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Veterinary Virology
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Molecular characteristics
Treatment
Disease control
Lilly – 8 week old beagle x spaniel
Diagnostic tests
Canine parvovirus
ssDNA virus, 5000 nucleotides
Non enveloped
Discovered in late 1970s
Replicates in rapidly dividing cells intestinal cells - enteritis lymphoid cells - panleukopaenia
Treatment of canine parvovirus
IVFTAntibioticsAnalgesiaGastroprotectantsAnti-emetics
Prevention
Vaccination Parvovirus Canine adenovirus 1+2 Distemper Parainfluenza virus (Leptospirosis) (Coronavirus) (Rabies)
Isolation – strict biosecurity
Bobby, 2 year old MN rabbit
Myxomatosis
Classic clinical signs
• Swelling of eyelids with ocular discharge
• Swellings around nose and base of ear
• Swollen genitalia
• Very lethargic and inappatent
Virus characteristics
Pox virus, ‘myxoma virus’
Enveloped, dsDNA, 162,000nt genome
Avoids recognition by immune system - produce proteins that mimic host cell receptors and cytokines
Discovered in 1896, Uruguay
Benign infection in South American rabbits, but fatal disease in European rabbit Oryctalagus cuniculus
Treatment and control
• No known treatment. 95% die of infection within a few days
• Vaccination • Every 6 months• Viral haemorrhagic
disease virus
Hill Farm, 60 head beef cattle, 400 sheep
Foot and Mouth virus (FMDV)
• Picornavirus
• +ve ssRNA, non enveloped, 8.4Kbp genome
• Transmitted by direct contact, fomites and aerosol
• Replicates in epithelium at entry site before inducing viraemia
• Does it kill all hosts?
Control
Cull
Strict biosecurity
Enforced movement bans / quarantine
Vaccination?
Litter of kittens, 6 weeks old
‘Cat Flu’ – FCV, FHV and chlamydophila
Feline calicivirus [FCV]
• ssRNA non enveloped virus
• Numerous strains
• Spread by oro/nasal secretions, direct or fomites
• Can be acute or persistent
• Variable clinical signs whilst shedding
Stomatitis
Feline herpesvirus [FHV]
• dsDNA enveloped virus
• Single strain
• Acute initial infection 2-4wks, then establishes latency in up to 90% cases
• Reactivation can occur after stress
Treatment and control
TLC
Antibiotics
Decongestants
Owner education is important
Vaccination
• FCV
• FHV
• Feline panleukopaenia virus
• Chlamydophila
• FeLV
Harris, ME 5yr old DSH
Investigations
Feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV]
Retrovirus, ssRNA, 9400 nt
Identified in 1986
Transmitted by saliva-blood contact e.g. bites
Initial viraemia, then only low levels of virus for x months before immunodeficiency develops
No recovery from infection occurs but cases can survive a number of years (similar to HIV)
2-3% cats in UK have FIV
Feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV]