diet(s) ]; use either singular or plural.presently Change to now or currently.prior to Change to before.quantitate Change to measure as appropriate.randomized   Use for studies, but change to randomly assigned when discussing subjects.received/administered   See administered/received).relation/relationship Use relationship to mean relations between 2 or more persons; use relation to describe a connection between inanimate objects or concepts.respectively Appears at the end of a comparison, not in the middle.reveal/demonstrate/show See demonstrate/reveal/ show . risk for Change to risk of (but use “risk factor for [a disease]”).sacrifice Change to kill when referring to laboratory experiments in animals.serum total concentrations not total serum concentrations. The purpose of this phrase is to describe the total amount of a compound that appears within serum (hence serum modifies total).sex/gender See gender/ sex . show/demonstrate/reveal See demonstrate/reveal/ show . significant/significantly  The term significantly should be avoided when not used for statistics. Important, substantial, or relevant can often be substituted for significantly, depending on the context.since Use only in a temporal sense (e.g., “Since 1999, many studies have focused…”); otherwise, use because (e.g., “Because the patient did not respond to therapy…”).statistical Do not use to refer in a general sense to degree of difference (e.g., “No significant differences…” not “No statistical differences…”). However, use of statistically is acceptable at first mention until significance is defined (e.g., “these findings were statistically significant”). (Note that there is both biological significance and statistical significance.)that/which Use that to introduce restrictive (essential) clauses and which to introduce nonrestrictive (nonessential) clauses. A which clause can be, but is not always, set off by commas; that clauses never are.

treatment Change “treatment for [a disease]” to “treatment of [a disease]”; however, change “treatment of [dosage/substance]” to “treatment with [dosage/substance]”.upstream/downstream See downstream/upstream. using Use using only when there is a clear subject doing the using (e.g., “Measurements were taken by one individual using a calibrated…” ); replace with “with use of” or “through use of” as appropriate.utilize Change utilize to use as necessary, but note that utilize is acceptable if used correctly per Webster’s.vortex  Do not use as a verb; substances are “mixed on a vortex” not “vortexed.”which/that See that/which.while Use only in a temporal sense (e.g., “While the coffee brewed, I read the paper”); otherwise use although or whereas as appropriate (e.g., “Although it was raining, I was in a cheery mood”; “I prefer vanilla, whereas my husband prefers chocolate”)._____________________________________________________________________________________________Animal studiesNote that animals are “killed,” not “euthanized” or “sacrificed.” The term “euthanized” is appropriate only when moribund or suffering animals are killed. Change “animals” to the appropriate species name when possible (e.g., dogs, cows, pigs, rats, mice, etc.).Do not use “fast” or “fasted” for animals. Animals are “deprived of food.”

The author should always indicate how animals were killed.

Avoid phrases such as “in the rat” or “in the human”; change to “in rats” or “in humans.” Exceptions may occur when a specific animal model is described (e.g., "in the fatty Zucker rat.").

In the Results section, describe the animals that have been fed a given diet or diets, not just the diets (authors sometimes suggest that changes or differences are in diets rather than in the groups fed those diets).Statements regarding animal studies and the “Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee” (or foreign equivalent) should include the name of the institution (e.g., “approved by the IACUC of The Pennsylvania State University.”) This may seem self-evident if the work is from one institution, but this is not the case when more than one institution is involved, it should always be stated for the sake of consistency. A similar statement is required for human studies for which institutional approval is granted. Query the authors for the institution name if it is not provided.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Diets

Commercial diets should be named: (e.g., Wayne Rodent Blox or Purina Rodent Chow #5001). Full listings of diets should be formatted as follows: Purina Rodent Chow #5001 (Ralston-Purina).

The generic use of “chow” should be changed to “unpurified diet.”

Avoid “on a diet” or “fed with a diet” phrases (i.e., delete “with”); rats are fed, humans consume. Note, however, that animals consume ad libitum rather than being fed ad libitum (e.g., “The adult dams consumed…ad libitum.” not “We fed adult dams…ad libitum.”

It is permissible to use either “administered” or “received” for dosages and treatments. However, change “on hormone therapy” to “taking/receiving hormone therapy.”

_____________________________________________________________________________________________EponymsEponymous diseases, disorders, and syndromes should appear in nonpossessive form (e.g., Down syndrome not Down’s syndrome; Hodgkin lymphoma not Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Human studiesIn human studies, the persons involved in the study may be referred to as subjects, patients, participants, or individuals as appropriate.

When referring to humans, adjectives such as obese, hypertensive, diabetic, and control must be followed by a noun (e.g., diabetic patients, control subjects). Exception: It is acceptable to case-control studies, when cases and controls have been clearly defined

Persons should not be called by their disease (e.g., persons with ileostomies not ileostomates). Note, however, that alcoholic and elderly can be used as nouns.

