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Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 1
Natural Phonologyand Beats-&-Binding
Phonotactics
Katarzyna Dziubalska-KołaczykSchool of English
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań[email protected]
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2
Outline of the talkOutline of the talk
1. Natural Phonology
2. Natural Linguistics
3. Beats-&-Binding Phonology
4. Phonotactics (and morphonotactics) in B&B Phonology
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 3
Natural Phonology: introNatural Phonology: intro
• as all theories, Natural Phonology has evolved and changed over the years since its inception in the 1960s and 1970s
• the type of explanation offered NP originated in a variety of phonetic and phonological studies of the 19th and 20th century (Sweet, Sievers, Winteler, Passy, Jespersen, Kruszewski, Baudouin, Grammont, Fouché, Sapir, Jakobson)
• NP was founded by David Stampe (1969, 1973) and expounded by Patricia Donegan and David Stampe (1979)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4
• basic thesis was that phonological systems are phonetically motivated
• NP was proposed as an alternative to both structural and generative approaches to phonology
• Natural Linguistics - starting with Dressler (1984) and followers
• Modern Natural Phonology (MNP) - functional and semiotic foundation
Natural Phonology: intro
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 5
phonological processes• natural responses of the human vocal and
perceptual systems to the difficulties encountered in the production and perception of speech; e.g.,
• it is more difficult to:• on aerodynamic grounds, produce a voiced stop than a
voiceless one• a voiced velar stop than an alveolar one (a bilabial one
is the easiest)• perceive the sequences [] and [] than the sequences
[] and [], due to the insufficient perceptual contrast, which in turn stems from articulatory similarity
• it is easier to perceive lower than higher vowels due to the greater perceptual salience of the former
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 6
• phonetically motivated• universal: a child learns to inhibit some of
those natural responses in order to arrive at a language-specific phonology
• tension between two conflicting criteria: ease of production vs. clarity of perception
• a conflict between paradigmatic (segmental) and syntagmatic (sequential) difficulty
phonological processes
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 7
• processes perform substitutions in order to adapt the speaker's phonological intentions to his/her phonetic capacities as well as enable the listener to decode the intentions from the flow of speech• context-sensitive, assimilatory substitutions: lenitions• context-free, dissimilatory ones: fortitions• prosodic processes map segmental material on
rhythmic patterns prior to the operation of articulatorily and perceptually driven substitutions
phonological processes
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 8
processes vs. rules
• morphonological rules do not have any synchronic phonetic motivation and have to be learned
• morphonological alternations always involve phonemes, e.g., /k/ and /s/ in electric ~ electricity, umlaut in German (processes operate on features)
• the order of application:
rules > prosodic processes > fortitions > lenitions
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 9
Processes Rules
synchronic phonetic motivation semantic, grammatical function
innate learned
apply unconsciously formed through observation
exceptionless tolerate exceptions
apply to slips, Pig Latins, foreign words
do not
obligatory or optional obligatory (conventional, style-independent)
processes vs. rules
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 10
the phoneme
• an underlying intention (cf. Baudouin and Sapir) shared by the speaker and the listener (who are always "two in one")
• the shared knowledge of intentions guarantees communication between the speaker and the listener within a language, even if the actually pronounced forms diverge from what is intended, e.g., in casual speech
• phonemes are fully specified, pronounceable percepts
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 11
the principle of naturalness
• ”The principle of naturalness allows one to establish a possible phonological representation: if a given utterance is naturally pronounceable as the result of a certain intention, then that intention is a natural perception of the utterance (i.e. a possible phonological representation).” (Donegan and Stampe 1979:163)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 12
processes account for:• normal performance• child language• second language acquisition• aphasia and other types of disorders• casual speech, emphatic speech• slips, errors, language games• whispered and silent speech• sound change • implicational universals by substituting the implying
sound by the implied one (e.g. fricativestop)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 13
• naturally pronunceable in Natural Phonology means derivable by means of phonological processes
• the task of Natural Phonology is a constant search for processes in the languages of the world
processes…
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 14
Natural LinguisticsNatural Linguistics• predictions and explanations are functionalist and
semiotic in nature• one can, to some extent, predict form on the basis of its
function, but• multifunctionality of forms across languages• e.g., vowel epenthesis in a cluster of consonants serves
both the speaker and the listener, since it facilitates production and clarifies perception
• production of a cluster may be also facilitated by assimilation, deletion or even metathesis
• the latter processes would not improve perception, though, since they would lower the recoverability of the original
functionalism
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 15
• semiotics - a metatheory for linguistics• allows to link linguistics with other
