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Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1 Vietnam Veterans Memorial Vietnam Veterans Memorial IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape) [[Image:|px|link=|alt=|]] Location Washington, D.C., United States Coordinates 38°5328N 77°252W Area 2.00 acres (8,100 m²) Visitors 3,799,968 (in 2005) Various items left at 'The Wall'. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a national memorial in Washington, D.C. It honors U.S. service members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War, service members who died in service in Vietnam/South East Asia, and those service members who were unaccounted for (Missing In Action) during the War. Its construction and related issues have been the source of controversies, some of which have resulted in additions to the memorial complex. The memorial currently consists of three separate parts: the Three Soldiers statue, the Vietnam Women's Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall, which is the best-known part of the memorial. The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by U.S. architect Maya Lin. The typesetting of the original 58,175 names on the wall was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2007, it was ranked tenth on the "List of America's Favorite Architecture" by the American Institute of Architects.

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Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Vietnam Veterans MemorialIUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)

[[Image:|px|link=|alt=|]]

Location Washington, D.C., United States

Coordinates 38°53′28″N 77°2′52″W

Area 2.00 acres (8,100 m²)

Visitors 3,799,968 (in 2005)

Various items left at 'The Wall'.

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a national memorial inWashington, D.C. It honors U.S. service members of theU.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War, servicemembers who died in service in Vietnam/South East Asia,and those service members who were unaccounted for(Missing In Action) during the War.

Its construction and related issues have been the source ofcontroversies, some of which have resulted in additions tothe memorial complex. The memorial currently consists ofthree separate parts: the Three Soldiers statue, the VietnamWomen's Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans MemorialWall, which is the best-known part of the memorial.

The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the NationalMall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, andreceives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by U.S. architect Maya Lin. Thetypesetting of the original 58,175 names on the wall was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2007, itwas ranked tenth on the "List of America's Favorite Architecture" by the American Institute of Architects.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 2

History• April 30, 1975 – The Fall of Saigon.• April 27, 1979 – The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Inc. (VVMF), was incorporated as a non-profit

organization to establish a memorial to veterans of the Vietnam War. Much of the impetus behind the formationof the fund came from a wounded Vietnam veteran, Jan Scruggs, who was inspired by the film The Deer Hunter.Eventually, $8.4 million was raised by private donations.

• July 1, 1980 – Congress authorizes 3 acres (12000 m2) near the Lincoln Memorial for the site. The "temporary"Munitions Building, built for War Department offices during World War I and finally razed in 1965, formerlyoccupied the site. The memorial is to be managed by the National Park Service under its National Mall andMemorial Parks group. A design competition is announced.

• December 29, 1980 – 2,573 register for design competition with a prize of $50,000.• March 31, 1981 – 1,421 designs submitted. The designs are displayed at an airport hangar at Andrews Air Force

Base for the selection committee, in rows covering more than 35000 square feet (3300 m2) of floor space. Eachentry was identified by number only, to preserve the anonymity of their authors. All entries were examined byeach juror; the entries were narrowed down to 232, finally 39. The jury selected entry number 1026.

• May 6, 1981 – A jury of eight architects and sculptors (Harry Weese, Richard Hunt, Garret Eckbo, CostantinoNivola, James Rosati, Grady Clay, Hideo Sasaki, Pietro Belluschi, working with architectural advisor PaulSpreiregen)[1] unanimously selected a design by Maya Ying Lin, a 21-year-old Yale University architecturestudent from Athens, Ohio, as the winner from 1,421 entries.

• January 1982 – The Three Soldiers was added to the design as a result of controversy over Lin's design.• March 11, 1982 – The design is formally approved.• March 26, 1982 – Ground is formally broken.• October 13, 1982 – The U.S. Commission of Fine Arts approves erection of a flagpole to be grouped with

sculptures.• November 13, 1982 – Memorial dedication after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans. As a

National Memorial it was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day.• November 1984 – The Three Soldiers statue is dedicated.• November 11, 1993 – Vietnam Women's Memorial is dedicated.• 1994 – The Pentagon, instead of adding two unidentified bodies of Vietnam veterans to the Tomb of the

Unknowns, recommended that a display of medals be added behind the tomb with a plaque reading: "Let all knowthat the United States of America pays tribute to the members of the Armed Forces who answered their country'scall." A Veterans Affairs subcommittee later changed the statement to read: "Let all know that the United Statesof America pays tribute to the members of the Armed Forces who served honorably in Southeast Asia during theVietnam Era." Later, in 1998, Congress, prodded by the Vietnam-Era Caucus (composed of veteranCongressmen), discussed creating a "Vietnam Veterans Week" to honor the survivors of the war.

