Vietnam and the Vietnam and the Indochina ConflictIndochina Conflict

Chapter 1:Chapter 1: A War Torn History A War Torn History FQ: FQ: How were the countries of Indochina able to develop a national identity?How were the countries of Indochina able to develop a national identity?

Crossroads of the EastCrossroads of the EastIndochina –Indochina – Named from the mixture of Named from the mixture of

Indian and Chinese cultures that have Indian and Chinese cultures that have dominated its history, language, dominated its history, language, culture and religion.culture and religion.

Is made up of 3 countries: Vietnam, Is made up of 3 countries: Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.Cambodia and Laos.

The First Vietnamese/IndochineseThe First Vietnamese/IndochineseVietnamese Vietnamese Originally from China, migrated Originally from China, migrated

through Red River 3BCthrough Red River 3BC Brought with them their basic Brought with them their basic

economy of wet-rice farming.economy of wet-rice farming.IndochineseIndochinese Khmer (Cambodians) – From Sth-Khmer (Cambodians) – From Sth-

West China or Nth-East India, West China or Nth-East India, Laos – From Sth China into Laos and Laos – From Sth China into Laos and

Thailand between C8-C13 ADThailand between C8-C13 AD

A Chinese ProvinceA Chinese Province In 111BC Nam-Viet was conquered by In 111BC Nam-Viet was conquered by

China and dominated for about 1000 China and dominated for about 1000 years.years.

Buddhism came to Vietnam and Buddhism came to Vietnam and became popular with the became popular with the people/peasants. Vietnam was people/peasants. Vietnam was dominated by the sophisticated dominated by the sophisticated Chinese civilisation.Chinese civilisation.

Nationalist Revolts Nationalist Revolts - The Vietnamese Kingdom- The Vietnamese Kingdom

The Vietnamese developed a sense of The Vietnamese developed a sense of nationalism and frequently rebelled nationalism and frequently rebelled against the Chinese. They were against the Chinese. They were crushed but their identity remained crushed but their identity remained strong.strong.

Independence was eventually gained Independence was eventually gained from China in 938 AD. The Vietnamese from China in 938 AD. The Vietnamese set up the tradition of rule by Emperors set up the tradition of rule by Emperors and a system of government similar to and a system of government similar to that of the Chinese.that of the Chinese.

This Vietnamese state became This Vietnamese state became increasingly powerful and the emperor increasingly powerful and the emperor (Le Loi) established the capital in (Le Loi) established the capital in Hanoi.Hanoi.

Vietnamese EmperorsVietnamese Emperors Emperors ruled over a complex network of Emperors ruled over a complex network of

ministers and administrators known as ministers and administrators known as mandarins. At each level provinces/districts mandarins. At each level provinces/districts had a mandarin to represent them.had a mandarin to represent them.

Peasants saw the emperor as the link Peasants saw the emperor as the link between heaven and earth.between heaven and earth.

A strong standing army, an education A strong standing army, an education system, and a harsh legal code were system, and a harsh legal code were established.established.

Vietnam expanded in the North and South Vietnam expanded in the North and South under Emperor Le Loiunder Emperor Le Loi

Western InterferenceWestern Interference Europeans (French, English, Dutch, Europeans (French, English, Dutch,

Portuguese) began visiting Vietnam in the Portuguese) began visiting Vietnam in the C16. The Vietnamese resisted these C16. The Vietnamese resisted these foreigners.foreigners.

Roman catholic missionaries had some Roman catholic missionaries had some success. However, the missionaries success. However, the missionaries disrupted the lifestyle of traditional Vietnam disrupted the lifestyle of traditional Vietnam – Christian missionaries were harassed and – Christian missionaries were harassed and some Emperors had them killed.some Emperors had them killed.

Chapter 1:Chapter 1: A War Torn History A War Torn HistoryFQ: FQ: How were the countries of Indochina able to develop a national identity?How were the countries of Indochina able to develop a national identity?

