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Vicarious Liability

a. By State

Bar Exam Questions:

1. In the last quarter of 2012, about 5,000container vans of importe !oo s inten e forthe "hristmas #eason $ere sei%e b& a!ents of the Bureau of "ustoms. 'he importe !oo s$ere release onl& on (anuar& 10,201). *!roup of importers !ot to!ether an +le anaction for ama!es before the e!ional 'rial"ourt of -anila a!ainst the epartment of /inance an the Bureau of "ustoms.

'he Bureau of "ustoms raise the efense of immunit& from suit an , alternativel&, thatliabilit& shoul lie $ith "orp. $hich theBureau ha contracte for the lease of ten 3104hi!h po$ere van cranes but elivere onl&+ve 354 of these cranes, thus causin! the ela&in its car!o han lin! operations. It appears thatthe Bureau, espite eman , i not pa& "orp. the 6hp 1.0 -illion eposit an a vancerental require un er their contract.

3*4 7ill the action b& the !roup of importers prosper8 3594

3B4 "an "orp. sue the Bureau of "ustoms to collect rentals for the

elivere cranes8 35 94

2. 'he *mbassa or of the epublic of ;a+ristanreferre to &ou for han lin!, the case of theEmbass& s -aintenance *!reement $ith "B-,

a private omestic compan& en!a!e inmaintenance $or

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Art. +,- . 'he obli!ation impose b& *rticle 21 > iseman able not onl& for one s o$n acts or omissions,

but also for those of persons for $hom one isresponsible.

'he father an , in case of his eath orincapacit&, the mother, are responsiblefor the ama!es cause b& the minorchil ren $ho live in their compan&.

uar ians are liable for ama!escause b& the minors or incapacitatepersons $ho are un er their authorit&an live in their compan&.

'he o$ners an mana!ers of anestablishment or enterprise areli

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$hether insi e or outsi e the premises of theschool, entit& or institution.H

'he fact that the parents allo$e their chil to ?oin theactivit&, or even si!ne a $aiver for this purpose, oesnot mean that the teacher3s4 in char!e $ere alrea &relieve of their ut& to observe the require ili!enceof a !oo father of a famil& in ensurin! the safet& of

the chil ren.

'he $aiver not to hol the school or itsteachers responsible for ne!li!ence is not valibecause the $aiver is contrar& to public polic&. 'hus, ateacher can still be ma e to ans$er for ama!es b&the parent of the pupil or stu ent in case she faile toexercise the proper ili!ence to prevent harm or in?ur&to the pupil or stu ent.

*t best, $hat the $aiver can brin! about is aremin er to the teacher of his ut& of ili!ence.

S RIC LIABILI Y OR S

7hen &ou spea< of torts, the basis of liabilit& is &oubein! at fault but then there can be a

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#" sai that there are ver& limite provi e the requisites of ne!li!ence: 1. ama!e su ere b& the plainti , 2. faultor ne!li!ence of the efen ant, ). connection of cause

an e ect bet$een the fault or ne!li!ence of theefen ant an the ama!e incurre b& the plainti . It

is !enerall& reco!ni%e that the ru!store business isimbue $ith public interest. bviousl&, petitionerFsemplo&ee $as !rossl& ne!li!ent in sellin! the $ron!prescription. "onsi erin! that a fatal mista

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*rticle 21 refers to acts contra bonusmores an has the follo$in! elements: 314

'here is an act $hich is le!alC 324 but $hich iscontrar& to morals, !oo custom, public or er,or public polic&C an 3)4 it is one $ith intent toin?ure.

* common theme runs throu!h *rticles 1A an21, an that is, the act complaine of must beintentional.H

b. E0otio"al Distress Court Actio"

is personal in nature, i.e., it is a civil action +leb& an individual to assua!e the in?uries to hisemotional tranquilit& ue to personal attac

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5EDICAL 5AL!RAC ICE

It is a particular form of ne!li!ence $hichconsists in the failure of the ph&sician or sur!eon toappl& his practice of me icine that e!ree of care ans

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$hatever information is material to the ecision. 'hetest therefore for eterminin! $hether a potential perilmust be ivul!e is its materialit& to the patientFs

ecision.