If a study population is over 18 years of age, use men, women, or adults instead of female(s) and male(s). If a study population is under 18 years of age and not considered children, use adolescent females/males or adolescents. If the study population is a mix of children and other age groups, it is permissible to use female(s) and male(s).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ItalicsItalicize words in text as little as possible. Do not italicize for emphasis, but allow the italicization of terms that (a) have been coined, (b) are being used ironically, or (c) are being used out of their normal context (though in these cases, the term should only be italicized at first mention).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Passive voiceAvoid use of the passive voice when possible. Change “It was concluded…” to “We concluded…,” etc.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Possessive formDo not use the possessive form with phrases such as “cow milk” or “human milk”; similarly, do not use the possessive form with eponymous disease names.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Race/ethnicityFollow copy on the use of black, white, African American, and Caucasian, but use these terms consistently throughout a single article. Do not capitalize Black or White.

Note that geographical entities such as African American and Latin American should be left open when used as a noun but should be hyphenated when used as an adjective (e.g., “a study cohort of African Americans” but “an African-American patient”).

American Indian is preferred to Native American unless Pacific natives are included in the definition.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Slang/jargonSlang and jargon should be avoided (e.g., “lab” vs. “laboratory,” “run” vs. “analyzed” or “assayed,” “spun” vs. “centrifuged,” “evaporated to dryness” vs. “completely evaporated” or “dried completely,” “B-6” vs. “vitamin B-6”).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________TenseDescriptions of and references to the experiments and results of the current study should be presented in the past tense; for example:

Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for the association between diet quality and mortality.

At baseline, women with higher DASH or lower Western diet scores were older, leaner, more highly educated, and more physically active (Table 1).

Reserve the present tense and present perfect tense for prevailing knowledge, overall conclusions, or the work of other researchers in the literature; for example:

The strengths of the present study include the large sample size and long duration of follow-up.

Diet quality is poorer on average among African Americans than among Caucasian Americans (11, 12), and mortality rates are higher for American Americans than for other racial groups (13).

Various measures of high overall diet quality have been inversely associated with all-cause mortality rates in studies of predominantly Caucasian populations (3–10).

Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations

The abbreviations listed in this appendix are abbreviations commonly used in the ASN titles.

Nonstandard abbreviations are marked with a black bullet (•). These abbreviations must be defined at first mention and should be introduced only if they are used at least 3 times in the text.

Standard abbreviations are marked with a red bullet (•). These abbreviations do not need to be defined at first mention and should be used in favor of the expanded term whenever possible.

Exceptions:

Abbreviations that are followed by a superscript red “A” ([A]) need not be defined in the text but must be defined in the abstract.

Abbreviations that are followed by a superscript green “G” ([G]) must be defined in the text when part of a gene symbol but should not be defined when indicating a protein.

Abbreviations that are followed by a superscript black “T” ([T]) must be abbreviated in the article title; all other abbreviations, even standard abbreviations, should be spelled out in the article title.

♫ NOTE Units of measure are standard and should never be defined when used with a numerical value. Statistical abbreviations are also standard and should never be defined, with or without a numerical value.

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN Term

AAA • • arachidonic acid (20:4n6)ACAT • • acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (avoid use of;

official enzyme name is sterol O-acyltransferase)ACE • • angiotensin-converting enzymeACN:THF • • acetonitrile:tetrahydrofuran (THF can also by itself

mean tetrahydrofolate)ACS • • American Chemical SocietyADHD • • attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderADP • •[T] adenosine 5'-diphosphateAEE • • activity-related energy expenditure (or physical

activity–related energy expenditure)Ag • • antigen [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]Ah • • aryl-hydrocarbon receptorAHA • • American Heart AssociationAI • • Adequate Intake

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermAIDS • •[T] acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAIN • • American Institute of NutritionALA • • -linolenic acid (18:3n3)ALT • • alanine aminotransferase (or alanine transaminase;

both OK)AMP • •[T] adenosine 5′-monophosphateAOAC • • Association of Official Analytical ChemistsAPE • • atom percent excess (98 APE but 98 atom%: query

if both are used)apo • •[A] apolipoprotein (close up when used as a prefix [e.g.,

apoC3, apoE])apo A-I • •[A] apolipoprotein A-I (also A-I-1, B-100, C-I)ARIC • • Atherosclerosis Risk in CommunitiesARS • • Agricultural Research ServiceASN • • American Society for NutritionAST • • aspartate aminotransferase (or aspartate

transaminase; both OK)ATBC Study • • Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention

StudyATCC • • American Type Culture CollectionATP • •[T] adenosine 5'-triphosphateAUC •[A] •[A] area under the curveAUFS • • absorbance unit full scale

BBAL • • British anti-Lewisite (or 2,3-dimercaptopropanol)BCAA • •[A] branched-chain amino acidBCG • • bacille Calmette-GuérinBCE • • bone collagen equivalents%BF • • percentage of body fatBIA • • bioelectrical impedance analysis bid (b.i.d.) • • twice dailyBHNRC • • Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBHT • •[A] butylated hydroxytolueneBMC • • bone mineral contentBMD • • bone mineral densityBMI •[A] •[A] body mass indexBOLD •[A] •[A] blood oxygen level–dependentbp • • base pairBPD • • bronchopulmonary dysplasiaBSA • •[A] bovine serum albumin

CCAD • • coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of coronary

arteries)cADP • • cyclic ADP (adenosine 3′:5′-diphosphate)cAMP • • cyclic AMPCARDIA • • Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults

StudyCARET • • Carotene and Retinol Efficacy TrialcATP • • cyclic ATP (adenosine 3′:5′-triphosphate)CD • • clusters of differentiationCDC • • Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCDK • • cyclin-dependent kinase

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermcDNA • • complementary DNACDP • •[T] cytidine 5′-diphosphateCETP • • cholesteryl ester transfer proteinCFU •[A] •[A] colony-forming unitcGMP • • cyclic guanosine-5'-monophosphateCHD • • coronary heart disease [ischemic heart disease

(IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) is preferred (do not change, but query author)]

CHO • • carbohydrate (allowed only in tables and figure legends)

CLA • •[A][T] conjugated linoleic acidCMP • •[T] cytidine 5′-monophosphateCNS • • central nervous systemCoA • •[A] coenzyme AConA • • concanavalin ACREBP • • cAMP response element binding proteinCRM • • certified reference materialCRP • • C-reactive proteinCSFII • • Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividualsCT • • computed tomography or computed axial

tomographyCTP • •[T] cytidine 5'-triphosphateCVD • • cardiovascular diseaseDDASH • • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension TrialDDT • • 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethaneDE • • dextrose equivalentDHA •[A] •[A] docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n–3)DHEAS • • dehydroepiandrosterone sulfateDLW • • doubly labeled waterDMEM • •[A] Dulbecco’s modified Eagle mediumDMH • • dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleusDMSO • •[A] dimethylsulfoxideDNA • • deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribonucleatedNTP • • deoxyribonucleotide triphosphateDP • • degree of polymerizationDPA • • docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n3)DRI • •[A] Dietary Reference IntakeDTT • •[A] dithiothreitolDXA • •[A] dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (not dual X-ray

absorptiometry) [NOTE: do not use DEXA]

EEC • •[A] Enzyme Commission nomenclature number [NOTE:

do not use E.C.]ECNCI-MS • • electron capture negative chemical ionization mass

spectrometryEDTA • • ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidEE • • energy expenditureEGTA • • ethyleneglycotetraacetic acidEI • • energy intakeELISA • • enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayEm • • emission (wavelength)

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermEmol • • molar extinction coefficientEMSA • • electrophoretic mobility shift assayEPA •[A] •[A] eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n–3)ESADDI • • estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakeEx • • excitation (wavelength)Expt. • • experimentEURAMIC • • European Community Multicenter Study on

Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer

EURATOM • • European Atomic Energy Commission

FF • •[A] female(s) (in tables only; use only when the context

of the abbreviation is clear)FA • •[A] fatty acidFACS • • fluorescence-activated cell sortingFAD • •[T] flavin adenine dinucleotideFADH2 • • flavin-adenine dinucleotide, fully reduced formFAME • •[A] fatty acid methyl estersFAO • • Food and Agriculture OrganizationFAO/UNU/WHO • • Food and Agriculture Organization/United National

University/World Health OrganizationFBS • •[A] fetal bovine serumFDA • • Food and Drug AdministrationFFA • •[A] free fatty acidFFM • • fat-free massFFQ • •[A] food-frequency questionnaireFGF • • fibroblast growth factor (fibroblast growth hormone)fHcy • • free homocysteineFIGLU • • formiminoglutamic acidFITC • • fluorescein isothiocyanateFITR • • fast Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopyFIXa • • activated FVIIFM • • fat massFMN • • flavin mononucleotidefMRI •[A] •[A] functional magnetic resonance imagingFQ • • food quotientFSR • • fractional synthetic rateFVII:Ag • • FVII antigenFVII:c • • factor VII coagulant activityGGABA • • -aminobutyric acidGalNAc • • N-acetylgalactosamineGAPDH • •[A] glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseGC • • gas chromatographyGC-MS • • gas chromatography–mass spectrometryGC-CIRMS • • gas chromatography–combustion isotope ratio mass