The C17-C19 Time periodThe C17-C19 Time period Throughout the C17 and C18 Vietnam fell apart, divided Throughout the C17 and C18 Vietnam fell apart, divided

between two rival families - the Trinh Lords in the North between two rival families - the Trinh Lords in the North and the Nguyen Lords in the South.and the Nguyen Lords in the South.

In 1802, with the backing of the French a Southern Lord In 1802, with the backing of the French a Southern Lord took control of Vietnam calling himself Gia Long (1802-took control of Vietnam calling himself Gia Long (1802-1820). Gia Long was considered to be the first unifier of 1820). Gia Long was considered to be the first unifier of Vietnam (his dynasty lasted until 1955)Vietnam (his dynasty lasted until 1955)

Vietnam was divided into administrative regions: Tonkin, Vietnam was divided into administrative regions: Tonkin, Annam and Cochinchina.Annam and Cochinchina.

Activities:Activities:1.1. Make a timeline of Vietnam’s history until Make a timeline of Vietnam’s history until

18581858Questions:Questions:

2.2. How did Vietnam come to dominate How did Vietnam come to dominate Indochina?Indochina?

3.3. How and why did Vietnam develop a sense How and why did Vietnam develop a sense of nationalism?of nationalism?

4.4. How has Vietnam suffered from its How has Vietnam suffered from its geographic location?geographic location?

5.5. ““Vietnam’s history should have warned the Vietnam’s history should have warned the French that this would not be an easy French that this would not be an easy country to control”country to control” – – Explain this quoteExplain this quote

Chapter 1:Chapter 1: A War Torn History A War Torn HistoryFQ: FQ: How were the countries of Indochina able to develop a national identity?How were the countries of Indochina able to develop a national identity?

Homework:Homework:Research the key beliefs of Research the key beliefs of the 4 main religions of the 4 main religions of Indochina: Indochina:

•Buddhism, Buddhism, •Confucianism, Confucianism, •Taoism, Taoism, •ChristianityChristianity

Chapter 2:Chapter 2: French Colonisation French Colonisation

The Arrival of the FrenchThe Arrival of the French European powers had colonial races for overseas territoryEuropean powers had colonial races for overseas territory Ports were opening up in China and French businessmen were keen Ports were opening up in China and French businessmen were keen

on markets and ports on Vietnam.on markets and ports on Vietnam. French supported Nguyen Anh (to overthrow the reigning Emperor) French supported Nguyen Anh (to overthrow the reigning Emperor)

and so would have a base in Vietnam. and so would have a base in Vietnam. Together, France and Nguyen Anh won the war. France took most of Together, France and Nguyen Anh won the war. France took most of

Cochinchina (including Saigon). Christianity would also now be Cochinchina (including Saigon). Christianity would also now be tolerated in Vietnam. tolerated in Vietnam.

French ConquestFrench Conquest It took France 25 years to complete the conquest of Indochina. By It took France 25 years to complete the conquest of Indochina. By

1890 it had set up protectorates over Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.1890 it had set up protectorates over Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. France wiped out Vietnam as a single unified country and brought France wiped out Vietnam as a single unified country and brought

Cochinchina, Cambodia, Annam and Tonkin under the Indochina Cochinchina, Cambodia, Annam and Tonkin under the Indochina Union (administered by French headquarters in Hanoi). Cochinchina Union (administered by French headquarters in Hanoi). Cochinchina had special status as French territory – Vietnamese there were had special status as French territory – Vietnamese there were considered French citizens.considered French citizens.

FQ: FQ: How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?

Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation The primary objective of the French in The primary objective of the French in

Indochina was economic – They wanted to Indochina was economic – They wanted to exploit the natural resources of the area and exploit the natural resources of the area and open up markets for French manufactured open up markets for French manufactured goods.goods.

