VESSEL BIOFOULING

Obsolete Vessels

Commercial Ships

Recreational Boats

Obsolete Vessels2 studies: effect of transit

effect of in-water cleaning

Commercial Ships

Vessel sampling

Research overview

Recreational Boats

Pilot study in San Francisco Bay

VESSEL BIOFOULING

Obsolete Vessels

time (days)

0 7 14 21 28 35 42

tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

A B C D E F

*

brackish

marine

FW

The effect of transit on biofouling

POINT LOMA & FLORENCE

Obsolete Vessels

Before After

0

20

40

60

80

barnac

le

dead b

arnac

le

branch

ing b

iota

encr

ustin

g/bio

film

scar

s/re

mnan

ts

paint/r

ust

mea

n p

erce

nt

cove

r

0

20

40

60

80POINT LOMA

FLORENCE

Obsolete Vessels

before transit

after transit

images

number of samples

0 10 20 30 40 50

sp

ec

ies

ac

cu

mu

lati

on

0

10

20

30

40 FLORENCE, post-transit

POINT LOMA, post-transit

POINT LOMA, post-transit

FLORENCE, pre-transit

Obsolete Vessels

pre-transit

Conopeum chesapeakensis

Balanus improvisus

Corbula amurensis

Gnorisphaeroma oregonense

Gammarus daiberi

Uromunna sp

post-transit

Conopeum chesapeakensis

Balanus improvisus

Gnorisphaeroma oregonense

6 ‘new’ hydroids

22 pre-transit species57 post-transit species

At least 7 NIS arrived in Texas

biological samples

Obsolete Vessels

Scamping the hull of the ORION

S.C.A.M.P. = submersible cleaning and maintenance platform

sampling (images and biological samples) before and after scamping

Obsolete Vessels

vessel appendages

mea

n p

erce

nt

cove

r

0

20

40

60

80

100

bare space

biofouling

before scamping

after scamping

images

biofouling categories

Obsolete Vessels

(a)

appendages bottom mid depth waterline

mea

n n

um

be

r o

f sp

ec

ies p

er

sa

mp

le

0

4

8

12

16

20

ORION: average spp richness per sample

before scamping

after scamping

biological samples

ranked species (according to pre-scrub prevalence)

pe

rce

nt

pre

va

len

ce

in

sa

mp

les

0

20

40

60

80

100

Obsolete Vessels

ORION: species prevalence in samples

before scamping

after scamping

biological samples

Obsolete Vessels

ave

rag

e p

erc

en

t re

du

cti

on

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1402 32 6 11 12

ORION: variation among organism types in response to scamping

biological samples

Obsolete Vessels

Obsolete Vessels: Summary

• substantial decrease in organism abundance/percent cover (image analysis)

• high prevalence of species in samples after transit/cleaning (biological samples analysis)

• live specimens observed for all common species after transit/scamping

• vessel colonization by ‘new’ species can be substantial during transit

• further study could determine the risk of invasion after transit (or scamping + transit) for obsolete vessels across space & time

Obsolete Vessels

Obsolete vessels: current status

OR Senate Bill 432

VERSAR/MARAD sampling hull biofouling at 3 sites

Further evaluation of SCAMPING

Louisiana state officials allowing entry only after hull surveys of a ship in Beaumont (Texas)

Commercial Vessels

Commercial vessel biofouling

1. Variation in traffic patterns

(number of arrivals, source ports, port connectivity)

2. Variation among ship types

(WSA, speed, port duration)

3. Vessel maintenance

(most recent dry-docking, paint types, in-water cleaning)

4. Variation in biofouling

(niche areas, organism diversity, quantity & quality)

Commercial ships

>1001101 - 100011 - 1001 - 10Number of vessels donated

Ca, Or & Wa arrivals for 2 yrs = 29,282

Commercial ships

29,282 vessels = 265 million m2 WSA

0

20

40

60

80

100

barge

auto

bulk

conta

iner

gener

al

other

passen

ger

tanke

r

WS

A (

x 1

mil

lio

n m

2) coastal

overseas

Commercial ships

Vessel sampling: containerships (n=22)

Commercial ships

0 20 40 60 80 100

chlorophyta

rhodophyta

phaeophyta

acorn barnacles

goose-neckbarnacles

encrustingbryozoans

hydroids

tubeworms

mussels

oysters

tunicates

frequency of occurence (percent of vessels)

barges (G&E)

bulkers (C&T)

containerships (C&T)

present study

West Coast containerships

Commercial ships

period since last dry dock (months)

0 20 40 60

nu

mb

er o

f ta

xa p

er s

hip

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

containerships (black squares, solid line)

other ship types (white triangles, dashed line)

dry docking and biofouling

Commercial ships

Commercial ships current status

ABRPI future studies

sampling different vessel types

experimental studies (organism condition)

NZ: major study 2008 (n = 270 commercial vessels)

California assembly bill 740

remove fouling on a “regular basis”

adopt regulations governing management of hull fouling by Jan 2012

IMO ban on TBT (Jan 1st 2008)

Recreational boats

Recreational vessel biofouling

Pilot study based in San Francisco Bay

Questionnaires (n = 214)

Vessel maintenance & usage, voyage locations

Level of Fouling (n = >1000)

scale 0 – 5

Hull sampling (n = 72)*

underwater pole-cam

most recent paint application (n = 199)

0

10

20

30

40

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 prior to2000

perc

en

t o

f re

sp

on

den

ts

Recreational boats

Recreational boats

Number of cleanings since last paint application

0

10

20

30

40

don'tknow

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 to 10 >10

per

cen

t o

f re

spo

nd

ents

hull cleaning locations

in-water elsewhere

2%

in-water at marina

91%

on trailer7%

Recreational boats

number of trips within SFB (n = 214)

0

5

10

15

20

25

per

cen

t o

f re

spo

nd

ents

boat trips within the Bay in the last 12 months

Boat trips outside of the Bay and Delta

no answer8%

none76%

1 to 5 trips14%

> 5 trips2%

Recreational boats

analysis and report in 2008

Funding Acknowledgements

California State Lands Commission

Maritime Administration

US Fish & Wildlife (through WRP)