Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility

7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility

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State of New JerseyOFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

INITIAL DECISION

(CONSOLIDATED)

VICTOR WILLIAMS, OAL DKT. NO. STE 5016-16

Petitioner,

.

TED CRUZ,

Re!"on#ent.

An#

FERNANDO POWERS, DONNA WARD, OAL DKT. NO. STE 501$-16

AND BRUCE STOM (SOUTH JERSEY

CONCERNED CITIZENS COMMITTEE),

Petitioner!,

.

TED CRUZ,

Re!"on#ent.

_________________________________

Victo Wi!!i"#$, "etitioner, "ro !e

M"io A%&''o, E!%., &or "etitioner! Fern'n#o Po(er!, Donn' W'r# 'n# )r*+e

Sto

S"!o# D Sto*+, E!%., &or re!"on#ent )ro(n, Mo!o(it/ 'n# K'en, P.C.,

'ttorne!2

Re+or# Co!e#3 A"ri 14, 4016 De+i#e#3 A"ri 14, 4016

New Jersey is an Equal Opportunity Employer


2/26

OAL DKT. NOS. STE 5016-16 STE 501$-16

)EFOREJEFF S MASIN, AL t7'3

Noin'tin8 "etition! !*""ortin8 Sen'tor Te# Cr*/ o& Te9'! &or t:e Re"*;i+'n

noin'tion &or Pre!i#ent o& t:e e+tor +onten#! t:'t t:e

Sen'tor #oe! not eet t:e Con!tit*tion' re%*ireent t:'t ' "er!on ;e ' ?n't*r' ;orn

Citi/en@ to !ere in t:e O&&i+e o& Pre!i#ent. e+tor!= "etition! (ere &ie# on M'r+: 4$, 4016, 'n# (ere tr'n!itte# to

t:e O&&i+e o& A#ini!tr'tie L'( OAL2 on A"ri B, 4016. T:e &in' #' &or &iin8

o;>e+tion! ('! A"ri $, 'n# no &*rt:er +:'en8e! to Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit (ere &ie#.

Or' 'r8*ent ('! :e# on A"ri 11, 4016. At or' 'r8*ent, +o*n!e &or Sen'tor Cr*/

o;>e+te# t:'t t:e +:'en8er! :'e no !t'n#in8 to o;>e+t to :i! noin'tin8 "etition!.

A##ition', i& !t'n#in8 ('! &o*n# to e9i!t &or one or ;ot: o& t:e o;>e+tor!, +o*n!e

+onten#! t:'t t:e i!!*e o& Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit &or noin'tion to t:e Pre!i#en+ i! '

non->*!ti+i';e i!!*e, !*+: t:'t neit:er t:e Se+ret'r o& St'te, &or (:o t:e O&&i+e o&

A#ini!tr'tie L'( "roi#e! t:e '#ini!tr'tie :e'rin8, nor t:e Ne( er!e *#i+i'r,

:'! 'n roe to "', '! t:'t i!!*e i! re!ere# to t:e Ee+tor' Coe8e 'n# Con8re!!.

'in8 +on!i#ere# t:e!e o;>e+tion! to "ro+ee#in8 to t:e erit! o& t:e o;>e+tion!, I

CONCLUDEt:'t t:e +:'en8er! :'e !t'n#in8 'n# t:'t t:e i!!*e i! >*!ti+i';e.

1N.J.S.A. 19:23-21. The Secretary of State shall certify the names of the persons indorsed inthe petitions filed in his office to the clerks of counties concerned thereby not later than the 54thday prior to the holding of the primary election, specifying in such certificate the political partiesto which the persons so nominated in the petitions belong.

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St'n#in8

In L'ton 'n# Co!t' . Le(i!, A-B0B-10T1 *n"*;i!:e#, M' 4, 40112, t:e

A""e'te Dii!ion '##re!!e# ' +:'en8e to t:e +'n#i#'+ o& C'r Le(i! &or t:e o&&i+e o&

St'te Sen'tor. T:e +o*rt +on+*#e# t:'t N..S.A. 131-10, (:i+: "roi#e! t:'t?GEHer "etition o& noin'tion in '""'rent +on&orit (it: t:e "roi!ion! o& t:i! Tite

!:' ;e #eee# 'i# *ne!! o;>e+tion t:ereto ;e #* '#e . . .@ #oe! not +ont'in 'n

re!tri+tion on t:e o;>e+tor. T:e nee# to "rote+t t:e inte8rit o& ee+tion! >*!ti&ie# t:i!

;ro'# '""ro'+: to !t'n#in8 to o;>e+t. ?In '##ition to t:e ';!en+e o& re!tri+tie

'n8*'8e *n#er t:e !t't*te!, ' "r'+ti+e o& !+reenin8 o;>e+tor! ;e&ore '++e"tin8 '

+:'en8e to ' noin'tion "etition (o*# r'i!e !i8ni&i+'nt +o'ter' i!!*e! t:'t (o*# ;e

o*t(ei8:e# ; t:e !'*t'r "*r"o!e o& "erittin8 +:'en8e! &ro 'n o;>e+tor *n#er

N..S.A. 131-10.@ L'ton, !*"r', !i" o"inion 't 6. W:ie L'ton i! *n"*;i!:e# 'n#

t:ere&ore not "re+e#enti', it "re!ent! ' &'ir *n#er!t'n#in8 t:'t in Ne( er!e, !t'n#in8

i! ;ro'# inter"rete#. T:i! :'! ;een t:e +'!e in n*ero*! ee+tion-re'te# +:'en8e!

'n# t:ere i! no re'!on to n'rro( t:'t "o!ition in t:e "re!ent 'tter. I CONCLUDEt:'t

t:e o;>e+tor! :'e !t'n#in8 to +:'en8e Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit. At:o*8: Mr.

