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how did life start preview

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following statements describe what all members of a population share?a. They are behaviorally isolated from each other.b. They are geographically isolated from each other.c. They are members of the same species.d. They have identical genes.

____ 2. The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is calleda. timing isolation.b. geographic isolation.c. behavioral isolation.d. genetic equilibrium.

____ 3. A factor that keeps species separate isa. reproduction at different times.b. incompatible reproductive structures.c. different mating behaviors.d. any of the above

____ 4. Examples of fossils include preserveda. eggs.b. footprints.c. body parts.d. all of the above

____ 5. Most fossils form ina. rusty water.b. ice.c. sedimentary rock.d. the sap of ancient trees.

____ 6. The length of time required for half of the radioactive isotope in a sample to decay is itsa. half-life.b. relative date.c. radioactive date.d. geologic time scale.

____ 7. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergonea. adaptive radiation.b. convergent evolution.c. punctuated equilibrium.d. mass extinction.

____ 8. The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups ofa. prokaryotes.b. eukaryotes.c. protists.d. multicellular organisms.

____ 9. Earth’s most recent era is thea. Paleozoic.b. Mesozoic.

c. Cenozoic.d. Precambrian.

____ 10. Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because ofa. convergent evolution.b. radiometric dating.c. cladistics.d. punctuated equilibrium.

____ 11. In the past, mass extinctions encouraged the rapid evolution of surviving speciesa. by changing developmental genes.b. by providing new opportunities for them.c. because they killed all organisms that had evolved together.d. because they spared all organisms that had evolved convergently.

____ 12. A pattern in which species experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary change is calleda. convergent evolution.b. coevolution.c. adaptive radiation.d. punctuated equilibrium.

____ 13. One way master control genes, or homeotic genes, could have affected evolution isa. by causing mutations in other genes.b. through small changes in timing during embryonic development.c. through the evolution of species.d. by leading to convergent evolution.

____ 14. During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the dominant land animals werea. amphibiansb. dinosaursc. grazing mammalsd. human ancestors

____ 15. A genus is composed of a number of relateda. kingdoms.b. phyla.c. orders.d. species.

____ 16. Which of these labels for fossils in a museum display contains an error?a. Dinosaur (Middle Mesozoic)b. Early Mammal (Middle Paleozoic)c. Early Human (Late Cenozoic)d. Early Marine Invertebrate (Early Paleozoic)

____ 17. An analysis of derived characters is used to generate aa. fossil record.b. phylogenetic tree based on DNA structure.c. cladogram.d. traditional classification system.

____ 18. What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?a. the relative importance of each derived characterb. the order in which derived characters evolvedc. the general fitness of the organisms analyzedd. all traits of each organism analyzed

____ 19. Which of these pairs of organisms are found in the same domain?

a. protists and fungib. bacteria and protistsc. plants and archaead. bacteria and archaea

____ 20. All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia area. multicellular organisms.b. photosynthetic organisms.c. eukaryotes.d. prokaryotes.

____ 21. Organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea were previously grouped in a kingdom calleda. Animalia.b. Fungi.c. Monera.d. Eukarya.

____ 22. Bacteria and archaea differ ina. the presence of a membrane-bound nucleus.b. the makeup of their cell walls.c. size.d. the presence of a cell wall.

____ 23. Which of the following is NOT found in bacteria?a. cell wallb. membrane-bound nucleusc. ribosomed. plasma membrane

____ 24. Unlike bacteria, archaeaa. have cell walls.b. are prokaryotes.c. have two plasma membranes.d. are thought to be closely related to eukaryotes.

____ 25. Bacteria that cause disease are calleda. viruses.b. pathogens.c. endospores.d. antibiotics.

____ 26. Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph?a. in your refrigeratorb. in the darkness of the oceanc. in your digestive systemd. near the surfaces of lakes, streams, and oceans

____ 27. A method called Gram staining is used to tella. what shape a prokaryote has.b. how a prokaryote obtains energy.c. what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has.d. whether a prokaryote has flagella.

____ 28. Which of the following describes a role of bacteria in the environment?a. carrying out photosynthesisb. recycling nutrientsc. fixing nitrogend. all of the above

____ 29. Which of the following would a physician NOT do to protect against a the spread of a viral disease?a. administer a vaccinationb. prescribe an antibioticc. encourage good hygiened. recommend bed rest to those who become ill

____ 30. A virus’s DNA or RNA is surrounded by a(n)a. protein coat.b. nuclear membrane.c. tail.d. endospore.

____ 31. Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are calleda. plasmids.b. flagella.c. photoautotrophs.d. decomposers.

____ 32. Many cases of food poisoning are caused by bacteriala. toxins.b. decomposition.c. resistance to antibiotics.d. sterilization.

____ 33. When treated with Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria appeara. purple.b. pink.c. yellow.d. orange.

____ 34. The instructions for making new copies of a virus area. a part of a virus’s tail.b. coded in surface proteins attached to the protein coat.c. coded in either RNA or DNA.d. found only in bacteriophages.

____ 35. A lytic cycle concludes with thea. embedding of viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA.b. production of a bacteriophage.c. bursting of the host cell.d. production of messenger RNA.

____ 36. Bacteria are sometimes called nature’s recyclers because theya. undergo conjugation.b. break down nutrients in dead organisms.c. can switch between respiration and fermentation.d. carry out photosynthesis.

____ 37. Viruses cause infection bya. producing toxins that harm the body.b. reproducing independently inside the body.c. forming endospores in the body.d. entering body cells and reproducing.

____ 38. Some scientists think that life might have originated ina. dry mountaintopsb. desert plains

c. deep-sea hydrothermal ventsd. polar ice caps

____ 39. Which of the following is NOT an example of bioremediation?a. using bacteria to make antibiotics and vitaminsb. using bacteria to break down the organic matter in sewage sludgec. using bacteria to clean up oil spillsd. using bacteria to remove toxic substances from old mining sites

____ 40. Which of the following do all disease-causing viruses need in order to reproduce?a. reverse transcriptaseb. the equipment of the host cellc. amino acidsd. a signal from other viruses

____ 41. Some bacteria can survive extended periods of very harsh conditions by forminga. plasmidsb. flagellac. pilid. endospores

Modified True/FalseIndicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

____ 42. Cladistic analysis considers characteristics that have arisen as lineages of organisms have evolved over time. _________________________

____ 43. Scientists use geologic dating to determine the absolute age of a rock in years based on radioactive isotopes. _________________________

____ 44. The form of evolution called adaptive radiation is a process in which new and varying species evolve through genetic drift and adaptation to different habitats. _________________________

____ 45. As scientists study genetic programs that control development, they hope to learn more about how the evolutionary remodeling of body form can help people understand evolutionary change. _________________________

____ 46. Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequency within a population from generation to generation. _________________________

____ 47. The radioactive isotope most useful for dating fossils less than 50,000 years old is potassium-40. _________________________

____ 48. In the type of reproductive isolation called behavioral isolation, two populations are separated by barriers such as rivers or mountains. _________________________

____ 49. In the name Ursus maritimus, the first word in the name refers to the species. _________________________

____ 50. An order is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar phyla. _________________________

____ 51. An organism may have different common names that vary from area to area and language to language. _________________________

____ 52. Many archaea live in extreme environments, such as in Utah’s Great Salt Lake. _________________________

____ 53. Earth’s early atmosphere contained little or no nitrogen. _________________________

____ 54. Antibiotics cannot be used to control and cure viral infections. _________________________

____ 55. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey assumed that the assembly of complex organic molecules from simpler compounds on early Earth would have required an energy source, which they hypothesized was radioactive decay. _________________________

____ 56. Antibiotics are preparations of deactivated varieties of pathogens or small pieces of pathogens that stimulate the immune system. _________________________

____ 57. Bacteria can be used to synthesize medicines through genetic-engineering techniques. _________________________

____ 58. Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins into the body. _________________________

Figure 16-1

____ 59. The structure labeled B in Figure 16-1 is a nucleic acid. _________________________

____ 60. Evidence suggests that life in its simplest form began around 3.9 billion years ago, when Earth had cooled enough for liquid hydrogen to exist. _________________________

____ 61. Many researchers think that life could have originated in shallow water or moist sediments such as clay. However, during Earth’s early history, the land surface may have been too cold for complex organic molecules to exist for very long. _________________________

____ 62. The use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil is called genetic engineering. _________________________

____ 63. Bacteria can reproduce by dividing in two, called transformation. _________________________

CompletionComplete each sentence or statement.

64. As the Cretaceous period closed, a(an) ____________________, which is the dying out of many types of living things at one time, occurred.

65. The study of the processes of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to adults is called _________________________.

66. Unlike changes in allele frequencies within a population, a form of evolution called _________________________ consists of more dramatic biological changes, many of which are evident in the fossil record.

67. The development of the complex mammalian eye is a good example of how evolution can refine existing _________________________.

68. One evolutionary model called _________________________ suggests that species diverge in spurts of rapid change after long periods of little change.

69. Near the end of the Paleozoic Era, plate movements on the Earth’s surface brought all the landmasses together into one supercontinent, named _________________________.

70. The flippers of penguins are an example of how natural selection can modify existing _________________________ for new functions.

71. The Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus developed a classification system that includes a two-part name called a _________________________ for every kind of organism.

72. The similar body structure but different ancestry of sharks and dolphins indicates that these groups have undergone _________________________, a process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar.

73. The animals Panthera leo (lion) and ____________________ tigris (tiger) belong to the same genus.

74. In cladistic analysis, a characteristic that arises as a lineage of organisms evolves over time is called a(an) _________________________.

75. Scientists investigating the origin of life have found that polypeptides will form when solutions containing high concentrations of ____________________ are dropped onto hot sand, clay, or rocks.

76. It is possible that RNA was the first information-storing molecule, but over time, ____________________ became the primary way in which genetic information is stored and transmitted.

77. Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of green plants and are called ____________________.

78. The knoblike root nodules of soybean plants are the sites where certain species of bacteria convert ____________________ gas in the air to compounds in the soil and water.

79. Some companies are using ____________________ called Thiobacillus to extract toxic substances from mine runoff.

80. Molecular packages called _________________________ are considered models for the earliest cells because they have some of the properties of living cells, including the ability to take in certain molecules while excluding others.

Figure 16-1

81. The structure labeled A in Figure 16-1 is the ____________________.

82. The structure labeled B in Figure 16-1 is the ____________________.

83. Scientists have found fossils resembling photosynthetic prokaryotes in ____________________, dome-shaped rocks made of thin layers of sediment.

84. Retroviruses synthesize DNA from a(n) ____________________ template.

Short Answer

85. Why might a geographic barrier such as a large river cause the formation of a new species of small rodents but not a new species of birds?

86. What are three barriers that can contribute to reproductive isolation? Which type of barrier isolates two populations of similar frogs with different mating calls?

87. Explain why the fossil record does not include every type of organism that ever lived.

88. How do you know that the groups Ursus maritimus and Ursus arctos are closely related?

89. How many terms make up the binomial scientific name of a species? How is that name distinguished in print from the common name of a species?

90. How does molecular analysis of genes and proteins help scientists establish an evolutionary classification scheme?

Figure 15-5

91. Which grouping in Figure 15-5, A or B, shows the older, traditional, method of classifying the three animals shown? What kind of evidence was used to support that classification?

92. Which system of grouping in Figure 15-5, A or B, provides information about the evolutionary relationships of the three animals? What is the name of the diagram used to show that information?

93. According to the cladogram in Figure 15-5, what two characteristics do crabs and barnacles share that limpets do not?

94. In Figure 15-5, what does diagram B, which is based on more recent evidence, indicate about the classification of animals shown in diagram A?

95. List three physical factors that are used to classify bacteria.

96. Describe three ways in which humans use bacteria.

97. Describe three ways that bacteria can receive or exchange genetic material.

98. List two ways in which bacteria cause disease.

99. Describe the life cycle of a retrovirus.

100. What is a pathogen?

101. Describe how bacteria recycle chemicals in the environment.

102. List two ways that humans can defend themselves against viral diseases.

103. What is a virus? Describe the basic structure of a virus.

104. What would happen to other organisms if bacteria did not recycle nutrients?

Other

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 15-1

105. Analyzing Data Describe the information about frog species that is shown in Figure 15-1.

106. Analyzing Data According to Figure 15-1, there is a brief period during which frog mating nearly stops. When does this occur?

107. Inferring Based on Figure 15-1, what barrier appears to keep bullfrogs reproductively isolated? Would that barrier necessarily be the only isolating barrier? Explain.


Figure 15-2

108. Drawing Conclusions Explain what speciation means using examples from Figure 15-2.

109. Designing Experiments Suppose that researchers suspected that two groups shown in Figure 15-2 were actually a single species. How might the researchers test that hypothesis?

110. Drawing Conclusions Charles Darwin found the bird species in Figure 15-2 on one or more of the Galápagos Islands. How might the island geography have affected the evolution of these species?


Figure 15-3

111. Analyzing Data The Paleozoic Era ended with the disappearance of many land and aquatic species. What is that type of event called? Use Figure 15-3 to name the period in which that event took place.

112. Calculating Use Figure 15-3 to determine how many years the Silurian Period lasted.

113. Analyzing Data The end of the Mesozoic Era marks the extinction of dinosaurs. According to Figure 15-3, how long ago did the dinosaurs become extinct?


Figure 15-4

114. Analyzing Data Use Figure 15-4 to determine the approximate half-life of carbon-14.

115. Analyzing Data A fossil bone was found to contain about 1/16 of the amount of carbon-14 that was originally present. Use Figure 15-4 to determine the approximate age of the bone.

116. Inferring According to Figure 15-4, in which case would carbon-14 be more useful for radiometric dating: for wooden beams in native American cave dwellings, which are probably less than 7000 years old, or for the fossil of an early mammal that is probably 100,000 years old? Explain your answer.

USING SCIENCE SKILLSA student placed a disk of filter paper in each of the following solutions: antibiotic 1, antibiotic 2, antibiotic 3, and distilled water. While the four disks were soaking in their respective solutions, she streaked a sterile nutrient agar dish with a culture of Staphylococcus bacteria. Then, she placed each disk carefully onto the nutrient agar dish, placed the lid on the dish, taped it shut, and incubated the dish at 37°C for several days. Figure 16-2 shows how the nutrient agar dish looked on Day 1 and Day 4.

Figure 16-2

117. Designing Experiments Based on Figure 16-2, what is the student probably trying to test?

118. Designing Experiments What is the control in the experiment shown in Figure 16-2?

119. Drawing Conclusions How can the student measure the effectiveness of each antibiotic shown in Figure 16-2?

120. Inferring Look at the dishes in Figure 16-2. Which antibiotic was the most effective at controlling the growth of Staphylococcus? How do you know?

121. Drawing Conclusions Look at the results of the experiment shown in Figure 16-2. Why do you think the different antibiotics are not equally effective against the Staphylococcus bacteria?

122. Drawing Conclusions What do the clear areas surrounding disk #1 and disk #2 represent?


Figure 16-3

123. Interpreting Graphics What does Figure 16-3 represent?

124. Comparing and Contrasting Look at both cycles shown in Figure 16-3. During which cycle is the host cell destroyed?

125. Interpreting Graphics Each stage of the cycles shown in Figure 16-3 is labeled with a letter. Which letter indicates the stage at which the viral DNA becomes a part of the host cell’s DNA?

126. Interpreting Graphics Which letter in Figure 16-3 indicates the stage at which a host cell begins producing new viruses?

127. Interpreting Graphics Which letter in Figure 16-3 indicates the stage at which a virus injects its DNA into a host cell?

128. Comparing and Contrasting Look at both cycles shown in Figure 16-3. During which cycle is the virus reproduced along with the host cell?

Essay

129. Suppose that a scientist found a fossilized fish on the surface of the ground. Describe a possible set of events that could have taken place first to form the fossil and then for it to end up on the ground surface.

130. Explain the principle behind radiometric dating.

131. What is the geologic time scale and how does it relate to the fossil record?

132. Explain the proposed relationship between an asteroid impact and the Cretaceous mass extinction.

133. Explain how the evolution of the complex eyes of animals demonstrates how evolution can refine existing adaptations.

