2
W -IM-- September 9 6 o 6 5 No rs oie adCs  t  Propylthiouracil hepatotoxicity mimicking autoimmune chronic active hepatitis i n a girl. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 8:547-548 2 7 . L e e WM : Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J M ed 1995; 333: 1118-1127 2 8 . Shiran Shechner C, Dickstein G: Propylthiouracil-induced agranulocy- i n four patients previously treated with t h e drug  Letter). JAMA 1991; 266:3129-3130 2 9 . Amrhein J A , Kenny F M , Ross D : Granulocytopenia, lupus-like syndrome a n d other complications of propylthiouracil therapy. J Pediatr 1970; 76:54-63 3 0 . Bilezikian S B , Laleki Y , Tsan M F, e t a l : Immunological reactions involv- ing leukocytes: Agranulocytosis induced b y antithyroid drugs. Johns Hopkins M ed J 1976; 138:124-129 3 1 . Breese T J , Solomon I L : Granulocytopenia a n d hemolytic anemia a s com- plications o f propylthiouracil therapy. J Pediatr 1975; 86:117-119 3 2 . M , Erdem S : Aplastic anaemia propylthiouracil. Lancet 1968; 1:1379 3 3 . Sammon T J , Peden V H , Witzleben C , e t a l : Disseminated intravascular c o - agulation complicating propylthiouracil therapy-A case description o f a 16-year- old girl. Clin Pediatr 1971; 10:739-742 3 4 . Verdy M, Pretty H , Cadotte M , e t a l : Vasculitis secondary t o antithyroids. Union M e d C a n 1975; 104:576-579 3 5 . Vasily D B , Tyler WB : Propylthiouracil-induced cutaneous vasculitis. JAMA 1980; 243:458-461 3 6 . Miyazono K , Okazaki T , Uchida S , e t al: Propylthiouracil-induced diffuse interstitial pneumonitis. Arch Intem M ed 1984; 144:17641765 3 7 . Movitt E , Gerstl B , Davis A : Needle liver biopsy i n thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern M ed 1953; 91:729 3 8 . Czaja A J : Autoimmune hepatitis and viral infection. Gastroenterol Clin North  m 1994; 23:547-566 Venlafaxine Hydrochloride a n d Chronic Pain KIRK TAYLOR, M MICHAEL C . ROWBOTHAM M S a n Francisco, California CLINICAL TRIALS o f tricyclic antidepressants have shown efficacy f or both chronic headaches a n d neuropathic pain. T h e tricyclic antidepressants useful f o r chronic pain block t h e neuronal reuptake ofboth serotonin a n d norepi- nephrine. Serotonin-selective reuptake-inhibitor antide- pressants have shown little o r n o efficacy when compared with placebo o r tricyclic antidepressant u s e f o r neuro- pathic pain.2 Unfortunately, the u s e o f these drugs f o r chronic pain i s limited b y numerous side effects such a s sedation, cognitive impairment, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac conduction abnormalities, dr y mouth, a n d consti- pation. Many of these effects are d u e t o t h e affinity of tri cyclic antidepressants fo r th e muscarinic-cholinergic, histaminic, a n d ot1-adrenergic receptors. Venlafaxine h y - drochloride i s a n e w antidepressant medication that, like t h e tricyclic antidepressants, inhibits t he neuronal reup- take o f both serotonin a n d norepinephrine.3 Venlafaxine does n o t bind t o histaminic,  Taylor K , Rowbotham M C : Venlafaxine hydrochloride a n d chronic pain. WestJ M ed 1996; 165:147-148) From t he Pain Management Center, t h e Departments of Neurology and Anes- thesia, University o f California, S a n Francisco  UCSF , School of Medicine This work w a s supported i n part b y National Institutes o f Health Pain Research Training Grant NS07265. Reprint requests t o Michael C . Rowbotham, MD UCSF Pain