Wii'! i! neit:er ' Ne( er!e re!i#ent nor ' re8i!tere# oter in t:i! St'te, t:o!e

&'+t! #o not '""e'r to e!!en :i! ri8:t to o;>e+t *n#er t:e ;ro'# !t'n#'r#. o(eer,

een i& :i! !t'n#in8 i! e!! +e'r, '! t:e ot:er o;>e+tor +ert'in :'! !t'n#in8, Mr.

Wii'=! inoeent i! not o& +on+ern, 'n# :i! ie(! ' ;e :e"&*.

*!ti+i';iit

It i! t:e re!"on!i;iit o& t:e *#i+i'r to #e+i#e +'!e! t:'t 're "ro"er ;e&ore it,

een t:o!e it ?(o*# 8'# 'oi#. Co:en! . Vir8ini', 6 W:e't. 46B, B0B, 5 L.E#. 45

1$412 %*ote# in Jioto&! e9 re. Jioto&! . Cinton,


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Ni9on . *#i+i'

roe, to '#>*#i+'te t:e '++e"t';iit o& ' noin'tin8 "etition t:'t !:e *!t #eterine to

+erti& or re>e+t. W:ie !:e #oe! not !it in t:e *#i+i'r, t:e !'e i!!*e o& inter"retin8

t:e Con!tit*tion i! ;e&ore :er, 'n# >*#i+i' reie(, ; ' *#i+i'r +o"etent to

'#>*#i+'te t:'t e'nin8, ie! '&ter :er #e+i!ion i! ren#ere#. T:e Con!tit*tion, '!

ori8in' '#o"te#, "roi#e# t:'t t:e e8i!'t*re o& t:e !eer' !t'te! (o*# ?'""oint, in

!*+: M'nner '! t:e Le8i!'t*re t:ereo& ' #ire+t, ' n*;er o& Ee+tor!, e%*' to t:e

(:oe n*;er o& Sen'tor! 'n# re"re!ent'tie! to (:i+: t:e St'te ' ;e entite#.@


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A! &or >*#i+i' +o"eten+e to +on!i#er t:e i!!*e, t:ere +e'r 're !t'n#'r#! to

'"" in #eterinin8 *#i+i'r to re&*!e to 8ie&* e&&e+t to t:e "ere"tor 'n# e9"i+it 'n8*'8e o& t:e GFHo*rteent:GAHen#ent, (:i+: #e+'re! 'n# or#'in! t:'t ?' "er!on! ;orn orn't*r'i/e# in t:e e+t to t:e >*ri!#i+tion t:ereo&, 're+iti/en! o& t:e *!ti+i';e.

T:e Me'nin8 o& ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en@

Initi', t:e &'+t*' ;'!i! *"on (:i+: t:i! #e+i!ion i! ren#ere# *!t ;e +e'r. A!

#i!+*!!e# (it: +o*n!e 't :e'rin8, it i! *n#i!"*te# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ ('! ;orn in

C'8'r, C'n'#', t:e +:i# o& ' ot:er (:o ('! 'n Aeri+'n +iti/en 'n# ' &'t:er (:o

('! not ' +iti/en o& t:e


6/26


T:e +:'en8er! +onten# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ i! inei8i;e to :o# t:e O&&i+e o&

Pre!i#ent, '! :e &'i! to eet one o& t:e +riteri' i#enti&ie# in t:e e+t o& e8' 'n# :i!tori+' #e;'te, 'n# (:'teer t:e o*t+oe o& t:e i!!*e 'n# it!

i"'+t on t:e +*rrent Pre!i#enti' +'"'i8n, it i! ; no e'n! ' &rioo*! 'tter. An#,

'! :'! ;een note# ; !eer' !+:o'r! 'n# +oent'tor! on t:e i!!*e, it inoe! '

#i&&i+*t e9'in'tion o& :i!tori+' 'n# e8' 'teri'! (:i+: +'n ;e !een, to %*ote one

(riter, '! ?!terio*! 'n# ';i8*o*!.@ ?Ne!on, T:e Ori8in' Me'nin8 o& ?N't*r'

)orn,@ Rei!e#, T:e Ori8in'i! )o8, Center &or t:e St*# o& Con!tit*tion'

Ori8in'i! 40162.

A! o& t:e tie o& t:i! (ritin8, '! &'r '! I :'e ;een ';e to #eterine, on one

+o*rt :'! #e+i#e# t:i! i!!*e on it! erit!. W:ie +:'en8e! to Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit

3A number of challenges have been filed in primary states, such as Illinois, New York, NewHampshire and elsewhere, but it appears these have been dismissed on procedural or other

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7/26


;'!e# on t:e ?n't*r' ;orn@ i!!*e :'e ;een &ie# in ' n*;er o& !t'te!, on t:e

Coon(e't: Co*rt o& Penn!'ni' :'! #e+i#e# t:e %*e!tion on it! erit!, in '

#e+i!ion '*t:ore# ; Senior *#8e Pee8rini, &ie# on M'r+: 10, 4016. Eiot . Cr*/,

No. M.D. 4016 Coon(e't: Co*rt, M'r+: 10, 40162. *#8e Pee8rini

#eterine# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ ('! ei8i;e to '""e'r on Penn!'ni'=! Re"*;i+'n"ri'r ;'ot, &in#in8 t:'t :e et t:e +riteri' o& ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en.@ On M'r+: 1,

4016, t:e Penn!'ni' S*"ree Co*rt '&&ire# t:e Coon(e't: Co*rt=! #e+i!ion,

(it:o*t #i!+*!!in8 t:e erit! o& t:e i!!*e. Eiot . Cr*/, -56-4016. T:*!, *#8e

Pee8rini=! r*in8 '""e'r! to ;e t:e !oe >*#i+i' 'n'!i! o& t:e %*e!tion in t:e +onte9t

o& t:e +*rrent ee+tion ++e 'n# t:e #e;'te oer Sen'tor Cr*/=! !t't*!. T:e


8/26


'n# ":r'!e! *!e#, ;*t not #e&ine#, (it:in t:e Con!tit*tion, !:o*# ?;e re'# in i8:t o&

)riti!: +oon '(,@ !in+e t:e


9/26


n'tion' oernent 'n# to #e+'re e9"re!! t:'t t:e Co'n# in +:ie&o& t:e 'eri+'n G!i+H 'r !:' not ;e 8ien to, nor #eoe on, 'n ;*t 'n't*r' ;orn Citi/en.G TE RECORDS OF TE FEDERAL CONVENTION o& 1$.H

' #i# not e';or'te *"on :i! *n#er!t'n#in8 o& ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en.@ Pre!*';, :e'!!*e# t:'t W'!:in8ton ne( it! e'nin8. Or 't e'!t, t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ter

?n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t,@ &or t:'t (o*# :'e ;een t:e +onte9t in (:i+: t:e ?n't*r' ;orn@

';e (o*# :'e '""ie# in En8i!: '(, (:ere one ('! ' ?!*;>e+t@ o& t:e Kin8 or

*een, or i& not, ('! 'n ?'ien.@ For, '! i! "ointe# o*t in t:e !+:o'r (ritin8! t:'t :'e

re+ent '##re!!e# t:i! i!!*e, t:e 8re't En8i!: +oent'tor on En8i!: '(, Wii'

)'+!tone, (rote

T:e &ir!t 'n# o!t o;io*! #ii!ion o& t:e "eo"e i! into 'ien! 'n# n't*r'-;orn!*;>e+t!. N't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t! 're !*+: '! 're ;orn (it:in t:e #oinion! o& t:e+ro(n o& En8'n#, t:'t i!, (it:in t:e i8en+e, or '! it i! 8ener' +'e#, t:e'e8i'n+e o& t:e in8 'n# 'ien!, !*+: '! 're ;orn o*t o& it. Ae8i'n+e i! t:e tie,or i8'ent, (:i+: ;in#! t:e !*;>e+t to t:e in8, in ret*rn &or t:'t "rote+tion (:i+:t:e in8 '&&or#! t:e !*;>e+t. T:e t:in8 it!e&, or !*;!t'nti' "'rt o& it, i! &o*n#e#in re'!on 'n# in t:e n't*re o& 8oernent t:e n'e 'n# t:e &or 're #erie# to*! &ro o*r ot:i+ 'n+e!tor!.

G1 )'+!tone, Coent'rie! on t:e L'(! o& En8'n# 5B 1652H

In 154, P'ri'ent "roi#e# t:'t ' +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# (:o!e "'rent! (ere ;ot:

En8i!: !*;>e+t!, t:'t i!, ;ot: (ere ?in 'e8i'n+e o& t:e in8,@ (ere n't*r'-;orn

!*;>e+t!. In 10$ 'n# 11, P'ri'ent '+te# '8'in, t:i! tie #e+'rin8, ?!o t:'t '

+:i#ren, ;orn o*t o& t:e in8=! i8en+e, (:o!e &'t:er! (ere n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!, 're

no( n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t! t:e!ee!, &or ' intent! 'n# "*r"o!e!, (it:o*t 'n

e9+e"tion.@ T:*!, '! )'+!tone re+o8ni/e#, (ritin8 in ' "erio# (:en t:e Aeri+'n

+oonie! (ere !ti *n#er En8i!: #oinion ;*t >*!t ;e&ore t:e Reo*tion,

; !eer' ore o#ern !t't*te! . . . ' +:i#ren, ;orn o*t o& t:e in8=!i8e'n+e, (:o!e &'t:er! (ere n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!, 're no( n't*r' ;orn!*;>e+t! t:e!ee!, to ' intent! 'n# "*r"o!e!, (it:o*t 'n e9+e"tion*ne!! t:eir !'i# &'t:er! (ere 'tt'inte#, or ;'ni!:e# ;eon# !e', &or :i8:tre'!on or (ere t:en in t:e !eri+e o& ' "rin+e 't enit (it: re't)rit'in.

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10/26


T:i! t:en ('! t:e '( o& En8'n#, '! it (o*# :'e ;een no(n to t:e &o*n#in8 &'t:er!,

' 'n# W'!:in8ton in+*#e#. An# t:i! '( ('! ;in#in8 in t:e Aeri+'n +oonie!. In

Wee#in . C:in )o(, 4B


11/26


o(n +:i#ren. T:e ei#en+e, 't:o*8: not oer(:ein8, *n%*e!tion';"oint! in t:e #ire+tion o& !*+: 8enero!it.

Gor#on, !*"r', 't 1-4H.

Fin', or#on note# t:'t '+tion! t'en ; t:e Con8re!! in 10, (:en it '#o"te#e8i!'tion #e'in8 (it: t:e i!!*e, 'n# in '#o"tin8 t:e Fo*rteent: Aen#ent, #i# not,

in :i! ie(, ?#*@ ?t:i! 8o!! o& "rior :i!tor 'n# *!'8e.@ I;i#.