134. Describe what situation might develop in a plant population in which some plants flower at midday and other plants flower late in the day.

135. How does cladistic analysis determine the order in which a set of related species evolved?

136. How has an increasing knowledge about organisms affected the number of kingdoms now recognized by biologists? Explain.

137. Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ. How are these two groups classified?

138. Compare and contrast the following kinds of bacteria: photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and photoheterotrophs. Which method of obtaining energy is most like the way humans obtain energy?

139. How do viruses cause infection?

140. Compare and contrast a virus with a cell.

141. What is Gram staining? Describe how the results of Gram staining can help identify bacteria.

142. Explain how bacteria cause disease. Give an example of each method.

143. Summarize a four-step hypothesis for how the first cells might have formed.

144. Shingles and chickenpox are both viral diseases caused by the varicella-zoster herpes virus. Shingles usually occurs years after a person has had the chickenpox. Based on this information, what kind of infection cycle do you think the varicella-zoster virus has? Link the infection cycle to the appearance of shingles years after initial infection with the virus.

how did life start previewAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.1.1NOT: Core

2. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.1.4NOT: Core

3. ANS: D DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.1.3NOT: Core

4. ANS: D DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.3.1NOT: Core

5. ANS: C DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.3.1NOT: Core

6. ANS: A DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.3, 15.3ktSTO: SC.H.3.4.2 NOT: Core

7. ANS: A DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.1.4STO: SC.F.2.4.3 NOT: Core

8. ANS: A DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.4STO: SC.G.1.4.1 NOT: Core


10. ANS: A DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.2, 15.4ktNOT: Core

11. ANS: B DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.4STO: SC.F.2.4.3

12. ANS: D DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.1.5STO: SC.F.2.4.3

13. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.2.314. ANS: B DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.215. ANS: D DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.116. ANS: B DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.217. ANS: C DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.3, 15.4kt18. ANS: B DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.319. ANS: A DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.4

STO: SC.G.1.4.120. ANS: C DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.4

STO: SC.G.1.4.121. ANS: C DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.4

STO: SC.G.1.4.122. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.2.1

STO: SC.G.1.4.1 NOT: Core23. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.1

NOT: Core24. ANS: D DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.1

STO: SC.G.1.4.1 NOT: Core

25. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.4.1, 16.4ktNOT: Core




29. ANS: B DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.5.4STO: SC.H.3.4.6 NOT: Core

30. ANS: A DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.1NOT: Core


32. ANS: A DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.4.133. ANS: A DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.234. ANS: C DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.1

STO: SC.F.2.4.135. ANS: C DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.5.136. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.3.137. ANS: D DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.238. ANS: C DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.339. ANS: A DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.3.2, 16.3kt

STO: SC.H.3.4.640. ANS: B DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.2

STO: SC.F.2.4.141. ANS: D DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.2.3, 16.2kt

STO: SC.F.1.4.2, SC.F.1.4.7

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

42. ANS: T DIF: Below average/AverageOBJ: 15.4.3 NOT: Core

43. ANS: F, radiometric

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.3.3, 15.3ktSTO: SC.H.3.4.2 NOT: Core

44. ANS: T DIF: Below average/AverageOBJ: 15.1.4, 15.1kt STO: SC.F.2.4.3 NOT: Core

45. ANS: T DIF: Below average/AverageOBJ: 15.2.3 NOT: Core

46. ANS: T DIF: Below average/AverageOBJ: 15.1.2 STO: SC.F.2.4.3 NOT: Core

47. ANS: F, carbon-14

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.3 STO: SC.H.3.4.248. ANS: F, geographic

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.1.349. ANS: F, genus

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.150. ANS: F, A kingdom

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.151. ANS: T DIF: Below average/Average

OBJ: 15.4.152. ANS: T DIF: Below average/Average

OBJ: 16.2.1 NOT: Core53. ANS: F, oxygen

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.2 NOT: Core54. ANS: T DIF: Below average/Average

OBJ: 16.5.2 NOT: Core55. ANS: F, lightning

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.1.2 NOT: Core56. ANS: F, Vaccines

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.4 NOT: Core57. ANS: T DIF: Below average/Average

