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Vietnam: America's Longest War. The Wall The Place 1 st Indochinese War Phase 1 (1945 – 1954) Phase 2 (1954 – 1961) Phase 3 (1961 – 1963) Phase 4 (1963 – 1968) Phase 5 (1968) Phase 6 (1969 – 1970) Phase 7 (1971 - 1973). The Place. Where What Who. Where. Southeast Asia - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Vietnam: America's Longest War• The Wall• The Place• 1st Indochinese War• Phase 1 (1945 –
1954)• Phase 2 (1954 –
1961)• Phase 3 (1961 –
1963)• Phase 4 (1963 –
1968)• Phase 5 (1968)• Phase 6 (1969 –
1970)• Phase 7 (1971 -
1973)
The PlaceWhere
What
Who
WhereSoutheast AsiaBordered by:• China• Myanmar (Burma)• Thailand (Siam)
WhatIndochinaFrench colonySeveral ethnic groups• Viet• Khmer• Lao
“Dog”Khmer = JakayLao = maVietic = chó
LaoLao
Race
Ethnicity Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Race Inherited(examples: hair, skin, body)
Ethnicity Acquired(examples: language, religion, dress, food, traditions, customs)
WhoHo Chi MinhVietnameseNationalistwanted __ to govern __educated in Europestudied Karl Marx
• Love of…• ethnic group
• Desire for…• homogenous nation
• Achieved by…• self-determination
Nationalism
Marxist: “History” is the result of class
struggle
Communist: class struggle is bad & could
be eliminated in a communist society
Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism – locally
Trotskyist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism – globally
America’s Cold War Perception of Communism
Communism: a godless, classless ideology … orchestrated by the Soviet Union …
dedicated to overthrowing the
United States.
…Some were OK with French rule…
…Some were not…
Ho Chi Minh(Viet Minh)
Ngo Dinh Diem
Dien Bien Phu
1st Indochinese War, 1946 - 1954
1863 - 19421942 - 19451946 - 3:40
1950
1954?
Saigon
Hanoi
WWII
Comm.
Contain
Nat.
Home
Geneva Conference, 1954• French defeat at Dien Bien Phu• Chart the future for French Indochina
• Khmer – Nation (Cambodia)• Lao – Nation (Laos)• Viet
• disengagement, separation, election, nation
Home
Geneva Conference , 1954
• Laos• Cambodia• North Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh
• South Vietnam • Ngo Dinh Diem
• Future Plan• Free elections• Unified Vietnam
Containment I 1948 - 1949
Containment II 1949 -
last
Phase 1: Support The French (1945 – 1954)
• Dien Bien Phu• French Loss• Geneva Peace Conference • (1 colony = 4 nations)
ASSESSMENT
Monetary and Military Material Aid for France
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle
HYPOTHESIS
Phase 2: Eisenhower and Vietnam (1954 – 1961)
Diem: not popular … may need more helpVietcong: South Vietnamese Communists
ASSESSMENT
Nation Building• N/S election cancelled• Build a Pro-American South VietnamMonetary and Military Aid to South Vietnam• Ngo Dinh Diem• Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle
HYPOTHESIS
Phase 3: Kennedy and Vietnam (1961 – 1963)
Diem: murderedASSESSMENT
Nation Building• Build a Pro-American South VietnamMilitary Advisors to South Vietnam• Military Aid & Advisory Group –
Vietnam• MAAG–V ARVN VC _?_• 1963 ≈ 16,000 MAAG –V in S. Vietnam
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle
HYPOTHESIS
Phase 4: Johnson and Vietnam (1963 – 1968)
Metric: body count & kill ratio > taking groundReports: We are winning!!
ASSESSMENT
1964: Air Power • Operation “Rolling Thunder”• to stop NVA from supplying VC• to devastate the Ho Chi Minh Trail 1965: Ground Forces• led by General W. Westmoreland • “search & destroy” VC / NVA
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)
HYPOTHESIS
Phase 5: Tet offensive (1968)
Metric: body count & kill ratio > taking groundReports: We are winning!!