• November 10, 2004 – Dedication of memorial plaque honoring veterans who died after the war as a direct resultof injuries suffered in Vietnam, but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 3

Structure

An aerial photograph of 'The Wall' taken on April 26, 2002 bythe United States Geological Survey. The dots visible alongthe length of the angled wall are visitors. For a satellite viewof the Wall in relation to other monuments, see Constitution

Gardens.

Memorial Wall

The Memorial Wall, designed by Maya Lin, is made up oftwo gabbro walls 246 feet 9 inches (75 m) long.[2] [3] Thewalls are sunk into the ground, with the earth behind them.At the highest tip (the apex where they meet), they are10.1 feet (3 m) high, and they taper to a height of eightinches (20 cm) at their extremities. Stone for the wall camefrom Bangalore, Karnataka, India, and was deliberatelychosen because of its reflective quality. The Lincolnmemorial can be seen in the distance. Stone cutting andfabrication was done in Barre, Vermont. Stones were thenshipped to Memphis, Tennessee where the names wereetched. The etching was completed using a photoemulsionand sandblasting process. The negatives used in the processare in storage at the Smithsonian Institution. When a visitorlooks upon the wall, his or her reflection can be seen simultaneously with the engraved names, which is meant tosymbolically bring the past and present together. One wall points toward the Washington Monument, the other in thedirection of the Lincoln Memorial, meeting at an angle of 125° 12′. Each wall has 72 panels, 70 listing names(numbered 1E through 70E and 70W through 1W) and 2 very small blank panels at the extremities. There is apathway along the base of the Wall, where visitors may walk, read the names, make a pencil rubbing of a particularname, or pray.

One panel of 'The Wall', displaying some of the namesof fallen U.S. service members from the Vietnam War.

Inscribed on the walls with the Optima typeface are the names ofservicemen who were either confirmed to be KIA (Killed inAction) or remained classified as MIA (Missing in Action) whenthe walls were constructed in 1982. They are listed inchronological order, starting at the apex on panel 1E in 1959(although it was later discovered that the first casualties weremilitary advisers who were killed by artillery fire in 1957), movingday by day to the end of the eastern wall at panel 70E, which endson May 25, 1968, starting again at panel 70W at the end of thewestern wall which completes the list for May 25, 1968, andreturning to the apex at panel 1W in 1975. Symbolically, this isdescribed as a "wound that is closed and healing." Informationabout rank, unit, and decorations are not given. The wall listed58,191 names when it was completed in 1993; as of June 2010, there are 58,267 names, including 8 women.Approximately 1,200 of these are listed as missing (MIAs, POWs, and others), denoted with a cross; the confirmeddead are marked with a diamond. If the missing return alive, the cross is circumscribed by a circle (although this hasnever occurred as of March 2009); if their death is confirmed, a diamond is superimposed over the cross. Accordingto the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, "there is no definitive answer to exactly how many, but there could be asmany as 38 names of personnel who survived, but through clerical errors, were added to the list of fatalities providedby the Department of Defense."[4] Directories are located on nearby podiums so that visitors may locate specificnames.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 4

Beginning and ending timeline for those listed on the wall

A Marine at Vietnam Memorial on July 4, 2002

• November 1, 1955 – Dwight D. Eisenhower deploys MilitaryAssistance Advisory Group to train the South Vietnamesemilitary units and secret police. However, the U.S. Departmentof Defense does not recognize such date since the men weresupposedly only training the Vietnamese. The officiallyrecognized date is the formation of the Military AssistanceCommand Viet-Nam, better known as MACV. This marks theofficial beginning of American involvement in the war asrecognized by the memorial.

• June 8, 1956 – The first official death in Vietnam is U.S. AirForce Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr. ofStoneham, MA who was killed by another U.S. airman.

• July 8, 1959 – Charles Ovnand and Dale R. Buis are killed by guerrillas at Bien Hoa while watching the film TheTattered Dress. They are listed 1 and 2 at the wall's dedication. Ovnand's name is spelled on the memorial as"Ovnard," due to conflicting military records of his surname.