OBJ: 16.3.2 STO: SC.H.3.4.658. ANS: T DIF: Below average/Average

OBJ: 16.4.159. ANS: F, C

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.160. ANS: F, water

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.1.161. ANS: F, hot

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.362. ANS: F, bioremediation

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.3.2, 16.3ktSTO: SC.H.3.4.6

63. ANS: F, binary fission

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.3, 16.2ktSTO: SC.F.2.4.1

COMPLETION

64. ANS: mass extinction

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.3.4 NOT: Core

65. ANS: embryology

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.2.3 NOT: Core66. ANS: macroevolution

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.2.2 STO: SC.F.2.4.3NOT: Core

67. ANS:adaptationsstructures

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.2.1 NOT: Core68. ANS: punctuated equilibrium

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.1.5, 15.1ktSTO: SC.F.2.4.3 NOT: Core

69. ANS: Pangaea

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.470. ANS:

structuresadaptations

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.5.271. ANS: binomial

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.1, 15.4kt72. ANS: convergent evolution

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.2, 15.4ktSTO: SC.F.2.4.3

73. ANS: Panthera

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.174. ANS: derived character

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.4.3, 15.4kt75. ANS: amino acids

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.2 NOT: Core76. ANS: DNA

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.2 NOT: Core77. ANS:

photoautotrophscyanobacteria

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.4 NOT: Core78. ANS: nitrogen

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.3.1 STO: SC.F.1.4.2, SC.G.1.4.3NOT: Core

79. ANS: bacteria

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.3.2 STO: SC.H.3.4.6NOT: Core

80. ANS: pre-cells

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.281. ANS: head

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.182. ANS: tail

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.183. ANS: stromatolites

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.1.1, 16.1kt84. ANS: RNA

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.3, 16.5kt

SHORT ANSWER

85. ANS:A large river would likely keep populations of small rodents apart, but it would not necessarily isolate birds and other populations that can fly.


The three barriers that can contribute to reproductive isolation are behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, and timing isolation. Two populations of frogs that have different mating calls are an example of behavioral isolation.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.1.3 NOT: Core87. ANS:

Since the formation of a fossil depends on a precise combination of conditions, many ancient organisms died without leaving a trace.


Their scientific names show that they both belong to the same genus.


A binomial scientific name is composed of two terms, that are written in italics, with the first term capitalized.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.1 NOT: Core

90. ANS:Molecular comparisons can indicate a common ancestry among different organisms and can also indicate how long they have been evolving separately compared to other species.


A; comparisons of body structure

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.192. ANS:

A; a cladogram


segmentation and a molted exoskeleton

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.4.3 STO: SC.G.1.4.194. ANS:

Diagram B indicates that the traditional taxonomic grouping shown in diagram A classified less closely related groups together while failing to show a close relationship within the groups.


Bacteria are classified by (1) their cell shape, (2) their cell wall structure, and (3) the way they move.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.2.2 STO: SC.G.1.4.1NOT: Core

96. ANS:Accept any three of the following uses: treating sewage, cleaning up oil spills, removing toxic substances from old mining sites, synthesizing vitamins, making antibiotics, making copies of eukaryotic genes and proteins.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.3.2 STO: SC.H.3.4.6NOT: Core

97. ANS:In transformation, some bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from the environment. In conjugation, two bacterial cells temporarily join and transfer genetic material between them. In transduction, viruses infect bacteria, carrying genes from one cell and injecting them into another.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.3 STO: SC.F.2.4.1NOT: Core

98. ANS:Some bacteria damage the tissues of the infected organism by breaking them down for food. Other bacteria release toxins that harm the body.


After a retrovirus enters a host cell, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses the RNA as a template to make a double-stranded viral DNA molecule. The double-stranded DNA then enters the nucleus and integrates itself into the host cell DNA. The cell then makes new viral RNA and proteins, which can leave the host cell and infect other cells.


100. ANS:A pathogen is a disease-causing agent.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.4.1, 16.4kt101. ANS:

Many bacteria break down, or decompose, organic waste products and dead organisms, returning carbon to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide gas. Photosynthetic bacteria restore oxygen to the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Finally, some species of bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to nitrogen compounds in soil and water.