*#8e Pee8rini t:en note# t:'t in 'n*'r 4016, t:e Con8re!!ion' Re!e'r+:

Seri+e CRS2, *"#'te# it! 4011 re"ort, '*t:ore# ; '+ M'!e in 4011, entite#,

?*'i&i+'tion! &or Pre!i#ent 'n# t:e N't*r' )orn= Citi/en!:i" Ei8i;iit Re%*ireent.@

T:i! re"ort re'+:e# t:e !'e +on+*!ion '! t:'t 'rrie# 't ; C:'re! or#on. In

#oin8 !o, M'!e (rote t:'t

At:o*8: t:e ei8i;iit o& n'tie ;orn


12/26


inter"retin8 t:e Con!tit*tion ?+on&ir t:'t t:e ":r'!e ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en@ :'! '

!"e+i&i+ e'nin83 n'e, !oeone (:o ('! '


13/26


I too :'e reie(e# t:e !eer' 'rti+e! 'n# ;rie&! '##re!!in8 t:i! i!!*e,

in+*#in8 in '##ition 'r'r# L'( Pro&e!!or Einer E:'*8e=! 'i+*! ;rie&!, '""'rent

&ie# in +onne+tion (it: "ro+ee#in8! in Ne( or St'te 'n# 'ter in Penn!'ni'. 5

)oie# #o(n, it '""e'r! t:'t ;ot: Pro&e!!or M+M'n'on=! 'n# Pro&e!!or E:'*8e=!

+:ie& +ontention i! t:'t t:e ?+oon '(@ o& En8'n#, t:'t ;o# o& '( ?!o &'ii'r to t:eFr'er!@ 'n# '#o"te# ; t:e e+t!,@ een i& t:e +:i#=! "'rent!, &'t:er

'n#7or ot:er, (ere t:e!ee! ?n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!@ o& t:e En8i!: !oerei8n.

W:ie en'+tent! o& P'ri'ent, '#o"te# eit:er ;e&ore 10 or '! 'te '! 11 or t:e

150=!, ' :'e +:'n8e# t:e '( o& En8'n#, ;ro'#enin8 t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ter

in#ee# in M+M'n'on=! ie( on t:e 1$t: Cent*r !t't*te! #i# t:i!2, t:e!e e8i!'tie

en'+tent! #i# not +:'n8e t:e ?+oon '(@ o& En8'n# '#o"te# t:ro*8: t:e

Con!tit*tion. Con!i#er'tion o& t:e!e P'ri'ent'r en'+tent! i! not 'n '""ro"ri'te

too &or '!+ert'inin8 t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ":r'!e 't t:e tie o& '#o"tion o& t:e

Con!tit*tion. M+M'n'on (rite!

A! t:i! Arti+e #eon!tr'te!, t:e ei#en+e "oint! to on one +on+*!ion3t:e Fr'er! +on!tit*tion'i/e# t:e +oon '( notion o& ?n't*r' ;orn@not t:e notion e9"'n#e# *"on ; t:e En8i!: n't*r'i/'tion !t't*te!into

Arti+e II. Nonet:ee!!, o!t +oent'tor! +*rrent '##re!!in8 t:i!%*e!tion +onten# t:'t t:e Fr'er! '#o"te# ' ;ro'#er ie(. T:e!e'*t:or! "o!it t:'t +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# to Aeri+'n "'rent! !'ti!& t:e+on!tit*tion' re%*ireent.

In '##ition to rein8 on ' i!t'en

*n#er!t'n#in8 o& t:e En8i!: !t't*te!, +*rrent Aeri+'n "*n#it! !*88e!t '&e( ot:er +re'tie 'r8*ent! to !*""ort t:eir ie(. o(eer, none +'n ;e!*;!t'nti'te#.

In !*""ort o& :er "o!ition t:'t t:e !t't*tor en'+tent! o& P'ri'ent 're irree'nt,

M+M'n'on 'r8*e! t:'t (:ie t:e !eer' !t'te! '#o"te# !o-+'e# ?re+e"tion !t't*te!@

(:i+:, ; t:eir ter!, '#o"te# t:e +oon '( o& En8'n#, to8et:er (it: t:e !t't*tor

en'+tent! o& P'ri'ent, t:e


14/26


t:e Con!tit*tion in+*#e# t:e t:en e9i!tin8 !t't*tor "roi!ion!, !*+: '! t:e 1$t:

Cent*r !t't*te! to*+:in8 on t:e !*;>e+t o& ?n't*r'-;orn,@ i! not >*!ti&ie#.

In Doe e9 #e. P'tter!on . Winn, 0


15/26


(e re+o8ni/e# '! 'n einent >*ri!t, to ;e, 'on8 (it: C:ie& *!ti+e P'rer, t:e t(o

o!t e'rne# in t:e +oon '( t:'t S:'( ne(. C:ie& *!ti+e P'r!on! (rote

O*r 'n+e!tor!, (:en t:e +'e into t:i! ne( (or# +'ie# t:e +oon'( '! t:eir ;irt:ri8:t, 'n# ;ro*8:t it (it: t:e, e9+e"t !*+: "'rt! '! (ere

>*#8e# in'""i+';e to t:eir ne( !t'te 'n# +on#ition. T:e +oon '(t:*! +'ie#, ('! t:e +oon '( o& t:eir n'tie +o*ntr, '! it ('!'en#e# or 'tere# ; En8i!: !t't*te! in &or+e 't t:e tie o& t:eirei8r'tion. T:o!e !t't*te! (ere neer re-en'+te# in t:i! +o*ntr, ;*t(ere +on!i#ere# '! in+or"or'te# into t:e +oon '(.

