VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMING Video Game Programming Level One – Breakout INSTRUCTOR Big Dan Teague TEACHER’S ASSISTANT Delmar O'Donnell

VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMINGVideo Game

Programming

Level One – Breakout

INSTRUCTOR

Big Dan Teague

TEACHER’S ASSISTANT

Delmar O'Donnell

VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMING

PART 1 – BRIX BASICS

Objective:– Create the Splash Screen and have it

display for 3 seconds before the Main Menu is displayed.

• Step 1 – Game Properties• Step 2 – Timer• Step 3 – Splash Screen• Step 4 – Save and Test


CONCEPT – File Formats

• A file format is the way data is encoded for different types of files.

• Some common file formats are .bmp, .gif, .txt, .doc, .mp3 and .wav

• Images in Fun are .bmp (Bitmaps) and sounds are .wav (WAVE form audio format).


STEP 1: Set Up the Game Properties

• Right-click on Game and select Properties.• Select 640x480 in the Resolution menu.• Select True Color (32 bit) from the Color Bit-

Mode.• Set the Compiler to the compiler currently

installed on the computer.• In the Window Title text box enter Brix (your

name).• Click OK.


Step 2: Create the Timer Function

• Right-click Object Functions and Select Add.

• Enter MyTimer in the name box. • Click on the Timer button and check the

Activate Timer box.• Set the timer for 3000 Milliseconds,

select Run Once at the bottom and then click OK.

• Change Used By to Levels, then enter the following code and save.


MyTimer CodemyGame->LevelName("MainMenu");


STEP 3: The Splash Screen

• Add The Level:– Right-click on the first level listed below

Game and select Rename.– Enter SplashScreen in the box that

pops up and then click on OK.


MAP:

• Set up the Map:– Expand the SplashScreen Level.– Right-click on Maps and select Add.– Enter Splash_Screen for the name.– Browse for the map file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Maps\

Brix_Splash_Screen.bmp– Now click OK to close the map properties

window.


LEVEL BEHAVIORS

• Set the Level Behaviors:– Right-click SplashScreen and select

Properties.– In the Level Properties window click on

the Behavior tab.– Add the MyTimer function to the list.


STEP 4: Save and Test

• Save the Project:– Click on Project and Save.

• Run the Project:– Click on the Build/Run button in the

menu bar.

• Results:– Splash screen should display.


PART 2 – BRIX MENUS

Objective:– Create the Main Menu and detect mouse

over collisions and mouse click collisions with buttons on the menu.

• Step 1 – Start and Exit Buttons• Step 2 – Cursor and Cursor Functions• Step 3 – Main Menu• Step 4 – Save and Test


CONCEPT – Actors vs Sprites

• Actors are the visual representations of the characters in FUN games .

• Sprites are considered to be living creatures that live, move and die during the game.

• Actors only define the shape that Sprites take to be represented in the game.


STEP 1: Start and Exit Buttons

• Add the Actor: START_BUTTON– Right-click Actors and Select Add.– Enter START_BUTTON in the dialogue

box and click ok.• Add the Actor: EXIT_BUTTON

– Right-click Actors and Select Add.– Enter EXIT_BUTTON in the dialogue

box and click ok.


CONCEPT – Animation

• An animation is a sequence of one or many frames that visually represent an action such as walking, shooting etc…

• In Fun Animation Sets make up Actors.


START BUTTON:

• Add the Animation: START_BUTTON– Right-click on the START_BUTTON actor and

select Add Animation Set.– In the Control that comes up Enter the name of

the animation MAIN_MENU_START1 in the text box at the top.

– Click on Add to bring up the dialogue box for choosing the frame art.

– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Menu_Start1.bmp

– Click ok.


START BUTTON: CONTINUED

• Add the Second Animation: START_BUTTON– Right-click on the START_BUTTON actor and select

Add Animation Set.– In the Control that comes up Enter the name of the

animation MAIN_MENU_START2 in the text box at the top.


– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Menu_Start2.bmp

– Click ok.