disciplines in which signs are also the subject of investigation, and in this way better capture and explain linguistic phenomena
• criteria of transparency, iconicity, diagramaticity, indexicality and biuniqueness
semiotics
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 16
• generalizing statements have the status of universal or language‑specific preferences and not absolute rules or laws
• a gradual differentiation of forms along a preference scale specified according to a complex set of relevant criteria
• preference implies a human agent, i.e. (some) control of language by the selves of the speakers, reflecting behavioural strategies preferred by them (cf. functional explanation)
• Natural Linguistics is, thus, a preference theory rather than a general descriptive theory
preferences
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 17
• external linguistic evidence is regarded as substantive
• performance data, such as e.g. casual speech, speech of young children or speech of second language learners, provides evidence for the structure of the speaker’s competence
• both internal linguistic evidence (grammaticality judgements, conscious and subconscious) and external evidence
external evidence
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 18
Universals I
Performance V Type II
Norm IV Competence III
Dressler’s quintiple
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 19
The explanatory model of Natural Linguistics
higher
principles(e.g., the principle of the least effort, of cognitive economy)
non-linguistic (cognitive, phonetic, psychological, sociological etc)
preferences
(e.g., a preference for simple phonotactics, for a CV structure)
linguistic
preference parameters
(pronunceability, perceptibility)
functional and semiotic
consequences
of preferences
(absence of clusters in a language)
linguistic
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 20
The explanatory model of Natural Linguistics: exposition
• linguistic principles have a non-linguistic basis• they lead to explanatory preferences, referring
linguistic phenomena holistically to "the nature of things" and "the knowledge of the world”
• within language, preferences of performance become preferences of structure
• conflicts among preferences are resolved for the benefit of the more natural solution
• conditioning factors influencing such resolutions are highly complex
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 21
• conflicts may be solved either with respect to universal preferences (i.e. the ones which all languages respect on some level of usage)
• or with respect to typological preferences (for the benefit of a given language type)
• or with respect to language-specific, local preferences (for the benefit of a given language system)
explanatory model
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 22
NP & NL in modern research
• it is no longer true to say that “natural phonology (...) lacks any a priori methodology or formalization” (Donegan and Stampe 1979: 168)
• e.g. Beats-and-Binding Phonology - B&B Phonology (Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2002)
• cross-framework discussion:• with Optimality Theory, cf. Donegan 2001 and other papers in
Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (ed.) 2001• with Government Phonology, cf. the same source as well as the
abstracts to the workshop on GP and NP, PLM 2003, especially Scheer 2003, and Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Cyran, Gussmann, Dressler
• workshops/sessions (PLMs, ICPhS 2007, SLE 2008)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 23
NP responds to:
• increasing scope of external evidence in: psycholinguistics, acquisition of first and second language, neurolinguistics, speech technology and, indeed, phonetics
• interdisciplinary, holistic demands of modern research
NP & NL in modern research
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 24
Beats-&-Binding Phonology
Beats-&-Binding Phonology (Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2002) – a syllable-less theorya syllable-less theory of phonology embedded in Natural Phonology
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 25
a beat• in B&B phonology, the unit called beatbeat is proposed• a beat is a unit rather than a measurement or
device & it needs some referent in phonetic reality• it is expected to be better accessible than the
mora, on the one hand, and the syllable, on the other
• its functioning in phonology in relationships with other units of structure called non-beats (these relationships are called bindings) is expected to account better for the structure than the functioning of mora or syllable
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 26
• a beatbeat is a regularly recurring skeletal prosodic unit of phonological representation, of a size corresponding to that of a segment
• the most basic organizational principle of a sequence is the alternation of beats (which are relatively more prominent) and non-beats (which are relatively less prominent)
• beats and non-beats have direct phonetic correlates both in production and in perception
a beat
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 27
universal preferences involving beats
• preferencespreferences which specify the patterning, strength and realization of beats in a sequence:– preference for a trochee – preference for the vocalic beat– preference for the alternation between beats
and non-beats
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 28
bindings
• beats (B) and non-beats (n) in a sequence are joined by means of bindingsbindings
• bindings in a sequence are binarybinary
• sound sequences are combinations of two basic binary bindings: nB and Bn (and, possibly, single beats)
• the principle of contrast: bindings are perceptually motivated
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 29
• nB is stronger than Bn• cf. the CV-preference• an acoustic phonetic basis for the preference
consists in the observation that acoustic modulations in a consonant-vowel transition can be much better perceived than in a vowel-consonant one