Da0a1e the lost, hurt or harm, $hich results fromi"Jury K ille!al invasion of a le!al ri!ht

Da0a1es is the sum of mone& $hich the la$ a$ar sor imposes as pecuniar& compensation, recompense orsatisfaction for an in?ur& one.

Whe" there is *a0a1e/ *o you e=#ect *a0a1es?All the ti0e?

Mo, there can be ama!e $ithout in?ur&3damnum abs(ue in uria 4 an if there is no in?ur& thenno basis for ama!es. It is not enou!h to sho$su erin! or pre?u ice. 7hat is nee e is a sho$in! of invasion of ri!ht or le!al ut&.

Example1. i!ht to liti!ate as lon! as it is onl& an

exercise of a ri!ht an no atten ance of abuseis present

2. 201) Bar Question:* collision occurre at an intersection

involvin! a bic&cle an a taxicab. Both thebic&cle ri er 3a businessman then oin! hismornin! exercise4 an the taxi river claimethat the other $as at fault. Base on the policereport, the bic&cle crosse the intersection +rstbut the taxicab, crossin! at a fast clip from thebic&cle s left, coul not bra

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W case +le on 201), (u !ment on2020 XY interest runs startin! this ate

A ORNEY;S 'EESeneral ule: cannot be recovere

Exception: *rticle 220D314 7hen exemplar& ama!es area$ar e C

324 7hen the efen ant s act oromission has compelle theplainti to liti!ate $ith thirpersons or to incur expenses toprotect his interestC

3)4 In criminal cases of maliciousprosecution a!ainst the plainti C

3@4 In case of a clearl& unfoun ecivil action or procee in! a!ainstthe plainti C

354 7here the efen ant acte in!ross an evi ent ba faith inrefusin! to satisf& the plainti s

plainl& vali , ?ust an eman ableclaimC

3>4 In actions for le!al supportC

3 4 In actions for the recover& of $a!es of househol helpers,laborers an s

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)oral damages may be recovered in the following andanalogous cases:

*+ criminal o ense resulting in physicalin uries.*/ 0uasi-delicts causing physical in uries.*1 2eduction, abduction, rape, or other lascivious acts.*3 dultery or concubinage.*4 #llegal or arbitrary detention or arrest.*5 #llegal search.*6 %ibel, slander or any other form of defamation.*7 )alicious prosecution.*8 cts mentioned in rticle 198.*+9 cts and actions referred to in rticles /+,/5, /6, /7, /8, 19, 1/, 13, and 14&

The parents of the female seduced, abducted, raped,or abused, referred to in o& 1 of this article, may alsorecover moral damages&The spouse, descendants, ascendants, and brothersand sisters may bring the action mentioned in o& 8 of this article, in the order named&

AR ICLE +++

Will ul injury to property may be a legal ground or awarding moral damages i the court should

fnd that, under the circumstances, suchdamages are justly due. The same rule applies tobreaches o contract where the de endant acted

raudulently or in bad aith.

-oral ama!es see

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1. 7ritin! a letter to =#" 6resi ent, /r. -iran athat ean Nar!o is ?ust about the $orst ean&ou coul thin< of. 'hat is at the ver& least animputation of a efect. /r. -iran a has thepo$er to remove the ean or refuse toreappoint her. #o it is one b& him in theperformance of an& le!al, moral or social ut&.

'here is a nee to prove that there is malicean the $a& to prove it is to sa& that there isno ?usti+able motive.

If that same letter is sent to the Nex "ircle$hich has no po$er to remove or ismiss ean,it is libel.

G$ithout an& comments or remar ION

*n action for ama!es brou!ht b& one a!ainst$hom a criminal prosecution, civil suit or other

le!al procee in! has been institutemaliciousl& an $ithout probable cause, afterthe termination of such prosecution, suit orother procee in! in favor of the efen anttherein.Mot limite to criminal an civil cases. -oral

ama!es ma& even be a$ar e to isbarmentcases 3 #ui !enerisC it is neither a criminal norcivil case46once vs Ne!aspi: 'he foun ation of an actionfor malicious prosecution is an ori!inalprocee in!, ?u icial in character. * isbarmentprocee in! bein! ?u icial in character ma&therefore be the basis for a subsequent actionfor malicious prosecution.7ho can be hel liable8

o 'he one $ho insti!ate thecommencement or the prosecutor

/or as lon! as the case is baseless, there ma&be a case for malicious prosecution.

