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Vertebrate tissues; human skeleton
Lab 9
Levels of organization within the body
Tissue• Groups of cells that have the similar structural
characteristics and perform the similar functions • Four major types of tissue:• Epithelial tissue• Connective tissue • Muscular tissue • Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
• Epithelial cells cover the exterior of an organism, line the gut and other cavities and line the coelomic cavity.
• Epithelial cells (1) protect underlying tissues from dehydration and mechanical damage, (2) provide a selectively permeable barrier that facilitates or impedes passage of materials, (3) provide sensory surfaces, and (4) secrete fluids.
• Two descriptive terms —shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar —layer: simple, stratified
Simple squamous Epithelium
• Structure: Thin, Flat, many-sided, a central nucleus
• Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis
• Location: Walls of capillaries, lining of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs, lining of internal cavities
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• Structure: Cube-shaped • Function: Secretion, absorption • Location: Surface of ovaries,
linings of ducts and glands, lining of kidney tubules
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• Structure: Column like—tall, cylindrical cells, nucleus at base
• Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
• Location: Lining of uterus, tubes of digestive tract
Stratified Squamous Epithelium• Structure: Innermost layers
are cuboidal or columnar; outermost layers are flattened
• Function: Protection, repel water
• Location: Skin, linings of mouth, throat, anal canal, vagina
Esophagus
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
• Structure: Looks layered but is not; ciliated
• Function: Protection, secretion, movement of mucus
• Location: Linings of respiratory passages
Trachea
Glandular Epithelium
• Highly modified epithelial cells• More active metabolically than simple epithelium• Secretion (liver cell)
Connective tissue
• Connective tissues support and defend the body and store food.
• Cells of connective tissues are not tightly
packed and are typically suspended in an extracellular matrix of fibers.
Connective tissue
• Connective tissue proper:
• Loose connective tissue• Dense connective tissue• Adipose tissue
• Special connective tissues:
• Blood• Cartilage• Bone
Loose fibrous connective tissue
• Structure: Fibers are widely separated
• Function : Binds organs together
• Location: Between the muscles; beneath the skin; beneath most epithelial layers
Dense fibrous connective tissue
• Structure: Fibers are closely packed
• Function: Binds organs together, binds muscle to bones, binds bone to bone
• Location: Tendons, ligaments
Adipose tissue
• Structure: Large cell with fat-filled vacuole; nucleus pushed to one side
• Function : Insulation, fat storage, cushioning, and protection
• Location: Beneath the skin; around the kidney and heart; in breast
Blood
• Structure: Red and white cells floating in plasma
• Function : RBCs carry oxygen and hemoglobin for respiration; WBCs fight infection
• Location: Blood vessels
Cartilage
• Structure: Cells (chondrocytes) in lacunae
• Function: Support, protection
• Location: Nose, ends of bones, rings in walls of respiratory passages; between ribs and sternum
Bone
• Structure: Concentric circles
• Function : Support, protection
• Location: Bones of skeleton
Muscle tissue
• Muscular tissue is composed of cells called muscle fibers.
• Skeletal muscle• Cardiac muscle• Smooth muscle
Muscle tissue
Type Striations Branching Conscious Control (yes/no) (yes/no) (yes/no)
• Skeletal Yes No Yes• Smooth No No No• Cardiac Yes Yes No
Nervous tissue
• Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
• Neurons: transmitting messages• Neuroglia: supporting and nourishing the
neurons
Nervous tissue
The Human Skeletal System
• The Appendicular SkeletonShoulderArmLeg
• Axial Skeleton
Joints
Patterns of joint movement
Observe prepared slides and identify different tissues
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