spectrometryGDP • • guanosine 5′-diphosphateGFR • • glomerular filtration rateGGT • • -glutamyltransferaseGI • • glycemic indexGIRMS • • gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermGL • • glycemic load GLC • • gas-liquid chromatographyGlcNAc • • N-acetylglucosamineGLM • • general linear modelGLP-1 • • glucagon-like peptide 1GMP • • guanosine 5′-monophosphateGRAS • • generally recognized as safeGSH • • reduced glutathioneGSSG • • oxidized glutathioneGST • • glutathione S-transferase (official EC name =

glutathione transferase)GTP • • guanosine 5′-triphosphateHHbA1c • • glycated hemoglobinHBSS • •[A] Hanks’ balanced salt solutionHCl •[A] • hydrochloric acidHDL •[A] •[T] high-density lipoprotein [NOTE: do not use HDL-C

(HDL cholesterol), except in figures or tables when space is limited]

HEPES • • 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acidHHANES • • Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyHIV • •[T] human immunodeficiency virusHMG-CoA • • -hydroxy--methylglutaryl coenzyme A (per

Stedman’s)HOMA-IR •[A] •[A] homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistanceHPLC •[A] • high-pressure liquid chromatography; high-

performance liquid chromatographyHPT • • Hypertension Prevention TrialHRP • •[A] horseradish peroxidaseHRT • • hormone replacement therapyHSV-1 • • herpes simplex virus type 1IIARC • • International Agency for Research on CancerICAM • • intercellular adhesion moleculeICD • • International Classification of DiseasesICP-AE • • inductively coupled plasma atomic emission

spectrometryICP-MS • • inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryID (i.d.) • • inside diameterIDA • • iron deficiency anemiaIDDM • • do not use; change to type 1 diabetes (see also

NIDDM) IDL • •[A][T] intermediate density lipoproteinIFN • •[A][G] interferonIg •[A] •[A] immunoglobulini.g. • • intragastric(ally) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]IGF • • insulin-like growth factorIGF-I • • insulin-like growth factor IIL •[A] •[A] interleukini.m. • • intramuscular(ly) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]INCAP • • Institute de Nutricion de Centro America y Panamai.p. • • intraperitoneal(ly) [NOTE: use only in

tables/figures]

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN Termi.v. • • intravenous(ly) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]IVACG • • International Vitamin A Consultative GroupJJAK-STAT • • Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of

transcriptionKka • • absorption rate constant (can also be in upper case)ke • • elimination rate constantKm • • Michaelis constantKIU • • Kallikrein inhibiting unit

LLA • • linoleic acid (18:2n6)LBM • • lean body massLC • • liquid chromatographyLCAT • • lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC preferred:

phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase)LDL •[A] •[T] low density lipoprotein [NOTE: do not use LDL-C

(LDL cholesterol), except in figures or tables when space is limited]

LEC • • Long-Evans Cinnamon ratLOH • • lipid alcoholLOOH • • lipid hydroperoxideLPL • • lipoprotein lipaseLPS • •[A] lipopolysaccharide

MM • •[A] male(s) (in tables only; use only when the context of

the abbreviation is clear)MAMC • • midarm muscle circumferenceMAPK • •[A] mitogen-activated protein kinaseMCH • • mean corpuscular hemoglobinMCHC • • mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrationMDA • • malondialdehyde [NOTE: use only in tables/figures

or if used with a value]ME • • metabolizable energyMEM • •[A] Eagle's minimum essential mediumMHC • • major histocompatibility complexMI • • myocardial infarctionMMA • • methylmalonic acidMMLV • • Moloney murine leukemia virusMMSE • • Mini-Mental State ExaminationMOPS • •[A] (3-N-morpholino propansulfanic acid)Mr • • relative molecular mass (molecular weight)MRDR • • modified relative dose responseMRFIT • • Multiple Risk Factor Intervention TrialMRI • • magnetic resonance imagingmRNA • •[T] messenger RNAMS • •[A] mass spectrometryMTD • • maximum tolerated doseMTHFR • • 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductaseMUAC • • midupper arm circumferenceMUFA •[A] •[A][T] monounsaturated fatty acid [NOTE: do not use