Rubber plantations flourishedRubber plantations flourished Industry expandedIndustry expanded Coalfields developed in TonkinCoalfields developed in Tonkin Tin and zinc minedTin and zinc mined Landless peasants became factory/mine Landless peasants became factory/mine

workersworkers Increase in rice fields (1880 - 518,000ha, Increase in rice fields (1880 - 518,000ha,

1939 – 2,201500)1939 – 2,201500) Railways and roads constructed for trade Railways and roads constructed for trade

purposespurposes

Chapter 2:Chapter 2: French Colonisation French ColonisationFQ: FQ: How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?

Despite this, people of Indochina remained poor. Peasants were 85-90% of the Despite this, people of Indochina remained poor. Peasants were 85-90% of the population.population.

In mines and rubber plantations thousands of natives died of malaria, malnutrition In mines and rubber plantations thousands of natives died of malaria, malnutrition and dysentery.and dysentery.

Peasants began to resent the increasing wealth of their landlords as they suffered Peasants began to resent the increasing wealth of their landlords as they suffered increases in rents and taxes.increases in rents and taxes.

Chinese population of Vietnam increased (shopkeepers and merchants). By 1931, Chinese population of Vietnam increased (shopkeepers and merchants). By 1931, 217,000 had a monopoly over rice mills and rubber plantations.217,000 had a monopoly over rice mills and rubber plantations.

The ‘Civilising Mission’The ‘Civilising Mission’ French claimed a moral reason for French claimed a moral reason for

colonizing Vietnam (sharing their advanced colonizing Vietnam (sharing their advanced knowledge with a primitive people).knowledge with a primitive people).

Education was slow to develop, and outside Education was slow to develop, and outside the main centers it was non-existent.the main centers it was non-existent.

French arrogance – treated the Indochinese French arrogance – treated the Indochinese as ignorant savages with no pride. The as ignorant savages with no pride. The Vietnamese felt shame and humiliation.Vietnamese felt shame and humiliation.

RevoltRevolt Anti-French rebellions were common, but Anti-French rebellions were common, but

dealt with harshly.dealt with harshly. Conflicts developed between the rebel Conflicts developed between the rebel

groups:groups: Traditionalists – opposed the French because Traditionalists – opposed the French because

of their attempts to restructure the of their attempts to restructure the traditional Confucian systems.traditional Confucian systems.

Nationalists – Worked for an independent Nationalists – Worked for an independent Vietnam but argued over whether change Vietnam but argued over whether change should be by constitutional or revolutionary should be by constitutional or revolutionary means.means.

By 1920 a new urban class of well By 1920 a new urban class of well educated young Vietnamese with ideals educated young Vietnamese with ideals from the west were becoming a serious from the west were becoming a serious threat to French rule.threat to French rule.

Communist RebellionCommunist Rebellion Ho chi minh - sought ideals and Ho chi minh - sought ideals and

inspiration from Lenin’s revolution in inspiration from Lenin’s revolution in Russia. He received lengthy training Russia. He received lengthy training before being sent to the Soviet before being sent to the Soviet Consulate in Canton. He trained Consulate in Canton. He trained young Vietnamese nationalists in young Vietnamese nationalists in communism and revolution.communism and revolution.

1930 – The Indochina Communist 1930 – The Indochina Communist Party (ICP) was formed. Aimed to:Party (ICP) was formed. Aimed to:

Overthrow the FrenchOverthrow the French Establish a workers’ governmentEstablish a workers’ government Confiscate plantationsConfiscate plantations Establishment of an eight hour Establishment of an eight hour

working day.working day. Education for allEducation for all Equity between men and Equity between men and

women.women. By 1940 there was a clearly By 1940 there was a clearly

established nationalist movement, established nationalist movement, drawing its inspiration from many drawing its inspiration from many failed rebellions and the ideology of failed rebellions and the ideology of communism.communism.

Chapter 2:Chapter 2: French Colonisation French ColonisationFQ: FQ: How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?