• April 30, 1975 – Fall of Saigon. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs uses May 7, 1975 as the official enddate for the Vietnam era as defined by Title 38 U.S. Code Section 101.

• May 15, 1975 – 18 Marines are killed on the last day of a rescue operation known as the Mayagüez incident withtroops from the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. They are the last servicemen listed on the timeline.

The Three Soldiers

The Soldiers by Frederick Hart

A short distance away from the wall is another Vietnam memorial,a bronze statue named The Three Soldiers (sometimes called TheThree Servicemen). Negative reactions to Lin's design created acontroversy; a compromise was reached by commissioningFrederick Hart (who had placed third in the original designcompetition) to produce a bronze figurative sculpture in the heroictradition in order to complement the memorial wall. The statuewas unveiled in 1984 and depicts three soldiers, purposefullyidentifiable as White American, African American, and HispanicAmerican. The statue and the Wall appear to interact with eachother, with the soldiers looking on in solemn tribute at the namesof their fallen comrades. The distance between the two allowsthem to interact while minimizing the impact of the addition onLin's design.

Women's Memorial

Also part of the memorial is the Vietnam Women's memorial. It islocated a short distance south of the Wall, north of the ReflectingPool. It was designed by Glenna Goodacre and dedicated on November 11, 1993, to the women of the United Stateswho served in the Vietnam War, most of whom were nurses. The woman looking up is named Hope, the womanpraying is named Faith, and the woman tending to a wounded soldier is named Charity.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 5

In Memory memorial plaqueA memorial plaque, authorized by Pub.L. 106-214 [5], was dedicated on November 10, 2004, at the northeast cornerof the plaza surrounding the Three Soldiers statue to honor veterans who died after the war as a direct result ofinjuries suffered in Vietnam, but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines. The plaque is a carved block ofblack granite, 3 feet (0.91 m) by 2 feet (0.61 m), inscribed "In memory of the men and women who served in theVietnam War and later died as a result of their service. We honor and remember their sacrifice."Ruth Coder Fitzgerald, founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project, worked for years andstruggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed. The organization was disbanded,but their web site [6] is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University [7].

Controversies

Original design submission by Maya Lin

The Vietnam War was one of the longest and most controversial wars inUnited States history. A stated goal of the memorial fund was to avoidcommentary on the war itself, serving solely as a memorial to those whoserved. Nevertheless, a number of controversies have surrounded thememorial.

Maya Lin

The design for the memorial was chosen from entries submitted in anational contest. As depicted in a documentary about Maya Ying Lin(Maya Ying Lin: A Strong Clear Vision), reactions to the chosenmemorial design were intensely mixed. At the time of the contest, Linwas a young student at Yale University.

Veterans' opposition to design

The unconventionality of the selected design was very controversial,especially among veterans. Many publicly voiced their displeasure,calling the wall "a black gash of shame."[8] Two prominent early supporters of the project, H. Ross Perot and JamesWebb, withdrew their support once they saw the design. Said Webb, “I never in my wildest dreams imagined such anihilistic slab of stone.” James Watt, Secretary of the Interior under President Ronald Reagan, initially refused toissue a building permit for the memorial due to the public outcry about the design.[9]

Once the design was realized, the overwhelming majority of the design's critics came to appreciate the simple beautyand emotional power of the wall, and such controversy quickly evaporated. In the words of Scruggs, "It has becomesomething of a shrine."[8]

Women's memorialThe original winning entry of the Women's Memorial design contest was deemed unsuitable. Glenna Goodacre'sentry received an honorable mention in the contest and she was asked to submit a modified maquette (design model).Goodacre's original design for the Women's Memorial statue included a standing figure of a nurse holding aVietnamese baby, which although not intended as such, was deemed a political statement, and it was asked that thisbe removed. She replaced them with a figure of a kneeling woman holding an empty helmet.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 6

Traveling replicas

The Moving Wall

The Moving Wall at Mount Trashmore Park inVirginia

Vietnam veteran John Devitt of Stockton, California, attended the 1982dedication ceremonies of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.Recognizing what he saw as the healing nature of the Wall, he vowedto make a transportable version of the Wall, a "Traveling Wall" sothose who were not able to travel to Washington, D.C. would be ableto see and touch the names of friends or loved ones in their own hometown.Using personal finances, Devitt founded Vietnam Combat Veterans,Ltd. With the help of friends, the half-size replica of the VietnamVeterans Memorial, named The Moving Wall,[10] was built and firstput on display to the public in Tyler, Texas, in 1984.