In M'no*i'n . To'!i'n, 4 F.4# 411 D.C. Cir. 1562, t:e +o*rt ('! +on&ronte#

(it: 'n i!!*e re8'r#in8 in:erit'n+e ri8:t! o& ' +:i# o& t:e #e+e'!e# (:o :'# (itne!!e#

t:e (i 'n# te!ti&ie# to e!t';i!: it. T:e i!!*e 'ro!e in t:e Di!tri+t o& Co*;i', (:i+:

:'# ;een +re'te# &ro 'n# (:i+: :'# "'rti' ;een in t:e Coon 'n# t:en t:e o&

St'te o& M'r'n#. A )riti!: !t't*te o& 154, 45 eo. II, C:. 6, 1, , not'; en'+te# (e

'&ter t:e ?ei8r'tion o& o*r 'n+e!tor!@ G!t'rtin8 in 160H e!t';i!:e# t:e '( '""i+';e

't t:e tie to t:e ri8:t o& !*+: (itne!!7;ene&i+i'r to in:erit. Proi!ion! o& t:e Di!tri+t o&

Co*;i' Co#e #e!+ri;e# ; t:e +o*rt '! #erie# &ro t:i! En8i!: !t't*te (ere reie#

*"on ; t:e '""eee! '! ' ;'r to t:e '""e'nt! in:eritin8, '! t:e (ere t:e !oe

(itne!!e! to t:e (i. In t:e +o*rt=! ie(, iter' '""i+'tion o& t:e D.C. Co#e (o*# :'e

*n#erine# t:e er "*r"o!e o& t:e "roi!ion, inten#e# to "reent &r'*#. Cir+*it *#8e

W'!:in8ton (rote &or t:e +o*rt, 'n# e9"'ine# t:'t t:e!e D.C. Co#e "roi!ion! (ere

not '+t! o& Con8re!! "'!!e# to '"" in t:e Di!tri+t, ;*t (ere ?GIHn!te'#, . . . "'rt o& t:e

'( o& t:e Di!tri+t ;e+'*!e t:e 're )riti!: !t't*te! (:i+: (ere re+o8ni/e# '! ;ein8 in

&or+e in M'r'n# "rior to t:e +e!!ion o& t:e Di!tri+t in 1$01. T:e!e (ere 'int'ine# ;

t:e A+t o& M'r+: , 101, (:i+: "roi#e# t:'t

T:e +oon '(, ' )riti!: !t't*te! in &or+e in M'r'n# on Fe;r*'r 4,

1$01, t:e "rin+i"e! o& e%*it 'n# '#ir't, . . . !:' re'in in &or+ee9+e"t in !o &'r '! t:e !'e 're in+on!i!tent (it:, or 're re"'+e# ;,!*;!e%*ent e8i!'tion o& Con8re!!.

GM'no*i'n, !*"r', 4 F.4# 't 41B.H

T:e A+t o& M'r+: , 101, '""e'r! to ;e ' ?re+e"tion !t't*te.@ )*t *#8e W'!:in8ton

e9"'ine# t:'t t:e '""'rent #i!tin+tion ;et(een ?+oon '(@ 'n# ?!t't*te '( o& t:e

- 15 -


16/26


+oon@ #i# not in &'+t e9i!t, 't e'!t in re8'r# to t:e !t't*! o& t:e 'tter '! ' "'rt o& t:e

?+oon '(@ t:'t e9i!te# 't t:e tie o& in#e"en#en+e. Notin8 t:'t ?)riti!: !t't*te!

'nte#'tin8 t:e De+'r'tion o& In#e"en#en+e :'e 'o!t *nier!' ;een re8'r#e# '!

:'in8 t:e e&&e+t o& >*#i+i' "re+e#ent, r't:er t:'n e8i!'tie en'+tent,@ :e t:en '##e#

t:e &oo(in8, %*otin8 &ro ' #e+i!ion o& ' Ne( or St'te +o*rt,

T:e +oon '( o& t:e ot:er +o*ntr '! o#i&ie# ; "o!itieen'+tent!, to8et:er (it: t:e !t't*te '(! (:i+: 're in &or+e 't t:e tie o&t:e ei8r'tion o& t:e +ooni!t!, ;e+oe! in &'+t t:e +oon '( r't:ert:'n t:e +oon '( 'n# !t't*te '( o& t:e +oon. T:e !t't*te '( o&t:e ot:er +o*ntr, t:ere&ore, (:en intro#*+e# into t:e +oon o& Ne(or, ; +oon +on!ent, ;e+'*!e it ('! '""i+';e to t:e +ooni!t! int:eir ne( !it*'tion, 'n# not ; e8i!'tie en'+tent, ;e+'e ' "'rt o& t:e+oon '( o& t:i! "roin+e.= )o8'r#*! . Trinit C:*r+:, N..,C:. 1$,

B P'i8e 1$, 1$,

'&&ire# N.. Ct. o& Err!.1$5,

15 Wen#. 111.

*#8e W'!:in8ton +ontin*e#, +itin8 *!ti+e Stor

S*+: !t't*te! 're &or 'n "*r"o!e! +on!i#ere# "'rt o& o*r +oon '(, Doee9 #e P'tter!on . . ., to ;e '""ie# ; Aeri+'n +o*rt! ie t:e +oon '(,r't:er t:'n ie en'+tent! o& o*r o(n e8i!'t*re!. In !*;!t'n+e, t:e :'e;een re+eie# :ere '! "'rt o& o*r >*#i+i' :erit'8e= +&. ert'n . )*r#i+, 14F.4# 4B, 4 1B12, +ert. #enie# !*; no. )*r#i+ . )*r#i+, 15


17/26


t:e +oon '(, +on&i#ent t:'t t:e +o*# ;e !:ort 'n# e'!i*n#er!too#.

GE9 P'rte ro!!'n, 46 *#8e#@ to ;e n't*r' ;orn, #oe! not #etr'+t &ro t:e &'+t

t:'t t:e En8i!: '( '! o& t:e '#o"tion o& t:e Con!tit*tion !"e+i&i+' !'i# t:e (ere

?n't*r'-;orn,@ 'n# t:'t i! t:e ?+oon '(@ in:erite# &ro En8'n# 'n# no(n to t:e

Fr'er!. I& t:e Fr'er! intent ('! to on '#o"t in t:i! in!t'n+e, or ot:er!, t:e ?n'rro(@

e9tent o& t:e +oon '(, t:'t i!, (it:o*t 'n in+*!ion in t:'t +oon '( o& 'n

!t't*tor '+tion, t:e re+or#! #o not +ont'in 'n !"e+i&i+ !t'teent to t:i! e&&e+t.