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermMFA]

m/z • • mass-to-charge ratioNNAD • • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNAD+ • • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized formNAD(H) • •[T] nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced formNAD(P) • •[T] nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)NAD(P)+ • •[T] nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate),

oxidized formNAD(P)H • •[T] nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate),

reduced formNCC • • Nutrition Coordinating Center (Minneapolis)NCEP • • National Cholesterol Education ProgramNCHS • • National Center for Health StatisticsNCI • • National Cancer InstituteNEFA • • nonesterified fatty acidNEI • • National Eye InstituteNFCS • • Nationwide Food Consumption SurveyNF • • nuclear factorNF-B • •[A][G] nuclear transcription factor BNHANES • • National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyNHLBI • • National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNHIS • • National Health Interview SurveyNHS • • Nurses’ Health StudyNIA • • National Institute on AgingNIAAA • • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNIAID • • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNICHD • • National Institute of Child Health and Human

DevelopmentNIDDK • • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and

Kidney DiseasesNIDDM • • do not use; change to type 2 diabetes (see also

IDDM)NIEHS • • National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIGMS • • National Institute of General Medical SciencesNIH • • National Institutes of HealthNIMH • • National Institute of Mental HealthNINCDS • • National Institute of Neurological and

Communicative Disorders and StrokeNIST • • National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNK cell • •[A] natural killer cellNLEA • • Nutrition Labeling and Education ActNMR • •[A] nuclear magnetic resonanceNO • •[A] nitric oxideNPY • • neuropeptide YNRC • • National Research Councilnt • • nucleotideO25(OH)D • • 25-hydroxyvitamin Do.d. • • outside diameterOD • • optical density (absorbance is the preferred term)ODS • • octadecylsilane [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]OGTT • • oral-glucose-tolerance test

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN Term1RM • • one-repetition maximumPPAI • • plasminogen activator inhibitorPAL • • physical activity levelPBMC • • peripheral blood mononuclear cellPBS • •[A] phosphate-buffered salinePCB • • polychlorinated biphenylPCO2 • • partial pressure of carbon dioxidePCR • •[A] polymerase chain reactionPDB • • Pee Dee BelemnitePG • •[A][G] prostaglandinPGE • •[A] prostaglandin EPGE2 • •[A] prostaglandin E2PO2 • • partial pressure of oxygenPDGF • • platelet-derived growth factorPEM • • protein-energy malnutritionPFGE • • pulsed-field gel electrophoresisPFU • • plaque forming unit p.i. • • post infectionPIVKA-II • • undercarboxylated prothrombin (proteins induced

by vitamin K absence)pKa • • pK for associationpK • • negative logarithm of equilibrium constantPLP • • pyridoxal-P PMA • • phorbol myristate acetate (also phenylmercury

acetate) (note also that phorbol myristate acetate diester = tPA)

PMSF • •[A] phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoridePO (po) • • orally (by mouth) [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]PN • • pyridoxine [NOTE: use only in tables/figures or if

used with a value]POOH • • phospholipid hydroperoxidePPAR • •[A][G][T] peroxisome proliferator–activated receptorPPRE • • peroxisome proliferator response elementPRESS statistic • • predicted residual sum of squaresP:S • • polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratioPTH • • parathyroid hormonePUFA •[A] •[A][T] polyunsaturated fatty acid [NOTE: do not use PFA]PVDF • • polyvinylidene difluoride

QQ • • quartile [NOTE: use only in tables/figures]qPCR • •[A] quantitative polymerase chain reactionqRT-PCR • •[A] quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain

reaction RRANTES • • regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed

and secretedRBC • • red blood cellRBP • • retinol-binding proteinRDA • • Recommended Dietary (Daily) AllowanceRDW • • red blood cell distribution widthREE • • resting energy expenditure

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermRER • • rough endoplasmic reticulumRFLP • • restriction fragment length polymorphismrhGH • • recombinant human growth hormoneRIA • •[A] radioimmunoassayrRNA • • ribosomal RNARMR • • resting metabolic rateRMSE • • root mean squared errorRNA • • ribonucleic acid; ribonucleateRPMI • • Roswell Park Memorial InstituteRQ • • respiratory quotientRT-PCR • •[A] reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactionRXRa • • retinoid receptor X

SSf • • Svedberg flotation unit (used to describe

sedimentation coefficients of lipoproteins); unit = 10-13 s

Sof • • peak sedimentation rate (o and f are directly above and below each other)

SCFA • •[A] short-chain fatty acidSDA • • Seventh-day AdventistSDS-PAGE •[A] • sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresisSENECA • • Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a

