Vietnam Vietnam ConflictConflict

1955 – 19751955 – 197511stst advisors sent: advisors sent:

1955195511stst battle w/ US: battle w/ US:

19651965Most men Most men

w/drawn: 1973w/drawn: 1973Last US man Last US man killed: 1975killed: 1975

Vietnam reunified: Vietnam reunified: 1975 1975

“Reflections” by Lee Teter

Nationality:Nationality:Vietnamese (Thai & Vietnamese (Thai &

Chinese)Chinese) Religions Practiced:Religions Practiced:

BuddhismBuddhismCatholicismCatholicism

Staple Foods: Staple Foods: ((Single-cropping)Single-cropping)RiceRiceCornCornPotatoesPotatoes

Land is Land is consideredconsidered ANCESTRANCESTRALAL

Background Background InformationInformation NV, SV, Laos, Cambodia = French NV, SV, Laos, Cambodia = French

IndochinaIndochina Area ruled by Bao Dai - Vietnamese man Area ruled by Bao Dai - Vietnamese man

who worked for the Frenchwho worked for the French

Vietnamese Vietnamese nationalists nationalists

organized Viet organized Viet Minh under Minh under

leadership of leadership of Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh

Versailles Conf.Versailles Conf. 1919: Ho asked1919: Ho asked

President Wilson President Wilson for help. for help.

Wilson threw him Wilson threw him

outout..

After WWII: Minh called for After WWII: Minh called for independence (w/ communist independence (w/ communist

govgov’’t) - Dai abdicatedt) - Dai abdicated French refused to give VN French refused to give VN

sovereignty & drove communists sovereignty & drove communists to northto north

Ho Chi Minh wrote to Truman 8 times…Ho Chi Minh wrote to Truman 8 times…

French set up govFrench set up gov’’t t

to rival Ho & put it to rival Ho & put it

under leadership of under leadership of

Bao DaiBao Dai

1954: French lost major battle at Dien 1954: French lost major battle at Dien Bien PhuBien Phu

US saw Minh as agent of US saw Minh as agent of Communism -- so, refused Communism -- so, refused to helpto help

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A peace A peace conference…conference…… The Geneva … The Geneva

ConferenceConference*** The French would leave and…*** The French would leave and…

1. Vietnam split at 171. Vietnam split at 17thth parallel parallel

2. Ho Chi Minh in North; Bao Dai in 2. Ho Chi Minh in North; Bao Dai in SouthSouth

3. After 3. After ““cooling offcooling off”” period, Vietnam to period, Vietnam to bebe

united through popular electionunited through popular election

1. Was a limited war 1. Was a limited war 2. Civilians making military 2. Civilians making military

decisionsdecisions3.3. Enemy difficult to Enemy difficult to identify:identify:

- Didn- Didn’’t wear uniformst wear uniforms- - ““SwitchedSwitched”” sides sides - Non-traditional - Non-traditional

soldiers soldiers women, elderly, childrenwomen, elderly, children

Issues that made this Issues that made this conflict different from conflict different from

othersothers

4.4. US knew very little about US knew very little about country… NV took advantage country… NV took advantage of landscape and avoided open of landscape and avoided open combatcombat

Issues that made this Issues that made this conflict different from conflict different from

othersothers5. War 5. War televised televised with with daily daily death death countcount

6. At 6. At home, home, oppositiopposition arose on arose

Involvement under Involvement under EisenhowerEisenhower

US formed US formed SEATO to SEATO to protect South protect South Vietnam, Laos Vietnam, Laos & Cambodia & Cambodia from from communismcommunism

(South East (South East Asian Treaty Asian Treaty Organization)Organization)

Involvement under Involvement under IkeIke

Chose Ngo Dinh Diem Chose Ngo Dinh Diem →→to replace Daito replace Dai

Diem corrupt & repressiveDiem corrupt & repressive Refused to participate in country electionsRefused to participate in country elections Won S. elections with 98% (!!) of vote…Won S. elections with 98% (!!) of vote…

rigged??rigged?? Coined the phrase Coined the phrase ““Viet CongViet Cong”” Seized land from peasants while VC were Seized land from peasants while VC were

giving it, viewed as an autocratgiving it, viewed as an autocrat

Involvement under Involvement under KennedyKennedy Sent Sent

Green Green Berets toBerets totrain SV train SV armyarmy

Military Military increase:increase: 1961 = 1961 = 800800 1963= 1963= 16,70016,700

