bunnellhistory.weebly.com · Web view1520: The Aztecs ___ against the Spanish, but the Spanish strike back. And despite being _, Cortes and his men conquer the Aztecs in ___

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellEuropean Exploration

Europeans Seek Greater Wealth

Desire for ____________________________________ was the main reason

for European exploration.

People of Europe had been introduced to spices & luxury goods from Asia

during Crusades.

o They liked nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper.

Because demand for these were high, merchants could charge ___________

prices and make lots of money.

Italians & Muslims controlled trade East to West.

o European monarchs wanted to _______________ this costly area, and

needed _________________________________ to Asia.

3 Reasons for Exploration

______________

o Belief in the one true ______________________ God.

o _______________________ as the model of Christianity.

______________

o Belief your country is the best.

o Monarchs desiring power and control.

______________

o ___________________

o Whoever has the most money is the most _______________________


Technological Advances While “God, Glory, and Gold” were the motives, advances in

_____________________ made voyages possible.

Early ships could not sail against the wind… but in the 1400s shipbuilders

designed a new sturdy vessel – the __________________.

Caravels had ___________________ sails that allowed it to sail against the

wind.

Also used the astrolabe to navigate.

Portugal Leads the Way

The leader in developing & applying sailing innovations was Portugal.

Portugal is located on the Atlantic, at the SW corner of ______________.

Portugal was first to establish outposts along the coast of _____________,

eventually pushing east into the Indian Ocean.

Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia

The Portuguese believed that to reach Asia by sea you must sail around the

tip of Africa - __________________________________.

1488: Bartolomeu Dias ventured to the tip of Africa, and in a storm was

steered east of Africa.

1498: ___________________________ reached India.

o His voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct ________ route to

Asia.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellEuropean ExplorationThe Spanish Follow in Exploration

The Spanish continued to watch the Portuguese and their profitable trade

with envy (jealousy). Spain’s monarch wanted trade routes to Asia too!

1492: _______________________________ convinces the Spanish

monarchs that he can find a faster route to Asia by sailing west.

o Oct. 1492 he reached the ________________________________.

Rivalry between Spain and Portugal grows more intense.

1493: The __________ steps in to stop a war. Suggesting drawing an

imaginary line down through the Atlantic.

o Called the ______________________________________

All land ___________ of the line is ___________________, and

__________ of the line is __________________.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal complained that the line gave too much land to Spain, so it was

moved farther west to include parts of modern day _______________ for the

Portuguese.

1494: Spain and Portugal signed the ________________________________

where they agreed to honor the line.

Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean


PORTUGAL

o Portuguese built a trading empire in the _______________________

and took the spice trade away from the _________________.

o 1514: The built a fort at Hormuz connecting the Persian Gulf and

Arabian Sea.

o They would continue to move east, capturing ports in west of India at

Goa & Malaysia (___________________).

o By breaking the Muslim/Italian trade control, they brought back goods

at ______ the original cost!

SPAIN

o 1521: A Spanish expedition lead by ___________________________

(a Portuguese man by birth) arrived in the Philippines, claiming them

for Spain.

o Magellan in known as the first explorer to ______________________

the globe.

o By the early 1600s, the rest of Europe began to descend upon Asia,

establishing their own trade networks in the East.


Spanish Conquest of America Columbus’ Voyage of Discovery

o There’s not much excitement when the __________, the _________,

and the ___________________ leave a Spanish port on

August 3, 1492.

o _____________________: Columbus and his men come ashore.

Thinking he had reached the East Indies, he called the locals

________________.

o As Columbus moved through the Caribbean he claimed each island in the name of Spain.

o 1493: He returns to Spain, and is ordered by the monarchs to go back to the “New World” and build an empire.

o After disappointing loss of life and control over the natives, Christopher Columbus lost most of his reputation.

o Died in ___________ still believing he’d found a faster route to Asia.

Other Explorers Take to the Seas

1500: ____________________________ reaches Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

He had miscalculated, landing on an island in the Caribbean, he

named “__________________________.”

1500: ____________________________ sailing for Portugal travels along the east

coast of South America.


o 1507: A German mapmaker named the continent “________________”

in honor of Vespucci’s voyage.

1519: ____________________________ marched through Panama (central

America) and became first to see the Pacific Ocean from America.

1522: ____________________ expedition rounds the tip of South America and sails across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines.o First to circumnavigate the globe!

Spain Builds and American Empire

1519: ______________________ lands on the shores of ____________,

then marched inland looking to claim new lands for Spain.

o What is the name for Spanish explorers/conquerors?