Japanese occupationJapanese occupation 1940 – The Japanese invaded Indochina – saw Indochina as a stepping 1940 – The Japanese invaded Indochina – saw Indochina as a stepping

stone into South-East Asia, as well as a vital storehouse of resources.stone into South-East Asia, as well as a vital storehouse of resources. Japan still allowed the French control of Indochina’s administration.Japan still allowed the French control of Indochina’s administration. In March 1945 (with allied attacks coming) Japan seized all control of In March 1945 (with allied attacks coming) Japan seized all control of

Indochina - almost a century of French rule had ended.Indochina - almost a century of French rule had ended. Within 6 months the Japanese surrendered.Within 6 months the Japanese surrendered.

Chapter 2:Chapter 2: French Colonisation French ColonisationFQ: FQ: How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?How did French colonialism stimulate Indochinese nationalism?

Make a profile on Ho chi minh including a timeline of his life

Activities:1. Explain the French aims: “God, gold and glory”2. Assess the positive and negative effects of French

rule in Indochina3. Why did Ho chi minh succeed where Phan Boi

Chau failed?4. Draw up a chart of revolutionary organisations from

1885 to 1941 (see p16 for layout)

Homework: Find out about the idea of communism:• What is it? • How are people treated? • Why would it be seen as good for the Vietnamese?

Chapter 3:Chapter 3: The August Revolution 1945-1946 The August Revolution 1945-1946FQ: FQ: Why did the August Revolution succeed and why was it crushed?Why did the August Revolution succeed and why was it crushed?

The Viet minh in controlThe Viet minh in control - - Factors that allowed this:Factors that allowed this:

Japanese surrender left a power vacuum and gave the Viet minh an opportunity to assume control.

Shortages in rice resulted in deaths from starvation. The prospect of famine spread discontent.

Viet minh exploited the situation. They provided food and directed the discontent of peasants towards those who had supported French and Japanese. This saw an increase in Vietminh support.

End of August 1945, Viet minh control Vietnam. On 2 September, Ho chi minh proclaims the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV).

Create a profile on the Viet minh including at least 10 facts about them: (see p18)Where was it formed? What was its purpose?

What were it’s strengths? What were their successes?

Allied ReactionAllied Reaction Unfortunately for Ho chi minh, the USA, Britain, USSR and China all agreed that Unfortunately for Ho chi minh, the USA, Britain, USSR and China all agreed that

when the Japanese surrendered, Indochina would be occupied by the Chinese when the Japanese surrendered, Indochina would be occupied by the Chinese nationalists (non-communists) in the North and by the British in the South – nationalists (non-communists) in the North and by the British in the South – Divided by the 16th parallel.Divided by the 16th parallel.

The Viet Minh are crushedThe Viet Minh are crushed The British set out to return the French to power.The British set out to return the French to power. Viet minh organized boycotts and demonstrations against the British.Viet minh organized boycotts and demonstrations against the British. But the Viet minh were crushed by 1946 – The British had secured South Vietnam But the Viet minh were crushed by 1946 – The British had secured South Vietnam

for the return of French rule.for the return of French rule. In Feb 1946 the Chinese nationalists (Guomindang) recognised French sovereignty In Feb 1946 the Chinese nationalists (Guomindang) recognised French sovereignty

over Indochina and withdrew their troops.over Indochina and withdrew their troops.

NegotiationsNegotiations Ho ch min bargained with the French and reached a compromise on 6 March 1946Ho ch min bargained with the French and reached a compromise on 6 March 1946

Vietnam would be recognised as a free state within the French union of Vietnam would be recognised as a free state within the French union of Indochinese states.Indochinese states.

Cochinchina would be separate and its future decided later.Cochinchina would be separate and its future decided later. 25,000 French troops would remain in Vietnam for the next 5 years.25,000 French troops would remain in Vietnam for the next 5 years.

However, the two sides remained hostile.However, the two sides remained hostile.

Chapter 3:Chapter 3: The August Revolution 1945-1946 The August Revolution 1945-1946FQ: FQ: Why did the August Revolution succeed and why was it crushed?Why did the August Revolution succeed and why was it crushed?