• also articulatory factors contribute to a better perception of CV's (more precise articulations in a CV transition)
bindings
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 30
• a subjective perceptual measure of contrast between a beat and a non-beat is constituted by sonority
• beats are uniformly more sonorous than non-beats• in objective terms, it is the degree of modulation [1] in
several acoustic parameters (amplitude, periodicity, spectral shape, F0) that decides whether an nB binding is actually realized as stronger than a Bn one
• actual auditory distances between segments become relevant for phonotacticsphonotactics
[1] as Ohala (1990) notices, larger modulations have more survival value than lesser ones and therefore will persist in languages
bindings
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 3131
B&B phonotacticsB&B phonotactics
• a universal model of phonotactics within B&B Phonology
• intersegmental cohesion determines syllable structure, rather than being determined by it (if one insists on the notion of the ”syllable”)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 323232
the phonotactic preferences specify the universally required distances between segments within clusters which guarantee, if respected, preservation of clusters (cf. intersegmental cohesion)
clusters, in order to survive, must be sustained by some force counteracting the overwhelming tendency to reduce towards CV's (CV preference)
this force is a perceptual contrast defined as NADNAD PrinciplePrinciple (cf. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2002, 2003, Dressler & Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2007, in press, Dziubalska-Kołaczyk & Krynicki 2007, Bertinetto et al. 2007)
B&B phonotactics
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 333333
NAD Principle the universal preferences specify the optimal
shape of a particular cluster in a given position by referring to the
Net Auditory Distance PrincipleNet Auditory Distance Principle (NAD PrincipleNAD Principle)NAD = |MOA| + |POA| + |Lx|
whereby MOA, POA and LX are the absolute values of differences in the Manner of Articulation, Place of Articulation and Voicing of the neighbouring sounds respectively
B&B phonotactics
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 3434
Example:NAD (C1,C2) ≥ NAD (C2,V)
In word-initial double clusters, the net auditory distance (NAD) between the two consonants should be greater than or equal to the net auditory distance between a vowel and a consonant neighbouring on it.
NAD Principle
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 35
• The distances in terms of manner and place of articulation are calculated on the basis of the table below.
• The manners and places assumed in the table are selected according to their potential relevance:– 6 manners (stop, affricate, fricative, sonorant stop,
approximant, semivowel) where affricates and semivowels are attributed half a distance due to their dubious nature, and
– 5 places (labial, coronal, dorsal, radical and laryngeal or glottal).
• Manners refer to the most generally acknowledged version of the so called sonority scale, while places are taken from Ladefoged (2001: 258).
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 36
• Both lists are extendible and modifiable, depending on the amount of detail we want to include in the definition of distance.
• In fact, one would need to investigate from the auditory perspective as many acoustic/articulatory cues as possible which potentially contribute to the overall perceptual impression brought about by phonotactic sequences.
• This, however, is a wider research perspective reserved for the future investigation. In the present research and for the purposes of the present data, the assumption has been made as described above and in the table.
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 37
Table of consonants
5laryngeal(glottal)
4radical
3dorsal
2coronal
1labial
semiVaffricate
Vapproximantsonorant stopfricativestop
sonorantobstruent01234
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 383838
consider the preference for initial double clusters NAD (C1,C2) ≥ NAD (C2,V)
let us now define two Net Auditory Distances between the sounds (C1, C2) and (C2, V) where
C1 (MOA1, POA1, Lx1) C2 (MOA2, POA2, Lx2)V (MOA3, Lx3)
in terms of the following metric for (C1, C2) cluster |MOA1 - MOA2| + |POA1 - POA2| + |Lx1 - Lx2|
& |MOA2 – MOA3| + |Lx2 – Lx3|
for (C2, V) cluster
NAD Principle
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 393939
Example:in CCV in E. try
t = (4, 2, 0), r = (1, 2, 1), V = (0, 0, 1)NAD (C1, C2) = |4-1| + |2-2| + |0-1| = 3+0+1=4NAD (C2, V) = |1-0| + |1-1| = 1+0=1
thus, the preference NAD (C1,C2) ≥ NAD (C2,V)
is observed because 4 > 1
NAD Principle
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 40
NAD NAD PrinciplePrinciple makes finer predictions than the ones based exclusively on sonority
e.g., it shows that among stop+liquid initial clusters, prV and krV > trV, brV, grV > drV, etc. (since their NAD’s are respectively: 5 > 4 > 3)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4141
the universal NAD PrincipleNAD Principle leads to predictions about language-specific phonotactics, its acquisition and change
specifically, it also allows to predict and explain the order of difficulty in the acquisition of second language phonotactics which appears to be universally valid and as such calls for similar remedies across languages
NAD Principle
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 42
• e.g., if one compares the frequent English and Polish clusters, one can observe that among the English ones many more clusters are universally preferred (i.e. they observe the respective preference for initial doubles discussed above)
• a Polish learner of English is therefore expected to have fewer difficulties in the acquisition of those clusters than an English learner of Polish
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4343
English frequent initial doubles according to NAD PrincipleNAD Principle
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 444444