EXIT BUTTON:

• Add the Animation: EXIT_BUTTON– Right-click on the EXIT_BUTTON actor and


the animation MAIN_MENU_EXIT1 in the text box at the top.


– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Menu_Exit1.bmp

– Click ok.


EXIT BUTTON: CONTINUED

• Add the Second Animation: EXIT_BUTTON– Right-click on the EXIT_BUTTON actor and


the animation MAIN_MENU_EXIT2 in the text box at the top.


– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Menu_Exit2.bmp

– Click ok.


CONCEPT – Game Loop

• A game loop is code that executes repeatedly throughout a game and deals with taking input from the user or other systems, then updates the objects in the game and finally renders the resulting objects to the screen.


STEP 2: Cursor and Cursor Functions

• Add the Actor:– Right-click Actors and Select Add.– Enter CURSOR in the dialogue box and

click ok.


THE CURSOR

• Add the Animation:– Right-click on the CURSOR actor and select

Add Animation Set.– In the Control that comes up Enter the name of

the animation ARROW in the text box at the top.


– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Cursor_Arrow.bmp and click ok.


CURSOR: Object Function Detect_Mouse_Over_Buttons

• Use:– Detect when the cursor is over a sprite and

change the animation for that sprite when it is.• Add the Object Function: Mouse Over

– Right-click Object Functions and Select Add. – Enter Detect_Mouse_Over_Buttons in the

name box. – Click on the Used By drop down menu and

select Cursor. – Enter the following code and save.


Detect_Mouse_Over_ButtonsSpritePTR Start_Button( “Start_Button” );SpritePTR Exit_Button( “Exit_Button” );

if ( pFunCursor->CollisionWithSprite( “Start_Button” ) )Start_Button->Animation(1);

elseStart_Button->Animation(0);

if ( pFunCursor->CollisionWithSprite( “Exit_Button” ) )Exit_Button->Animation(1);

elseExit_Button->Animation(0);

VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMINGCURSOR: Object Function

Detect_Mouse_Click_On_Button

s• Use:– Detect when the user clicks on a sprite and

load Level 1 or exit the game accordingly.• Add the Object Function: Mouse Click

– Right-click Object Functions and Select Add. – Enter Detect_Mouse_Click_On_Buttons in

the name box. – Click on the Used By drop down menu and

select Cursor. – Enter the following code and save.


Detect_Mouse_Click_On_Buttons

if ( pFunCursor->IsPressedOnSprite( “Start_Button”, DIM_LEFT) )

myGame->NextLevel();

else if ( pFunCursor->IsPressedOnSprite( “Exit_Button”, DIM_LEFT) )

myGame->EndGame();


STEP 3: The Main Menu

• Add The Level:– Right-click Game and select Add Level.

The added level will pop up at the end of the list of levels.

– Right-click on the new level and select Rename.

– Enter MainMenu in the box that pops up and then click on OK.


MENU CURSOR

• Set up the Cursor:– Expand the MainMenu Level.– Right-click on Cursor and select Add.– Uncheck the Use Default check box and

select CURSOR from the Actor drop down menu.

– Now add the Detect_Mouse_Over_Buttons and Detect_Mouse_Click_On_Buttons functions to the Behaviors.

– Click OK to close the cursor properties window.


MAP:

• Set up the Map:– Right-click on Maps and select Add.– Enter Main_Menu for the name.– Browse for the map file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Maps\

Brix_Main_Menu.bmp– Now click OK to close the map

properties window.


SPRITES: Start_Button

• Add the Sprite: Start Button– Right-click on Sprites and select Add.– Enter Start_Button for the name.– Select Main_Menu for the map.– Click on the Animation tab and select

START_BUTTON for the actor.– Now click on the Collision tab and check the

Activate Sprite Collision check box.– Click on the Position tab and position the

Start_Button. – Now click OK to close the sprite properties

window.


SPRITES: Exit_Button

• Add the Sprite: Exit Button– Right-click on Sprites and select Add.– Enter Exit_Button for the name.– Select Main_Menu for the map.– Click on the Animation tab and select

EXIT_BUTTON for the actor.– Now click on the Collision tab and check the

Activate Sprite Collision check box.– Click on the Position tab and position the

Exit_Button. – Now click OK to close the sprite properties

window.





menu bar.• Results:

– Splash screen should display and then load the Main Menu after 3 seconds.