Management Center, 2233 Post St S t e 104, S an Francisco, C A 94115. a -adrenergic receptor sites making i t s side effect profile su1bstantially different from a n d theoretically more benign than that o f the tricyclic antidepressants. W e report o u r initial open-label experience with ven- lafaxine i n treating patients with chronic pain, primarily headache a n d neuropathic pain. Pain relief was rated by combining a patient s rating of efficacy with the clini- cian s global impression after a minimum o f four weeks of therapy. I f a patient completed less than four weeks o f treatment, efficacy was rated a t the e n d of treatment. A n 80 o r greater reduction i n pain severity w a s interpreted a s complete pain relief a 5 0 t o 7 9 reduction a s mod- erate pain relief 20 t o 4 9 a s mild pain relief a n d less than 2 0 reduction i n pain a s n o pain relief. Summary o f Cases Table 1 summarizes t h e cases o f the first 1 2 patients w e treated with venlafaxine. A l l of them had had inade- quate pain relief o r intolerable side effects with t h e u s e o f a t least o n e antidepressant. These patients completed a t least t w o weeks of therapy with venlafaxine. O n e case was not included i n t h e results because t h e patient ha d s e - vere nausea after taking only t wo doses. Otherwise, the data were collected over a seven-month period after p a - tients were examined f o r chronic pain o r headache. T h e eight women a n d four m e n h a d a n average ag e o f 5 4 years a n d a n average pain duration o f 7.7 years. Four patients h a d headache, seven ha d neuropathic pain, a n d o n e h a d atypical facial pain. Patients ha d tried a n average o f 2 . 6 different antidepressants before taking venlafaxine. Patients 6 a n d 10 wereon concurrent opioid therapy with transdermal fentanyl citrate patches. Patients 5 a n d 9 d i d n o t complete four weeks o f therapy. Patient 5 had com- plete relief o f chronic daily headache f o r t w o weeks, b u t when pain began t o return, s he elected t o discontinue ven- lafaxine instead o f adjusting the dose. Patient 9 w a s tak- i n g several medications-mexiletine hydrochloride, carbamazepine, a n d valproate sodium-for pain d u e to a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation after a stroke. With t he start o f venlafaxine therapy, a n increased blood pressure required the cessation o f fludrocortisone acetate used f or the control o f orthostatic hypotension. T h e p a - tient experienced persistent drowsiness a n d unsteady gait after three weeks o f therapy, a n d venlafaxine w a s discon- tinued. I n t h e other t e n patients, pain relief w a s rated a s moderate i n seven a n d mild i n three a t total daily from 18.75 t o 2 5 0 m g p e r d a y  average, 9 9 p e r day). T h e most common side effect w a s nausea, which w a s made manageable by starting therapy a t 18.75 mg p e r day. Patient 1 0 h a d moderate relief o f peripheral neuro- pathic pain a t a doseof 37.5 m g p er d a b u t later reduced th e dose t o 18.75 m g p e r d a y becauseof subjective hyper- thermia a n d impotence, with only a slight diminution of pain relief. Patient 1 2 later required a dose reduction from 7 5 g twice a da y to 37.5 m g twice a d a y because o f worsened hypertension. S he became normotensive with- o t a loss o f pain control. Based o n these results, ven- WIM, September 1996-Vol 165, N o . 3 Alerts Notices, a n d Case Reports 1 4 7