Vaccines can prevent certain viral diseases, such as smallpox, polio, measles, and mumps. A few drugs have been developed to help combat viral infections once they occur, primarily by interfering with nucleic acid synthesis or with the action of reverse transcriptase. In all cases, practicing good hygiene will help limit the spread of many viral diseases.


A virus is a particle of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat that can reproduce only by infecting living cells. A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by an outer protein coat.


If bacteria did not recycle nutrients, the nutrients would remain in dead organisms and could not be reused by other organisms. This would cause other organisms to die.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.3.1

OTHER

105. ANS:Figure 15-1 shows the times of mating activity for seven species of frogs. Four of the species mate in the spring. The other three species mate in the summer.


Frog mating nearly stops in early to mid-May.


The graph shows that bullfrogs typically mate after the other frog species shown, an example of timing isolation. Bullfrogs might also use different courtship rituals, such as different mating calls, which would be an example of behavioral isolation.


Speciation is the origin of new species. Figure 15-2 shows how an ancestral bird population gave rise to a variety of new bird species over time. For example, the diagram shows that the original population separated into two populations (tree finches and ground finches), and then each of those evolved into new species over time.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.1.2 STO: SC.G.1.4.1NOT: Core

109. ANS:Since a species is defined as being reproductively isolated from other closely related groups, researchers could determine whether members of the two groups will mate and produce fertile offspring. That might be done by actually bringing together members of the two groups or by using laboratory procedures to unite gametes from the two species. If members of the two groups can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, they would be considered a single species.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.1.2 STO: SC.H.1.4.1NOT: Core

110. ANS:In the case of nearby islands, geographic isolation is the main barrier for bringing about the reproductive isolation involved in speciation. As each new species was forming, however, particular changes in the groups may have also brought about behavioral and timing isolation.


The disappearance of many species is called a mass extinction. The mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic Era occurred at the end of the Permian Period.


The Silurian Period lasted for 30 million years.


65 million years ago


The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. Accept answers within a reasonable range.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.3.3 STO: SC.H.3.4.2115. ANS:

The bone is about 23,000 years old.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.3 STO: SC.H.3.4.2116. ANS:

Carbon-14 dating would be more useful for the younger fossils. The remaining fraction of carbon-14 in a 100,000-year-old sample would be very small and probably difficult to measure precisely.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 15.3.3 STO: SC.H.3.4.2117. ANS:

Sample answer: The student has controlled all the variables except the solution that each disk is soaked in. She is probably trying to test the effectiveness of different antibiotics against Staphylococcus bacteria.


The disk soaked in distilled water is the control.


Sample answer: The student can measure the width of the area around each disk where bacteria have not grown to determine the effectiveness of the solution in which each disk was soaked.


Antibiotic 1 shows the largest area where growth has been inhibited; thus, it is the most effective antibiotic tested against Staphylococcus growth.


Sample answer: Antibiotics act differently to combat bacterial growth. Some antibiotics are more effective at controlling one species of bacteria than another. Bacteria differ greatly from species to species.


The clear areas represent the death of Staphylococcus bacteria.


The figure represents the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle, the two basic ways that viruses can reproduce.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.1, 16.5ktSTO: SC.F.2.4.1

124. ANS:The host cell is destroyed during the lytic cycle.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.1 STO: SC.F.2.4.1125. ANS:

C

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.5.1 STO: SC.F.2.4.1126. ANS:

E


G


during the lysogenic cycle

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 16.5.1 STO: SC.F.2.4.1

ESSAY

129. ANS:Sample answer: The fish died and was buried in sediment at the bottom of a body of water. Over time, the weight of upper layers of sediment compressed the lower layers, containing the fish, into new rocks. Minerals replaced parts of the fish’s body, producing a fossil. The once-deep sedimentary layer containing the fossil was uplifted by geological forces and then eroded, exposing the fossil.


Radiometric dating involves using a radioactive isotope in a sample to determine its age. A radioactive element decays at a steady rate called its half-life. Researchers compare the ratio of two isotopes, such as radioactive carbon-14 and nonradioactive carbon-12, to find the fraction of radioactive isotopes that have decayed. That information, along with the isotope’s half-life, reveals the sample’s age.