Operations (started by SV w/ Operations (started by SV w/ US help)US help)

1.1.Operation Operation Sunrise:Sunrise:

2.2.Strategic Strategic Hamlets:Hamlets:

3. Operation 3. Operation Ranchhand:Ranchhand:

Involvement under Involvement under JFKJFK

Robert McNamara, Defense Robert McNamara, Defense Secretary:Secretary:Visits S. Vietnam – May 1962

““We are We are winning winning the war."the war."

Involvement under Involvement under JFKJFK CIA said NV persecuting N. Catholics (??)CIA said NV persecuting N. Catholics (??)

They fled south and…They fled south and… Uprooted Buddhists who were not on Uprooted Buddhists who were not on

good terms with Diem b/c he = Catholicgood terms with Diem b/c he = Catholic wouldnwouldn’’t let them display religious flagst let them display religious flags

Buddhists peacefully demonstrated…Buddhists peacefully demonstrated… And MASSACRE occurredAnd MASSACRE occurred

Buddhists protested the killings by… Buddhists protested the killings by…

“Passers-by stop to watch as flames envelope a young Buddhist monk,

Saigon, October 5th, 1963.

The man sits impassively in the central market square, he has set himself on fire performing a ritual

suicide in protest against governmental anti-Buddhist policies. Crowds gathered to protest in Hue

after the South Vietnamese government prohibited Buddhists from carrying flags on Buddha's

birthday. Government troops opened fire to disperse the dissidents, killing

nine people, Diems government blamed the incident on the Vietcong and never admitted responsibility. The Buddhist leadership quickly organized demonstrations that eventually led to seven monks burning themselves to death.”

… and Diem viewed as embarrassment

Involvement under Involvement under JFKJFK Despite US efforts, ARVN still losingDespite US efforts, ARVN still losing

Diem blamed by SVDiem blamed by SV US told of plot to kill Diem by SV US told of plot to kill Diem by SV

generals…generals… US looked the other wayUS looked the other way

Generals then plotted to kill each otherGenerals then plotted to kill each otherTENTEN successive gov successive gov’’ts in ts in 18 months18 months

JFK started to withdraw troops, JFK started to withdraw troops, then…then…

Involvement under Involvement under JohnsonJohnson

"I won't "I won't send send American American boys to do boys to do the fighting the fighting for Asian for Asian troops." troops." DidnDidn’’t t want to be want to be 1st pres. to 1st pres. to lose a warlose a war Increased Increased troops to troops to 27,000 in 27,000 in 19641964

Involvement under Involvement under LBJLBJ Believed S. rebellion caused by North NV sending troops into S. through

Ho Chi Minh Trail b/c couldn’t cross 17th parallel Approved Operation Menu –

top secret raids against North =

bomb Trail in Laos & Cambodia

Gulf of Tonkin IncidentAugust 2, 1964USS Maddox attacked NV “ it was spying” LBJ said 2nd attack

occurred 2 days later for no reason… … but never really happened

Led to Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

- war powers to president until…

- EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE - only 2 dissenting votes in Congress

Used G. of T. to Used G. of T. to escalate US escalate US involvementinvolvement

Operation Rolling Operation Rolling ThunderThunder – dropped – dropped bombs on NVbombs on NV

Used more bombs Used more bombs in in four yearsfour years than than combined total combined total dropped by dropped by Allied & Allied & Axis in all WWIIAxis in all WWII

Elephant Grass

Huey

General Westmoreland

Involvement under Involvement under LBJLBJ General

Westmoreland’s policy of

Attrition…

Led to Search and Destroy

missions: “clearing & securing

operations”

End of 1965: 80,000 troops

Phuc sustained third-degree burns to half her body and was not expected to live. But thanks to assistance from South Vietnamese photographer Nick Ut, and after surviving a 14-month hospital stay and 17 operations, she became an outspoken peace activist.- Wikipedia

"Napalm is the most terrible pain you can imagine," said Kim Phuc, known from a famous Vietnam War photograph. "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Napalm generates temperatures of 800 to 1,200 degrees Celsius."