Venlafaxine and Chronic Pain

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Page 1: Venlafaxine and Chronic Pain

 

W

-IM--

September

96 o

65

No

rsoie adCs t

 

P r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l h e p a t o t o x i c i t y m i m i c k i n g

a u t o i m m u n e c h r o n i c a c t i v e h e p a t i t i s

i n

a g i r l . J P e d i a t r G a s t r o e n t e r o l N u t r

1 9 8 9 ;

8 : 5 4 7 - 5 4 8

2 7 .

L e e

WM :

D r u g - i n d u c e d h e p a t o t o x i c i t y .

N

E n g l

J Med 1 9 9 5 ;

3 3 3 :

1 1 1 8 - 1 1 2 7

2 8 . S h i r a n

S h e c h n e r

C ,

D i c k s t e i n G :

P r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l - i n d u c e d a g r a n u l o c y -

i n

f o u r p a t i e n t s p r e v i o u s l y t r e a t e d

w i t h

t h e

d r u g   L e t t e r ) . JAMA 1 9 9 1 ;

2 6 6 : 3 1 2 9 - 3 1 3 0

2 9 .

A m r h e i n J A , K e n n y F M , R o s s

D :

G r a n u l o c y t o p e n i a , l u p u s - l i k e s y n d r o m e

a n d o t h e r

c o m p l i c a t i o n s

o f p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l t h e r a p y .

J P e d i a t r

1 9 7 0 ; 7 6 : 5 4 - 6 3

3 0 .

B i l e z i k i a n

S B , L a l e k i Y ,

T s a n M F , e t a l : I m m u n o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s

i n v o l v -

i n g l e u k o c y t e s : A g r a n u l o c y t o s i s

i n d u c e d

b y a n t i t h y r o i d d r u g s . J o h n s H o p k i n s

Med

J 1 9 7 6 ; 1 3 8 : 1 2 4 - 1 2 9

3 1 .

B r e e s e T J , S o l o m o n I L : G r a n u l o c y t o p e n i a a n d

h e m o l y t i c a n e m i a

a s c o m -

p l i c a t i o n s

o f

p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l

t h e r a p y .

J

P e d i a t r

1 9 7 5 ;

8 6 : 1 1 7 - 1 1 9

3 2 . M , E r d e m S : A p l a s t i c

a n a e m i a p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l . L a n c e t 1 9 6 8 ;

1 : 1 3 7 9

3 3 . S a m m o n T J , P e d e n V H , W i t z l e b e n

C , e t a l : D i s s e m i n a t e d i n t r a v a s c u l a r

c o -

a g u l a t i o n c o m p l i c a t i n g p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l

t h e r a p y - A c a s e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a 1 6 - y e a r -

o l d g i r l .

C l i n P e d i a t r

1 9 7 1 ; 1 0 : 7 3 9 - 7 4 2

3 4 . V e r d y

M , P r e t t y H ,

C a d o t t e M , e t a l : V a s c u l i t i s s e c o n d a r y t o a n t i t h y r o i d s .

U n i o n

Med C a n

1 9 7 5 ; 1 0 4 : 5 7 6 - 5 7 9

3 5 . V a s i l y

D B , T y l e r WB: P r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l - i n d u c e d c u t a n e o u s v a s c u l i t i s .

JAMA 1 9 8 0 ; 2 4 3 : 4 5 8 - 4 6 1

3 6 .

M i y a z o n o

K , O k a z a k i T ,

U c h i d a

S , e t a l : P r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l - i n d u c e d d i f f u s e

i n t e r s t i t i a l

p n e u m o n i t i s .

A r c h

I n t e m

Med

1 9 8 4 ;

1 4 4 : 1 7 6 4 1 7 6 5

3 7 . M o v i t t E ,

G e r s t l

B , D a v i s

A : N e e d l e l i v e r b i o p s y i n t h y r o t o x i c o s i s . A r c h

I n t e r n

Med

1 9 5 3 ;

9 1 : 7 2 9

3 8 . C z a j a A J : A u t o i m m u n e h e p a t i t i s a n d v i r a l i n f e c t i o n . G a s t r o e n t e r o l

C l i n

N o r t h

 m

1 9 9 4 ;

2 3 : 5 4 7 - 5 6 6

V e n l a f a x i n e

H y d r o c h l o r i d e

a n d C h r o n i c P a i n

K I R K T A Y L O R , M

M I C H A E L C . ROWBOTHAM M

S a n

F r a n c i s c o ,

C a l i f o r n i a

C L I N I C A L T R I A L S o f t r i c y c l i c a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s

h a v e s h o w n

e f f i c a c y

f o r

b o t h c h r o n i c h e a d a c h e s a n d n e u r o p a t h i c

p a i n .