Selected Polish clusters according to NADNAD Principle Principle
Cluster types in Polish acc. to NAD
5 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
11 3 3 4 4
4 4 4
43 0 0
-1 -1 -2 -2 -2
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
pr fr lv mʂ rd fk mb ʂk sk
MOA+POA+Lx C2V NAD
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4545
phonotactic calculator
for the purposes of B&B phonotactics, Krynicki developed the phonotactic phonotactic calculatorcalculator
its purpose is to enable fine-tuning and developing the theory by statistical analysis of phonetic dictionaries and phonetically annotated corpora from various languages
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4646
phonotactic calculator - requirements
various cluster lengths at all word positions formulating phonotactic hypotheses feedback on predictability of a phonotactic hypothesis choice or customization of
available phone sets, features of each phone and scores for each feature
available phonetic dictionaries and languages (PolSynt, Festvox, Festival)
metrics used for calculating distances between phones (taxicab, euclidean)
accepted phonetic alphabets (IPA, SAMPA)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4747
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4848
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 4949
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 50
B&B phonotactics in the NL theory
• tthe higher, non-linguistic principleshe higher, non-linguistic principles involved here are:– the cognitive principle of least effort (it is less effortful
to produce a single consonant than a cluster; the effort is better managed when a produced cluster is well perceived)
– the semiotic principle of figure and ground (the contrast between a single consonant and a vowel is a better figure-against-ground structure than a cluster)
– the phonetic principle of alternation (louder/quieter sounds, jaw movements, cf. Maddieson 1999)
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 51
• the linguistic CV-preferencethe linguistic CV-preference is derivable directly from phonetics as well as from the other two principles
• a universal preference for a cluster is then defined with reference to the CV-preference (i.e. it necessarily needs to counteract it)
B&B phonotactics in the NL theory
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 52
• tthe functional parameterhe functional parameter used to measure the phonotactic preferences is that of perceptibility, i.e. perceptual distance measured in MOA (manner of articulation), POA (place of articulation) and Lx (voicing)
• it is perceptibility rather than pronunceability since phonotactics is prelexical
B&B phonotactics in the NL theory
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 53
• tthe linguistic consequencehe linguistic consequence of the universal phonotactics is:– a typological absence of clusters (70 percent
of languages do not have them)– a typological occurrence of preferred clusters– as well as universal and language-specific
processes reducing dispreferred clusters (in diachrony, acquisition, phonostylistics, speech pathology, etc)
B&B phonotactics in the NL theory
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 54
morphonotactics
• semiotic metatheory of Natural Linguistics situates morphology as prior to phonology; thus, a morphological function may override a phonological one
• in the case of phonotactics, signaling a morphological boundary may override a phonologically driven phonotactic preference and, consequently, lead to the creation of a marked cluster
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 55
• therefore, one expects relatively marked clusters across morpheme boundaries and relatively unmarked ones within morphemes (cf. Dressler & Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2006)
• language specific morphonotacticsmorphonotactics provides thus an additional parameter constraining the actual outcome of universal phonotactic preferences; this is an example of the holistic non-isolationist view on language represented by Natural Linguistics
morphonotactics
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 56
• morphonotacticsmorphonotactics is the area of interaction between morphotactics and phonotactics (cf. Dressler & Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2006) and represents a subfield of morphonology (cf. Dressler 1985, 1996)
morphonotactics
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 57
Conclusion
• explanations in Natural Linguistics stem from universal principles of human existence and interaction with nature, in which human language plays an essential part
• since both language and the setting are complex, explanations are necessarily holistic and take the form of preferences and not absolute laws
Vienna, 31.03.08 Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 58
Bibliography on Natural Phonology: background and overview
• Donegan, Patricia & David Stampe. 1979. The study of Natural Phonology. In Dinnsen, D.A. (ed.). Current Approaches to Phonological Theory. Bloomington: IUP. 126-173.
• Dressler, Wolfgang.U. 1985. Explaining Natural Phonology. Phonology Yearbook 1. 29-50.
• Dressler, Wolfgang.U. 1996. Principles of naturalness in phonology and across components. In Hurch & Rhodes (eds.) Natural Phonology: The State of the Art. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 41-52.
• Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna. 2002. Beats-and-Binding Phonology. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
• Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna. 2002. Challenges for Natural Linguistics in the twenty first century: a personal view. In University of Hawai`i Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol 23 (2001-2002).15-39. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i at Mānoa. and in Dziubalska-Kołaczyk & Weckwerth (eds.).
• Stampe, David. 1969. The acquisition of phonetic representation. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club (1979).
• Stampe, David. 1979. A Dissertation on Natural Phonology. Bloomington: IULC.