Vegetative Propagation of Annona muricata Linn. by Stem Cutting … · 2019. 11. 15. · Annona muricata L. by stem cutting Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh Plant Resource Science and

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Vegetative Propagation of Annona muricata Linn by Stem Cutting

Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh (49160)

Bachelor of Science with Honours

(Plant Resource Science and Management)

2017

1

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade ______

Please tick (Y) Final Year P roject Report [2J Masters D PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

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Date submitted Name of the student (Matric No)

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i

Vegetative Propagation of Annona muricata L by stem cutting

SYAZREEN NABILAH BINTI SALLEH

(49160)

This report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of science

with Honours in Plant Resource Sciences and Management

Department of Plant Science and Management


Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

2017

ii

APPROVAL SHEET

Name of candidate Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh

Title of dissertation Vegetative Propagation of Annona muricata L by Stem

Cuttings

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

(Prof Dr Hamsawi bin Sani)

Supervisor

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

(Dr Freedy Toe Kuok San)

Coordinator

Plant Resource Science and Management Programme

Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology


iii

DECLARATION

I am Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh the final year student of Plant Resource Science and

Management hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort with the guidance of my

supervisor Professor Dr Hamsawi bin Sani There is no portion of the work referred to this

report has been submitted in support of an application for any other degree university or

institution of higher learning

Signature

Name Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh

Date 19 May 2017

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdullillah thanks to Him I managed to finish my final year project within the time

provided Here I want to express my gratitude to people who always lend their hands for my

final year project First of all I want to thank to my supervisor Prof Dr Hamsawi Sani a

person who helps and guiding me a lot from the beginning until the end of the project Thanks

for always cared supports and taught me a lot of things through the completion of this project

It was a great learning process for me to experience everything during the process of this project

Thank you also for being such a patience teacher for me who still need to learn a lot

For my family especially my parents Encik Salleh Bin Ali and Puan Zaini Binti AbRahman

thanks to you for the guidance and advices on facing each problem Thank you also being such

a good listener always being supportive encouragement and love from the beginning until

now

Very big thanks to my friends Nurul Atiqah Ismail for helping me during the process of this

project Another thanks also to my supportive course mate Noor Fatin Zulkifli Maizatul Izzati

Syuib Nor Khalidah Mansor Nurul Sarah Jalaluddin Zafirah Hanim Abdul Wahab and Nur

Athirah Suhaimi for being such a good friend and guidance through the learning process in

UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION x

ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1

11 Background research 1

12 Objective 2

20 Literature Review 3

21 Botanical description 3

22 Economic importance 4

221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5

23 Propagation method 6

231 Sexual propagation 6

232 Asexual propagation 6

2321 Micropropagation 7

2322 Budding and Grafting 7

2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8

24 Factor affecting rooting of cutting 9

241 PGR concentration 9

242 Age of stock plant 10

243 Retention of leaves 11

244 Types of stem cutting 12

245 Light intensity 12

vi

246 Length of cutting 13

30 Material and methods 14

31 Study site 14

32 Preparation of hormones 14

33 Source of cutting 14

34 Cutting preparation 15

35 Observation 15

36 Experimental design and statistical analysis 16

40 Results 17

41 Rooting success 17

411 Effect of age of stock plant 17

412 Effect of PGR 20

413 Number of root formed 20

50 Discussion 23

51 Effect of age of stock plant on rooting 24

52 Effect of PGR on rooting success 25

53 Number of roots formed 27

60 Conclusion and Recommendation 28

70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Description Page

1

Number of cuttings rooted with respect to age and PGR treatments

18

2

Comparison of Chi-square between different levels of PGR treatment

for root formation

19

3

Comparison of Two-way ANOVA between age of stock plants and

PGR treatment for number of roots formed

20

4

Total number of roots formation per cutting related to the age and

treatment

21

5

Turkey test on number of roots produced by each cuttings respect to

the age of stock plant

36

6

Turkey test on number of roots produced by each cutting respect to

the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Description Page

1a

The tree of A muricata

4

1b

The fruit of A muricata

4

2a

Stem cutting placed and mixed well into pail

15

2b

Cuttings planted at the rooting bad

15

3

Cutting were marked with rubber band until the end of experiment to

differentiate them from non-rooted cuttings

16

4

Percentage of total cuttings success of A muricata taken from three

ages of stock plant

18

5

Percentage of total cutting success of A muricata with respect to the

PGR treatment

19

6

Mean number of roots formation per cutting taken from different age of

stock plant

22

7

Mean number of roots per cutting by level of PGR treatments

23

8

Stem cuttings taken from 1 year coppice shoot at different concentration

of PGR treatment

42

8a

Stem cuttings from 1 year coppice shoot at control treatment

42

8b

Stem cuttings from 1 year coppice shoot at 100 mgL treatment

42

8c


42

8d


42

8e

Stem cuttings from 1 year coppice shoot at SADEX treatment

42

viii

9 Stem cuttings taken from 2 years old stock plant at different level of

treatments

43

9a

Stem cuttings from 2 years old stock plant at control treatment

43

9b

Stem cuttings from 2 years old stock plant at 100 mgL treatment

43

9c


43

9d


43

9e

Stem cuttings from 2 years old stock plant at SADEX treatment

43

10

Stem cuttings taken from 15 years old stock plant at different

concentration of PGR treatment

44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PGR Plant growth regulators

mg L milligram per Litre

IBA Indole-3-butyric acid

IAA Indole-3-acetic acid

NAA 1-Napthelene acetic acid

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency

UNIMAS Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

GLM General Linear Model

AGEs Annonaceous acetogenins

NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxide

NaOH Sodium Hydroxide

xi


Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh Plant

Resource Science and Management Faculty

of Resource Science and Technology


ABSTRACT

Annona muricata Linn is known for its medicinal uses and the demand for the fruits and even

the leaves is increasing yearly However due to poor seed germination and low viability an

alternative propagation techniques is critically needed A study on vegetative propagation by

stem cuttings of A muricata was conducted in the greenhouse and near the Plant Propagation

Laboratory at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) The aim of this study are to determine

the effect of different concentration of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) treatment and different age

of stock plants of A muricata on rooting propensity Vegetative propagation through stem

cuttings is an effective way to produce true-to-type seedling for large scale plantation and short

the juvenile phase of plant In this experiment three different ages of stock plant 1 year coppice

shoot 2 years old and 15 years old tree were used Five different concentrations of IBA were

used in this study [0 mgL 100 mgL 200 mgL 400 mgL and 1000 mgL (SADEX no1)]

Stem cuttings taken from 1 year old coppice shoot produced the highest rooting success (47)

while cuttings from 2 years stock plant was the second has the highest rooting but they

produced the most roots The untreated stem cuttings treated (Control) produced highest rooting

success (433) and number of roots formed (6636plusmn0342) However the application of PGR

is still vital to enhance rooting in A muricata

Keywords Amuricata stem cuttings PGR concentration age of stock plant

ABSTRAK

Annona muricata Linn terkenal dengan kegunaannya dalam bidang perubatan dan permintaan

untuk buah ini meningkat setiap tahun Walau bagaimanapun disebabkan percambahan benih

yang amat sukar maka teknik pembiakan alternatif amat diperlukan Satu kajian mengenai

pembiakan melalui kaedah keratan batang pokok A muricata telah dijalankan dalam rumah

hijau di Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan

kesan berbeza kepekatan Indole-3-butyric Acid (IBA) dan umur pokok induk A muricata yang

berbeza dalam kecenderungan menghasilkan akar Pembiakan vegetatif melalui keratan

batang adalah cara yang berkesan untuk menghasilkan anak benih yang tulen dan bersesuaian

untuk ladang yang berskala besar dan juga boleh memendekkan fasa juvena tumbuhan Dalam

eksperimen ini tiga umur ibu induk yang berbeza iaitu 1 tahun sulur pucuk 2 dan 15 tahun ibu

indukLima kepekatan IBA yang berbeza telah digunakan dalam kajian ini [0 mg L 100 mg