T h e

t r i c y c l i c a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s

u s e f u l f o r c h r o n i c p a i n

b l o c k t h e n e u r o n a l r e u p t a k e o f b o t h s e r o t o n i n a n d n o r e p i -

n e p h r i n e . S e r o t o n i n - s e l e c t i v e r e u p t a k e - i n h i b i t o r

a n t i d e -

p r e s s a n t s h a v e s h o w n l i t t l e o r n o e f f i c a c y w h e n c o m p a r e d

w i t h

p l a c e b o

o r t r i c y c l i c a n t i d e p r e s s a n t

u s e f o r n e u r o -

p a t h i c

p a i n . 2

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e u s e o f

t h e s e

d r u g s f o r

c h r o n i c

p a i n

i s l i m i t e d

b y n u m e r o u s

s i d e

e f f e c t s s u c h a s

s e d a t i o n , c o g n i t i v e i m p a i r m e n t ,

o r t h o s t a t i c h y p o t e n s i o n ,

c a r d i a c c o n d u c t i o n a b n o r m a l i t i e s , d r y

m o u t h ,

a n d c o n s t i -

p a t i o n . Many

o f

t h e s e e f f e c t s a r e

d u e t o t h e

a f f i n i t y

o f

t r i

c y c l i c

a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s

f o r

t h e

m u s c a r i n i c - c h o l i n e r g i c ,

h i s t a m i n i c , a n d o t 1 - a d r e n e r g i c r e c e p t o r s .

V e n l a f a x i n e h y -

d r o c h l o r i d e i s a new a n t i d e p r e s s a n t

m e d i c a t i o n

t h a t , l i k e

t h e

t r i c y c l i c a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s ,

i n h i b i t s t h e n e u r o n a l r e u p -

t a k e

o f

b o t h s e r o t o n i n a n d n o r e p i n e p h r i n e . 3

V e n l a f a x i n e

d o e s n o t b i n d t o

h i s t a m i n i c ,

  T a y l o r

K ,

R o w b o t h a m

MC: V e n l a f a x i n e

h y d r o c h l o r i d e

a n d

c h r o n i c

p a i n .

W e s t J

Med

1 9 9 6 ; 1 6 5 : 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 )

F r o m t h e P a i n

M a n a g e m e n t

C e n t e r ,

t h e

D e p a r t m e n t s

o f

N e u r o l o g y

a n d A n e s -

t h e s i a , U n i v e r s i t y

o f

C a l i f o r n i a ,

S a n F r a n c i s c o

  U C S F ,

S c h oo l o f

M e d i c i n e

T h i s w o r k w a s

s u p p o r t e d

i n

p a r t b y

N a t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h P a i n

R e s e a r c h

T r a i n i n g

G r a n t

N S 0 7 2 6 5 .

R e p r i n t

r e q u e s t s

t o M i c h a e l C .

R o w b o t h a m , MD

UCSF

P a i n

M a n a g e m e n t

C e n t e r ,

2 2 3 3 P o s t

S t

S t e

1 0 4 ,

S a n

F r a n c i s c o ,

C A 9 4 1 1 5 .

a

- a d r e n e r g i c r e c e p t o r

s i t e s m a k i n g

i t s s i d e e f f e c t p r o f i l e

s u 1 b s t a n t i a l l y

d i f f e r e n t

f r o m a n d t h e o r e t i c a l l y

m o r e b e n i g n

t h a n

t h a t o f

t h e

t r i c y c l i c a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s .

We r e p o r t

o u r i n i t i a l

o p e n - l a b e l

e x p e r i e n c e

w i t h v e n -

l a f a x i n e

i n

t r e a t i n g p a t i e n t s

w i t h c h r o n i c

p a i n ,

p r i m a r i l y

h e a d a c h e

a n d n e u r o p a t h i c p a i n .

P a i n r e l i e f

w a s r a t e d

b y

c o m b i n i n g a p a t i e n t s r a t i n g

o f

e f f i c a c y

w i t h

t h e c l i n i -

c i a n s g l o b a l i m p r e s s i o n

a f t e r a minimum o f f o u r

w e e k s

o f t h e r a p y .