A! note#, t:e '""e'r'n+e o& t:e ":r'!e, ?n't*r'-;orn Citi/en@ in o*r

Con!tit*tion '""e'r! to ;e tr'+e# to t:e +on+ern! e9"re!!e# in t:e ' etter. T:'t

etter in#i+'te! ' +on+ern t:'t ?&orei8ner!@ +o*# "re!ent ' #'n8er to t:e (e&'re o& t:e

Co*ntr i& "eritte# to ;e ?Co'n# in +:ie&@ o& t:e 'r. A""'rent, 't t:'t "oint in

t:e "ro+e!! o& #r'&tin8 t:e Con!tit*tion, it ('! 't e'!t *n+e'r i& t:e :e'# o& t:e 'r

'n# t:e Pre!i#ent (o*# ;e one 'n# t:e !'e "er!on. Soe +oent'tor! :'e note#

t:'t ' +ert'in (o*# not :'e ('nte# to ;'r :i! o(n +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# &ro 'n

o""ort*nit to !ere '! ?Co'n# in +:ie&@ 'n# t:*! :e *!t :'e not in+*#e# t:e

+:i#ren o& Aeri+'n +iti/en! ;orn ';ro'# (it:in t:i! +'te8or o& ?&orei8ner!@ (:o :e

- 1 -


18/26


!o*8:t to ;'n &ro t:'t O&&i+e. Ot:er! note t:'t :i! o(n +:i#ren (o*# not :'e ;een

;'rre# *n#er ' !tri+t >*! !oi '""ro'+: to t:o!e ;orn ';ro'#, &or :e ('! !erin8 '! '

#i"o't 'n# t:e +oon '( :'# &ro !oe 'n+ient tie *n#er!too# t:'t +:i#ren o&

#i"o't! !erin8 ';ro'# (ere ?n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t!@ e9e"t &ro 'n#i!%*'i&i+'tion

t:'t i8:t 'ri!e '8'in!t +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# to non-#i"o't !*;>e+t!, or in t:eAeri+'n e9'"e, non-#i"o't +iti/en!. T:*!, t:e !it*'tion o& :i! o(n +:i#ren i! no

"roo& t:'t :e e'nt ?n't*r'-;orn@ to in+*#e +:i#ren ;orn o*t!i#e t:e *! !oi, or o& t:e

o+'tion o& one=! ;irt:, in !*+: #ire+t ter!. e !"e'! o& ?&orei8ner!@ 'n# ?n't*r'-;orn

Citi/en.@ e #oe! not !' i& :e e'n! t:i! 'tter ter in t:e !en!e o& "re-1$t: Cent*r,

or "re-150 *n#er!t'n#in8!, or o& ' tie !oe(:ere in ;et(een t:e!e er'!, or i& :e

e'n! it '! #e&ine# ; t:e t:en e9i!tin8 L'te 1$ t:Cent*r )riti!: *n#er!t'n#in8, '!

'&&e+te# ; t:e e'rier 1$t: Cent*r e8i!'tion t:'t )'+!tone (rote o& in :i! in&*enti'

Coent'rie!, (:i+: :'# ;een (i#e no(n in Aeri+'. A! ' 'n !tee"e# in t:e

'(, one *!t '!!*e :e ne( o& t:e!e en'+tent!. Di# :e t:in t:'t :i! +:i#ren,

;orn ';ro'#, (ere e!! o& ' +on+ern t:'n t:o!e o& ot:er +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# o&

Aeri+'n +iti/en!, "er:'"! :i! o(n nei8:;or! in "'+e! (:ere :e !ere# '! ' #i"o't,

!i" ;e+'*!e :i! +:i#ren=! &'t:er ('! ' #i"o't 'n# t:eir! (ere not Di# t:e

'e8i'n+e o& :i! +:i#ren, t:e ?tie t:'t ;in#!@ e'n ore to :i! +:i#ren #*e to :i!

#i"o'ti+ !t't*!, t:'n t:e 'e8i'n+e, t:e ?tie@ o& t:o!e +:i#ren o& non-#i"o't

Aeri+'n +iti/en! ' !"e'! o& ?&orei8ner!@ 'n# ?n't*r'-;orn Citi/en.@ )'+!tone

#i!tin8*i!:e! ;et(een ?'ien!@ 'n# ?n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!.@ ' +ert'in ne( t:'t ;

1$, or in#ee# 16, En8i!: '( #e&ine# +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# to n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!

'! t:e!ee! ?n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t!.@ At e'!t in ter! o& (:'t :e (rote to

W'!:in8ton, :i! ention o& ?&orei8ner!@ 'n# :i! +on+ern to e9+*#e t:e &ro t:e

?Co'n# in +:ie&@ 'n# t:*!, '! it #eeo"e#, &ro t:e Pre!i#en+, i! not 'n "roo&

t:'t :e e'nt to in+*#e (it:in t:e ter ?&orei8ner!,@ t:o!e +:i#ren 're'# (e-no(n

't t:e tie to ;e ?n't*r'-;orn.@ An# '! ot:er +oent'tor! :'e note#, t:e i#e'