1972

Used in 1965

Napalm – 2 substances mixed with gasoline to gel

SV attack – NOT US attack

Involvement under Involvement under LBJLBJ 1967 ground

war reached stalemate US increased air raids Resulted in many civilian casualties Led to revulsion in US & abroad (China & SU)

Tet Offensive Tet Offensive 19681968

Jan. 31st TET =Vietnamese New

YearVC hit every major SV city

almost simultaneousl

y

First, Khe Sanh was attacked…

Followed by Hue…

Considered longest & bloodiest battle of warOver 3000 civilians killed by VC & NVA US estimates approx. 8000 VC & NVA killed40% of city destroyed in 26 days; 90% homeless

Referred to as the Massacre at Hue

… Took 8 weeks to get all VC &

NVA out…

Saigon captured for 8

hours…

“The United States won the battle, but lost the war for public opinion.”

- mil.citrus.cc.ca.us/.../ HIST155/Briefings.htm

Both sides claimed victory…

DA NANG

HUE

Feb. 1, 1968--during Tet Offensive--Feb. 1, 1968--during Tet Offensive--General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, director of General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, director of SVSV’’s national police force, executed a s national police force, executed a Viet Cong prisoner on streets of Viet Cong prisoner on streets of Saigon.Saigon. http://www.brianripley.com/2004.htm

After Tet, Westmorela

nd reassured America:

“Victory was near”

Start of 1969: 543,000

America divided: been told this since 1955

Then, they learned of the My Lai Massacre…

My Lai MassacreMy Lai Massacre March 16, 1968March 16, 1968 In the Son My District (known VC In the Son My District (known VC

area)area)10-14,000 ppl10-14,000 ppl

Charlie Company (150 ppl) under Charlie Company (150 ppl) under Capt. MedinaCapt. Medina

Lt. William Calley (50 ppl)Lt. William Calley (50 ppl) Lost 50 ppl in 2 mos. up to massacreLost 50 ppl in 2 mos. up to massacre Search and destroy ordered in My LaiSearch and destroy ordered in My Lai 2 objectives: revenge & body count2 objectives: revenge & body count

Lt. William Calley

Hugh Thompson

W/ him: Lawrence Colburn, Glenn Andreotta, and Ron Ridenhour

Found: 3 rifles, 10 hand grenades

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/parton/2/mylai2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/parton/2/mylai2.html&h=200&w=298&sz=11&tbnid=9FsMln1f1uZQdM:&tbnh=74&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLt%2BCalley%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

CALLEY 1969 court martialed 109 counts of murder Guilty of 33 Dishonorable discharge Life in prison Reduced to 20 years Pardoned in 1974

WELCOME to the

Mandatory Draft

December 1, 1969

Males born btwn 1/1/44 and 12/31/50 366 capsules pulled from glass jar & assigned anRSN beginning with number 1 radio, TV, film low number = greater chance of being drafted

Selective Service System History and Records.htm

Affected 18 – 26

year olds

Draft ExemptionsAnd Deferments1. Student Deferment

But if you drop out, expelled or fail out…

2. Hardship Deferment3. Health Deferment4. Occupational Deferment

Ministers, Teachers, Elected officials, Farmers

5. Conscientious Objectors *Draft Dodgers… Went to Canada, Mexico, Sweden, Am.

“Underground”

The Anti-War Movement Arises

WHEN & WHERE WHEN & WHERE FORMED?FORMED?

1962: Port Huron, Mich1962: Port Huron, Mich

1968-69: all over the US1968-69: all over the US

1966: Oakland, CA1966: Oakland, CA

1969, gained significant ground in 1969, gained significant ground in 1970-71: Vietnam1970-71: Vietnam

Oct. 15, 1969: all over the U.S.Oct. 15, 1969: all over the U.S.