The Moving Wall visits hundreds of small towns and cities throughout the U.S., staying five or six days at each site.Local arrangements for each visit are made months in advance by veterans organizations and other civic groups.Thousands of people all over the US volunteered their time and money to help honor the fallen.

Desire for a hometown visit of The Moving Wall was so high the waiting list became very long. Vietnam CombatVeterans built a second structure of The Moving Wall. A third structure was added in 1989. In 2001, one of thestructures was retired due to wear.By 2006, there had been more than 1000 hometown visits of The Moving Wall. The count of people who visited TheMoving Wall at each display ranges from 5,000 to more than 50,000; the total estimate of visitors is in the tens ofmillions.As the wall moves from town to town on interstates, it is often escorted by state troopers and up to thousands of localcitizens on motorcycles. Many of these are Patriot Guard Riders, who consider escorting The Moving Wall to be a"special mission", which is coordinated on their website. As it passes towns, even when it is not planning a stop inthose towns, local veterans organizations sometimes plan for local citizens to gather by the highway and acrossoverpasses to wave flags and salute the Wall.[10]

The Wall That HealsThe Wall That Heals is a traveling half-scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial started in 1996 by theVietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. A 53-foot tractor-trailer transports the 250-foot wall and converts to a museum ateach stop, showing letters and other items left at the original wall, and more details about those whose names areshown. Lisa Gough of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund said that the exhibit goes to around 20 cities each yearand traveled 33,534 miles in 2010. Organizations in each location pay $5,000 of the cost, with national sponsorspaying the rest. Gough says seeing the wall is "emotional" for veterans and seeing it in the "comfort and security oftheir own hometown" can be helpful.[11]

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 7

Wildwoods Vietnam Veterans Memorial WallLocated across Ocean Avenue from the Wildwoods Convention Center, New Jersey, the memorial was unveiled anddedicated on May 29, 2010. The memorial wall is a half-size granite replica of the Vietnam Memorial inWashington, D.C., and the only permanent memorial in the Northeast, other than the Memorial in the National'sCapital.

As a Memorial GenreThe first US memorial to an ongoing war, the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial in Irvine, CA, is modelledon the Vietnam Veterans memorial in that it includes a chronological list of the dead engraved in dark granite. As thememorialized wars (in Iraq and Afghanistan) have not concluded, the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorialwill be up dated yearly. It has space for about 8000 names, of which 5,714 were engraved as of the Dedication of theMemorial on November 14, 2010.[12] [13]

Vietnam Veterans Memorial CollectionVisitors to the memorial began leaving sentimental items at the memorial at its opening. One story claims that thispractice began during construction, when a Vietnam veteran threw the Purple Heart his brother receivedposthumously into the concrete of the memorial's foundation.[14] Several thousand items are left at the memorialeach year.Items left at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are collected by National Park Service employees and transferred to theNPS Museum and Resource Center, which catalogs and stores all items except perishable organic matter (such aslive flowers) and unaltered US flags. The flags are redistributed through various channels.[15]

The largest item left at the memorial was a sliding glass storm door with a full-size replica "tiger cage". The doorwas painted with a scene in Vietnam and the names of US POWs and MIAs from the conflict.[14]

Other items in collection include a Harley-Davidson motorcycle with the license plate HERO, a plain brown teddybear which was dressed by other unconnected visitors, a 6' abstract sculpture titled "After the Holocaust", and anexperimental W. R. Case "jungle survival knife" of which only 144 were made. It also contains the Medal of Honorof Angelo Liteky, who renounced it in 1986 by placing the medal at the memorial in an envelope addressed tothen-President Ronald Reagan.From 1992 to 2003, selected items from the collection were placed on exhibit, at the Smithsonian Institution'sNational Museum of American History as "Personal Legacy: The Healing of a Nation".