PART 3 – BRIX LEVEL 1

Objective:– Create Level 1 complete with the bricks,

paddle and ball.

• Step 1 – Bricks, Paddle and Ball• Step 2 – My Functions • Step 3 – Global Data• Step 4 – Level 1• Step 5 – Save and Test


CONCEPT – Collision

• A collision is when more than one object is occupying the same position in space.

• Collisions in games can be for many things such as a ball bouncing around, a bullet colliding with a ship or even a character’s foot touching the ground.


STEP 1: BRICKS, PADDLE, BALL

• Add the Actor: BRICK– Right-click Actors and Select Add.– Enter BRICK in the dialogue box and

click ok.


THE BRICK:

• Add Animation Set:– Right-click on the BRICK actor and select Add

Animation Set. – In the Control that comes up Enter the name of the

animation BRICK_1 in the text box at the top.– Click on Add to bring up the dialogue box for choosing

the frame art.– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Brick1.bmp and

click ok– Now click on the Collision Data button and add the

collision data for this Animation frame. Be sure that the collision data is pointing out.

– Click OK to close the Animation Set window.


THE BRICK: Object Function DestroyBrick

• Add The Function: DestroyBrick – Right-click Object Functions and Select Add.– Write the Function:– Enter DestroyBrick in the name box.– Click on the Used By drop down menu and

select Sprites. – Enter the following code into the code window

and click on the save button when done.


DestroyBrickif (This->CollisionWithSprite("Ball")){

This->Unused(true);This->DeleteFlag(true);

}


THE PADDLE

• Add the Actor: – Right-click Actors and Select Add.– Enter PLAYER_PADDLE in the dialogue

box and click ok.


THE PADDLE: CONTINUED

• Add Animation Set:– Right-click on the PLAYER_PADDLE actor and select

Add Animation Set.– In the Control that comes up Enter the name of the

animation PADDLE_1 in the text box at the top.– Click on Add to bring up the dialogue box for choosing

the frame art.– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Paddle.bmp and

click ok– Now click on the Collision Data button and add the




THE PADDLE: Object Function MoveWithArrows

• Use:Detect when the player is pressing the left or right arrow keys and move the paddle accordingly.

• Add The Function: MoveWithArrows– Right-click Object Functions and Select Add.– Enter MoveWithArrows in the name box.– Click on the Used By drop down menu and select

Sprites. – Enter the following code into the code window and click

on the save button when done.


MoveWithArrowsif ( pKeyboard->IsPressed(DIK_RIGHT) ){

This->WorldPositionXInc( 5, 500 );}else if ( pKeyboard->IsPressed(DIK_LEFT) ){

This->WorldPositionXDec( 5, 0 );}


CONCEPT – Color Keying

• Color keying otherwise know as chroma keying is a method of replacing a certain color in an image with a false background. This method is used in television to superimpose the weatherman in front of the map and in many other special effects.

• In games using transparencies gives the same effect, and in Fun the transparency can be selected for each Animation Set


THE BALL

• Add the Actor: – Right-click Actors and Select Add.– Enter BALL in the dialogue box and click

ok.


THE BALL: CONTINUED

• Add Animation Set:– Right-click on the BALL actor and select Add

Animation Set.– In the Control that comes up Enter the name of the

animation BALL_1 in the text box at the top.– Click on Add to bring up the dialogue box for choosing

the frame art.– Select Brix\Art Assets\Actors\Brix_Ball.bmp and click

ok– Now click on the Collision Data button and add the




THE BALL: Object FunctionBallCollision

• Use:Increment the speed of the ball when it collides with a Brick or the Paddle.