1960: Raleigh, NC1960: Raleigh, NC

BPP

RITA

Moratorium

The Resistance

SDS

SNCC

WHO JOINED & FAMOUS WHO JOINED & FAMOUS LEADERS?LEADERS? Students (K-college), work force adults, VN Students (K-college), work force adults, VN

soldiers, intsoldiers, int’’l protesters (The Moratorium)l protesters (The Moratorium) Followers of Malcolm X, minorities & white Followers of Malcolm X, minorities & white

revolutionaries (in beginning): Huey revolutionaries (in beginning): Huey Newton & Stokely Carmichael (Black Newton & Stokely Carmichael (Black Panthers)Panthers)

College students and professors (SDS)College students and professors (SDS) College students, Bl & Wh Americans: John College students, Bl & Wh Americans: John

Lewis & Carmichael (SNCC)Lewis & Carmichael (SNCC) Black soldiers influenced by BPP >> Black soldiers influenced by BPP >>

spread to all soldiers, specifically enlistees- spread to all soldiers, specifically enlistees- (RITA)(RITA)

Usually males - late teens & early 20s, Usually males - late teens & early 20s, college students (The Resistance)college students (The Resistance)

PURPOSE? (For All)PURPOSE? (For All) Educate about changing politics & Educate about changing politics &

occurrences in waroccurrences in war Protest the war, save own livesProtest the war, save own lives Freedom for minorities & working class – Freedom for minorities & working class –

wanted revolutionary socialismwanted revolutionary socialism Show number who opposed war in all Show number who opposed war in all

South East Asia through solidaritySouth East Asia through solidarity Protest mandatory draft & involvement Protest mandatory draft & involvement

in VNin VN Promote desegregation using non-Promote desegregation using non-

violence (work with SCLC), protested the violence (work with SCLC), protested the warwar

METHODS EMPLOYED?METHODS EMPLOYED? Sit-ins, public demonstrations, Freedom Rides & Sit-ins, public demonstrations, Freedom Rides &

Ballots, denounced war as racist (Black Panther, Ballots, denounced war as racist (Black Panther, SNCC)SNCC)

Teach-ins, strikes, demonstrations (20,000 ppl) Teach-ins, strikes, demonstrations (20,000 ppl) SDSSDS

Refused to register for draft, burned cards (ALL)Refused to register for draft, burned cards (ALL) Stayed home from school & work, campus Stayed home from school & work, campus

demonstrations, troops wore black arm bands, demonstrations, troops wore black arm bands, religious services, marched on Washington; religious services, marched on Washington; internationally – met outside U.S. embassies internationally – met outside U.S. embassies (Moratorium)(Moratorium)

Mass organizing, community programs, militant Mass organizing, community programs, militant self-defense (Black Panthers, SNCC)self-defense (Black Panthers, SNCC)

Underground newspapers, coffeehouse mtgs, Underground newspapers, coffeehouse mtgs, fragging, refusal to obey orders, fragging, refusal to obey orders, ““search and avoidsearch and avoid”” missions, seized control of military prisonsmissions, seized control of military prisons

END RESULT OF END RESULT OF ORGANIZATIONS?ORGANIZATIONS?

Over 2 million people participated in USOver 2 million people participated in US Disbanded when U.S. withdrew from warDisbanded when U.S. withdrew from war Broke with SCLC over race issues, Broke with SCLC over race issues,

ejected white members, began to work ejected white members, began to work with BPP, fell apart in late 1960s as lost with BPP, fell apart in late 1960s as lost leadersleaders

Not united on ideas and tactics, internal Not united on ideas and tactics, internal disputes, disbanded in late 1960sdisputes, disbanded in late 1960s

Investigations/attacks by FBI and Investigations/attacks by FBI and arrests of leaders led to severe arrests of leaders led to severe weakening and disintegration in 1980sweakening and disintegration in 1980s

When draft ended, began to focus on When draft ended, began to focus on U.S. withdrawal from warU.S. withdrawal from war

WOODSTOCK 120,000 expected 400,000 arrived Bethel, New York August 1969

http://www.vietnampix.com/hippie3b.htm

“Soldiers and protesters take some time off.   The anti-war movement was without a doubt an important part of the political development in the US at the time.”

LBJ chose not to run for LBJ chose not to run for reelectionreelection

Middle of the night updates, death tolls, opposition at home...