VandalismThere have been three known incidents of vandalism at the memorial wall in its 28-year existence.The first occurred in 1988, when a swastika and various scratches were found etched in two of the panels.[16] Thepanels were replaced.In 1993, someone burned one of the directory stands at the entrance to the memorial.[17]

On September 7, 2007, an oily substance was found by park rangers on the memorial's wall panels and pavingstones. It was spread over an area of 50 to 60 feet (18 m). Memorial Fund founder Jan Scruggs deplored the scenecalling it an "act of vandalism on one of America's sacred places". The removal process took a few weeks tocomplete.[17]

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 8

Notes[1] Vietnam Veterans Memorial lessons for September 11 (http:/ / alum. mit. edu/ ne/ whatmatters/ 200209/ index. html)[2] Robbins, Eleanora I. (2001). BUILDING STONES AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF WASHINGTON, D.C. THE JIM O’CONNOR MEMORIAL

FIELD TRIP (http:/ / citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/ viewdoc/ download?doi=10. 1. 1. 124. 7887& rep=rep1& type=pdf). .[3] "The Post could have better explained cracks in the Wall" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2010/ 10/ 15/

AR2010101505528. html). Washington Post. October 16, 2010. . Retrieved October 16, 2010.[4] "Vietnam Memorial Fund – FAQs" (http:/ / www. vvmf. org/ 141. cfm). .[5] http:/ / www. gpo. gov/ fdsys/ pkg/ PLAW-106publ214/ content-detail. html[6] http:/ / www. vietnamproject. ttu. edu/ inmemory/ vietwarmem/ plaque2. htm[7] http:/ / www. vietnamproject. ttu. edu[8] Garber, Kent (November 3, 2007). "A Milestone for a Memorial That Has Touched Millions" (http:/ / www. usnews. com/ articles/ news/

2007/ 11/ 03/ milestone-for-a-memorial-that-has-touched. html). U.S. News and World Report (Washington, DC). . Retrieved November 11,2009.

[9] Wills, Denise (November 1, 2007). "The Vietnam Memorial's History" (http:/ / www. washingtonian. com/ articles/ people/ 5595. html).Washingtonian.com (Washington, DC). . Retrieved November 11, 2009.

[10] "Local AMVETS to Salute Wall". Greenville Advocate. July 17, 2007.[11] Bryant, Dawn (December 10, 2010). "Replica Vietnam wall to stop by Myrtle Beach" (http:/ / www. thesunnews. com/ 2010/ 12/ 10/

1861008/ replica-vietnam-wall-to-stop-by. html). The Sun News. . Retrieved December 10, 2010.[12] northwoodmemorial.com[13] "Letter from Sukhee Kang" (http:/ / 3. bp. blogspot. com/ _ihsLW9amV1E/ S4R1kx2Z-vI/ AAAAAAAAAhs/ F0gIKTbHiTs/ s1600-h/

northwood_memorial. jpg). 3.bp.blogspot.com. February 22, 2010. . Retrieved June 21, 2010.[14] http:/ / www. nps. gov/ mrc/ vvmc/ faq2. htm<[15] "MRCE:Frequently Asked Questions" (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ mrc/ vvmc/ faqs. htm). Nps.gov. . Retrieved June 21, 2010.[16] (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 1988-05-03/ news/ mn-2235_1_vietnam-veterans-memorial)[17] Substance on Vietnam Memorial is Vandalism (http:/ / www. wtopnews. com/ index. php?nid=596& sid=1244767). WTOP.com. Retrieved

September 2, 2010.

References

Wreaths placed around the Three Soldiers Statue

• Vietnam Veterans Memorial, National Park Service leaflet,GPO:2004—304–377/00203

• The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S.Department of the Interior.

Further reading

• Ashabranner, Brent K., Always to Remember: The Story of theVietnam Veterans Memorial, Putnam, New York 1989.

• Ashabranner, Brent K., Their Names to Live: What the VietnamVeterans Memorial Means to America, Twenty-first CenturyPress, Brookfield CT, 1998.

• Berdahl, Daphne, "Voices at the Wall: Discourses of Self, History and National Identity at the Vietnam VeteransMemorial," History & Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 6 (Fall/Winter 1994), 88–124.

• Blair, Carole, Jeppeson, Marsha S., and Pucci, Enrico Jr., "Public Memorializing in Postmodernity: The VietnamVeterans Memorial as Prototype," Quarterly Journal of Speech 77 (August 1991), 263–288.