Concerted ActionSF • • serum ferritinSFA •[A] •[A][T] saturated fatty acidSFFQ • • semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaireSHBG • • sex hormone–binding globulinSi • • insulin sensitivity (or insulin sensitivity index)SOD • • superoxide dismutaseSSC • •[A] sodium chloride/sodium citratesTfR • • serum soluble transferrin receptorTt- • • trans (not tr-) t1/2 • • half-lifeTBAR • •[A] thiobarbituric acid–reactive material (or substance)TBK • • total body potassiumTCA cycle • • tricarboxylic acid cycle (also called Krebs cycle,

citric acid cycle)TDP • •[T] ribosylthymine 5′-diphosphateTDS • • Total Diet StudyTEE • • total energy expenditureTEF • • thermic effect of foodTfR • • transferrin receptorTG • •[A] triglyceride (triacylglycerol)TGF • •[A][G] transforming growth factortHcy • • total homocysteineTMP • •[T] ribosylthymine 5′-monophosphateTLC • • thin layer chromatographyTNF •[A] •[A][G] tumor necrosis factorTOBEC • • total-body electrical conductivityTOHP • • Trials of Hypertension PreventionTOR • • target of rapamycin

Abbreviation AJCN AN/JN TermTRL • • triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteintRNA • • transfer RNAtPA • • tissue-type plasminogen activatorTris • • tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane (buffer)TSF • • triceps skinfold thicknessTSH • • thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone)TTP • •[T] ribosylthymine 5′-triphosphateUUDP • •[T] uridine 5′-diphosphateUMP • •[T] uridine 5′-monophosphateUN •[A] •[A] United NationsUNICEF • • United Nations Children’s FundUNU • • United Nations UniversityUSDA • • US Department of AgricultureUSP • • US PharmacopoeiaUTP • •[T] uridine 5′-triphosphateUV •[A] • ultravioletUV-VIS • • ultraviolet-visibleVV • • gas volumevs. • • versus (exception: spell out in terms such as

concentration-versus-time curve, graft-versus-host disease)

VLDL •[A] •[T] very low density lipoproteinVO2 max • • maximal oxygen uptake (dot over V). vol:vol • • volume:volumevol:wt • • volume:weightVSMOW • • Vienna Standard Mean Ocean WaterWWHO • • World Health OrganizationWHR • • waist-to-hip ratio (or waist-hip ratio)wt • • weightwt:vol • • weight:volumewt:wt • • weight:weight

Appendix 2: Sample Tables

This appendix provides various examples of correctly and incorrectly formatted tables.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Column headings

Units

Example 1When a unit of measure applies to an entire column, and there are no straddle heads in the table, the units should appear directly after each table column heading, even if this necessitates repeating a unit.

Incorrect:

Trial Diet Energy, MJ/dg/d

Vitamin C, mg/dProtein Sugar1 MTD1 12.1 ± 1.5 89 ± 11 132 ± 15 143 ± 492 MTD2 13.4 ± 1.6 105 ± 12 195 ± 22 238 ± 333 MTD3 13.1 ± 1.4 115 ± 13 215 ± 26 215 ± 27

Correct:Trial Diet Energy, MJ/d Protein, g/d Sugar, g/d Vitamin C, mg/d1 MTD1 12.1 ± 1.5 89 ± 11 132 ± 15 143 ± 492 MTD2 13.4 ± 1.6 105 ± 12 195 ± 22 238 ± 333 MTD3 13.1 ± 1.4 115 ± 13 215 ± 26 215 ± 27

Example 2Units should appear in the straddle head of a span of column headings; do not repeat them in each column heading.Incorrect:

Study n Age Sex, n (M/F)Measured 25(OH)D

Basal, nmol/L Seasonal, nmol/LSmith et al. (18)

59 46.3 ± 12.6

23/36 57.7 NA

Li et al. (34) 60 41.5 ± 10.0

12/48 46.8 7.90

Jones et al. (46)

17 49.3 ± 9.7 1/16 65.0 NA

Correct:

Study n Age Sex, n (M/F)Measured 25(OH)D, nmol/LBasal Seasonal

Smith et al. (18)

59 46.3 ± 12.6

23/36 57.7 NA

Li et al. (34) 60 41.5 ± 10.0

12/48 46.8 7.90

Jones et al. (46)

17 49.3 ± 9.7 1/16 65.0 NA

Example 3If more than one unit is listed in a span of headings, repeat the units.

Incorrect:

Study n Age, ySex, n (M/F)

Measured 25(OH)Dnmol · μg−1 · d−1 nmol/LResponse Slope Basal Seasonal

Smith et al. (18)

59 46.3 ± 12.6

23/36 0.539 57.7 NA

Li et al. (34) 60 41.5 ± 10.0

12/48 0.986 46.8 7.90

Jones et al. (46)

17 49.3 ± 9.7

1/16 0.631 65.0 NA

Correct:

Study n Age, ySex, n (M/F)

Measured 25(OH)DResponse Slope, nmol · μg−1 · d−1 Basal, nmol/L

Seasonal, nmol/L

Smith et al. (18)

59 46.3 ± 12.6

23/36 0.539 57.7 NA

Li et al. (34) 60 41.5 ± 10.0

12/48 0.986 46.8 7.90

Jones et al. (46)

17 49.3 ± 9.7

1/16 0.631 65.0 NA

Example 4Avoid “floating” heads in the table body.