Involvemement Under Involvemement Under NixonNixon “Peace with

honor” Pledged to keep SV non-comm., but hard without war Vietnamization:

war & peace at same time withdraw US troops & allow SV to take over

Involvement under NixonInvolvement under Nixon Nixon Doctrine:Nixon Doctrine:

Limit US troops fighting in Asian warsLimit US troops fighting in Asian wars

Remember: Laos and Remember: Laos and

Cambodia were bombed Cambodia were bombed

(Operation _______________) (Operation _______________)

WHY?WHY?

Attacks in LaosAttacks in LaosBombed along Ho Chi Minh Bombed along Ho Chi Minh Trail for 6 yrsTrail for 6 yrs150,000 tons of bombs150,000 tons of bombs

Attacks in LaosAttacks in LaosSuccessful in reduced movement Successful in reduced movement along the along the

Trail, but not stopping it Trail, but not stopping it completely…completely…… … So, ARVN attempted to invade So, ARVN attempted to invade and FAILEDand FAILED750,000 Laotians died750,000 Laotians died

Attacks in CambodiaAttacks in Cambodia US into Cambodia to US into Cambodia to ““secure troops leaving secure troops leaving

VNVN””

US college campuses in an uproar >>>US college campuses in an uproar >>>

KENT STATE MASSACREKENT STATE MASSACRE

US passed Cooper-Church Amendment:US passed Cooper-Church Amendment: no US troops outside of Vietnamno US troops outside of Vietnam

Kent State Massacre Kent State Massacre (5/2/1970)(5/2/1970)

Riots downtown after troops to Riots downtown after troops to Cambodia Cambodia National Guard called in to campusNational Guard called in to campus student rxn: cleaned & peaceful protests student rxn: cleaned & peaceful protests but…ROTC building set on firebut…ROTC building set on fire

Kent State Massacre Kent State Massacre (5/2/1970)(5/2/1970) Not violent at first – put flowers in Not violent at first – put flowers in

riflesrifles People began to push against GuardsPeople began to push against Guards Guardsmen: tear gas 1Guardsmen: tear gas 1stst >bayonets>70 >bayonets>70 shots firedshots fired 4 students died; 1 paralyzed; 8 4 students died; 1 paralyzed; 8 woundedwounded

Impact on CambodiaImpact on Cambodia 100,000 peasants died; 2 million homeless100,000 peasants died; 2 million homeless Right wing government in Cambodia Right wing government in Cambodia

supported by USsupported by US Cambodians blamed government for Cambodians blamed government for

bombings by US…bombings by US…

……and began to support the Khmer Rougeand began to support the Khmer Rouge (communists) led by Soloth Sar (Pol Pot)(communists) led by Soloth Sar (Pol Pot)

Impact on CambodiaImpact on Cambodia Pol Pot was educated in France; admired Pol Pot was educated in France; admired

StalinStalin Three groups he targeted and why:Three groups he targeted and why:

City DwellersCity Dwellers(Wealthy)(Wealthy)

Military Military (high officials)(high officials)

EducatedEducated

led to one of the bloodiest regimes in the led to one of the bloodiest regimes in the 20th century 20th century

3 years = 1.5 million killed3 years = 1.5 million killed

The Killing Fields

Involvement under NixonInvolvement under Nixon Vietnamization was FAILINGVietnamization was FAILING Secret peace talks in Paris 1971 and through 1973Secret peace talks in Paris 1971 and through 1973 Many offensive attacks by NV & bombings by USMany offensive attacks by NV & bombings by US Then, Nixon got caught up in Watergate ScandalThen, Nixon got caught up in Watergate Scandal

““SecretSecret”” bombings now public bombings now public Nixon decided best course = halt all action in SE Nixon decided best course = halt all action in SE

AsiaAsia

Withdrawal of US TroopsWithdrawal of US Troops Treaty of Paris was signedTreaty of Paris was signed

Cease-fire signed (includes Laos & Cease-fire signed (includes Laos & Cambodia)Cambodia)

released POWs from NVreleased POWs from NV Council to formCouncil to form

new government new government for SVfor SV

US sent monetary US sent monetary aid to SVaid to SV

Withdrawal of US TroopsWithdrawal of US TroopsLast group left >> Last group left >> 19721972NV didnNV didn’’t break t break promise but promise but SV leader didnSV leader didn’’t t follow throughfollow throughNV launched final NV launched final offensive in 1975offensive in 1975SV leader resigned; SV leader resigned; ARVN surrendered ARVN surrendered to NVto NV