L 200 mg L 400 mg L dan 1000 mg L (SADEX no1)] Keratan batang diambil daripada

1 tahun sulur pucuk menghasilkan jumlah keratan yang paling tinggi berakar (47) manakala

keratan yang diambil dari 2 tahun ibu induk merupakan keratan yang kedua tertinggi tetapi

keratan batang dari pokok induk ini menghasilkan akar yang paling banyak Keratan batang

yang tidak dirawat (Control) menghasilkan jumlah pengakaran yang paling tinggi (433) dan

min bilangan akar yang terbentuk (6636 plusmn 0342) Walau bagaimanapun penggunaan PGR

adalah diperlukan untuk meningkatkan perakaran dalam keratan batang A muricata

Kata kunci Amuricata keratan batang kepekatan PGR umur pokok induk

1

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Research background

Annona muricata L or soursop is a tropical fruit trees belong to family Annonaceae which

there are approximately 199 species (Badrie amp Schauss 2009) Four of this species are known

as bearers of edible fruits which are custard apple (A reticulata Linn) the sugar apple or

sweetsop (A squamosa Linn) the cherimoya (A cherimola Mill) and the forth species the

subject of this paper is soursop (A muricata L) which is the tropical the largest fruits and the

only one leading itself well to preserving and processing (Morton 1966) and grown for

domestic or commercial value

The tree of soursop is low branching and bushy but slender and can reach a maximum of 25 or

30 ft in height while leaves are alternate normally evergreen smooth glossy and oblong

elliptic or narrow-obovate in shapes The colour of leaves are dark green on the upper surface

and lighter at beneath and produce an aromatic smell when crushed the leaves (Morton 1966)

The flowers may emerge everywhere on the trunk branches or twigs and borne singly Next

character the fruit of A muricata is more or less oval or heart-shaped and the weigh can be

reach up to 7 kg (Orwa et al 2009) and covered with a reticulated inedible soft pliable

ldquospinesrdquo (Morton 1966) For the immature fruit the skin is usually dark-green becoming

slightly yellowish green before the fruit is soft to touch The seeds of A muricata is oval

smooth hard and black in colour

A muricata can survives in the humid tropical and subtropical lowlands and common on the

coast and is found on slope Besides it becomes wild or naturalized in thickets pastures and

along the roads This species fairly common cultivated in home gardens and is found in the

rural garden areas on volcanic and raised limes tones island (Orwa et al 2009)

2

The soursop fruit consists of 675 edible pulp 20 peel 85 seeds and 4 core by weight

and the white edible pulp contains 80ndash81 water 1 protein 18 carbohydrate 343

titratable acidity 245 non-reducing sugar and vitamins B1 B2 and C (Badrie amp Schauss

2009) Fruits of A muricata are extensively used to prepare syrups beverages candies and ice

cream and shaker (Patel amp Patel 2016) Other parts of the trees such as leaves bark roots and

flowers have been used medicinally in many tropical African countries array of human illnesses

especially for parasitic infections and cancer (Eggadi et al 2014)

Due to its potential uses the demand for this species in increasing yearly To overcome this

problem A muricata are propagated by stem cutting because the process by rooting of cutting

can produce true-to-type seedling for large scale plantation and the juvenile phase of plants can

be shorten (Haapala 2004) Large planting has been started in the South and North America

and is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world including

Malaysia Africa Nigeria and Australia (Patel amp Patel 2016) This species also can grow from

seeds but propagation of most Annona species through seed is not recommended as the seedling

are genetically diverse take a long juvenile period irregular bearing and poor fruits quality

(George amp Nissen 1987)

12 Objective

Therefore this study was carried out with the following objectives

1 To determine the effect of age of stock plant on rooting propensity

2 To study the effect of the different concentration of Indole-3-Butyric acid (IBA) for the

rooting formation

3

20 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Botanical Description

Annona muricata commonly known as soursop or guanabana is a tropical fruits trees belongs

to family Annonaceae (Lemos amp Baker 1998) This species is an evergreen tree upright and

low branching tree reaching up 8 to 10 meter (Badrie amp Schauss 2009) The leaves are simple

alternate smooth glossy and the leaves are green on the upper surface and paler and dull on

under side with fine lateral nerves (Orwa et al 2009) The shapes of leaves are oblong elliptic

or narrow to obovate pointed at both ends and highly aromatic when crushed (Morton 1966)