Incorrect:

Compound Refined Olive Oil Virgin Olive OilMinor compounds mg/L

α-Tocoherol 229 228Squalene 2754 3671β-Sitosterol 1438 16,112

Fatty acids %Monounsaturated fatty acids

80.4 81.8

Saturated fatty acids 14.5 14.0Polyunsaturated fatty acids 5.2 3.9

Correct:

Compound Refined Olive Oil Virgin Olive OilMinor compounds, mg/L

α-Tocoherol 229 228Squalene 2754 3671β-Sitosterol 1438 16,112

Fatty acids, %Monounsaturated fatty 80.4 81.8

acidsSaturated fatty acids 14.5 14.0Polyunsaturated fatty acids 5.2 3.9

Example 5In certain situations, the removal of “floating” heads in the table body may require transposition of the column and row headings.

Incorrect:

TABLE 1 HRs and 95% CIs of BMI history for men and women at ages 18 and 35 y

BMI at 18 y of age

P-trend<18.5>18.5 and

<22.5 >22.5Cases, n/person-years 188/380,40

5652/1,429,

77259/90,518

Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

1.00 (referent)

1.62 (1.24, 2.12)

0.0009

MV HR (95% CI) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

1.00 (referent)

1.56 (1.19, 2.03)

0.005

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 MV HR (95% CI)

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

1.00 (referent)

0.02

BMI at 35 y of age

P-trend<18.5>18.5 and

<22.5 >22.5Cases, n/person-years 34/75,215 405/926,74

1350/730,73

7Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)

1.06 (0.75, 1.50)

1.00 (referent)

1.10 (0.95, 1.27)

0.0002

MV HR (95% CI) 1.04 (0.73, 1.48)

1.00 (referent)

1.08 (0.94, 1.25)

0.001

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 MV HR (95% CI)

1.04 (0.73, 1.48)

1.00 (referent)

1.09 (0.94 1.26)

0.002

Correct:

TABLE 1 HRs and 95% CIs of BMI history for men and women at ages 18 and 35 y

Cases, n/person-years

Age-adjustedHR (95% CI) MV HR (95% CI)

BMI > 25 kg/m2

MV HR (95% CI)BMI at 18 y of age

<18.5 188/380,405 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27)>18.5 and <22.5

652/1,429,772 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)

>22.5 59/90,518 1.62 (1.24, 2.12) 1.56 (1.19, 2.03)P-trend 0.0009 0.005 0.02

BMI at 35 y of age

<18.5 34/75,215 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) 1.04 (0.73, 1.48)>18.5 and <22.5

405/926,741 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)

>22.5 350/730,737 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) 1.08 (0.94, 1.26)

P-trend 0.0002 0.001 0.002

Units vs. statistical designatorsInclude statistical data designators as column headings when prudent/appropriate; use straddle headings as necessary to avoid repetition.

Example 1

Incorrect:

Characteristic Bangladesh, OR (95% CI)

Vietnam, OR (95% CI) Ethiopia, OR (95% CI)

Mother’s age 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) 1.02 (0.96, 1.08)Mother as head of household

0.56 (0.34, 0.92) 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) 1.17 (0.34, 4.00)

Number of children <5 y 0.70 (0.51, 0.05) 0.69 (0.46, 1.06) 1.21 (0.66, 2.21)

Correct:

CharacteristicOR (95% CI)

Bangladesh Vietnam EthiopiaMother’s age 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) 1.02 (0.96, 1.08)Mother as head of household

0.56 (0.34, 0.92) 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) 1.17 (0.34, 4.00)

Number of children <5 y 0.70 (0.51, 0.05) 0.69 (0.46, 1.06) 1.21 (0.66, 2.21)

If the statistical designator is provided in addition to a column heading, offset it with a comma.