I f a p a t i e n t c o m p l e t e d

l e s s t h a n f o u r w e e k s o f

t r e a t m e n t , e f f i c a c y w a s r a t e d

a t t h e e n d o f t r e a t m e n t .

An

80 o r

g r e a t e r

r e d u c t i o n

i n

p a i n s e v e r i t y

w a s

i n t e r p r e t e d

a s c o m p l e t e p a i n r e l i e f a 50

t o

79 r e d u c t i o n

a s m o d -

e r a t e p a i n r e l i e f

20 t o

49

a s

m i l d

p a i n r e l i e f

a n d

l e s s

t h a n 20 r e d u c t i o n

i n

p a i n

a s n o p a i n

r e l i e f .

Sum m ary

o f C a s e s

T a b l e

1

s u m m a r i z e s t h e

c a s e s

o f t h e f i r s t

1 2

p a t i e n t s

we

t r e a t e d w i t h v e n l a f a x i n e .

A l l

o f t h e m h a d h a d i n a d e -

q u a t e p a i n r e l i e f

o r i n t o l e r a b l e

s i d e e f f e c t s w i t h t h e

u s e

o f

a t

l e a s t o n e a n t i d e p r e s s a n t .

T h e s e

p a t i e n t s

c o m p l e t e d

a t

l e a s t t w o w e e k s o f t h e r a p y w i t h v e n l a f a x i n e .

O n e c a s e

w a s n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e s u l t s b e c a u s e

t h e

p a t i e n t

h a d

s e -

v e r e n a u s e a

a f t e r t a k i n g o n l y

t w o d o s e s . O t h e r w i s e ,

t h e

d a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d

o v er a s e v e n - m o n t h

p e r i o d

a f t e r

p a -

t i e n t s

w e r e e x a m i n e d

f o r c h r o n i c

p a i n o r h e a d a c h e .

T h e

e i g h t

women

a n d f o u r

men h a d a n

a v e r a g e a g e

o f

5 4 y e a r s a n d a n

a v e r a g e p a i n

d u r a t i o n o f

7 . 7

y e a r s .

F o u r

p a t i e n t s

h a d

h e a d a c h e ,

s e v e n h a d

n e u r o p a t h i c p a i n ,

a n d

o n e h a d

a t y p i c a l

f a c i a l

p a i n .

P a t i e n t s h a d t r i e d a n

a v e r a g e

o f 2 . 6

d i f f e r e n t

a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s

b e f o r e

t a k i n g

v e n l a f a x i n e .

P a t i e n t s

6

a n d 1 0 w e r e o n c o n c u r r e n t o p i o i d t h e r a p y

w i t h

t r a n s d e r m a l

f e n t a n y l

c i t r a t e

p a t c h e s . P a t i e n t s 5 a n d 9 d i d

n o t c o m p l e t e f o u r w e e k s

o f t h e r a p y .

P a t i e n t 5

h a d c o m -

p l e t e r e l i e f o f c h r o n i c d a i l y h e a d a c h e f o r t w o w e e k s , b u t

w h e n

p a i n

b e g a n

t o

r e t u r n ,

s h e

e l e c t e d t o d i s c o n t i n u e

v e n -

l a f a x i n e i n s t e a d o f a d j u s t i n g

t h e d o s e . P a t i e n t 9 w a s t a k -

i n g

s e v e r a l

m e d i c a t i o n s - m e x i l e t i n e

h y d r o c h l o r i d e ,

c a r b a m a z e p i n e ,

a n d v a l p r o a t e

s o d i u m - f o r p a i n d u e

t o a

p o s t e r i o r

f o s s a a r t e r i o v e n o u s m a l f o r m a t i o n

a f t e r a s t r o k e .

W i t h t h e s t a r t o f v e n l a f a x i n e

t h e r a p y ,

a n

i n c r e a s e d b l o o d

p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d

t h e c e s s a t i o n o f f l u d r o c o r t i s o n e

a c e t a t e

u s e d f o r t h e c o n t r o l

o f

o r t h o s t a t i c

h y p o t e n s i o n .