Yet as mention by Morton (1966) in his writing the flowers of A muricata are borne singly

and may appear everywhere either on the trunk branches or twigs and the fruits shaped are

more or less oval or heat-shaped and sometimes irregular and the fruits also are covered with

curved and soft pliable ldquospinesrdquo The pulps of this fruit is white fibrous and juicy and easily

separated from the inner skin when the fruit is fully ripe Seeds are oblong dark brown or black

in colour and shiny (Orwa et al 2009)

The A muricata trees are native to tropical Central and South America and the Caribbean and

because of the high demand of the A muricata today it is widely cultivated in tropical areas

worldwide including southern Florida and Southeast Asia from sea level to altitudes of around

1150 meters (Patel amp Patel 2016) This species can survives in the areas of humid tropical and

subtropical level and it is common on the coast and is found on slopes (Orwa et al 2009) At

the temperature below than 5˚C it will leads to damage of the leaves and small branches and

can be fatal when the temperature below than 3˚C (Patel amp Patel 2016) As mention by Orwa

et al (2009) in his writing A muricata is commonly cultivated in home gardens and is found

in the rural garden areas on volcanic and raised lime stones islands where it is occasionally

naturalized

4

a b

Figure 1a The tree of A muricata Figure 1b The fruit of A muricata

(Source Patel amp Patel 2016 for 1a)

22 Economic importance

221 Food uses

A muricata can be consumed fresh for the dessert when fully ripe (Orwa et al 2009) Soursop

are distinguished into two types at El Salvador which are sweet (guanabana azucaroacuten) eaten

raw and used for the drinks and very sour (guanabana aacutecida) that are used only for the drinks

(Morton 1966) The soursop is sold as fresh or frozen pulp strained soursop juice and frozen

concentrates which have been preserved as various juice blends ice creams sherberts nectars

syrups shakes jams jellies preserves yoghurts and ice creams and syrup (Badrie amp Schauss

2009) In Cuba and Brazil peoples there make the refreshing drinks by mixing the fruit with

milk and sugar while in Puerto Rico it is generally mixed with water (Badrie amp Schauss 2009)

In the Philippines the immature fruits with seeds that are still soft are cooked as a vegetable

5

and for the matured fruit but firm it may be used to made into candy of delicate flavour and

aromatic (Orwa et al 2009)

222 Medicine

Many of folkloric uses have been scientifically validated since the 1940s (Badrie ampSchauss

2009) In India A muricata are widely used as medicine to treat the kidney disease fever ulcer

and wounds The leaves of the A muricata also can be used as suppurative and febrifuge (Badrie

amp Schauss 2009) and in the Netherlands Antilles the leaves are put into the ones pillowslip or

strewn on the bed to promote a good nightrsquos sleep (Morton 1966) Badrie and Schauss (2009)

state that in their book fruits and fruit juice is used for fever parasites and diarrhea and it also

good for pregnant women because it can increased the motherrsquos milk (lactogogue) Most of the

countries like India Brazil and Guianas they use leaves or either bark of A muricata to

prepared the pleasant drink in the evening ldquoteardquo that are good as antispamordic sedative and

for diabetes At the earlier of the introduction of this species it became basis of folk medicine

system throughout the word for thousands of years and now are continue to provide the mankind

with new remedies (Patel amp Patel 2016) Generally this species are rich with annonaceous

acetogenins compound (AGEs) which play a key role towards many varieties of cancer and

acetogenins are potent inhibitors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxide (NADH)

of the plasma membranes of cancer cell (Patel ampPatel 2016) It has been reported that the main

antitumorous compound annonacin was effective against various in vitro cancer cell lines as

well as in vivo lung cancer Nowadays even without any scientific validation many cancer

patients and health practitioners are adding the natural leaf and stem of A muricata as a

complementary therapy to their cancer protocol (Eggadi et al 2014)