Example 2

Incorrect:

MetS+ vs. MetS− [OR (95% CI)]2001–2006 (n = 1339) 2003–2006 (n = 782)

Retinol 2.08 (1.44, 3.01) 2.46 (1.19, 5.09)Lycopene 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) 2.08 (0.45, 1.87)Vitamin E 2.37 (1.62, 3.49) 2.08 (1.76, 4.10)

Correct:

MetS+ vs. MetS−, OR (95% CI)2001–2006 (n = 1339) 2003–2006 (n = 782)

Retinol 2.08 (1.44, 3.01) 2.46 (1.19, 5.09)Lycopene 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) 2.08 (0.45, 1.87)Vitamin E 2.37 (1.62, 3.49) 2.08 (1.76, 4.10)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________Row headings

Units

Example 1When a unit of measure applies to an entire row, the unit should appear at the end of the row heading, offset with a comma, regardless of whether the values in that row are expressed in that unit.

Incorrect:

DNA concentration

DietHigh-protein Low-protein

Fiber-rich Starch-rich Fiber-rich Starch-richBacteria (mg/g) 2.93 2.95 2.59 2.53Anaerobic fungi (μg/g) 0.71 0.47 0.54 0.44Methanogens (107 copies/g) 1.70 1.40 1.58 0.66

Correct:

DNA concentration

DietHigh-protein Low-protein

Fiber-rich Starch-rich Fiber-rich Starch-richBacteria, mg/g 2.93 2.95 2.59 2.53Anaerobic fungi, μg/g 0.71 0.47 0.54 0.44Methanogens, 107 copies/g 1.70 1.40 1.58 0.66

Example 2If a unit applies to all subheadings below a primary heading, list the unit only in the primary heading.

Incorrect: Correct:

Dietary intake Value Dietary intake ValueTotal carbohydrate 314 Total carbohydrate, g/d 314

Fiber, g/d 30 Fiber 30Free sugars, g/d 134 Free sugars 134

Total fat 71 Total fat, g/d 71Saturated fat, g/d 23 Saturated fat 23Monounsaturated fat, g/d

26 Monounsaturated fat 26

Polyunsaturated fat, g/d 14 Polyunsaturated fat 2.29

Units vs. statistical designatorsInclude statistical data designators as row headings when prudent/appropriate.

Example 1

Incorrect:

n Cases/n totalFerritin quartiles, RR (95% CI)

P-trendQ1 (Ref) Q2 Q3 Q4Male 30/188 37/189 53/189 62/189Female 45/251 58/250 70/252 59/250Model 1 1 1.28 (0.91–

1.81)1.81 (1.30–2.52) 1.82 (1.31–2.53) <0.001

Model 2 1 1.21 (0.85–1.70)

1.73 (1.24–2.42) 1.62 (1.13–2.27) <0.001

Model 3 1 1.22 (0.85–1.73)

1.74 (1.24–2.45) 1.68 (1.19–2.36) 0.001

Model 4 1 1.21 (0.85–1.72)

1.73 (1.23–2.43) 1.66 (1.18–2.34) 0.002

Correct:

Ferritin quartilesP-trendQ1 (Ref) Q2 Q3 Q4

n Cases/n totalMale 30/188 37/189 53/189 62/189Female 45/251 58/250 70/252 59/250

RR (95% CI)Model 1 1 1.28 (0.91–

1.81)1.81 (1.30–2.52) 1.82 (1.31–2.53) <0.001

Model 2 1 1.21 (0.85–1.70)

1.73 (1.24–2.42) 1.62 (1.13–2.27) <0.001

Model 3 1 1.22 (0.85–1.73)

1.74 (1.24–2.45) 1.68 (1.19–2.36) 0.001

Model 4 1 1.21 (0.85–1.72)

1.73 (1.23–2.43) 1.66 (1.18–2.34) 0.002

Value consistency

Example 1If row headings include values that overlap or contain gaps, consult the article text for clarification or query the author to clarify.

Incorrect:

Characteristics

Complete sample,n = 68

Hair subset, n =

30Sex, % female 49 70Age, y, %

14–19 16 1720–39 32 3740–60 40 37

≥60 12 10BMI, kg/m2, %

<18.5 1 3≥18.5 and ≤25

44 40

>25 and <30

24 27

>30 31 30

Correct: Correct:

Characteristics

Complete sample(n = 68)

Hair subset (n = 30) Characteristics

Complete sample(n = 68)

Hair subset (n = 30)

Sex, % female 33/35 21/9 Sex, % female 33/35 21/9Age, y, % Age, y, %

14–19 16 17 14–19 16 1720–39 32 37 20–39 32 3740–59 40 37 40–60 40 37≥60 12 10 >60 12 10

BMI, kg/m2, % BMI, kg/m2, %<18.5 1 3 <18.5 1 3≥18.5 and ≤25

44 40 ≥18.5 and ≤25

44 40

>25 and ≤30

24 27 >25 and <30

24 27

>30 31 30 ≥30 31 30

♫ NOTE Either of the above situations may be correct, so it is imperative that the text be

checked and/or the author queried to confirm the correct value breakdown.