VertebratesVertebratesVertebratesVertebrates

Chordates: Characteristics of

chordates• Notochord: a long rod of stiffened

tissue• Nerve cord that lies above the

notochord and gut• Muscular pharynx• Tail exists near the anus

Anatomy of a Tunicate

Invertebrate Chordates

Cephalochordates (Lancelets)1. Circulation is closed2. Respiration is directly across the

body wall3. Notochord4. Filter feeder

Anatomy of a Lancelet

Section 30-1

Nonvertebratechordates

FishesAmphibians

ReptilesBirds

Mammals

Invertebrate ancestor

Chordate Cladogram

Section 33-1

Nonvertebrate chordates

Jawless fishes

Cartilaginous fishes

Bony fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of Chordates

Section 30-1

Muscle segments

TailAnus

Pharyngeal pouches

Mouth

Hollownerve cord

Notochord

Fish:First Vertebrates

• Agnathans: jawless fish (lampreys and hagfishes)

• Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes

Examples: sharks, skates• Osteichthyes: bony fishes

Amphibians(frogs, toads, salamanders)

• Endoskeletons with four legs• External fertilization• Respiration by the use of gills,

lungs, skin, and pharyngeal lining

Chapter 30: VideoChapter 30: VideoFrog AnatomyFrog Anatomy

Chapter 30: VideoChapter 30: VideoFrog AnatomyFrog Anatomy

Section 30-3

Adult FrogAdult Frog

Young FrogYoung Frog

Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs

TadpolesTadpoles

Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.

Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

Figure 30–26 The Life Cycle of a Frog

Video

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video

Frog Anatomy

Reptiles:Crocodiles, Turtles,

Lizards

• Scaly skin• Internal fertilization• Kidneys to conserve water• Amniote eggs• Four-chambered heart (close

circulation)• Lungs

Mammals• Brain capacity is increased• Milk secreting glands• Hair• Dental is extensive

Chapter 34: Human Chapter 34: Human Body SystemsBody Systems

Chapter 34: Human Chapter 34: Human Body SystemsBody Systems

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System

Endocrine System

Reproductive System Lymphatic/Immune Systems

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2

Skull

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral column

Metatarsals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals

Femur

Patella

Fibula

TibiaTarsals

Phalanges

The Skeletal System

Section 36-1

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Section 37-3

Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System

Video 2

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2

Human Respiration

Section 37-1

Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System

Capillaries of head and arms

Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veinCapillaries of

right lung

Superior vena cava

Aorta Pulmonary artery

Capillaries of left lung

Section 33-3

Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System

FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS

Figure 33–11 The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates

Video 1

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 1

Human Circulation