6

23 Propagation techniques

Basically plant can be propagated by sexual and asexual For A muricata itself both methods

have advantages and disadvantages

231 Sexual propagation

Sexual propagation is a nature process that involves contribution between both male and female

plant to produce the new plants that are genetically similar or different from them The process

of sexual propagation started with flowering pollination followed by fertilization and then

seeds germination Through this propagation it will produce the large number of offspring in

the short period of time and can be handle in the large number easily but the seedling that are

formed may have the better or worst characteristic than the parent tree (Kumar et al 2007)

Because of that reason the genetic quality is hard to be maintained by using sexual propagation

(Shivanna Balachandra amp Suresh 2007)

232 Asexual propagation

Asexual propagation also known as vegetative propagation that involves production of species

through natural and artificial propagation For natural propagation the plant will be produce

the new plant through vegetative parts of plants such as bulbs tuber runner or stolon rhizome

sucker corms and others Artificial propagation such as cutting micropropagation grafting

budding and air layering also are various methods of asexual propagation process Crops that

do not have possess seeds or the crops which are possible to grow from seeds are allows to use

this process The first advantages of asexual is able to maintain the similar genetic

characteristics of the individual plats (Firmansyah 2007) compared with sexual propagation

This is due to new plants produces from sexual propagation may not necessary to have similar

characteristics with their parents plant because open fertilization may change their original

genetic characteristics by producing better or worse plant genetic than their parent plants

7

Secondly asexual propagation can shorten the flowering time especially grafting and budding

and can bear fruits early than sexual propagation By this propagation the juvenile phase of

plants is able to be shorten (Haapala 2004) Besides asexual propagation is able to combine

more than one genotypes into a single quality plant Two or more different genotype plant under

the same genus or species can be propagated or combined to form a better plant This types of

propagation is economically least expensive than sexual propagation in long term and this

techniques are less complicated to exercise

2321 Micropropagation

Micropropagation is production of plant by growing small plant parts aseptically in a container

where the nutrition and environment can be controlled Small plant part or also known as

explant that can be used in micropropagation is root segment leaves segment buds meristem

cotyledon and stem segment The method or technique that are used in micropropagation is

called plant tissue culture or plant in vitro culture technique Two importance principle in this

technique is totipotency and hormonal regulation of organogenesis This technique provides

alternative to seedling heterozygosity space quantity and time consideration (Jaskani et al

2008) Besides it is also expensive in term of preparation of cutting and price of the cutting

produced (Haapala 2004 Jaskani et al 2008)

In addition from that professional skill and expertise labour also required to produce high

quality of explant Generally this types of propagation helps a lot in agriculture and forestry and

it can produce genetic alteration to improve the quality of the crop and products like producing

disease resistance climate tolerable and high yield of fruits plants (Jaskani et al 2008)

2322 Budding and grafting

Grafting is the process of connecting two plant parts a stem and a root together in such a way

that they will unite and continue to grow as one plant A grafted plant consist of scion and stock

8

Scion is a short piece of stem and shoot with two or more bud that will be produce stem and

branches while stock is referred to understock or rootstock which is the lower portion root or

growing plant of graft (Sagers 2005) The cambium layer of scion must be contact with the

cambium layer of the stock plant for the successful growth of the graft There are several types

of grafting such as whip wedge cleft bark bridge and approach grafting The process of

budding also similar with grafting except that the scion is reduced to a single bud with a small

portion of bark or wood attached then the single bud scion is joined with the rootstock to form

the new plant Budding process is easier faster and more economical than grafting To produces

the successful of budding the rootstocks should be healthy and good growth habit have a good

root systems and resistance to soil borne disease while the scion must free from harmful

pathogen and from well develop and active growing bud

2323 Layering

Air layering is the process of rooting the new plant while the stem is still attached to the parent

plants (Geoge amp Nissen 1987) This method usually used when seeding grafting cutting and

the other methods of asexual propagation is ineffective and may be made at any part of stems

on proper maturity Application of rooting promoting substances during the layering process

helps to get adventitious roots within a short period Initial studies on rooting seedling of

cherimoya lines using a modified layering technique have been highly successful The excellent

root systems are produced in four to five month (George amp Nissen 1987)