;e:in# '=! +oent +'n ;e !een '! 'tte"tin8 to #en to "er!on! (it:o*t

?'tt'+:ent to t:e +o*ntr@ &ro t:i! O&&i+e. C:'re! Pin+ne, ' #ee8'te to t:e

- 1$ -


19/26


Conention, %*ote# in Re+or#! o& t:e Fe#er' Conention o& 1$ $ M'9 F'rr'n#

e#. Re. e#. 1$2.6

Arti+e I, Se+tion $ o& t:e Con!tit*tion "roi#e# t:'t Con8re!! :'# t:e '*t:orit

to ?e!t';i!: 'n *ni&or R*e o& N't*r'i/'tion.@ In 10, t:e &ir!t Con8re!! "'!!e#e8i!'tion, entite#, ?An A+t to e!t';i!: 'n *ni&or R*e o& N't*r'i/'tion,@ tr'+in8

e9'+t t:e 8r'nt o& '*t:orit it :'# ;een "roi#e# ; t:e Fr'er!. T:i! !t't*te "roi#e#

in "'rt, ?GTH:e +:i#ren o& +iti/en! o& t:e


20/26


't ;irt:, in 'n !en!i;e e'nin8. T:e En8i!: '( in e9i!ten+e 't t:e tie o& t:e

'#o"tion o& t:e Con!tit*tion #e+'re# t:i! to ;e t:e +'!e &or +:i#ren ;orn o*t!i#e t:e

re' to n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t! t:e 10 !t't*te 'n# it! !*++ee#in8 !t't*te! #o t:e

!'e, 't:o*8: on t:e 10 en'+tent *!e# t:e ter ?n't*r'-;orn.@ )*t #i# t:e 10

e8i!'tion 'en# t:e Con!tit*tion, 'n '+t Con8re!! +e'r :'# no "o(er to #o ; it!e&,#i# it ere !t'te t:'t (:i+: ('! 're'# e;e##e# in Arti+e II, Se+tion I, or ('!

Con8re!! !i" '+tin8 in '++or# (it: ' "o(er o& #e&inition t:'t it 're'# :'#

Pro&e!!or M+M'n'on 'r8*e! t:'t t:e ere e9i!ten+e o& t:i! 10 !t't*te !:o(! t:'t

t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ter in t:e Con!tit*tion ('! not t:e e9"'n!ie one '!!erte# ;

t:o!e (:o +onten# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ i! ?n't*r'-;orn.@ In!te'#, to t:e e9tent it i8:t ;e

*n#er!too# to +:'n8e or e9"'n# t:e e'nin8 o& t:e Con!tit*tion' ter ?n't*r' ;orn

Citi/en,@ it re"re!ent! "o!!i; 'n *n'*t:ori/e# 'en#ent ; Con8re!! o& t:e

Con!tit*tion, +ert'in not ' 'i# e'n! to +:'n8e t:e e9+*!ion o& +:i#ren ;orn

';ro'# o& *ri!#i+tion o& t:e


21/26


#e!i8n'te# "ro+e!!. T:e !e+on# "'rt "roi#e# &or t:e +:i#ren o& !*+: ?'ien!@, (:o

're #e!+ri;e# '! :'in8 ;een ?n't*r'i/e#.@ T:e!e +:i#ren, i& ;eo( t:e '8e o& t(ent-

one e'r! o& '8e 't t:e tie o& !*+: 'ien=! ?n't*r'i/'tion@ ?!:' ;e +on!i#ere# '!

+iti/en! o& t:e


22/26


T:e o!t o;io*! 'rer &or t:e !+o"e o& t:i! "o(er i! "'ri'ent=!"o(er o& n't*r'i/'tion. In o#ern Aeri+'n #i!+o*r!e, ?n't*r'i/'tion@ i!o&ten *n#er!too# '! t:e "o(er to e9ten# e+t! ;eon#t:e tr'#ition' +oon '(. Soe(:'t +on&*!in8, in ter! o& o#ern

*!'8e, t:e!e "er!on! (ereboth

?n't*r' ;orn@ 'n# ?n't*r'i/e#.@

GR'!e, !*"r', 't -BH

Notin8 t:'t t:e e9i!tin8 #e&inition! o& ?n't*r' ;orn@ in+*#e# t:e ori8in' +oon '(

e'nin8, t:e e'nin8 '! &*rt:er #e&ine# 'n# en:'n+e# ; En8i!: !t't*tor

en'+tent! 'n# t:e ?'(-o&-n'tion!@ t:eor '! #e!+ri;e# in t:e (ritin8! o& Eer #e

V'tte,$Con8re!!=! '+tion in 10 +'n ;e *n#er!too# '! in e&&e+t not '#o"tin8 &or t:e

?


23/26


R'!e=! 'r8*ent! 're "er!*'!ie, 't:o*8: it i8:t >*!t ;e t:e +'!e t:'t

t:e!e ?n't*r'-;orn@ +:i#ren (ere not '+t*' ?n't*r'i/e#.@ I& in#ee# t:e Con!tit*tion

'#o"te# t:e +oon '( #e&inition, *n#er!too# '! in+*#in8 t:e en'+tent! "reio*!

#i!+*!!e#, Con8re!!=! '+tion in 10 #i# not t:en &ir!t 'e t:e!e +:i#ren ?n't*r'

;orn,@ '! t:e 're'# (ere. W:ie t:e S*"ree Co*rt tere# t:i! 'n ?'#i!!ion to+iti/en!:i",@ t:'t !ee! :'r# t:e !en!e (:ere t:e +:i#=! +iti/en!:i" 'rrie!

ie#i'te 't ;irt:, (it:o*t t:e nee# &or "ro+e!!, 'n#, o!t !i8ni&i+'nt, (:ere 't t:e

tie o& t:e '#o"tion o& t:e Con!tit*tion, t:e +oon '( o& En8'n#, no(n to t:e

Fr'er! 'n# '#o"te# ; t:e, 're'# *n#er!too# t:'t t:e!e +:i#ren (ere ?n't*r'