7 I' / ;*NI;*#*M

o #N*66 K #trate!ic Na$suit *!ainst6ublic 6rosecution.

o *- 0A > D #ection @o Exclusive onl& to enforcement of

environmental la$s

Ex: * case $as +le b& * a!ainst -a&or ama in or erto enforce the #oli 7aste -ana!ement Na$. -a&or

ama then +le a case a!ainst * for ama!es alle!in!that the case +le a!ainst him $as ?ust meant to vexan harass him. In the ans$er in the case for ama!es,it ma& be alle!e that the case +le b& -a&or ama isin the nature of a #N*66. *lle!e that it is a strate!icla$suit +le to stiOe public participation in theenforcement of a particular environmental la$. ncethe ?u !e sees this in the ans$er, he is man ate b&the rules promul!ate b& the #" to hol a summar&hearin! to etermine if in ee that case +le $asreall& in the nature of a #N*66. If foun to be #N*66,the ?u !e $ill ismiss the case an a$ar &ou

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ama!es. It is eeme malicious prosecution meant toprevent public participation.

In *rticle 2220 of the "ivil "o e, it sa&s that moralama!es ma& be recoverable for breach of contract if

the efen ant acte in ba faith or frau ulentl&.

It is not enou!h to sho$ breach. In a ition, it must besho$n that the breach $as one frau ulentl& or in bafaith.

Ex: "ontract of carria!e

breach of contract resultin! to eath $ill allo$the !rant of moral ama!es 7AR ,P F/ NCC8#omebo & must ie in or er to ?ustif& an a$arfor moral ama!es. If nobo & ie , alle!e bafaith, frau or !ross ne!li!ence in or er to bea$ar e $ith moral am!es. ross ne!li!encema& be ta 3ps&cholo!icalincapacit&4. 'he plainti as

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EGC *- # v "* K #" allo$e bothactual an temperate ama!es to existbecause the in?ur& $as chronic ancontinuin!. 'he court ac

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The party su%ering loss or injury must e$ercisethe diligence o a good ather o a amily tominimi*e the damages resulting rom the act or omission in &uestion.

- DCN a"* DAC are both (ays o$ 0i"i0i6i"1*a0a1es that 0ay be a(ar*e* by thecourt. he *isti"ctio" is that i" DCN/ the"e1li1e"ce co"curs or ha##e"s at theti0e o$ the i"ci*e"t but i" DAC/ the"e1li1e"ce ha##e"s a$ter the loss or the*a0a1e.

- I" DAC/ (he" o"ce you su er alossQ*a0a1e you 0ust e=ercise *ili1e"ceto lesse" that lossQ*a0a1e.

5A5ARIL ) BOY SCO> O' HE !HILI!!INES

About S#s. 5a0aril #ar i"1 their car i"the s#ace o("e* by BS! $or t(e"ty yearsat te" #esos a *ay. he )ehicle (as stole"(hile still i" the #ar i"1 area. 5a0arilas s BS! $or *a0a1es a"* BS! #oi"ts outa sti#ulatio" i" the #ar i"1 tic et stati"1that 0a"a1e0e"t shall "ot be res#o"sible

$or loss o$ )ehicle. 5a0aril ar1ues thatthe sti#ulatio" i" the #ar i"1 tic et is i"the "ature o$ a co"tract o$ a*hesio" a"*there$ore )oi*. It is (ell settle* thatco"tracts o$ a*hesio" are "ot )oi*.

'urther/ court sai* that you ca""ot e=#ectBS! to #ay $or the $ull )alue o$ the cares#ecially co"si*eri"1 the $act that theyo"ly #ay te" #esos #er *ay. his casehi1hli1hts the "ature o$ co"tracts o$ a*hesio".