ASSESSMENT
1964: Air Power • Operation “Rolling Thunder”• to stop NVA from supplying VC• to devastate the Ho Chi Minh Trail 1965: Ground Forces• led by General W. Westmoreland • “search & destroy” VC / NVA
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)
HYPOTHESIS
Phase 6: Nixon and Vietnam (1969 – 1970)
ASSESSMENT
Publically: “Vietnamization”
Privately: Cambodia
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)
HYPOTHESIS
PUBLIC
Public dissatisfaction, anger, mistrustRenewed anti-war activity on college campuses(Kent State)Move to Détente strategy
Phase 7: The Conclusion (1971 - 1973)
ASSESSMENT
“Linkage”Negotiate a settlement with North VietnamUSA • remove troops & return POWs
North Vietnam • shut down Ho Chi Minh Trail & return
POWs
STRATEGY ContainmentOBJECTIVE
Communist ConspiracyDomino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)
HYPOTHESIS Detente: Peaceful coexistence with the Communist world
1973: USA out (a promise … if not a victory…)1975: NVA invades South Vietnam
VC
MAAG-V
1963 ≈ 16,000
Ho Chi Minh Trail
1965 ≈ 75,000
Gen. William Westmoreland
Defoliation: Agent Orange
“Search and Destroy”
Tet Offensive
• What• Vietcong attack • Simultaneous• Multiple • Thought-To-Be Secure Areas
• Results• There: Vietcong repulsed • Here: Credibility Gap
• “… I ’ve lost Cronkite …”• Election Year – Nixon in 1968
NVANorth Vietnamese Army
“To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could.”
Walter Cronkite, February 1968
Detente
Rapprochement SALT
chart
Thursday, April 30 President Nixon announces the invasion of Cambodia, triggering massive protests on many of the nation's campuses.
Saturday, May 2 Ohio National Guardsmen are sent to Kent State after the University's Army R.O.T.C. building is burned down.
Sunday, May 3 Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes appears on campus and promises to use “every force possible” to maintain order.
Monday, May 4Four students are killed and nine others are wounded when a contingent of Guardsmen suddenly opens fire during a noontime demonstration.
Kent State
• Nixon announces the invasion of Cambodia, triggering massive protests on many of the nation's campuses.
• May 2 Ohio National Guardsmen are sent to Kent State after the University's Army R.O.T.C. building is burned down.
• May 3 Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes personally appears on campus and promises to use "every force possible" to maintain order. Rhodes denounces the protesters as worse than brownshirts and vows to keep the Guard in Kent "until we get rid of them."
• May 4 Four students are killed and nine others are wounded when a contingent of Guardsmen suddenly opens fire during a noontime demonstration.
• Viet Cong (VC)• AKA: National Liberation Front (NLF)• Anti-Diem• Anti-Foreigner• Pro-Minh• Insurgency• Guerillas• Terrorists !?• Freedom Fighters!?• NVA supplied• Successful
Marxist: “History” is the result of class
struggle
Communist: class struggle is bad & could
be eliminated in a communist society
Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism – locally
Trotskyist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism – globally
America’s Cold War Perception of Communism
Communism: a godless, classless ideology … orchestrated by the Soviet Union …
dedicated to overthrowing the
United States.
Marxist: “History” is the result of class
struggle
Communist: class struggle is bad & could
be eliminated in a communist society
Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism – locally
Trotskyist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism – globally
Agenda
• Review Sheet (10)• Pages
1- schedule2- 50s Foreign Policy3- 50s Econ./Tech./Pol.4- 60s: JFK5- 60s: LBJ6- Civil Rights (a)7- Civil Rights (b)8- quiz9- Vietnam (a)10- Vietnam (b)
• Johnson’s War• Looking Ahead
• Next Week: The 1970s• Next Week: Afterschool Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday • Exam …. MC = Next Thursday & DBQ Next Friday
Tet Offensive
• What• Vietcong attack • Simultaneous• Multiple • Thought-To-Be Secure Areas
• Results• There: Vietcong repulsed • Here: Credibility Gap
• “… I ’ve lost Cronkite …”• Election Year – Nixon in 1968