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Vesta, the second largest object in the asteroid belt, was recently imaged for the first time by the robotic Dawn satellite that arrived last month.
ConceptTest
The gravitational potential energy of an interstellar cloud of gas that is slowly shrinking in size …
(yellow) stays the same
(red) slowing changes into other forms of energy
(green) slowly increases
(blue) interstellar clouds do not have gravitational potential energy
ConceptTest
The gravitational potential energy of an interstellar cloud of gas that is slowly shrinking in size …
(yellow) stays the same
(red) slowing changes into other forms of energy
(green) slowly increases
(blue) interstellar clouds do not have gravitational potential energy
ConceptTestIn the not too distant future scientists will develop an engine that produces more energy than it uses. This statement is …
(yellow) likely to be true
(red) false
(green) difficult to determine if this will happen or not.
(blue) this has already happened, but the government is suppressing this discovery.
ConceptTestIn the not too distant future scientists will develop an engine that produces more energy than it uses. This statement is …
(yellow) likely to be true
(red) false
(green) difficult to determine if this will happen or not.
(blue) this has already happened, but the government is suppressing this discovery.
Properties of Waves
WAVELENGTH (: Distance between adjacent crests
FREQUENCY (f): number of crests that pass through a point each second. It is measured in units of hertz (Hz), which are the number of cycles per second.
AMPLITUDE: A measure of the strength of the wave.
SPEED (s): how fast the wave pattern moves.
For any wave: s = f
Light as a Wave• The speed of light is a constant: s = c !!!
• Therefore, for light: f = c
• The higher f is, the smaller is, and vice versa.
• In the visible part of the spectrum, our eyes recognize
f (or ) as color!
Light as a Particle Light can also be treated as photons – packets of energy.
The energy carried by each photon depends on its frequency
(color)
Energy: E = hf = hc/ [“h” is called Planck’s Constant]
Shorter wavelengths:
more energy per photon.
higher energy
lower energy
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Spectroscopy: The quantitative analysis of spectra
The spectroscopic analysis of an object’s spectrum can reveal the object’s:
CompositionTemperatureVelocity
Spectroscopy: The quantitative analysis of spectra
Four Ways in Which Light can Interact with Matter
1. emission – matter releases energy as light
2. absorption – matter takes energy from light
3. transmission – matter allows light to pass through it
4. reflection – matter reflects light
The type of interaction is determined by characteristics of
the “matter” and the wavelength of light.
Continuous spectra are usually related to the temperature of an object that is emitting radiation.
Absorption & emission line spectra are related to the composition of the material absorbing or emitting radiation.
1. Hotter objects emit more total radiation per unit surface area.
2. Hotter objects have peak emissions at shorter wavelengths (they will appear “bluer”)
Rules for Thermal Emission by Opaque Objects
5000 K
3000 K
4000 K
Wavelength
Ene
rgy
emitt
ed p
er s
quar
e m
eter
The sun emits its peak radiation in the yellow portion
of the visible spectrum.
The human eye has its peak sensitivity at the same wavelength.
Coincidence?
At “room temperature”, or
“body-temperature”, objects emit their
peak radiation in the infrared.
The surface of the Earth emits
radiation in the infrared.
infrared
visible
Extremely hot objects will emit most of their radiation in the ultraviolet, x-ray or even the
gamma ray portion of the spectrum
A
B
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
Wavelength
Which of the two stars (A or B) emits light that has a peak emission with the longer wavelength?
(red) Star A
(blue) Star B
(green) The stars’ peak emissions are at the same wavelength
(yellow) None of the above
VIBGYOR
visiblerange
A
B
Wavelength
Which of the two stars (A or B) emits light that has a peak emission with the longer wavelength?
(red) Star A
(blue) Star B
(green) The stars’ peak emissions are at the same wavelength
(yellow) None of the above
VIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
A
B
Wavelength
Which of the two stars (A or B) would appear red?
(red) Star A
(blue) Star B
(green) Neither would appear red
(yellow) There is insufficient information to determine the star’s color
VIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
A
B
Wavelength
Which of the two stars (A or B) would appear red?
(red) Star A
(blue) Star B
(green) Neither would appear red
(yellow) There is insufficient information to determine the star’s color
VIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
The figure shows the spectra of two stars. Which star is hotter?
(red) A
(blue) C
(yellow) neither
A
C
WavelengthVIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
The figure shows the spectra of two stars. Which star is hotter?
(red) A
(blue) C
(yellow) neither
A
CEn
erg
y o
utp
ut p
er
seco
nd
WavelengthVIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
A
CEn
erg
y o
utp
ut p
er
seco
nd
Wavelength
Which of the following is possible to infer about stars A and C based upon the information provided in the graph?
(red) Star A is smaller than star C
(blue) Star A is larger than star C
(green) The stars are the same size
(yellow) It is not possible to infer any of these relationships
VIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
A
CEn
erg
y o
utp
ut p
er
seco
nd
Wavelength
Which of the following is possible to infer about stars A and C based upon the information provided in the graph?
(red) Star A is smaller than star C
(blue) Star A is larger than star C
(green) The stars are the same size
(yellow) It is not possible to infer any of these relationships
VIBGYOR
visiblerange
To
tal E
ne
rgy
outp
ut p
er
seco
nd
Atomnucleuselectron
e-
(proton,neutrons)
p+n
● 10,000,000 atoms can fit across a period in your textbook.● The nucleus is nearly 100,000 times smaller than the entire atom (if
atom filled the classroom auditorium, the nucleus would be barely visible at its center).
● Although it is the smallest part of the atom, most of the atom’s mass is contained in the nucleus.
Incorrect view
better view
Electrons do not “orbit” the nucleus; they are “smeared out” in a cloud which give the atom its size.
Atomic Number Element1 Hydrogen (H)2 Helium (He)3 Lithium (Li)4 Beryllium (Be)5 Boron (B)6 Carbon (C)7 Nitrogen (N)8 Oxygen (O)
The number of protons in the nucleus, i.e., the “atomic number”, determines the element