• Add The Function: BallCollision – Right-click Object Functions and Select Add.– Write the Function:– Enter BallCollision in the name box.– Click on the Used By drop down menu and select




BallCollisionif( This->CollisionWithSprite("Brick") ){

This->SpeedInc(0.5,10);}else if( This->CollisionWithSprite( "Player_Paddle") ){

This->SpeedInc(0.5,10);}


THE BALL: Object FunctionDetectOffScreen

• Use:Detect when the ball is off of the screen, and decrement the number of lives when this happens.

• Add The Function: DetectOffScreen – Right-click Object Functions and Select Add.– Write the Function:– Enter DetectOffScreen in the name box.– Click on the Used By drop down menu and select




DetectOffScreenif ( !This->InViewport() ){

PlayerLives--;

SpawnBall();This->Speed(2);

}


STEP 2: My Functions

• Definition:– My Functions (or user-defined functions)

are functions that have global scope throughout the game play. They are independent of any FUN objects.

• Objective:– Use these to spawn the ball and give it a

random direction.


SpawnBall

• Use:– Places the ball back in the viewport and gives

it a random direction.• Add the Function:

– Right-click My Functions and Select Add.– Enter SpawnBall in the name box.– Enter void SpawnBall(void) in the

Declaration box. – Enter the following code into the code window

and click on the save button when done.


SpawnBallSpritePTR pBall( “Ball” );SpritePTR pPlayer_Paddle( “Player_Paddle” );

pBall->WorldPosition( pPlayer_Paddle->WorldPositionX(), pPlayer_Paddle->WorldPositionY() – 30 );

pBall->Speed(2);pBall->VectorDirection( RandFlt(2), -RandFlt(2), 0 );


STEP 3: Global Data

• Definition:– Global Data are data that have global

scope throughout the game play. They are independent of any FUN objects.

• Objective:– Create a variable to keep track of the

number of lives the player has.


PlayerLives

• Use:– Keeps track of the number of lives that a

player has

• Add the Data:– Right-click Global Data and Select Add.– Enter PlayerLives in the name box.– Select int for the type and click on unsigned.– Enter 3 for the Initial Value.– Click OK to close.


STEP 4: Level 1




– Enter Level_1 in the box that pops up and then click on OK.


Level 1: CONTINUED

• Set the Level Properties:– Right-click Level_1 and select

Properties.– Now click on the On Start tab and enter

the following code.– Then click on OK.


Level 1 On StartSpawnBall();

PlayerLives = 3;


MAP:

• Set up the Map:– Expand the Level_1 Level.– Right-click on Maps and select Add.– Enter Level1_Background for the

name.– Browse for the map file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Maps\

Brix_Background.bmp


MAP: CONTINUED

• Map Collision:– Click on the Collision Data button and put

inward collision on the left right and top sides and either outward collision or no collision on the bottom.

– Save this collision data and close the window.– Now click OK to close the map properties

window.


SPRITES: Brick

• Add the Sprite: Brick– Right-click on Sprites and select Add.– Enter Brick for the name.– Select Level1_Background for the map.– Change the Display List to 0.– Click on the Animation tab and select BRICK

for the actor. – Click on the Behavior tab and add

DestroyBrick function to the list.


Brick: CONTINUED

– Now click on the Collision tab and select Precise Collision.

– Check the Activate Sprite Collision and Check With Sprites check boxes.

– Now click OK to close the sprite properties window.• Create The Bricks Group:

– Right-click on the Brick sprite and select Create Group.

– Place the Brick sprites in position here and select Options/Create Sprites to place the sprites int the group.

– Now select Shapes/Close and enter Bricks for the group name.

– Click OK to create the group.


SPRITES: Player_Paddle

• Add the Sprite: Player_Paddle– Right-click on Sprites and select Add.– Enter Player_Paddle for the name.– Select Level1_Background for the map.– Change the Display List to 1.– Click on the Animation tab and select

PLAYER_PADDLE for the actor.– Click on the Behavior tab and add

MoveWithArrows function to the list.


Player_Paddle: CONTINUED



– Check the Check Collision With Map check box.

– Click on the Position tab and position the Player_Paddle.

– Now click OK to close the sprite properties window.


SPRITES: Ball

• Add the Sprite: Ball– Right-click on Sprites and select Add.– Enter Ball for the name.– Select Level1_Background for the map.– Change the Display List to 2.– Click on the Animation tab and select BALL

for the actor. – Click on the Behavior tab and add

DetectOffScreen and BallCollision functions to the list.


Ball: CONTINUED



– Check the Check Collision With Map check box.

– Click on the Effects tab and check the Reflection box.

– Now click OK to close the sprite properties window.




• Run the Project:– Click on the Build/Run button in the menu bar.

• Results:– Level 1 should come up with the bricks, paddle and ball. – Bricks should disappear when hit. – The paddle should move with the arrow keys. – The ball should bounce around.


PART 4 – Adding Sounds

Objective:– Play sounds when different events

happen like when the ball hits something– Play music in the background.

• Step 1 – Splash Screen Music• Step 2 – Main Menu Music• Step 3 – Level 1 Music• Step 4 – Update the Object Functions• Step 5 – Save and Test


CONCEPT – Sound

• In games sounds are used as audio responses to events taking place.

• There are 2 types, Sound Effects (SFX) and Music. SFX are used for short clips such as footsteps or a doorbell. Music is played in the background sometimes to set the mood of the game at a given time.


STEP 1: Splash Screen Music

• Add The Sound:– Expand SplashScreen.– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Intro_Music for the name.– Change the Type to Music.– Check the Loop check box.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\Music\

JivinIntro.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties window.


Splash Screen Music: CONTINUED

• Update the Code:– Right Click on SplashScreen and select

Properties.– Click on the On Start tab and add the

following code.– Then click OK to close.


Splash Screen On StartStreamedSoundPTR pIntro_Music( “Intro_Music” );

pIntro_Music->Play();


STEP 2: Main Menu Music

• Add The Sound:– Expand MainMenu.– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Menu_Music for the name.– Change the Type to Music.– Check the Loop check box.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\Music\

JivinMenu.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties window.


Main Menu Music: CONTINUED

• Update the Code:– Right Click on MainMenu and select




Main Menu On StartStreamedSoundPTR pMenu_Music( “Menu_Music” );

pMenu_Music->Play();


STEP 3: Level 1 Music

• Add The Sound:– Expand Level_1.– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Level_Music for the name.– Change the Type to Music.– Check the Loop check box.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\Music\

JivinLoop.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties window.


Level 1 Music: CONTINUED

• Update the Code:– Right Click on Level_1 and select




Level 1 On StartStreamedSoundPTR pLevel_Music( “Level_Music” );

pLevel_Music->Play();


Level_1: Beep

• Add The Sound:– Expand Level_1.– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Beep for the name.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\SFX\Beep1.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties

window.


Level_1: Boop

• Add The Sound:– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Boop for the name.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\SFX\Boop3.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties

window.

VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMINGSTEP 4: Update the Object

FunctionsBallCollision

• Update the code:– Double-click on the BallCollision

function to bring up the Function Properties window.

– Update the code with the following changes in bold type then save.


BallCollision: Updateif( This->CollisionWithSprite("Brick") ){

This->SpeedInc(0.5,10);

SoundPTR pBeep("Beep");pBeep->Play();

}else if( This->CollisionWithSprite("Player_Paddle") ){

This->SpeedInc(0.5,10);

SoundPTR pBoop("Boop");pBoop->Play();

}




• Run the Project:– Click on the Build/Run button in the menu bar.

• Results:– Music should be played in the background.– Sounds should play when the ball collides with

a brick or the paddle.


PART 4 – BRIX GAME LEVEL 2

Objective:– Create a second level and detect when all

of the bricks are destroyed so the next level can be loaded.

• Step 1 – Detect the end of the level.• Step 2 – Level 2• Step 3 – Save and Test


STEP 1: Detect the End of the Level

• Add the Object Function:– Right-click Object Functions and

Select Add. – Enter DetectEndOfLevel in the name

box. – Change Used By to Levels and then

enter the following code and then save.