• Capasso, Nicholas, The National Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Context: Commemorative Public Art in America,1960–1997, PhD Thesis, Rutgers University, 1998.

• Carlson, A. Cheree, and Hocking, John E., "Strategies of Redemption at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial,"Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (September 1988), 203–215.

• Carney, Lora S., "Not Telling Us What to Think: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," Metaphor and SymbolicActivity 8 (1993), 211–219.

• Danto, Arthur, "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," The Nation, August 31, 1985, 152–155.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 9

• Ellis, Caron S., "So Old Soldiers Don't Fade Away: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," Journal of AmericanCulture 15 (Summer 1992), 25–28.

• Ehrenhaus, Peter, "Silence and Symbolic Expression," Communication Monographs 55 (March 1988), 41–57.• Foss, Sonja K, "Ambiguity as Persuasion: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," Communication Quarterly 34

(Summer 1986), 326–340.• Friedman, Daniel S., "Public Things in the Modern City: Belated Notes on Tilted Arc and the Vietnam Veterans

Memorial," JAE: Journal of Architectural Education 49 (November 1995), 62–78.• Griswold, Charles L., "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Mall: Philosophical Thoughts on

Political Iconography," Critical Inquiry 12 (Summer 1986), 688–719.• Haines, Harry, "'What Kind of War?': An Analysis of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial," Critical Studies in Mass

Communucation 3 (1986), 1–20.• Hass, Kristin Ann. Carried to the Wall: American memory and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1998.• Hess, Elizabeth, "Vietnam: Memorials of Misfortune," in Unwinding the Vietnam War: From War into Peace

(Reese Williams, ed.), Real Comet Press, Seattle 1987, 261–270.• Hubbard, William, "A Meaning for Monuments," The Public Interest 74 (Winter 1984), 17–30.• Katakis, Michael, The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Crown, New York 1988.• Lopes, Sal, The Wall: Images and Offerings from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collins, New York 1987.• McLeod, Mary, "The Battle for the Monument: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," in The Experimental Tradition

(Helene Lipstadt, ed.), Rizzoli, New York 1989, 115–137.• Morrissey, Thomas F., Between the Lines: Photographs from the National Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Syracuse

University Press, Syracuse 2000.• Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, “A Space of Loss: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial.” JAE: Journal of Architectural

Education 50 (February 1997), 156–171.• Palmer, Laura, Shrapnel in the Heart: Letters and Remembrances from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Random

House, New York 1987.• Resnicoff, Arnold E., Dedication Prayer for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial," in "The Treasury of American

Prayer," James P. Moore, Jr., editor, Doubleday, 2009, pg. 317.• Scott, Grant F., "Meditations in Black: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," Journal of American Culture 13 (Fall

1990), 37–40.• Scruggs, Jan C., and Swerdlow, Joel L., To Heal a Nation: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Harper & Row, New

York 1985.• Sturken, Marita, "The Wall, the Screen, and the Image: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial," Representations 35

(Summer 1991), 118–142.• Wagner-Pacific, Robin, & Schwartz, Barry, "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past."

The American Journal of Sociology, 97 (1991), 376–420.

External links• Official NPS website: Vietnam Veterans Memorial (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ vive/ )• C-span video: 1982 dedication ceremony (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ WarMemoria)• The Virtual Wall (TM) (http:/ / www. VirtualWall. org)• View The Wall (http:/ / www. viewthewall. com)• Maya Ying Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial proposal at the Library of Congress (http:/ / www. loc. gov/

exhibits/ treasures/ trm022. html)• The Moving Wall (TM) (http:/ / www. themovingwall. org/ )• Vietnam Veterans Wall South in Pensacola, FL (aka 'The Wall South') (http:/ / www. pensacolawallsouth. org/ )• Photo essay: Valentine's Day at the U.S. Viet Nam War Memorial (Wikinews article)

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 10

• Maya Lin article in Seattle Weekly (http:/ / www. seattleweekly. com/ arts/ 0604/ springarts-maya. php)• Bringing Home the Wall (http:/ / www. bringinghomethewall. com)• The Vietnam Veterans Memorial (The Wall-USA) website (http:/ / thewall-usa. com/ )• Photos of the Wall at "Sites of Memory" (http:/ / sites-of-memory. de/ main/ DCvietnam. html)• Army Medical Statistics (http:/ / www. 1stcavmedic. com/ stats1. htm)• Vietnam Veterans of America (http:/ / www. vva. org/ )• The Merry Prankster (http:/ / www. miafacts. org/ prankster. htm), chapter 12 of Prisoners of Hope by Susan Katz