T h e

p a -

t i e n t

e x p e r i e n c e d p e r s i s t e n t

d r o w s i n e s s

a n d

u n s t e a d y g a i t

a f t e r t h r e e w e e k s o f

t h e r a p y ,

a n d v e n l a f a x i n e w a s d i s c o n -

t i n u e d . I n t h e

o t h e r

t e n

p a t i e n t s , p a i n

r e l i e f

w a s r a t e d a s

m o d e r a t e

i n s e v e n a n d

m i l d i n

t h r e e a t t o t a l d a i l y

f r o m 1 8 . 7 5

t o 2 5 0

m g p e r d a y   a v e r a g e ,

9 9 p e r d a y ) .

T h e

m o s t common s i d e e f f e c t w a s

n a u s e a ,

w h i c h w a s

m a d e

m a n a g e a b l e b y

s t a r t i n g t h e r a p y

a t 1 8 . 7 5

m g p e r

d a y .

P a t i e n t 1 0 h a d

m o d e r a t e

r e l i e f o f

p e r i p h e r a l

n e u r o -

p a t h i c

p a i n

a t a d o s e o f 3 7 . 5

m g p e r d a

b u t l a t e r

r e d u c e d

t h e d o s e t o 1 8 . 7 5

m g p e r d a y

b e c a u s e o f

s u b j e c t i v e

h y p e r -

t h e r m i a

a n d

i m p o t e n c e ,

w i t h

o n l y

a

s l i g h t

d i m i n u t i on o f

p a i n

r e l i e f .

P a t i e n t 1 2

l a t e r

r e q u i r e d

a d o s e r e d u c t i o n

f r o m

7 5

g

t w i c e

a

d a y

t o 3 7 . 5

m g

t w i c e a

d a y

b e c a u s e

o f

w o r s e n e d

h y p e r t e n s i o n .

S h e b e c a m e

n o r m o t e n s i v e

w i t h -

o t a l o s s

o f

p a i n

c o n t r o l . B a s e d

o n t h e s e

r e s u l t s ,

v e n -

W I M , S e p t e m b e r

1 9 9 6 - V o l

1 6 5 ,

N o . 3

A l e r t s N o t i c e s ,

a n d C a s e

R e p o r t s

1 4 7

Page 2: Venlafaxine and Chronic Pain

 

Alerts Notices andCase

Reports

l a f a x i n e

p r o v i d e d s u b s t a n t i a l r e l i e f i n

p a t i e n t s

who w e r e

r e f r a c t o r y t o t r e a t m e n t w i t h o t h e r

a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s .

C o n c l u s i o n

V e n l a f a x i n e appears t o b e

a u s e f u l

a d d i t i o n t o t h e l i s t

o f

a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s

w i t h

e f f i c a c y

i n

p a i n m a n a g e m e n t .

L i k e

o t h e r

a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s ,

s i d e e f f e c t s

are

m i n i m i z e d

b y

s t a r t i n g

a t t h e l o w e s t

p o s s i b l e

d o s e . I n c r e a s e d

b l o o d

p r e s -

sure a n d n a us ea s ee n w i t h v e n l a f a x i n e re uncommon

w i t h t h e u se

o f t r i c y c l i c a n t i d e p r e s s a n t s , a n d a n t i d e p r e s -

s a n t - l i k e

c o g n i t i v e

i m p a i r m e n t

a n d

a n t i c h o l i n e r g i c

s i d e

e f f e c t s w e r e

uncommon w i t h

t h e u se o f

v e n l a f a x i n e . T h i s

o p e n - l a b e l e x p e r i e n c e

s u p p o r t s

t h e

n e e d f o r

c o n t r o l l e d ,

r a n d o m i z e d

c l i n i c a l t r i a l s o v e n l a f a x i n e f o r c h r o n i c

p a i n .

REFERENCES

1 . Max M:

A n t i d e p r e s s a n t s

as

a n a l g e s i c s ,

I n F i e l d s

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L i e b e s k i n d J C

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P r o g r e s s

i n P a i n

R e s e a r c h

a n d

M a n a g e m e n t , V o l

1 .