_______________________

Cortes Conquers the Aztecs

o After landing in Mexico, Cortes learns of a vast and wealthy Aztec

Empire in central Mexico.

o Reached the capital of _______________________ and met the Aztec

ruler ____________________________ who is convinced they are

gods.

o Cortes is not satisfied with the riches given to him and forces the Aztecs to mine for more riches.

o 1520: The Aztecs ____________ against the Spanish, but the Spanish strike

back. And despite being ___________________, Cortes and his men conquer

the Aztecs in ____________.


Factors Leading to Cortes’ Victory

o Spanish had superior ____________________

Aztec arrows were no match for armor and gunpowder.

o Cortes used other natives’ (the Aztec’s enemies) against them.

o Natives could not stop the invisible warrior – ________________.

Measles, smallpox, mumps

Indians had ___________________________ to these diseases,

and they died in the 100’s of thousands.

Spain’s New Social Structure

Spanish drew on experience with the Muslims and established a

_____________________________.

o ______________________: Spanish-born settlers to America.

o ______________: Descendants of Peninsulares, but born in

_____________________.

o Mestizos: Mixed __________________________

o Mulattoes: Mixed _____________________________

o Indians: ______________ of the social classes – had no rights!

Spanish forced Indians to work on a plantation system that they

called __________________________.


Conquistadors Push North

Dreams on conquest prompted the Spanish to back expeditions into what is

now the South West United States.

1513: ____________________________ wandered through Florida and

claims it for Spain.

1540: ____________________________ leads an expedition through much

of the American Southwest searching for ____________ - the lost ________

____________________. Did he ever find it? __________

1609: Spanish priests build a capital of Spain’s northern territory on the Rio

Grande, and call it ________________ which means __________________.

The Portuguese in Brazil

1500: _______________________ claimed the land for Portugal, and during

the 1530s colonists begin to settle on the coastal region.

Finding little gold or silver, the settlers begin to grow _____________,

building huge plantations, clearing rain forests, and using natives as slave

labor.

Competing Claims in North America FRENCH


o 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed to North America. He didn’t

find a northwest passage to the Pacific, he did discover was is today

______________________________.

o 1534: ______________________________ reached the St. Lawrence

River, until he reached a hill which he named Mont Royal (today it is

called _______________________).

o 1608: Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River and

claimed the region for France, naming it ______________.

The settlement grew and became France’s base in American,

known as ______________________

o 1673: French priest Jacques Marquette, and trade Louis Joliet, explore

the ________________________ and upper Mississippi River.

o 1683: ___________________________ explores lower Mississippi

and claims the entire river valley for France and names it

_________________________, in honor of King ________________

o France’s North American empire was HUGE, but sparsely populated.

Large amounts of colonists had ______________________ in

building towns or raising families – many are priests, and

young single men engaged in _______________________

They were interested in making _______________ off the land.


ENGLISHo 1606: A company of London investors obtained a charter from King

James to found a colony in North America. o 1607: 3 ships and 100 settlers reach the coast of Virginia. The named

the settlement ________________________.

The colony’s start was a __________________ - the settlers

were more interested in finding ____________ than

_____________________.

o During the early years, 7 out of 10 people died of hunger, disease, and

fighting local tribes.

o Jamestown improved greatly after the discovery and cultivating of a

new cash crop - _______________________

There was high demand for the tobacco back in England, and the trading companies made a lot of money.

PURITANS

o 1620: While settlers struggled at Jamestown, another group called

__________________ founded the 2nd English colony,

__________________________, in today’s Massachusetts.

They were Protestants and left England for religious freedom.


o 1628: Another group, __________________, also sought freedom

from the Anglican Church – establishing a larger colony at nearby

Massachusetts Bay.

Mostly settled by ________________________

Colonizing the Caribbean

In the 1600s other Europeans colonize the Caribbean.

o ______________ seize control of Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.

o ______________ take Barbados and Jamaica.

o ______________ take the Antilles and Aruba.

They built huge _______________ and __________ plantations on these

islands, and will start to use ________________ slaves as the labor.

The Fight for North America – England Battles France

1754: Dispute over lands in the Ohio River Valley leads to a conflict known

as the __________________________________.

o England vs. France and their Indian Allies

This became part of a larger conflict known as the _____________________

________________ in Europe Britain, France, and their allies, battled for

territory & colonies in Europe and in the West Indies.