Keating, describing actions by Ted Sampley• History of the Wall (http:/ / www. aiipowmia. com/ histories/ histwall. html) at aiipowmia.com, a group involved

with the POW-MIA controversy.• NW Veterans – Vietnam's Women (http:/ / members. aol. com/ bear317b/ sister12. htm)• Online version of the Washington D.C. Memorial (http:/ / tanaya. net/ vmw/ )• Photo Collection of Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC (http:/ / www. dcphototour. com/

WashingtonDCMemorialPhotoTour/ Vietnam_Veternans_Memorial. shtml)• A Wall As Witness (http:/ / www. awallaswitness. com/ ) Documentary about how the Wall is both a Wall of

Healing and a Wall that holds many heartaches. Features interviews by Special Assistant to the Director of thePOW/MIA Office at the Department of Defense, Adrian Cronauer; Gold Star Mother, Ann Sherman Wolcott;Rolling Thunder Founder, Artie Muller; and the most decorated Vietnam Veteran, David Christian.

• Interactive Vietnam Veterans Memorial (http:/ / go. footnote. com/ thewall/ ) Leave a tribute, a story orphotograph about any of the 58,256 veterans killed.

• Vietnam Unit Memorial Monument, Coronado California (http:/ / www. vummf. org/ )• Prayer at 1982 dedication ceremony.