;orn.@ )*t een i& in 1$ t:e ter #i# not t:en in+*#e t:e!e +:i#ren 'on8 t:o!e in

t:e +'te8or ?n't*r'-;orn,@ R'!e !ee! t:e '! "'+e# in t:'t +'te8or in 10 ; '

Con8re!! '+tin8 (e (it:in it! Con!tit*tion' "rero8'tie! *n#er t:e N't*r'i/'tion

'*t:orit 'n# t:e e!t';i!:e# P'ri'ent'r "r'+ti+e *n#er it! o(n !*+: '*t:orit to

+:'n8e t:e #e&inition o& ?n't*r' ;orn@ in '++or#'n+e (it: it! >*#8ent. T:e +:'n8e, i&

t:'t ;e (:'t it ('!, "re!ere# t:e i"ort'nt eeent o& ' ?tie,@ ' ?in'8e,@ '

?+onne+tion 't ;irt:@ to t:e e+t 're +e'r #e+'r'tor,"'!!e# o*t o& ';*n#'nt +'*tion to o;i'te i!*n#er!t'n#in8! (:i+: i8:t 'ri!e &ro t:e"re'en+e o& t:e +ontr'r r*e e!e(:ere . . . In >*#8ent, t:e +:i#ren o& o*r +iti/en! ;orn';ro'# (ere '('! n't*r'-;orn +iti/en! &ro t:e !t'n#"oint o& t:i! oernent.

W:ie t:e!e *!ti+e! !"oe in #i!!ent to t:e Co*rt=! o"inion, t:eir "o!ition '""e'r! to "ro"er *n#er!t'n#t:'t t:e +oon '( in:erite# &ro En8'n# ('! +on!tit*te# o& not on t:e 'n+ient e'nin8!, ;*t '!ot:'t ;o# o& e8i!'tion #i!+*!!e# :erein (:i+: e9"'n#e# t:e e'nin8 o& ?n't*r' ;orn@ "rior to t:e&o*n#in8 o& t:e e+t 't i!!*e ('!';o*t t:e +iti/en!:i" o& "er!on ;orn in t:e


24/26


T:e &in' i!!*e to ;e note# i! t:e &'+t t:'t t:e "'ri'ent'r e8i!'tion

re+o8ni/e# in )'+!tone 'n# "re!*'; no(n to t:e &o*n#er! t:'t #e+'re# +:i#ren

;orn ';ro'# to En8i!:-!*;>e+t &'t:er! to ;e n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t! #i# not "roi#e t:'t

t:e +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# (:o!e ot:er ('! t:e !oe En8i!: !*;>e+t "'rent (ere

?n't*r'-;orn.@ Oer tie t:e re%*ire# "'rent'8e o& t:e +:i# ;orn ';ro'# 'n##enoin'te# '! ?n't*r'-;orn@ :'# 'rie#. A! )r'n 'rner note!, t:i! 8en#er-;'!e#

#i&&erenti'tion #oe! not '*to'ti+' inoe 'n *n+on!tit*tion' #i!tin+tion, ?A! t:in8!

!t'n# to#', t:e E%*' Prote+tion C'*!e #oe!n=t i# ' 8en#er #i&&erenti'tion!.@

'rner, !*"r', 't 11. Ce'r, it i! :'r# to *n#er!t'n# to#' :o( to >*!ti& (: +:i#ren

;orne ';ro'# o& +iti/en-&'t:er! +'n ;e ?n't*r' ;orn@, (:ere'! t:o!e (it: on ' +iti/en-

ot:er 're not. In#ee#, in ' +'!e note# ; 'rner, Mier . A;ri8:t, 54


25/26


A! #eon!tr'te# ';oe 'n# in t:e t:o*8:t&* e9'in'tion! o& t:e !+:o'r!

(:o!e 'teri'! 're entione# :erein, it *!t ;e '+no(e#8e# t:'t t:e 'r8*ent!

'8'in!t &in#in8 ' +:i# ;orn o*t!i#e t:e


26/26


I :ere; FILE initi' #e+i!ion (it: t:e SECRETARY OF STATE &or

+on!i#er'tion.

T:i! re+oen#e# #e+i!ion ' ;e '#o"te#, o#i&ie# or re>e+te# ; t:e

SECRETARY OF STATE, (:o ; '( i! '*t:ori/e# to 'e ' &in' #e+i!ion in t:i!'tter. I& t:e Se+ret'r o& St'te #oe! not '#o"t, o#i& or re>e+t t:i! #e+i!ion (it:in

&ort-&ie #'! 'n# *ne!! !*+: tie iit i! ot:er(i!e e9ten#e#, t:i! re+oen#e#

#e+i!ion !:' ;e+oe ' &in' #e+i!ion in '++or#'n+e (it: N..S.A. 5431B)-10.

An "'rt ' &ie e9+e"tion! (it: t:e DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF

ELECTIONS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, ; &'+!iie tr'n!i!!ion 't 602 -14$0

(it:in t(o :o*r! o& re+ei"t o& t:e initi' #e+i!ion. A :'r# +o" !:' ;e 'ie# (it:in

t(ent-&o*r :o*r! o& t:e &'+!iie tr'n!i!!ion to t:e DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION

OF ELECTIONS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, - W+$t St"t+ St++t, - tF!oo, PO

Bo. /01, T+*to*, N+2 J+$+3 045-60/01 , 're# ?Attention3 E9+e"tion!.@ A +o"

o& 'n e9+e"tion! *!t ;e !ent to t:e >*#8e 'n# to t:e ot:er "'rtie!.

A"ri 14, 4016

DATE JEFF S MASIN, AL t7'

D'te Re+eie# 't A8en+3 A"ri 14, 4016

D'te M'ie# to P'rtie!3 A"ri 14, 4016

":

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