1763: British ______________ the French, and as a result the French lose

almost ________________________ in North America.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery in Africa

o African rulers justified slavery with the Islamic belief that

non-Muslim “Prisoners Of War” could be bought and sold as slaves.

o However, slavery in Africa was not ____________. It wasn’t

_________________ - so children of slaves weren’t necessarily slaves

themselves, and you could ____________________ of slavery.

The Desire for Africans

o The first Europeans to explore west Africa were the ______________

in the 1400s.

o As Indians in American began dying of overwork and disease, Europeans became desperate for new workers – looked to Africa.

o Using Africans had several advantages…

Many had already been exposed to _________________________

Many Africans already had experience in ____________________

Africans, as strangers to North America, had little knowledge of

land or tribes – thus they are less likely to ___________________!

o As elsewhere, slavery _________________________ in Africa for many years.

As Islam spread in Africa, so did the slave trade.


o In time, the buying/selling of Africans – known as the ____________

______________________ - became a massive enterprise.

Spain & Portugal Lead the Way

o _____________ took the early lead in bringing Africans to America.

o By 1650 nearly _____________________ Africans worked on

Spanish plantations and in mines.

o The _____________________ soon pass the Spanish.

During the 1600s, more than ________ of all Africans brought

to the Americas went to Brazil to work on sugar plantations.

Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas

As other Europeans colonize, demand for cheap labor increased.

As __________________ presence grew, it began to dominate the slave

trade from 1690 until it abolished slavery in 1807.

A much SMALLER number ended up in England’s North American

colonies.

o But once IN the colonies the slave population grew.

o By 1830, roughly _____________________ slaves in the US.

African Cooperation & Resistance

Many African rulers and merchants played a _________________ role in slave

trade, whether selling to Europeans or Muslims.


Most Europeans traders, rather than travel inland, ____________________

___________________.

o ____________________________, with the help of local rulers, did

the “capturing”…. and then brought the captives to the coast.

As the trade grew, however, many rulers began to became opposed to it –

but nevertheless it continued.

o Africans rulers cared more about the _______________ made from

selling slaves, than about protecting the people they had helped

___________________.

The Middle Passage The voyage bringing Africans to the Caribbean and later the Americas was

known as the ______________________________.

o Was considered the “middle leg” of the triangular trade.

Africans were packed into the dark holds of ships, which were filled with the

smell of blood, sweat, and excrement.

Numerous slaves died on the voyage from disease or abuse…

o Roughly ___________ of all who boarded, died along the way.

The Triangular Trade


Part 1: __________________________ were shipped from

__________________ to __________________.

Part 2: African slaves were _________________ for the goods, and then

shipped to the Americas, especially the ______________________.

Part 3: ______________ and ____________________________ were then

shipped from the Caribbean to North America and ___________________.

Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade

1. Numerous cultures/tribes lost generations of their fittest members – their

___________________________________.

2. Countless African families were ____________________, many of whom

were never reunited.

3. The slave trade introduced more ___________ to Africa – helping to spread

war and conflict among African kings who were anxious to expand into each

other’s territory.

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of

the Americas is known as the _____________________________________

Ships from American brought back items that Europeans, Asians, and

Africans had never seen before - __________________, _______________,

pineapples, _______________, and cocoa beans, as well as corn & potatoes.

o Completing the “triangle.”


Europeans brought to the Americas livestock -

________________________

_______________________.

Europeans brought food from Africa – bananas, black eyed peas, yams.

Negatively, ___________________ was just as big a part of the exchange as

food – smallpox, measles, etc. brought to America led to the death of

____________________ of _________________________________.

Growth of Mercantilism

Mercantilism was a new economic policy that started during the 1500s that

stated a country’s ________________ depended mainly on its ___________

Also, a country should establish a __________________________________

____________________________ - in which it ___________________

goods than it _______________.

Joint-Stock Companies

Joint-Stock Companies involve a number of people ____________________

____________________________________ for a common purpose.

Because joint-stock companies involve numerous investors, individual

members paid only a ___________________ of total colony cost.

o If the colony FAILED, investors only lost their __________________

o If the colony THRIVED, then the investor ___________________ in

the profits.


Documents

bunnellhistory.weebly.com · Web view1520: The Aztecs _____ against the Spanish, but the Spanish strike back. And despite being _____, Cortes and his men conquer the Aztecs in _____

bunnellhistory.weebly.com · Web view1520: The Aztecs ___ against the Spanish, but the Spanish strike back. And despite being _, Cortes and his men conquer the Aztecs in ___