DIF: Below average/Average OBJ: 15.3.1 STO: SC.H.3.4.2NOT: Core

131. ANS:The geologic time scale is like a calendar of evolutionary history that is based on a study of Earth’s rocks and the fossils they contain. Because rock layers appear in the same order in which they were formed, each layer represents a different period of time. Lower layers are older than upper layers if they have not been disturbed. Therefore, fossils found in lower layers are older than fossils found in upper layers. The order in which types of fossils appear shows the way life changed over time.


A large asteroid probably struck Earth during the Cretaceous. An impact of this size would have thrown large amounts of dust and water into the atmosphere, changing the global climate and causing the mass extinction that ended the dinosaurs.


In animals that have complex eyes, the organs did not evolve from simpler eyes in one giant evolutionary jump. Instead, complex eyes probably evolved by small steps of adaptations, each step refining simpler eyes that worked sufficiently well for the animals that had them.


The differences in the timing of flowering could lead to reproductive isolation. These two groups of plants could gradually diverge and form two different species. The two species would be kept separate by differences in the timing of flowering.


Cladistic analysis considers derived characters, which are evolutionary innovations. If a specific derived character is present in one species but absent in another species, biologists infer that the species possessing the character evolved second.


As biologists learned more about the natural world, they realized that Linnaeus’s two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae, did not adequately represent the full diversity of life. As a result, the original two kingdoms have today become four eukaryote kingdoms in one domain and two prokaryote domains.


Bacteria and archaea are classified in two different domains. Although both bacteria and archaea are small, have cell walls, and lack nuclei, they differ in the information contained in their nucleic acids and in their RNA polymerases. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, which is not found in the cell walls of archaea. Finally, introns, the noncoding portions of genes, are absent in bacteria but present in some genes of archaea.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.1 STO: SC.F.1.4.2, SC.G.1.4.1NOT: Core

138. ANS:Photoautotrophs carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of green plants. Chemoautotrophs obtain energy directly from inorganic molecules, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and iron. Heterotrophs obtain energy by taking in organic molecules and breaking them down. Photoheterotrophs are photosynthetic and they need organic compounds for nutrition. Like humans, most prokaryotes are heterotrophs.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.2.4 STO: SC.G.1.4.1NOT: Core

139. ANS:Viruses cause infection by injecting their genetic information into a host cell. Some viruses immediately begin using the cell’s machinery to replicate more viruses. In this case, the cell is destroyed shortly. Other viruses insert their genetic information into the cell’s chromosomes. At some point, these viruses can also use the cell to produce more viruses, destroying the cell.


140. ANS:Unlike cells, viruses are inert particles of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses cannot reproduce independently of a living host cell, and they are not generally considered living. Most viruses are surrounded by an outer protein coat that is sometimes studded with surface proteins. Similarly, cells are surrounded by a cell membrane (which is studded with proteins and surface carbohydrates). Like cells, viruses share the same genetic code, contain genes made of nucleic acid, can reproduce using cellular organelles, and evolve over time.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.5.1 STO: SC.G.1.4.1NOT: Core

141. ANS:

Gram staining is a method used to tell bacteria apart, based on the chemical composition of their cell walls. Bacteria with a single cell-wall layer appear purple under the microscope and are called Gram positive. Bacteria with a second, outer layer of lipids and carbohydrates in their cell wall appear pink under the microscope and are called Gram negative.


Bacteria cause disease in one of two general ways. Some damage the tissues of the infected organism by breaking them down for food. For example, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis destroy the white blood cells that engulf them. Other bacteria release toxins that harm the body. For example, botulism, a kind of food poisoning, is caused by toxins that bacteria have released in the body.


Lightning could have caused the formation of small organic molecules. Larger organic molecules could have formed from these smaller ones. Short strands of RNA could have copied themselves. Some molecules could have come together in membrane-enclosed “pre-cells.”


Varicella-zoster is probably a lysogenic virus. Once a person overcomes the chickenpox, some of the viruses continue to replicate lysogenically in the person’s cells. Shingles then appears when the virus changes from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle.

DIF: Average/Above average OBJ: 16.5.1

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