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I n t e r n a t i o n a l

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t h e S t u d y o f

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P r e s s ,

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pp

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MB L y n c h S A ,

M u i r

J

S h o a f

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s i p r a m i n e , a m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

a n d f l u o x e t i n e

o n

p a i n

i n d i a b e t i c

n e u r o p a t h y .

N

E n g l

J

Med

1 9 9 2 ;

3 2 6 : 1 2 5 0 - 1 2 5 6

3 .

M o n t g o m e r y

S A :

V e n l a f a x i n e :   new

d i m e n s i o n

i n

a n t i d e p r e s s a n t p h a r m a -

c o t h e r a p y .

C l i n

P s y c h i a t r y 1 9 9 3 ;

5 4 : 1 1 9 - 1 2 6

T L E

. - P a t i e n t s T r e a t e d W i t h

V e n l a f a x i n e

H y d r o c h l o r i d e

  H C I )

A n t i d e p r e s s a n t

V e n l a f a x i n e

H I

P a t i e n t A g e , y r S e x D i a g n o s i s

D u r c i t i o n

y r

D r u g T r i a l s

D o s a g e ,

m g / d

D o s e

R e s p o n s e

 

0

F e m a l e R e f l e x

d y s t r o p h y

 

D e s i p r a m i n e

H C I

7 5 ,

2x M i l d r e l i e f

2 2 F e m a l e M i g r a i n e 1 0 N o r t r i p t y l i n e

H C I ,

a m i t r i p t y l i n e

H C I

3 7 . 5 M o d e r a t e

r e l i e f

3 4

M a l e I n t e r c o s t a l

n e u r a l g i a

9

A m i t r i p t y l i n e , f l u o x e t i n e ,

n o r t r i p t y l i n e

1 2 5 ,

2 M o d e r a t e

r e l i e f

5

F e m a l e

A t y p i c a l

f a c i a l

p a i n

1 1

D e s i p r a m i n e , i m i p r a m i n e

H C I ,

d o x e p i n

H C I ,

n o r t r i p t y l i n e

3 7 . 5

M o d e r a t e r e l i e f

5

 

7 F e m a l e

M i x e d

h e a d a c h e 1 8

N o r t r i p t y l i n e ,

a m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

p a r o x e t i n e 7 5 , 4x

C o m p l e t e r e l i e f

6

 

0 F e m a l e

M u l t i p l e s c l e r o s i s 5

A m i t r i p t y l i n e 3 7 . 5 M i l d

r e l i e f

7 2 F e m a l e M i x e d

h e a d a c h e

 

5

A m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

f l u o x e t i n e ,

s e r t r a l i n e ,

p a r o x e t i n e

7 5

M o d e r a t e r e l i e f

8 3 M a l e

P e r i p h e r a l n e u r o p a t h y

3

A m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

f l u o x e t i n e

5 0 ,

4x M o d e r a t e

r e l i e f

9

 5 M a l e P o s t s t r o k e

p a i n

S

A m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

d e s i p r a m i n e

3 7 . 5

M o d e r a t e r e l i e f

1 0

 0 M a l e

P e r i p h e r a l

n e u r o p a t h y

6

D e s i p r a m i n e ,

a m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

d o x e p i n

3 7 . 5 M o d e r a t e r e l i e f

1 1 1 F e m a l e M i x e d

h e a d a c h e

2

N o r t r i p t y l i n e , p a r o x e t i n e

3 7 . 5 M i l d

r e l i e f

1 2

 4 F e m a l e

P o s t z o s t e r

p a i n

7

D e s i p r a m i n e , a m i t r i p t y l i n e ,

i m i p r a m i n e ,

s e r t r a l i n e

7 5 ,

2

x

M o d e r a t e r e l i e f

1 4 8

W I M ,

S e p t e m b e r

1 9 9 6 - V o l

1 6 5 ,

N o . 3

A l e r t s

N o t i c e s ,

a n d

C a s e

R e p o r t s