Common Common MisconceptionsMisconceptions

Average age of Vietnam soldier = 22 years, not Average age of Vietnam soldier = 22 years, not 18 18

20% of soldiers drafted, not majority20% of soldiers drafted, not majority Two famous pictures:Two famous pictures:

80% 80% of Vietnam Veterans glad they served & of Vietnam Veterans glad they served & reported they would serve again if they could go reported they would serve again if they could go back in timeback in time

of Veterans made successful transition to of Veterans made successful transition to civilian lifecivilian life

of U.S. public holds Vietnam Veterans in high of U.S. public holds Vietnam Veterans in high esteemesteem

The parade of Vietnam veterans down Broadway in Manhattan, 1985; 10 years after the war the American soldiers were finally welcomed home.

After their return from Vietnam, many veterans in the US were treated with disrespect. There were few adjustment and help programs available and the public was divided in its opinion. American veterans received only partial benefits in comparison to earlier campaign veterans, Vietnam veterans were also stereotyped as drug addicts, violence seekers etc. As general interest about the war grew due to the media attention and Hollywood movies such as Platoon and Full Metal Jacket, efforts at correcting some of the problems have been made. Belated parades and memorials have sought to patch up some of the ill feeling, but many US veterans still feel that there are many areas that still need improvement.

Works CitedWorks Cited Vietnam Vietnam http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/indoch.gif French Indochina French Indochina http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/seasia/indochina1907large.GIF Vietnam hamlets Vietnam hamlets http://www.gosh.org/events/vietnam/images/houses.jpg Bao Dai Bao Dai http://www.iisalessandrini.it/progetti/studenti/tranzani/Tesina%20Teo/BaoDai.jpg Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/a/a6/170px-Ho_Chi_Minh.JPG French Indochina coin French Indochina coin http://128.192.145.172/foreign3/08icf1p.jpg Dien Bien Phu 1 Dien Bien Phu 1 http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t053/T053060A.jpg Dien Bien Phu 2 Dien Bien Phu 2 http://www.davifo.dk/images/DienBienPhu.jpg Dien Bien Phu 3 Dien Bien Phu 3 http://www.fonjallaz.net/Vietnam/Photos%20Vietnam/Dien-Bien-Phu-parachutiste.jpg Jungle Jungle http://www.geocities.jp/ryoji92jp/200503vietnam/jungle_creek.jpg Vietnamese boy soldier Vietnamese boy soldier http://www.vietnampix.com/faces6.htm SV Landscape SV Landscape http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/asia/images/centralhighlands05.jpg Vietnam TVs Vietnam TVs http://rootcompromise.org/gallery/d/100-2/Shmoocon_2005_015.jpg Buddhist Buddhist http://www.vietnampix.com/fire1.htm Agent Orange cartoon Agent Orange cartoon http://www.hannekevanveen.nl/assets/images/agent-orange.jpg Agent Orange spraying Agent Orange spraying http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2003/111-3/agentorange.jpg Vietnam Landscape Vietnam Landscape http://www.terragalleria.com/images/vietnam/viet8248.jpeg Central Highlands Central Highlands http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/asia/images/centralhighlands06.jpg Ho Chi Minh Trail Ho Chi Minh Trail http://www.tlc-brotherhood.org/hochiminh69.jpg Trail Map Trail Map http://www.learnhistory.org.uk/vietnam/1959trail.gif Search and destroy missions Search and destroy missions http://hometown.aol.com/aircavnews/images/search%20and%20destroy.jpg Operation Rolling Thunder Operation Rolling Thunder

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bombing_in_Vietnam.jpg/250px-Bombing_in_Vietnam.jpg Huey Huey http://www.vietnampix.com/mach1g.htm Integration in elephant grass Integration in elephant grass http://www.vietnampix.com/fire4.htm Running girl Running girl http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/images/vietnam.jpg Napalm attach Napalm attach

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7b/Napalm_AirStrike_South_Vietnam_1966.jpg/300px-Napalm_AirStrike_South_Vietnam_1966.jpg