2324 Stem Cutting

Cutting is the process of removed the part of plant from the parent plant and rooted to form the

new plants There are four types of cutting can be classified which are stem cutting leaves

cutting leaf-bud cutting and root cutting Stem cutting is the most commonly used method of

cuttings The part of stem that are injured respond by the forming of the callus at the part that

9

are injured Cell near the callus reorganized and differentiated to form adventitious roots

(Biswas amp Kobayashi 1995) Usually cuttings are collected early in the morning in order to

reduce the loss of water in the plant through transpiration The succession of cutting is depend

on the various factor that play very importance role to ability of rooting

24 Factor affecting rooting of cutting

There are several factors known to affect rooting of stem cuttings such as effect of PGR

concentration age of stock plant leaf retention position of cutting temperature light and

length of cutting Different species produce different response However for the purpose of the

review only the effect of PGR concentration and the age of stock plant are elaborated

241 PGR concentration

PGR is synthetic plant hormone or plant growth regulator basically PGR are not nutrient for

the plant but it is plant chemical at low concentration that promote and affect the growth

development and differentiation of cells and tissues (Wiesman et al 1989 Anon 2012) For

stem fully developed leaves and roots cutting is accomplished by using auxin that are a class

of phytohormones which are involves in many aspect of growth and development of plant (20)

The first plant hormone that are used to stimulate rooting of cutting is Indole-3- acetic acid

(IAA) but it is covered that a new synthetic auxin Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) also promoted

rooting and more effective than IAA (Zimmerman amp Wilcoxon 1935) Nowadays IBA is an

important auxin that are commonly used to root many plant species Since IBA has been

introduced due to its effectiveness in promoting root initiation of a large number of plant species

and its general lack of toxicity over a wide concentration range (Richardson et al 1979) it has

been the subject of many experiments mostly involving trials and errors studies of different

concentration formulations additives and treatment durations to achieve optimum rooting for

the plant species in question (Muumlller 2000)

10

The stimulatory effects of IBA in rooting of stem cutting of several other woody plant species

have been reported by other workers and they revealed that IBA has an important roles in the

development of adventitious root improving quality of roots increasing rooting percentage and

uniformity in rooting of cuttings (Husen amp Pal 2007) Ahmad (2010) mentioned that 100 mgL

of IBA was the best PGR to enhance rooting for Aquilaria macrocarpa Bail while Nasri et al

(2015) suggest that the cutting treated with 1000 mgL overcome the problem of the difficult-

to-root Husen amp Pal (2007) reported the root formation process in cuttings of Tectona grandis

is increased by IBA which influences polysaccharide hydrolysis resulting in increased content

of physiologically active sugar needed to provide energy for meristematic tissues and later for

root primordial and root formation However the way plants behave when treated with the

chemicals depends on the kind of growth regulator used and on the amount and way it is applied

(Mitchell nd)

242 Age of stock plant

The ability of cutting to form the roots is affected by the age of the propagative materials from

which it is taken This has seen to be a major influence on successful propagation rather than

the treatment of the propagation material after it has been isolated The age of cutting trees can

be divided into two groups which are juvenile and mature trees There is a lot of evidence to

support that the ability of cuttings to produce adventitious roots decrease with the increase of

age of plant According to Haapala (2004) old plant is usually more difficult to multiple

compare to juvenile characteristics Awang et al (2011) Darus et al (1990) Raviv et al

(1987) mentioned that the rooting percentage declined with increasing age of stock plant Older

or mature plants have low rooting ability while juvenile stock plants have higher rooting ability

Thus increasing age of plants may decrease the root length survival rate and rooting speed of

cutting Pottinger and Morgenstern (1984) found that the percentages of cuttings taken from

bull

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade ______

Please tick (Y) Final Year P roject Report [2J Masters D PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is mode on the It day of~Lt year