DetectEndOfLevel CodeSprite* pBrick = Sprite::Search("Brick");

if(pBrick == NULL)myGame->NextLevel();

VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMINGDetect the End of the Level:

CONTINUED

• Update the Behaviors:– Right-click on Level_1 and select

Properties.– Click on the Behavior tab and add the

DetectEndOfLevel function to the list of behaviors.

– Click OK to close.


STEP 2: Create Level 2

• Add the Level:– Right-Click on Level_1 and select

Insert Copy…– Enter Level_2 for the name and click on

Insert After Level_1.– Click OK to close.


Level 2: CONTINUED

• Modify Level 2:– Right-Click on Level_2 and select

Properties.– Click on the On Start tab and remove

the following line of code.

PlayerLives = 3;

– Click OK to close.


Level 2: Bricks Group

• Restore to a Single Sprite:– Now right-click on the Bricks sprite group in Level_2

and select Rename.– Enter Brick and click OK.– Right-click on the Brick sprite group and select

Restore to One.• Recreate The Bricks Group:

– Right-click on Brick and select Create Group. – Place the Brick sprites in position here and select

Options/Create Sprites to place the sprites in the group.

– Now select Shapes/Close and enter Bricks for the group name.

– Click OK to create the group.






– Level 2 should load when all the blocks are destroyed in Level 1.


PART 5 – Win/Lose Screens

Objective:– Create Winning and Losing screens to be

displayed when the player wins or loses.

• Step 1 – Detect Winning/Losing.• Step 2 – Winning Screen• Step 3 – Losing Screen• Step 4 – Save and Test


STEP 1: Detect Winning/Losing

• Note: The game is already set up to detect winning because this happens when the bricks are all destroyed and the DetectEndOfLevel function does this for us.

• Detect Losing:– Double-click on DetectOffScreen and

change the code to match the following


DetectOffScreen: Updateif ( !This->InViewport() ){

PlayerLives--;if ( PlayerLives == 0 )

myGame->LevelName( “LosingScreen” );else{

SpawnBall();This->Speed(2);

}}


STEP 2: The Winning Screen




– Enter WinningScreen in the box that pops up and then click on OK.


Winning Screen: CONTINUED

• Set the Level Properties:– Right-click WinningScreen and select

Properties.– Click on the Behavior tab.– Add the MyTimer function to the list.– Now click on the On Start tab and enter

the following code.– Click OK to close.


Winning Screen On StartStreamedSoundPTR pWin_Music( “Winning_Music” );pWin_Music->Play();


MAP:

• Set up the Map:– Right-click on Maps and select Add.– Enter Winning_Screen for the name.– Browse for the map file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Maps\

Brix_Winning_Screen.bmp– Now click OK to close the map properties

window.


SOUND EFFECTS

• Add The Sound:– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Winning_Music for the name.– Change the Type to Music.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\Music\

JivinEndingPos.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties

window.


STEP 3: The Losing Screen




– Enter LosingScreen in the box that pops up and then click on OK.


Losing Screen: CONTINUED

• Set the Level Properties:– Right-click LosingScreen and select

Properties.– Click on the Behavior tab.– Add the MyTimer function to the list.– Now click on the On Start tab and enter

the following code.– Click OK to close.


Losing Screen On StartStreamedSoundPTR pLose_Music( “Losing_Music” );pLose_Music->Play();


MAP:

• Set up the Map:– Right-click on Maps and select Add.– Enter Losing_Screen for the name.– Browse for the map file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Maps\

Brix_Losing_Screen.bmp– Now click OK to close the map properties

window.


SOUND EFFECTS

• Add The Sound:– Right-click on Sound Effects and select Add.– Enter Losing_Music for the name.– Browse for the sound file and select – Brix\Art Assets\Sounds\Music\

JivinEndingNeg.wav– Now click OK to close the sound properties

window.






– The winning/losing screens should display when the player wins/loses.


Final Test

• Brix is now completed!! Take some time to enjoy your creation.

Documents

VIDEO GAME PROGRAMMING Video Game Programming Level One – Breakout INSTRUCTOR Big Dan Teague TEACHER’S ASSISTANT Delmar O'Donnell