Stalemate Stalemate http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/s/stalemate/support.gif Tet Offesnive Patch Tet Offesnive Patch http://www.nutimesnewroman.neu.edu/v3i7/assets/articles/tetpatch.jpg Tet map Tet map http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/05/vietnam_war/img/maps/4.gif Men holding Hue at Tet Men holding Hue at Tet http://www.learnhistory.org.uk/vietnam/hujhe-under-fire-small.jpg Marine at DaNang Marine at DaNang http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Marine_da_nang.jpg/220px-Marine_da_nang.jpg

Vietnam Parade and Info http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vietnampix.com/bilder/face2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://Vietnam Parade and Info http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vietnampix.com/bilder/face2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vietnampix.com/www.vietnampix.com/faces2.htm&h=365&w=550&sz=34&tbnid=aB36rlQeKoPvLM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=130&hl=en&start=226&prev=/images%3Fqfaces2.htm&h=365&w=550&sz=34&tbnid=aB36rlQeKoPvLM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=130&hl=en&start=226&prev=/images%3Fq%3DVietnam%2BJungle%26start%3D220%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN%3DVietnam%2BJungle%26start%3D220%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

Works CitedWorks Cited Tet offensive http://www.nsleloi.co.jp/TetOffensive.jpgTet offensive http://www.nsleloi.co.jp/TetOffensive.jpg Saigon during Tet http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/thumb/4/4c/SaigonTet1968.jpg/250px-SaigonTet1968.jpgSaigon during Tet http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/thumb/4/4c/SaigonTet1968.jpg/250px-SaigonTet1968.jpg Woman in Saigon http://www.mosaique-vietnam.com/images/vietnam/saigon_offensive_du_tet.jpgWoman in Saigon http://www.mosaique-vietnam.com/images/vietnam/saigon_offensive_du_tet.jpg US Soldier in Hue http://www.tate.org.uk/tateetc/issue1/img/i1_a4_4.jpgUS Soldier in Hue http://www.tate.org.uk/tateetc/issue1/img/i1_a4_4.jpg Landscape pic http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~hermus/vietnam/jeep/tam_coc.JPGLandscape pic http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~hermus/vietnam/jeep/tam_coc.JPG My Lai woman http://www.pbs.org/ktca/americanphotography/features/war/mylai_big.jpgMy Lai woman http://www.pbs.org/ktca/americanphotography/features/war/mylai_big.jpg My Lai road http://www.internationalist.org/mylai.gifMy Lai road http://www.internationalist.org/mylai.gif Lt. Calley http://www.lasvegasmercury.com/2004/MERC-Jun-03-Thu-2004/photos/guest.jpgLt. Calley http://www.lasvegasmercury.com/2004/MERC-Jun-03-Thu-2004/photos/guest.jpg Hugh Thompason http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/may01/507thom.jpgHugh Thompason http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/may01/507thom.jpg My Lai Monument http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/asia/images/mylai02.jpgMy Lai Monument http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/asia/images/mylai02.jpg Draft card http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/oct01/vet102b.jpgDraft card http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/oct01/vet102b.jpg Draft card http://z.about.com/d/usmilitary/1/0/e/c/sss-2.jpgDraft card http://z.about.com/d/usmilitary/1/0/e/c/sss-2.jpg Burning card http://people.clarkson.edu/~winklebh/vietnam2/draft.gifBurning card http://people.clarkson.edu/~winklebh/vietnam2/draft.gif Uncle Sam http://www.bullseyesgames.com/contests/freestuff/surveys/draft/md_01b.jpgUncle Sam http://www.bullseyesgames.com/contests/freestuff/surveys/draft/md_01b.jpg Kent State http://www.laken.com/images/kent%20state.jpgKent State http://www.laken.com/images/kent%20state.jpg LBJ 1 http://www.masters-of-photography.com/images/screen/newman/newman_johnson.jpgLBJ 1 http://www.masters-of-photography.com/images/screen/newman/newman_johnson.jpg LBJ http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,323163,00.jpgLBJ http://www.spiegel.de/img/0,1020,323163,00.jpg Nixon http://www.conmemora.com/ims/richard_nixon.jpgNixon http://www.conmemora.com/ims/richard_nixon.jpg