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsVietnam Veterans Memorial  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=431757900  Contributors: 172, 217.80.103.xxx, 4meter4, A2Kafir, AVTTwebmaster, Aaron7chicago, Abdull,AbsolutDan, Acebulf, Acroterion, Agharo, AgnosticPreachersKid, Ainlina, Airplaneman, Akb4, Alansohn, Alison, Americasroof, Anaraug, Anastrophe, Andonic, Andy Marchbanks,Angel45050, Aporco68, ArglebargleIV, Atif.t2, Aude, B.Y Jon, BBCOFFEECAT, BLueFiSH.as, Beetstra, Benandorsqueaks, Billy Hathorn, Billywilsonsoupsa, Biruitorul, BlankVerse,BlueAzure, Bluerasberry, Bmds, Bobo192, Bodybagger, Bonás, Btyner, Buidinhthiem, Buster2058, Cacophony, CambridgeBayWeather, Cantdj, Celarnor, Chaerani, Chaucer1387, Chrisg21090,Civilengtiger, Clarityfiend, ClaudeMuncey, Claypoint2, Clintp, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Coolgamer, CoppBob, Cpl Syx, Cxk271, Cybjorg, Cyrius, Czolgolz, DARTH SIDIOUS 2,DSRH, DVD R W, DabMachine, Dabomb87, Dale Arnett, Dark Tichondrias, Darkcore, Darwinek, Date delinker, Deltabeignet, Deror avi, Descent, Diego pmc, Dina, Discospinster, Dougofborg,Downtownblue, Dr who1975, DragonflySixtyseven, Droll, Durova, ERcheck, Easter Monkey, Ejrjr, Elf, EngineersAnon, Eoghanacht, Erictj, Everything counts, Evil Monkey, Falcon4196,Fanfardon, Farosdaughter, Favonian, Fhester, FieldMarine, Finlay McWalter, Fireyair, Fleming60, Floridarabbi, Flyhighplato, Foochar, Foscoe, Fuzheado, Gabbe, Galoubet, Gaz, Geniac,Gilliam, Glengarry, Gloriamarie, Gmcapt, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Grendelkhan, Ground Zero, Guyzero, Hapsala, Hmains, HongQiGong, Hotlorp, Hu Totya, Husond, Hyperbole, IanPitchford, Ibagli, Ibbn, Iceman111485, Immunize, In aweOC, Infantry 351, Ioeth, Ishboyfay, IstvanWolf, J.delanoy, JForget, JNW, James086, JamesBWatson, Jarhed, Jcarkeys, JerryFriedman,Jj1118, John Deas, Jorfer, Josh Jorgensen, Jovianeye, Jtlawrie, JukeJohn, Jusdafax, Jw21, Jwalte04, Jwillbur, K-UNIT, K10wnsta, KJS77, KPWM Spotter, KTo288, Kagome-chan, Kanonkas,KarlM, Kartano, Kchishol1970, Ken Gallager, Kf4bdy, Killiondude, Kingturtle, KittyKittylove, Kkmd, Knulclunk, Ktr101, LAX, Lasportsnut, Levin, Levineps, Lightmouse, LilyLuv, Lipton sale,Locke Cole, Look2See1, Lorax, Lotje, Lots42, LtNOWIS, Luckyluke, MDfoo, Madhero88, Magioladitis, MajorVariola, Marcusmax, Mattis, Mav, Meelar, Miami heat7, Michal Nebyla,Micheleachille, Mikejmu, Mintrick, Miquonranger03, Mithunc, Mongol, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, MrDolomite, Mufka, Mxn, N419BH, Naerii, Natalie Erin, Nate Silva,NearTheZoo, Neo-Jay, Neutrality, Nick-D, NickBush24, Nivix, Nlu, Ohconfucius, Patriot12345, PaulTanenbaum, Petersam, Phantomsteve, Philip Trueman, Phoenix2, Pilif12p, Pirate blackburn,PoccilScript, Poindexter Propellerhead, Postdlf, Prashanthns, PrestonH, Programming gecko, Psemmusa, Puchiko, Qpoy, RadioFan, RainbowOfLight, Raul654, Razorflame, Reconsider the static,Reflex Reaction, Remember, RetiredUser2, ReyBrujo, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Rmhermen, Roastytoast, RodC, Roger Davies, Rontrigger, Ryulong, SarahStierch, Savidan, SchuminWeb,Seanpnoot, SeattleArch, Serverside6, Shyam, Sjakkalle, SkerHawx, Skyring, Slowking4, Smjacoby, Snowmanradio, Sonja7588, Sox524, Spartaz, Spencer, Squamate, Square87, Stephenb, StevenZhang, SummerPhD, Swatedude, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tanvir Ahmmed, Tempodivalse, TexasAndroid, TheOtherBob, TheWeakWilled, Thevirtualwall, Thingg, ThomasAndrewNimmo,Tiddly Tom, Tom harrison, Tomertomer, Tommy2010, Tommyt, Tompw, Touch Of Light, Twinxor, Unschool, Valfontis, VasilievVV, Vchimpanzee, Versus22, Vietvisiontravel, VinculumMan,Voyagerfan5761, Vsmith, Vter4life, Warofdreams, Wbolger, Webmmt, WhatamIdoing, Will Beback, Willwagner602, Wilson44691, Witan, Woohookitty, Xkcd, Zappa711, Zidel333, Zoe,ZooFari, 716 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile: TouchWall.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TouchWall.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Skyring aten.wikipediaImage:US_Locator_Blank.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Locator_Blank.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Originally uploadedEnglish Wikipedia by en:User:Papayoung and en:User:Ilmari Karonen.Base versions this one is derived from: originally created by en:User:WapcapletImage:IMG 2717-vi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IMG_2717-vi.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: user:KkmdImage:Vietnam veterans wall satellite image.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vietnam_veterans_wall_satellite_image.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:BLueFiSH.as, Cacophony, Fanghong, Herbythyme, Jatkins, Postdlf, TheRealHuldra, 1 anonymous editsImage:Names of Vietnam Veterans.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: HuTotyaImage:Vietnam-memorial-soldier.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vietnam-memorial-soldier.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Meutia Chaerani - Indradi SoemardjanFile:Three soldiers.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Three_soldiers.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Slowking4Image:MayaLinsubmission.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MayaLinsubmission.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Maya LinImage:US_Navy_061117-N-5307M-113_John_Nugent,_Vietnam_veteran,_plays_the_bagpipes_as_a_part_of_the_opening_ceremony_at_the_Dignity_Memorial_Vietnam_Wall_at_Mt._Trashmore_Park.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_061117-N-5307M-113_John_Nugent,_Vietnam_veteran,_plays_the_bagpipes_as_a_part_of_the_opening_ceremony_at_the_Dignity_Memorial_Vietnam_Wall_at_Mt._Trashmore_Park.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: BenchillImage:Vietnam Memorial.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vietnam_Memorial.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Chrisg21090, Fourthords

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