Students Declaration

SYIlZfIEfi NA-gl~H (IT SA l LE-I- ~qlbO fAWl TV REgtD~ C G S(AeNG~ AKCgt Tctt NDLD6VI -- ----- --------- - ---------- - --- ------ ---- -------- ------ ------ ----- ------- --- - - - -------------------- ------shy(PLEASE INDICATE NAME MATRIC NO AND FACULTy) hereby declare that the work entitled _1lt9-~tg1j~~__ ~-[P~g9_Q~--9-f--AlOOnL1Jiil-cctt9-h)Ijffi-(JdlJJ05----- is my original work_ I have

not copied from any other students work or from any other sources with th e exception where due refe rence or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part of the work been written for me by anothe r person

SYAZIlt~IN rl-AIlP_I-1+ Sll~6~ +-IlJ16 0

Date submitted Name of the student (Matric No)

Supervisors Dec laration

I--P(-~L~-~-~-~-~~-~~-~~~-- ------------- ----- (SUPERVISORS NAME) hereby ce rtify that the work entitled ~_~~ly~~S~pound8--p-~---f--fY)lD-~--M-~clt~--gtL __(1ITLE) was prepared by the aforementioneror D~~e mentioned student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a partialfull fulfillment for the conferment of --------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------shy(pLEASE INDICATE THE DEGREE TITLE) and the aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

Received for examination by prof Ofmiddot H I ~ n Date

(Name of the supervisor)




I2iOPEN ACCESS


121 YES DNO
















i



(49160)






2017

ii

APPROVAL SHEET



Cuttings



Supervisor



Coordinator




iii

DECLARATION






Signature


Date 19 May 2017

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT











now





UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)
















I2iOPEN ACCESS


121 YES DNO
















i



(49160)






2017

ii

APPROVAL SHEET



Cuttings



Supervisor



Coordinator




iii

DECLARATION






Signature


Date 19 May 2017

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT











now





UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













i



(49160)






2017

ii

APPROVAL SHEET



Cuttings



Supervisor



Coordinator




iii

DECLARATION






Signature


Date 19 May 2017

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT











now





UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













ii

APPROVAL SHEET



Cuttings



Supervisor



Coordinator




iii

DECLARATION






Signature


Date 19 May 2017

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT











now





UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













iii

DECLARATION






Signature


Date 19 May 2017

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT











now





UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT











now





UNIMAS

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii



ABSTRACT xi

10 Introduction 1


12 Objective 2




221 Food uses 4

222 Medicinal 5






2323 Air layering 8

2324 Stem Cutting 8







vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













vi



31 Study site 14




35 Observation 15


40 Results 17





50 Discussion 23





70 References 29

80 Appendixes 34

LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













LIST OF TABLES


1


18

2


for root formation

19

3



20

4


treatment

21

5



36

6


the PGR treatment

37

vii

LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













LIST OF FIGURES


1a


4

1b


4

2a


15

2b


15

3



16

4


ages of stock plant

18

5


PGR treatment

19

6


stock plant

22

7


23

8


of PGR treatment

42

8a


42

8b


42

8c


42

8d


42

8e


42

viii


treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)














treatments

43

9a


43

9b


43

9c


43

9d


43

9e


43

10



44

10a


44

10b


44

10c


44

10d


44

10e


44

ix

x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













x








cm Centimetre

percentage

P P-value

SS Sums of square

MS Means of Square

F Frequency






xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













xi






ABSTRACT


















ABSTRAK




















1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













1

10 INTRODUCTION























2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













2

















12 Objective




rooting formation

3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













3
























naturalized

4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













4

a b




221 Food uses










5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













5



222 Medicine




















6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













6

























7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













7

























8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













8












2323 Layering








2324 Stem Cutting





9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













9

























10












(Mitchell nd)













10












(Mitchell nd)













Documents

Vegetative Propagation of Annona muricata Linn. by Stem Cutting … · 2019. 11. 15. · Annona muricata L. by stem cutting Syazreen Nabilah Binti Salleh Plant Resource Science and